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Can focusing on the rights of a specific group result in their reduction? This paper examines human rights in general through the prism of women's rights. We look at the most important documents protecting human rights and ask the following questions: How are women's rights represented in them? Why has democracy not yet solved the problems of social inequality, discrimination and exclusion of persons belonging to particular racial, ethnic, national and other minority groups? Where do the rights of one person or group end, and the rights of the other person or group begin. In this context, Convention on Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women is one of the most important documents that promotes women's rights and social justice in our society. We examine the three selected historical milestones in the struggle for women's rights: the suffragette movement which birthed the demands for the rights of equal political participation and education, the seventies of the twentieth century as the culmination of the second wave of feminism, and the end of the century when the feminist movement focused on determining the definition of sex and gender, while the struggle against the domination of the "other" is relegated to the background.

As in the most parts of Europe, Spanish flu with its mortality appeared in the south of the Magraviate of Istria in September of 1918, having the peak of the second wave in October and waning at the end of the December of 1918. The objective of this paper was to explore whether patients of Provincial hospital of Pula, were hospitalised and diagnosed with both Spanish flu and any mental illness, simultaneously or consequently. Hospital registers for the period 1918–1920 reveal no such cases. Lower relevance of mental disorders, administrative omission in diagnoses recording, higher level of diagnostical threshold for mental disorders, and somatisation of mental disorders could explain the lack of connectedness between the two types of illnesses.

History teaches that the art of music has always contributed significantly to human healing and there is a vast body of recent literature that supports it. In this paper the authors investigate if listening to music of various genres (pop, rock, jazz, traditional, folk, art), frequency and duration, brings benefits to students’ psychophysiological health. The results show that music plays an important role in students’ life: the habit of listening to music is frequent and impacts their personal, as well as social identity. The results also show that listening to music, with certain exceptions, positively effects students’ physical, mental and emotional condition. The results are interpreted within the musical, medicinal, historical and social context.

Spanish pandemic, the largest demographic disaster of the XX century, directly killed 50 – 100 million of the world population, either by its virus or by the consequential pneumonia. Alongside with the physical symptoms of the illness, the infected people could experience concurrent or subsequent mental disorders, primarily depression. However, the major problem with these early attempts to associate influenza with mental disorders is the lack of reliable statistics and standardized clinical diagnostic criteria. Therefore research results can only be approximative. This study attempts to explore if a larger number of patients in the Pula regional hospital diagnosed with mental disorders during 1919 can be related with a large number of patients diagnosed with the Spanish influenza during 1918 and 1919. In different words, the aim of the research was to examine if the same persons, after experiencing and been treated for influenza, checked in the hospital again, with a mental disorder diagnosis. If this can be confirmed, relationship between these two groups of illnesses could be probable.

Throughout history, epidemics of various illnesses have been considered as the leading moderators of demographic, social and economic development, primarily because of their influence on mortality and natality, but also on the nuptiality rate and the health care development. While scientific attention has usually been focused on the analysis of the demographic, socio-economical and political consequences of various illnesses in society and on societal response to them – which interdisciplinarily connects the fields of history, demography, sociology, anthropology and medicine – this paper focuses on the influence of an illness on the life of an individual, the musician Niccolò Paganini. In March 1832, when cholera was at its peak in Paris, Paganini found himself in the city where he had to cancel his performances due to the devastating epidemic. The artist lived with a number of illnesses: tuberculosis, syphilis, and possibly the Marfan syndrome. They affected his life, his creativity, and maybe even his virtuosity in a number of ways: as a direct consequence of the symptoms, through Paganini’s perception of the illnesses, as well as through the viscious circle of taking insufficiently researched medications whose side effects generated new health problems, which in turn required more medication. The subject is analysed within the framework of the theory of pathocenosis, and and an attempt is made to create the theoretical foundation for a more thorough examination of Paganini’s writing and performing of music.

