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We present a novel technique for investigating the melting and crystallization of nanomaterials in confinement. According to this method, the melting-crystallization phase transitions are traced by sharp changes of viscoelastic properties of matter using quartz resonator Q-factor analysis during heating-cooling cycles. Ge/Bi/Ge layered films, formed by successive condensation of components in high vacuum, were used as the model of nanoscale Bi confined in Ge matrix. Size dependences of the melting and crystallization temperatures have been systematically determined for the samples with Bi film thickness of 5-50 nm. The obtained data are in good agreement with the data obtained previously using in situ transmission electron microscopy techniques.

The objective of the present study was to estimate the efficacy of pulsed laser radiation from a matrix radiator for the treatment of patients suffering osteoarthrosis of the knee joint. A total of 25 patients aged from 50 to 75 years with I-II stage gonarthrosis (GA) were enrolled (20 without synovitis and 5 with mild synovitis). Nineteen patients presented with oligoosteoarthrosis and six with polyosteoarthrosis. The state of capillary blood flow was assessed from the results of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) using a LAKK-01 laser analyzer of surface capillary blood flow (NPP "LAZMA", Russia). Prior to the treatment, all the patients with gonarthrosis had microcirculatory disturbances; based on their character, the patients were allocated to two groups in accordance with the classification proposed by V.I. Makolkin. Group 1 was comprised of the patients (92%) with the hyperemic type of microcirculation while group 2 included patients (8%) with its normnnocirculatory type. A single course of pulsed laser therapy resulted in the appearance of the signs of normalization of capillary blood flow. LDF revealed a physiological response of microvessels to pulsed laser radiation that manifested itself in the first place as the improvement of active mechanisms of regulation of microcirculation.

Local irradiation with pulsed (1500 Hz) low-energy infrared laser light of the thymus and thyroid gland region caused well-apparent stimulation of alpha-1-thymosin production in the healthy animals and normalized its level in the stressed ones. Similar stimulation of alpha-1-timosine biosynthesis was observed in an experiment with direct laser irradiation of the cultured HTSC epitheliocytes from the human thymus.

The paper presents the data on the use of laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) for microcirculation assessment in patients with lower limb angiodysplasias. Preliminary results suggest that LDF can be successfully used both for the quantification of microcirculatory disturbances and for the diagnosis of arterio-venous micro fistulas. LDF was used as a monitoring tool for compressive therapy effectiveness in patients with arterio-venous and venous forms of lower limb angiodysplasias. Compression stockings Relaxsan III class were shown to improve microcirculation in this patient population after 1 month wearing.

The aim of the study was estimation of the effects of laser therapy on microcirculation in osteoarthritis with application of laser doppler flowmetry (LDF). A total of 20 patients were treated. 10 procedures of the laser therapy were performed (Mlada unit, 0.85 micron, 15 mV, 5 min). LDF proved informative in complex estimation of blood microcirculation and efficiency of laser therapy in patients with osteoarthritis.

Magnetotherapy and laser therapy were used in complex and complex-combined regimens in 75 patients after cerebral ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke starting on the poststroke week 4-5. Clinico-neurologic, neurophysiological and cerebrohemodynamic findings evidence for the highest effectiveness of neurorehabilitation including complex magneto-laser therapy in hemispheric ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke of subcortical location in the absence of marked clinico-tomographic signs of dyscirculatory encephalopathy. Complex-combined magneto-laser therapy is more effective for correction of spastic dystonia. Mutual potentiation of magnetotherapy and laser therapy results in maximal development of collateral circulation and cerebral hemodynamic reserve (84% of the patients). Complex effects manifest in arteriodilating and venotonic effects. Complex magneto-laser therapy is accompanied by reduction of hyperthrombocythemia and hyperfibrinogenemia.

Irradiation of the epithelial cells from human thymus (cell line HTSC) by arsenid-gallium laser (0.89 nm, 1500 Hz) induces an enhancement of thymic hormone production. The concentration of alpha-1-thymosin was substantially increased on the days 1 and 5 in culture after irradiation. The increase of thymulin level in cultural supernatants was less pronounced and displayed after irradiation during 3-4 minutes. Local laser irradiation of thymus region of rats (5 minutes, 10 times) induce the increase of serum concentration of alpha-1-thymosin and the decrease of serum level of thymulin 2 days after irradiation.

