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Históricamente, el manejo de adolescentes infractores ha sido un desafío. Por tal razón, este artículo académico pretende exponer cómo la justicia juvenil restaurativa se ha convertido en una alternativa valiosa para abordar esta problemática. Para lograrlo, se llevó a cabo un análisis de conceptos y prácticas internacionales relacionadas con este enfoque. Se destaca la importancia de esta perspectiva para fomentar la responsabilidad personal y el empoderamiento de los adolescentes infractores, así como para reducir la reincidencia y mejorar la reintegración y reparación del daño a las víctimas. Finalmente, se enfatiza la efectividad de la justicia juvenil restaurativa como una opción más comprensiva para abordar los desafíos en el sistema de justicia penal.

Las principales posturas teóricas que han abordado la situación de la escuela rural en el marco del conflicto armado en Colombia presenten comprensiones homogéneas sobre la escuela rural que refuerzan una idea precaria de esta y justifican su abordaje desde lógicas asistencialistas. De esta forma, la escuela como institución social, no puede desligarse de su realidad concreta; por lo tanto, se asume como escenario que vivió el conflicto armado, pero a la vez como espacio donde se hace una apuesta por la reconstrucción del tejido social, por lo tanto, se reconocen en ellas las dinámicas implementadas para abordar el tema del conflicto desde los procesos pedagógicos.

El propósito del estudio fue presentar el procedimiento seguido en el diseño de un cuestionario que permite el análisis de las competencias en literacidad de los docentes universitarios de dos universidades de Medellín. Metodológicamente, se desarrolló un estudio cuantitativo no experimental descriptivo, en la medida que no hubo manipulación de variables independientes. De igual forma, el cuestionario definitivo se estructuró teóricamente a partir de cuatro dimensiones: Función de la lectura y la escritura, Estado de los procesos de literacidad, Prácticas alrededor de la literacidad y Escritura académica, las cuales fueron sometidas a un juicio de expertos, junto con los ítems que la componen. En relación con los resultados, se obtuvo que en el índice de validez de contenido de toda la prueba (CVI) el valor fue de 0,96; con respecto a la fiabilidad del cuestionario total en el modelo de Alfa de Cronbach registró un valor de 0,94, lo que mostró una consistencia interna muy alta. En conclusión, se obtuvo un instrumento válido y confiable que determina el nivel de literacidad de docentes en la educación superior, el cual puede ser replicable y usado en diagnósticos institucionales y estudios posteriores.

El presente artículo caracteriza las fórmulas nominales de tratamiento ( FNT ) en el habla de Medellín y toma en cuenta los aspectos pragmáticos que intervienen en la selección de estas en el marco de actos de habla descorteses. Para esto, se ha empleado una metodología sociopragmática, a partir de la cual se propone una serie de criterios metodológicos que explican cómo fue realizado el proceso de recolección de la información, así como los procesos de sistematización y de análisis pragmático de las fnt . Se resalta en este artículo que la relación entre fnt y actos descorteses se establece por el hecho de que estas desempeñan una función de refuerzo del acto descortés. Se pudo establecer que, en el marco de los actos descorteses, el uso de una fnt de trato íntimo o de solidaridad no logra el mismo efecto de atenuación que podría producir ante enunciados no corteses.

El presente texto analiza las representaciones de sentido que se generan en los procesos escriturales de los estudiantes de Medellín, influenciados por el uso del Netspeak; el diseño metodológico corresponde a una investigación cualitativa con enfoque fenomenológico. En el artículo se resalta que el Netspeak es un rasgo identitario de los estudiantes medellinenses, pues este lenguaje hace parte de su vida, lo cual justifica que sus producciones escritas lo incorporen con el fin de comunicar distintos sentidos sobre lo cotidiano y sobre su condición de sujetos comunicantes.