Disertacija analizira mortalitet od španjolske gripe na području grada Pule, da bi odgovorila na pitanje postoje li razlike u mortalitetu od španjolske gripe među različitim socijalnim skupinama civilnog stanovništva u gradu, čime će se odbaciti teza o pandemiji kao "socijalno neutralnoj" bolesti s obzirom na njezin mortalitet. Pula je 1918. bila socijalno heterogen grad, a socijalna se heterogenost puljskog stanovništva mogla odijeliti u prvome redu prema nacionalnoj pripadnosti stanovništva određenoga kvarta, njihovim stambenim prilikama, ekonomskom statusu te higijenskim navikama - čimbenicima diferencijacije koji će ujedno pokazati i određenu međuovisnost. S obzirom na diferencijaciju kvartova, rad će dokazati da je mortalitet bio veći u kvartovima s nižim socijalnim standardom te da su navedeni čimbenici imali izravne i posredne veze s ishodom bolesti. Primjer je najevidentniji kod odnosa mortaliteta od španjolske gripe elitnog dijela Pule, Verude, i onog siromašnog kvarta, Šijane, gdje je potonji bio veći za 268 %. U širem se smislu u radu datira pojava španjolske gripe na području Marčane, Galižane i Medulina te grada Pule, kao i obrazlaže bolnički mortalitet od španjolske gripe na temelju podataka o trajanju i ishodu bolesti među bolesnicima puljske Pokrajinske bolnice - stoga temeljnu dokumentarnu podlogu ovoga rada čine matične knjige umrlih Pule te Marčane, Galižane i Medulina, kao i registar Pokrajinske bolnice u Puli. Na temelju gradskog dnevnog tiska (Hrvatski list, Il Gazzettino di Pola, Polaer Tagblatt) istražuje se prisutnost vijesti o španjolskoj gripi u južnoistarskom tisku i pretpostavljaju razlozi dobivenih rezultata. Istovremeno, rad analizira u kojoj je mjeri prostor Puljštine bio zahvaćen pandemijom, kad se i odakle ona pojavila, je li pokazala određene spolne različitosti u odnosu na europski i svjetski prosjek te je li većim mortalitetom i morbiditetom zahvatila ruralno ili urbano područje. Metodologija kojom se dolazi do rezultata u prvom je redu povijesno-društvena analiza, koja je potpomognuta antropološkom, demografskom te naposljetku statističkom analizom. Tema se proučava u okviru složenih društveno-političkih prilika obilježenih završetkom Prvoga svjetskog rata, raspadom Austro-Ugarske Monarhije, stvaranjem Države SHS i talijanskim zauzimanjem Istre.

Sjedinjene Američke Države i Sovjetski Savez postale su velesile koje su nakon Drugog svjetskog rata intenzivno proučavale njemačku raketnu tehnologiju. Dana 04. kolovoza 1957. lansiran je prvi Sputnik satelit. Godinu dana poslije, Sovjeti su uspješno lansirali prvog psa u svemir. Šokirani ovim ishodom, Amerikanci su se i sami uključili sa svojim programom što se u konačnici pretvorilo u poznatu „svemirsku utrku“. Godine 1958. SAD je izbacio svoj prvi umjetni satelit i osnovao svemirsku agenciju nazvanu NASA. U prvoj polovini ovog sukobljavanja prednost Sovjeta očitovala se u lansiranju prvog čovjeka, žene i posade. Dana 25. svibnja 1961., američki je predsjednik J. F. Kennedy izjavio da će SAD poslati čovjeka na Mjesec prije kraja desetljeća. Iako su Sovjeti postigli mnoga velika djela u ranim fazama, američki je program bio znatno bolje financiran, što im je omogućilo razvoj svemirskog programa Apollo. Konačnu pobjedu u svemirskoj utrci ostvarila je američka posada na svemirskom brodu Apollo 11, postavši prvi ljudi koji su sletjeli na Mjesec. Novosti vezane uz ove događaje hrvatski je tisak kontinuirano pratio. Urednici Slobodne Dalmacije, Glasa Istre, Novog lista i Vjesnika često su o svemirskim misijama izvještavali na naslovnim stranicama, posebice kada su u pitanju bili letovi Jurija Gagarina, Valentine Tereškove i Neila Armstronga. Interesa za pobjednikom utrke je svakako bilo, jer su uz razne sadržaje u više navrata priložili tablice o dotadašnjim misijama i trenutnom stanju. Ipak, ove su teme također potaknule urednike da iznose svoja razmišlja o naoružanju, upozoravajući čitatelje i izražavajući zabrinutost da se ovakva tehnologija nikad ne smije iskoristiti u ratne svrhe. Nalazeći se u sastavu SFRJ, politika je imala svoj utjecaj koji se kroz hrvatske novinske članke može i zamijetiti. The United States and the Soviet Union became superpowers that intensively studied German missile technology after World War II. The first Sputnik satellite was launched on August 4, 1957. One year later, the Soviets successfully launched the first dog into space. Shocked by this outcome, the Americans got involved with their own program, which eventually led to the popularly known "space race". In 1958, the United States launched its first artificial satellite and established a space agency called NASA. In the first half of this conflict, the Soviets took the lead by launching, among other things, the first man, woman, and space crew. On May 25, 1961, U.S. President J. F. Kennedy declared that the United States would send a man to the moon before the end of the decade. Although the Soviets accomplished many great feats during the early stages, the American’s program was notably better funded, which allowed them to develop the Apollo space program. The final victory in the space race was achieved by the American crew on the Apollo 11 spacecraft, who were the first people to land on the moon. News related to these events were continuously followed by the Croatian press. The editors of Slobodna Dalmacija, Glas Istre, Novi list and Vjesnik often reported on space missions on their front pages, especially when it came to the flights of Yuri Gagarin, Valentina Tereshkova and Neil Armstrong, whose names from the space race are the most remembered. There was certainly interest in the winner of the race because they repeatedly attached infographics about the previous missions and the current situation. Still, these topics prompted editors to bring up their thoughts on armaments as well, warning readers that this kind of technology should never be used for war purposes. Being part of the SFRY, politics had its influence, which can be noticed through Croatian newspaper articles.