The authors' experience in the use of interference currents (IC) in postapoplectic (PA) and cervical osteochondrosis (CO) patients led them to the following conclusions: a course of IC treatment (dynamic field) brings the response in 62-70% of PA patients, but a complete response is not reached because of the disease severity; in CO patients the response is achieved in 86% of patients; a single IC procedure entails a significant reduction in heart rate; IC course in CO patients increases blood filling of brachial vessels and decreases vascular tone on the affected side; IC course in PA patients significantly increases blood filling and reduces vascular tone in the vessels on both affected and unaffected sides; single and course IC improves hemodynamics in the external carotid arteries and normalizes venous outflow in the region of vertebral and external carotid arteries in 1/3 of PA patients; in CA patients cerebral circulation improves in 90%. In the above diseases optimal parameters are thought to be: frequency change per second 40-60 Hz within 7 minutes and 100-120-100-40-60-40 Hz during 7 minutes.

Based on clinical notes of 40 outpatients with lower extremity vascular atherosclerosis, a positive dynamics of rheographic parameters of peripheral circulation was found from rheovasculography of the shins, muscle blood flow, thermography, to provide the optimal frequency responses of pulse laser radiation for the treatment of the disease. The studies established the optimal frequency of pulse running for infrared laser radiation of 80 Hz.

Catalyse activity and lipid peroxidation were studied in the sera of patients with coronary heart disease who had been exposed to red and infrared low-energy laser radiation (LLR) applied to the skin projections of the heart and its reflexogenic areas. It was found that the optimal normalizing effect occurred with the red band of LLR applied in the rehabilitative period to patients with prior myocardial infarction concurrent with hypertensive disease and stable angina of functional classes I and II. In functional class III stable angina, infrared LLR had advantages over the red on when they acted on the blood antioxidative system.

Experiments were carried out on male rats to study the stress-limiting effect of impulse infrared laser radiation (0.89 micron). The thymus and thyroid gland were subjected to 2 W localized impulse laser radiation with an impulse length of 7 x 10(-8) sec. and 3.000 Hz frequency. The following data were estimated: thymus weight, thymocyte population, acridine orange binding by thymocyte nucleus, protein content in thymocytes, the level of peroxide oxidation of lipids in thymocytes. It was revealed that the effect of laser radiation depends on the sequence of its application to stress animals rather than on its localization: its stress-limiting features were more effective when applied to stress animals rather than as a prophylactic measure.

The aim of the present paper was to study the effect of infrared laser radiation on endocrine regulation of immunogenesis and on endogenic opioid system. For this purpose experiments on rabbits were carried out. The animals underwent transcerebral radiation with subsequent induction of the primary immune response (PIR) to thymus-dependent antigen (sheep red blood cells). The PIR suppression was revealed in all test animals. It was more graphically expressed in rabbits exposed to impulse radiation. Immunodepression was combined with the increase of glucocorticoid activity of adrenal cortex, while no significant changes in thyroid hormones were registered. The 0.08 Joles impulse radiation cause a palpable fall in opioid concentration in blood plasma, the fact, which can be possibly accounted for the rapid exhaustion of opioid synthesis after their stimulation due to laser radiation.

The authors experimentally studied where low-energy laser radiation (LELR) can be used to enhance cyclophosphanum-induced immunodepression. Preliminary LELR of the adrenal region and cyclophosphanum, 4 mg/kg, resulted in a more profound decrease in the intensity of a primary immune response as compared to the controls received a pseudoradiation and the cytostatic in the same dosage. The findings suggest that laser radiation can be applied to the adrenal region in the clinical setting to reduce a dose of the cytostatic administered and hence adverse effects, by preserving the therapeutical level of immunodepression.

The paper reports clinical and experimental evidence in support of the validity of low-energy laser radiation in the treatment of chronic inflammatory and dystrophic diseases. Laser radiation was capable of improving the results of multimodality treatment.