El artículo hace una caracterización léxica y pragmática de diferentes fórmulas de tratamiento nominales (FTN) empleadas por jóvenes de Medellín para apelar a la pareja. Para ello revisamos algunos estudios sobre FTN desarrollados en español y algunos conceptos básicos relacionados con las FTN. En cuanto a los materiales de la investigación, consideramos un corpus en el que se clasifican las FTN según los valores semántico-pragmáticos que influyen en su significación y se presenta el análisis de algunas de estas unidades. También se resalta, en este artículo, la función de diversos factores contextuales en la interpretación de las FTN.

This article presents a lexical-pragmatic description of nominal forms of address (NFA) used by young people in Medellin when addressing their significant other. To this aim, studies issued in Spanish concerning NFA were reviewed, as well as some fundamental concepts on NFA. The tokens of NFA from the corpus considered for analysis were classified according to the semantic-pragmatic values affecting their meaning. A particular analysis of some of these tokens is presented. The article also remarks on the function of contextual factors involved in the interpretation of NFA. Received: 30-03-2008 / Accepted: 25-07-2008 How to reference this article: Castellano Ascencio, M. D. (2008). Fórmulas de tratamiento nominales para la pareja en el habla juvenil medellinense. Íkala. 13(2), pp.163-181.

Originating from the field of physical education, physical literacy is an individual disposition that accentuates the importance of lifelong physical activity. Sport education is a sport-based physical education curriculum and instructional model that has been espoused to operationalize physical literacy. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of sport education within a compulsory physical education program on university students' physical literacy and physical activity levels. A parallel-group single-blind cluster-randomized research design was used to examine the effect of a 10-lesson sport education intervention in physical education on students' physical activity and physical literacy from baseline through post-intervention and follow-up phases. A total of 372 participants completed all phases of data collection. Results showed increases in the affective and social domains of physical literacy across both groups. Findings also revealed a greater increase in daily self-reported physical activity levels and a reduction in perceived disempowering motivational climate in the sport education group at the follow-up phase. With a limited controlling and ego-evolving climate, sport education was found to be beneficial in developing the behavioral domain of undergraduate student physical literacy.

While the criminology literature indicates that investigative and judicial outcomes can be influenced by several factors, a smaller number of scholars have examined how similar factors operate in terrorism investigations and prosecutions. We use the Profiles of Individual Radicalization in the United States (PIRUS) and American Terror Study (ATS) datasets to examine the factors that influence outcomes in such cases from 1947 to 2017. We find that the ideological affiliation, leadership activity, and the commission of an act of violence increase the severity of the legal outcome, while other factors such as gender, age, race, and biographic availability have less consistent impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Guided by Duda's hierarchical conceptualization of the motivational climate that draws from self-determination and achievement goal theories, this study provides initial evidence of the psychometric properties of the Empowering and Disempowering Motivational Climate Questionnaire in physical education (EDMCQ-PE). Method: Questionnaire based with two samples of Welsh secondary school pupils. Results: Exploratory structural equation modeling provided a better fit of the data to the hypothesized model than confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, a two-factor composite (i.e., empowering and disempowering) lower-order model provided an acceptable fit and clear parameter estimates. This two-factor model also demonstrated scalar gender measurement invariance. Discussion: The evidence from this study suggests the EDMCQ-PE is a promising scale for the assessment of secondary school pupils' perceptions of the empowering and disempowering features of the motivational climate created by their physical education teachers. Conclusion: Moving forward, the statistical approach employed in this paper can inform future studies that develop questionnaire methodology in physical education and from an applied perspective; the EDMCQ-PE can be used by researchers and teachers to assess the motivational climate in PE and help inform the pedagogy underpinning teachers' classes.