Demografija smrtnosti i kultura smrti na Barbanštini 1909.–1918. Nakon povijesnog upoznavanja s gradićem Barbanom i Barbanštinom, u radu slijedi prijelaz na demografiju smrtnosti imenovanog područja te kulturu smrti. Analiza matičnih knjiga umrlih Barbanštine rezultirala je prikazom ukupnog broja umrlih kroz godine i mjesece 1909.-1918. Ujedno je prikazana usporedba dva razdoblja, mirnodopskog (1909.-1913.) s ratnim godinama (1914.-1918). Analizom su utvrđene spolne i dobne strukture preminulih, pogotovo fertilne i starije dobi te s naglaskom na dojenačku dob kao pokazatelja socioekonomskih prilika i životnog standarda određene zajednice, u ovom slučaju mikro sredine. Obrađeni su svi uzroci smrti i istaknuti najprisutniji, ali i svi ostali, pružajući podatak od kojih bolesti i simptoma je umiralo stanovništvo na području Barbanštine. Oni su ključ najveće i najmanje smrtnosti, osobito u godinama prisilne evakuacije, gladi, suše te epidemije španjolske gripe. Naglasak je na tuberkulozi kao svevremenoj bolesti. Ako se izuzme slabost kao uzrok s najvećom smrtnosti kod dojenčadi, smrtnost od tuberkuloze najveća je kroz istraživano razdoblje i prisutna u svakoj životnoj dobi, slijedi je upala pluća te astma, što upućuje na veliku prisutnost respiratornih uzroka smrti. Istraživanje španjolske gripe kao uzroka smrti s kratkim vremenskim trajanjem pandemijskog širenja u drugoj polovici 1918. rezultiralo je zaključkom da je u ona u toj godini smrtonosnija od ostalih uzroka. Na same uzroke nadovezuje se usmena predaja povezana s kulturom smrti, pogrebima i pogrebnim običajima. Kazivači/ce su svojim sjećanjem u rad utkali/le usmenu predaju (građu) njihovih roditelja i starijih. Na kraju, da se ne zaboravi, izdvojen je popis poginulih vojnika u Prvom svjetskom ratu s područja Barbanštine, a Popis se ne nalazi u matičnim knjigama umrlih Župe Barban, već u Popisu gubitaka (1914-1919.) odnosno u Verlustliste, glavnog urednika D. Krmca i urednika R. Matijašića. Demography of mortality and culture of death in Barban region 1909.-1918. After a historical introduction with town of Barban and the Barban region, this thesis is followed by a transition to the mortality demographics of the named area and a culture of death. Analysis of the death registers of the Barban region resulted in a presentation of the total number of deaths through the years and months 1909. to 1918. At the same time, a comparison of the two periods is shown, peacetime (1909.-1913.) with the war years (1914.-1918.) They were determined by analysis of gender and age structures of the deceased, especially fertile and elderly, and with an emphasis on infancy as an indicator of socioeconomic opportunities and living standard of certain communities, in this case micro environments. All causes of death have been addressed and most present are highlighted, but also all the others, providing information on which diseases and symptoms population was dying from in the Barban area. These are the key to the highest and lowest mortality, especially in the years of forced evacuation, famine, drought, and the Spanish flu epidemic. Emphasis is on tuberculosis as all-time disease. If frailty is excluded as the cause with the highest infant mortality, mortality from tuberculosis is highest through researched period and present at every age, followed by pneumonia and asthma, which indicates the large presence of respiratory causes of death. Research of Spanish flu as a cause of death with a short duration of pandemic spread in the second half of 1918. resulted in the conclusion that in that year this was more deadly than all the other causes. On causes themselves a verbal tradition is associated with the culture of death, funerals and funeral customs. The narrators used their memory to weave oral tradition into the work (material) of their parents and elders. In the end, so it is not forgotten, a list of fallen soldiers in World War II from Barban region has been isolated, and The List is not found in the registers of the deceased of the Parish of Barban, but in The List of losses (1914-1919.), that is in Verlusliste by editor-in-chief D. Krmac and editor R. Matijašić.

Ovaj rad bavi se istraživanjem prirodnog kretanja stanovništva i utjecaja modernizacijskih procesa na socijalno-demografske odrednice stanovništva župe Svetvinčenat od 1909. do 1918. godine. Glavni dio rada, podijeljen na tri glavna sadržajna dijela, predstavljaju podatci dobiveni analizom podataka matičnih knjiga krštenih, vjenčanih i umrlih. Uz desetogodišnju analizu podataka analiziraju se usporedni podaci mirnodopskog razdoblja, od 1909. do 1913. i petogodišnjeg razdoblja Prvoga svjetskog rata tijekom kojeg su, uz novačenje i rekviziciju uroda i stoke, župljani Svetvinčenta, u svibnju 1915., obuhvaćeni i naredbom o evakuaciji stanovništva. Uz to, Istru je, a time i župu Svetvinčenat, 1917. godine pogodila jedna od najtežih suša 20. stoljeća. U radu se, uz analiziranje utjecaja i dinamike promjena u prirodnom kretanju stanovništva pod utjecajem nepovoljnih, izvanrednih okolnosti, analiziraju i osobitosti na razini mikrolokacija (naselja) župe. Istraživanje se temelji na matičnim knjigama krštenih, vjenčanih i umrlih, knjizi Status animarum iz 1910. župe Svetvinčenat, te periodičnoj publikaciji carskog i kraljevskog Ministarstva rata Austro-Ugarske Monarhije Popis gubitaka (Verlustliste). This paper deals with the research of natural population growth and the impact of modernization processes on socio-demographic determinants of the population in the parish of Svetvinčenat from 1909 to 1918. The main part of the paper, divided into three main content parts, is the data obtained from the analysis of data from the registers of baptisms, marriages, and deaths. In addition to a ten-year data analysis, comparative data from the peacetime period, from 1909 to 1913 and the five-year period of the First World War are analyzed, during which, in addition to recruiting and requisitioning crops and livestock, the parishioners of Svetvinčenat were included in the evacuation order in May 1915. In addition, Istria, and thus the parish of Svetvinčenat, was hit in 1917 by one of the most severe droughts of the 20th century. In addition to analyzing the impact and dynamics of changes in the natural population growth under the influence of unfavorable, extraordinary circumstances, the paper also analyzes the peculiarities at the level of micro-locations (settlements) of the parish. The research is based on the registers of the baptized, married, and deceased, the Status animarum 1910 of the parish of Svetvinčenat, and the List of Losses (Verlustliste) – periodical publication of the Imperial and Royal Ministry of War of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.

Sinjska alka jedinstveno je viteško natjecanje koje se u kontinuitetu održava više od tri stoljeća u gradu Sinju. Viteška manifestacija održava se u čast sjećanja na 1715. godinu, kada je grad Sinj obranjen od žestokog Osmanlijskog napada. Naime, kako branitelji grada nisu imali gotovo nikakve šanse za preživljavanje, pobjeda je, prema usmenoj predaji tadašnjih Sinjana, izvojevana uz pomoć Gospe. Smatralo se kako je na određen način pomogla ugroženom puku, a čija se slika za vrijeme opsade nalazila u napadnutoj tvrđavi. Stoga je obrana nazvana čudesnom, a u Sinju se nedugo nakon trijumfa počela trčati Alka u slavu, na čast i u sjećanje na dane junaštva. Sinjska alka i Čudotvorna Gospa Sinjska od tada čine neraskidivu vezu u identitetu i društvenom životu Sinjana. Svake godine lokalno stanovništvo veličanstveno obilježava dane Alke i Velike Gospe, ali s obzirom da je povijest Sinja prožeta brojnim pričama i sama Alka kao živi spomenik nematerijalne kulturne baštine nije bila pošteđena mračnih događaja iz prošlosti. Alka je tako doživjela mnoge uspone i padove, ali je unatoč svemu opstala i opstaje. Tijekom svake promjene vlasti, Viteško alkarsko društvo prilagođavalo je Alku prema ideologiji novih državnih upravitelja, a uzrok tomu bila je neophodna financijska pomoć koja je bila potrebna i davana od strane vladajućih kako bi se natjecanje nastavilo organizirati. U alkarskoj prošlosti najveće promjene dogodile su se tijekom dvadesetog stoljeća, posebno kada je Sinj bio pod vladavinom totalitarnih sustava. Populariziranjem Sinjske alke nastali su mnogi radovi o viteškoj manifestaciji, a o Alki se piše s oduševljenjem ili kritiziranjem, a o svemu se prepričavaju i bilježe iskustva onih koji su bili sudionici. The Alka of Sinj is a unique knights' tournament that has been held continuously for more than three centuries in the town of Sinj. The knights' tournament is held to commemorate the year 1715, when the city of Sinj was defended from the much superior Ottoman army. Namely, as the defenders of Sinj had almost no chance of survival, according to the oral tradition of the people of Sinj at the time, the victory was achieved with the help of Lady of Sinj. It was thought that she had helped the endangered people in some way and her image was in the attacked fortress during the siege. Therefore, the defense was called miraculous, and in Sinj, shortly after the triumph, Alka started to be played in glory, in honor and in memory of the days of heroism. Alka of Sinj and the Miraculous Lady of Sinj have since formed an unbreakable bond in the identity and social life of the people of Sinj. Every year the local population magnificently celebrates the days of Alka and Lady of Sinj, but since the history of Sinj is full of stories, Alka itself as a living monument of intangible cultural heritage has not been spared the dark events of the past. Alka thus experienced many ups and downs, but in spite of everything it survived and still survives. During each change of government, the Alka Knights Society adapted Alka to the ideology of the new state administrators, and the reason for this was the necessary financial assistance that was needed and given by the ruling party in order to continue organizing the competition. In the Alka past, the greatest changes took place during the twentieth century, especially when Sinj was ruled by totalitarian systems. With the popularization of Alka of Sinj, many works about the knights' tournament were created, Alka is written about with enthusiasm or criticism, and the experiences of those who were participants are retold and recorded.