PurposeAn American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) focused update updates a single recommendation (or subset of recommendations) in advance of a regularly scheduled guideline update. This document updates one recommendation of the ASCO Guideline Update on Chemotherapy for Stage IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) regarding switch maintenance chemotherapy.Clinical contextRecent results from phase III clinical trials have demonstrated that in patients with stage IV NSCLC who have received four cycles of first-line chemotherapy and whose disease has not progressed, an immediate switch to alternative, single-agent chemotherapy can extend progression-free survival and, in some cases, overall survival. Because of limitations in the data, delayed treatment with a second-line agent after disease progression is also acceptable.Recent dataSeven randomized controlled trials of carboxyaminoimidazole, docetaxel, erlotinib, gefitinib, gemcitabine, and pemetrexed have evaluated outcomes in patients who received an immediate, non-cross resistant alternative therapy (switch maintenance) after first-line therapy.RecommendationIn patients with stage IV NSCLC, first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy should be stopped at disease progression or after four cycles in patients whose disease is stable but not responding to treatment. Two-drug cytotoxic combinations should be administered for no more than six cycles. For those with stable disease or response after four cycles, immediate treatment with an alternative, single-agent chemotherapy such as pemetrexed in patients with nonsquamous histology, docetaxel in unselected patients, or erlotinib in unselected patients may be considered. Limitations of this data are such that a break from cytotoxic chemotherapy after a fixed course is also acceptable, with initiation of second-line chemotherapy at disease progression.

The purpose of this article is to provide updated recommendations for the treatment of patients with stage IV non-small-cell lung cancer. A literature search identified relevant randomized trials published since 2002. The scope of the guideline was narrowed to chemotherapy and biologic therapy. An Update Committee reviewed the literature and made updated recommendations. One hundred sixty-two publications met the inclusion criteria. Recommendations were based on treatment strategies that improve overall survival. Treatments that improve only progression-free survival prompted scrutiny of toxicity and quality of life. For first-line therapy in patients with performance status of 0 or 1, a platinum-based two-drug combination of cytotoxic drugs is recommended. Nonplatinum cytotoxic doublets are acceptable for patients with contraindications to platinum therapy. For patients with performance status of 2, a single cytotoxic drug is sufficient. Stop first-line cytotoxic chemotherapy at disease progression or after four cycles in patients who are not responding to treatment. Stop two-drug cytotoxic chemotherapy at six cycles even in patients who are responding to therapy. The first-line use of gefitinib may be recommended for patients with known epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutation; for negative or unknown EGFR mutation status, cytotoxic chemotherapy is preferred. Bevacizumab is recommended with carboplatin-paclitaxel, except for patients with certain clinical characteristics. Cetuximab is recommended with cisplatin-vinorelbine for patients with EGFR-positive tumors by immunohistochemistry. Docetaxel, erlotinib, gefitinib, or pemetrexed is recommended as second-line therapy. Erlotinib is recommended as third-line therapy for patients who have not received prior erlotinib or gefitinib. Data are insufficient to recommend the routine third-line use of cytotoxic drugs. Data are insufficient to recommend routine use of molecular markers to select chemotherapy.

How do foreign fighters affect militant group behavior? Recent studies have examined the impact of foreign fighters on broader conflict outcomes, but we explore their specific impact on group behavior. Using foreign fighter data, we find that the presence of foreign fighters is positively related to group longevity, use of suicide operations, and the geographic spread of its operations. We elaborate on these findings in a case study of foreign fighters in al-Shabaab. This article provides important contributions to both scholarship and policy, elucidating the ideological and logistical impact of foreign fighters on tactics, target choices, and group lifespan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the efficacy of leadership decapitation has focused primarily on targeting the topmost leaders of groups. Yet, most organizations rely on multiple leaders with specific functional or geographical responsibilities, rather than a single symbolic leader. In this context, we pose the following question: how are the effects of leadership decapitation on a group's short-term operational capacity conditioned by the type or rank of targeted leaders? We argue that due to the risks faced by militant organizations, upper-tier leaders will delegate operational duties to lower-tier leadership for security purposes. Because of the shift of the principal-agent dynamic to lower-tier leaders, targeting of lower ranked leaders versus topmost leaders is more likely to result in a loss of control over foot soldiers, and trigger negative effects such as a rise in indiscriminate violence. We conduct our study using the case of Islamic State Khorasan in Afghanistan, with weekly data on the group's attacks, and multi-tier leadership losses between 2015–2019 across 72 districts. 1 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]