Diplomski rad, temeljen na induktivno-istraživačkom pristupu, analizira razvoj komunističke ideologije u kontekstu međuratnog razdoblja na području Pule kao dijela Julijske Krajine. Radi boljeg razumijevanja ideologije, prati se raniji povijesni razvoj socijalizma, prvo teorijski među intelektualcima-ideolozima, a kasnije praktički među radničkom klasom, sve do rascjepa zbog neslaganja između liberalnog i ekstremnog krila partije. Vrlo brz industrijski razvoj grada na kraju 19. stoljeća drastično mijenja ekonomski identitet grada. Odredbe konferencija u St. Germainu i Trianonu na kraju Prvog svjetskog rata predstavljaju drugu veliku promjenu za Pulu, ovaj put političkoteritorijalnu. Naizgled, socijalizam prevladava u prvim godinama međuraća, što je vidljivo u takozvanom „Biennio Rosso“. Međutim, brzi rast kroz terorističke aktivnosti fašizma retorikom objedinjenom u sintagmi „vittoria mutilata“ i pasivnost socijalista, dovode prvo do slabljenja i rascjepa komunista a na koncu do komadanja preostalih socijalista na području Pule u sklopu Italije. Dok su socijalisti u krizi, fašisti jačaju iz dana u dan. Podržani od strane kraljevske vlasti, zasljepljenje mržnjom prema socijalistima, fašisti uspijevaju prvo kroz teror, potom i zauzimanjem vlasti pa na koncu tranzicijom iz parlamentarne monarhije u diktatorski režim 1926. godine kroz takozvani paket zakona „Leggi fascistissime“ ostvariti svoje zacrtane ciljeve. Od 1927. godine komunisti ilegalno djeluju i pokušavaju uzdići radničke mase ali i ruralno seljaštvo te ih motivirati na borbu protiv režima. Komunisti Pule uporno se bore sve do kraja 1937. godine, kada je uhićen cijeli tadašnji partijski kadar. Prvi dio istraživanja obuhvaća povijesni kontekst i opisuje povijesno-političke promjene značajne za Pulu. Drugi dio prati razvoj ekstremnog krila socijalista u prvim godinama međuratnog razdoblja kroz tri razine; nacionalno-internacionalnu, regionalnu te naposljetku gradsku, koja je u stanovitom smislu središnji dio ovoga rada. Treći dio oslanja se na na isti model te prikazuje prve godine KPI, od početka 1922. do kraja parlamentarizma 1926. godine. Četvrti dio nastavlja sa najbitnijim događajima u režimskom razdoblju sve do 1938. godine. Zaključno poglavlje pokazuje kako je čitav kontekst borbe veći od samog rodnog kraja, spominjući sudjelovanje Puljana u Španjolskom građanskom ratu u borbi protiv "falangista". The thesis, based on an inductive research approach, analyses the development of communist ideology in the context of the interwar period in the area of Pula as part of the Julian Region. For a better understanding of the ideology, the earlier historical development of socialism is followed first theoretically among intellectuals and later practically among the working class, all the way to the rift due to disagreements between the liberal and extreme wing of the party. The very rapid industrial development of the city at the end of the 19th century drastically changed the economic identity of the city. Provisions of the conferences in St. Germain and Triannon at the end of the First World War represent another major change for Pula, this time in a political-territorial way. While the socialists are in crisis, the fascists are getting stronger by the day. Supported by the royal government, blinded by hatred of the Socialists, the fascists succeeded first through terror, then by seizing power and finally by transitioning Italy from a parliamentary monarchy to a dictatorial regime in 1926 through the so-called “Leggi fascistissime” law package. From 1927 onwards, the Communists acted illegally and tried to uplift the bourgeois working masses but also the rural peasantry against the regime. The communists of Pula fought persistently until the end of 1937, when the entire party cadre was arrested. The first part of the research covers the development, i.e. a kind of introduction, describes the historical context and the already mentioned changes for Pula. The second part follows the development of the extreme wing of the Socialists in the first years of the interwar period through three levels, national-international of Italy, regional of Julian Region and urban of Pula, which is the central part of this paper. Furthermore, the third part goes on the same model and shows the first years of the CPI, from the beginning of 1922 until the end of parliamentarism in 1926. The fourth part continues with the events in the regime period until 1938. The last chapter shows that the context of the struggle is larger than the one of homeland itself, that is, the participation of some communists from Pula in the Spanish Civil War fighting against the Falangists.

TTradicionalno žene i muškarci imaju drukčije uloge i pozicije u društvu pa im je i uloga u društvu različita. Kao rezultat patrijarhalnog sustava kod muškaraca se stjecanje moći i položaja razvilo drukčije kao kod žena, počevši da oni moraju ići u rat, moraju uzdržavati obitelj te je dosta pritiska na razliku od žena koje nisu navikle na tu razinu želje i mogućnosti za položajem i moći. Unatoč svemu, ženski odnos prema moći i napredovanju se mijenja te su one na rukovodećim pozicijama. Iako u prošlosti nije im pružena prilika da pokažu što mogu, žene, sufražetkinje, izborile su same svoj put u dokazivanju i upornošću te su sa svim upornim i neumornim bitkama dokazale da su ravnopravne svim izazovima jednako kako i muškarci. Traditionally, women and men have different positions in society, so their role in society is also different. As a result of the patriarchal system in men the acquisition of power and position developed differently than in women, starting that they have to go to war, have to support a family and there is a lot of pressure unlike women who are not used to that level of desire and ability for position and power. Despite everything, women's attitudes towards power and advancement are changing and they are in leadership positions. Although in the past they were not given the opportunity to show what they can do, women, suffragettes, fought their own way in proving and perseverance and with all persistent and tireless battles proved that they are equal to all challenges on equal level as men.

Aneksijskom krizom 1908. Austro-Ugarska je Bosnu i Hercegovinu anektirala sebi da bude dio AU monarhije. Taj čin je izazvao ljutnju i revolt kod Srba u Srbiji i Bosni i Hercegovini. U Srbiji je pripajanje izazvalo veliku zabrinutost, jer se osjećalo da Austrija time učvršćuje svoj položaj na Balkanu. Tako je ugrožavala sve nade u stvaranje buduće velikosrpske države. Srbi nikad se nisu pomirili st ime a to ćemo još vidjeti i u Balkanskim ratovima. U Balkanskim ratovima Austrougarska je podupirala Južnoslavenske narode na Balkanu da se oslobode od osmanlija. Godine 1911. Dimitrijević je sa svojim drugovima osnovao tajno udruženje "Ujedinjenje ili smrt", poznato pod imenom "Crna ruka". Cilj organizacije je bio da pripremi i u pogodnom trenutku podigne revoluciju u svrhu rušenja Austro-Ugarske monarhije i stvaranja Velike Srbije. On je ujedno i kontrolirao ekstremističku organizaciju "Mlada Bosna", koja je izvršila atentat na austro-ugarskog prijestolonasljednika Franju Ferdinanda. Gavrilo Princip u ljeto 1914. godine pucanjem iz svog pištolja, sa dva metka, smrtno ranio Franju Ferdinanda i njegovu suprugu Sofiju Chotek. To je bio Sarajevski Atentat koji će postati povod Prvom svjetskom ratu. Nakon tog atentata slijedila je Srpanjska kriza. To je naziv za diplomatsku krizu koja je trajala od 28. lipnja do 8. kolovoza 1914. godine. Diplomatska kriza uslijedila je kao posljedica atentata na austro-ugarskog cara Franju Ferdinanda u Sarajevu, koji je počinio jugoslavenski terorist Gavrilo Princip, zbog čega je došlo do burnih diplomatskih i političkih reakcija između Austro-ugarske i Kraljevine Srbije. With the annexation crisis of 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina to be part of the AU monarchy. The act provoked anger and revolt among Serbs in Serbia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In Serbia, the annexation caused great concern, because it was felt that Austria was strengthening its position in the Balkans. Thus, it endangered all hopes for the creation of a future Greater Serbia state. The Serbs never reconciled, and we will see that in the Balkan wars. In the Balkan wars, Austria-Hungary supported the South Slavic peoples in the Balkans to get rid of the Ottomans. In 1911, Dimitrijević and his friends founded the secret association "Unification or Death", known as the "Black Hand". The goal of the organization was to prepare and at the right time raise a revolution for the purpose of overthrowing the Austro-Hungarian monarchy and creating a Greater Serbia. He also controlled the extremist organization "Young Bosnia", which assassinated the AustroHungarian heir to the throne Franz Ferdinand. In the summer of 1914, Gavrilo Princip fatally wounded Franjo Ferdinand and his wife Sofia Chotek with a shot from his pistol, with two bullets. It was the Sarajevo Assassination that would become the occasion of the First World War. The assassination was followed by the July crisis. It is the name for the diplomatic crisis that lasted from June 28 to August 8, 1914. The diplomatic crisis followed as a result of the assassination of the Austro-Hungarian Emperor Franjo Ferdinand in Sarajevo, committed by the Yugoslav terrorist Gavrilo Princip, which led to violent diplomatic and political reactions between Austro-Hungary and the Kingdom of Serbia.

Azija je dugo vremena bila slabo zastupljena u zapadnoj znanstvenoj literaturi, a još manje razumljena, ali unatoč tomu, neupitno je da Azija danas ima značajan globalni utjecaj, posebice velike azijske sile poput Japana. Upravo radi tog velikog globalnog utjecaja, važno je shvatiti i povijest koja veže azijske zemlje, a čiji se odjeci osjećaju dan danas. Dio te povijesti je imperijalistička i ekspanzionistička politika Japana u prvoj polovici 20. stoljeća koja je zajedno s Mirovnim sporazumom u San Franciscu iz 1951., pod dirigentskom palicom SAD-a, stvorila teritorijalne sporove Japana s čak tri susjedne zemlje. Odnosno, sa Sovjetskim Savezom oko Sjevernih Teritorija (Južnih Kurila), Južnom Korejom oko otoka Takeshima (Dokdo) te Narodnom Republikom Kinom oko otoka Senkaku (Diaoyu). U radu je obrađena povijest upravo tih sporova, odnosno njihov tijek u 20. stoljeću te uloga SAD-a u teritorijalnim sporovima Japana i stvaranju mira na Pacifiku. Asia has long been poorly represented in the Western scientific literature, and even less understood, but nonetheless, it is indisputable that Asia today has a significant global influence, especially great Asian powers like Japan. Precisely because of this great global influence, it is important to understand the history that binds Asian countries, and which echoes are felt even today. Part of that history is Japan's imperialist and expansionist policies in the first half of the 20th century, which together with the 1951 San Francisco Peace Treaty, under the baton of the United States, created Japan's territorial disputes with as many as three neighboring countries. With Russia over the Northern Territories/Southern Kurils, South Korea considering Takeshima/Dokdo Islands and the People's Republic of China considering Senkaku/Diaoyu Islands. The paper covers the history of these disputes, i.e. their course throughout the 20th century, as well as the role of the United States in the territorial disputes of Japan and the creation of peace in the Pacific

This paper focuses on the concept of the self- determination in the context of discussions on ethics and politics of immigration. The defence of the right to a collective self-determination is one of the core arguments for the so-called conventional view on immigration that seeks to establish the general right of the state to restrict it. The right to self-determination is recognized both in major human rights documents, and international practice, where it is common to see it as an element of state sovereignty. Sovereignty and self-determination of state entail a right to a discretion in policy choices and control over economic, cultural and social development. The extent of this discretion was subject to a change, with introduction of human rights marking the limits in free exercise of the right on both constituents of the state and foreigners. Proponents of the right to “close borders” see self-determination as also entailing the right to control membership of the community, thus protecting aims and values of the community, and its subsequent development. This paper aims to introduce the main arguments from self- determination in immigration debate while providing main points of criticism coming from human rights discourse, where tension between aims of collective self-determination and individual freedoms becomes evident.

The end of the Middle ages and the transition to the Early Medieval Times is a period of widespread and transformation throughout Europe. The commercial revolution which began in Italy in the 11th century had, by the end of the 14th century, produced powerful banks that financed kings and princes in their efforts to consolidate their widespread and often heterogenous domains. Rulers such as the dukes of Burgundy, Maximillian of Habsburg or Louis XI were focused on the strengthening of royal power and authority at the expense of the nobility and the estates. One method used to strengthen the bond between the ruler and the nobility, and to define the boundaries of the reinvigorated monarchies was the establishment of secular chivalric orders. In contrast to their more famous spiritual counterparts their primary mission was not to combat the enemies of the faith, but to forge a bond between the Crown and the often disparate territories of their vassals, thereby symbolically creating and confirming the territorial reach of the sovereign and, in effect, marking the boundaries of his influence and rule. I argue that the chivalric orders were a method of strengthening and defining the composite kingdoms and empires of the late middle ages, but were, paradoxically, at the same time incapable of relinquishing the traditional spirit of chivalric internationalism that defined the Middle Ages in general.

Migrations are a geographically and chronologically ubiquitous phenomenon, one we can trace in the sources from the dawn of civilization. The movements of individuals, clans, tribes and nations has brought down empires, but also given birth to them. The aim of the conference is to explore migrations, the movements of peoples across tribal, state, national and other boundaries, whether peaceful or bellicose, but also to look at how boundaries and frontiers changed over time.

Homofobija jest strah i averzija prema osobama homoseksualne orijentacije, uključujući i osobe koje su tako percipirane. Pojedinci koji su deklarirani kao homofobi ne odobravaju djelovanje niti se mire s postojanjem LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual i Transgender) zajednice te promoviraju heteroseksualnost kao jedini oblik ljudske seksualnosti. Iako se homoseksualnost od 1976. godine više ne smatra psihijatrijskim poremećajem, već samo varijantom seksualnog ponašanja, svjedoci smo homofobije koja seže daleko u prošlost. U 20. stoljeću stav prema homoseksualnosti više se puta mijenjao. Godine 1869. prvi puta spominje se pojam homoseksualnosti koji otada mijenja pogrdni naziv „zločinac pred Bogom“ i ulazi u svakodnevni život kao novi, znanstveni termin. U vrijeme Prvoga svjetskoga rata homoseksualnost je bila kriminalizirana zakonima u gotovo svim europskim državama. Ipak, rat je bio, zbog svoje prirode i okruženja, plodno tlo za razvoj homoseksualnih prijateljstava. Razdoblje nakon Prvoga svjetskoga rata obilježeno je jačanjem homoseksualnoga aktivizma u Europi iako je u 20-im godinama 20. stoljeća zakonodavstvo vezano za homoseksualnost u pojedinim državama još uvijek bilo represivno. Lude dvadesete svoje mjesto pronašle su u gradovima poput Londona, Pariza i Berlina, koji su smatrani glavnim homoseksualnim gradovima. Tridesete godine 20. stoljeća u Europi su počele prilično bezbrižnim pogledom na homoseksualnost. No, početkom Drugoga svjetskoga rata Europa je ponovno počela biti homofobna jer su države, jedna po jedna, donosile zakone koji su ili kriminalizirali homoseksualnost ili su pojačali represiju i kazne za homoseksualne odnose. U Drugome svjetskome ratu najveću je ulogu imao njemački zakon Paragraf 175. i 175a koji je legalizirao masovno istrebljenje homoseksualaca logoraša, tj. ružičastih trokuta. Isti je zakon tijekom Drugoga svjetskoga rata uveden u sve države koje je Njemačka anektirala. Godine nakon Drugoga svjetskoga rata za homoseksualce su bile iznimno teške. Nastavljen je progon homoseksualaca sve dok 70-ih godina nije došlo do stvaranja pokreta za prava homoseksualaca i seksualne revolucije koja je izblijedila razliku između homoseksualnosti i heteroseksualnosti. Međutim, širenjem homoseksualnog oslobođenja, širio se i AIDS, a pritom i strategije izlječenja toga virusa. Homophobia is a fear and an aversion towards people of homosexual orientation, including people who are perceived as such. Individuals who declare themselves as homophobes do not approve of the LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender) community and promote heterosexuality as the only form of human sexuality. Although homosexuality is not considered a psychiatric disorder since 1976 but only a variant of sexual behaviour, we are witnesses of homophobia which dates back a long way in the past. The attitude towards homosexuality has changed several times in the 20th century. In 1869 the term homosexuality is mentioned for the first time replacing the derogatory term 'criminal before God' and entering everyday life as the new, scientific term. During the First World War homosexuality was criminalized by law in almost all European states. However, because of the nature and environment of the war it was fertile ground for developing homosexual friendships. Thus, the period after the First World War was marked by the strengthening of homosexual activism in Europe even though the 1920s' legislation on homosexuality in some states was still repressive. The crazy 20s found their place in cities like London, Paris and Berlin, which were considered homosexual cities. The 1930s in Europe began with a carefree view of homosexuality. Even so, as the Second World War began, Europe was again becoming homophobic as countries, one by one, passed laws that either criminalised homosexuality or strengthened repression and sanctions against homosexual relationships. The biggest role in this is attributed to German law Paragraph 175 and 175a which legalised mass extermination of homosexual prisoners of concentration camps, so-called pink triangles. The same law was passed in all countries annexed by Germany during the Second World War. The years after the Second World War were extremely difficult for homosexuals. The persecution of homosexuals continued until the seventies when the movement for gay rights was founded and sexual revolution happened which faded out the difference between homosexuality and heterosexuality. However, the spread of homosexual liberation was followed by the spread of AIDS and the strategies on how to cure it.

Ovaj se rad bavi temom Pokreta nesvrstanih zemalja, odnosno njegovim nastankom, razvojem te padom utjecaja i moći u svijetu, s posebnim osvrtom na ulogu Jugoslavije u tomu. Josip Broz Tito, Džavaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Kwame Nkrumah i Sukarno smatraju se osnivačima Pokreta. Hladni rat se ističe kao razdoblje u povijesti koje je imalo veliki utjecaj na sam Pokret. Pokazuje se presjek najvažnijih zbivanja na konferencijama koje su okupljale nesvrstane zemlje i na kojima se odlučivalo u kojemu će smjeru ići Pokret, koje će stavove zastupati te što je sve potrebno napraviti kako bi se očuvala neovisnost od Istoka (SSSR-a) i Zapada (SAD-a). Od njih je najdulje ostao politički aktivan u Pokretu predsjednik Tito. Jugoslavija na čelu s Titom imala je posebnu ulogu u Pokretu nesvrstanih zemalja što posebno dolazi do izražaja na konferenciji u Havani 1979. godine kada je odbijen pokušaj SSSR-a da preko Kube prevali Pokret na Istok. Utjecaj i moć djelovanja Pokreta u svijetu počela je opadati pred kraj osamdesetih godina dvadesetoga stoljeća, posebno početkom devedesetih kada se raspada Sovjetski savez, odnosno završava Hladni rat. Pokret nakon toga nije nikada dostigao moć i utjecaj kakav je imao u prijašnjemu razdoblju. This paper deals with the theme of the Non-Aligned Movement, with its founding, development, and decline in its influence and power in the world, with particular reference to Yugoslavia's role in this. Josip Broz Tito, Jawaharlal Nehru, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Kwame Nkrumah and Sukarno are considered the founders of the Movement. The Cold War stands out as a period in history that had a great impact on the Movement itself. It shows a cross-section of the most important events at conferences that brought together non-aligned countries and decided which direction the Movement would take, what views it would take, and what needed to be done to preserve independence from the East (USSR) and the West (USA). President Tito remained the most politically active person in the Movement among those countries. Yugoslavia led by Tito had a special role in the Non-Aligned Movement, which was particularly prominent at the 1979 conference in Havana when the USSR's attempt to transport the Movement to the East via Cuba was rejected. The influence and power of the Movement in the world began to decline towards the end of the 1980s, especially in the early 1990s when the Soviet Union collapsed, that is, the end of the Cold War. The Movement after that never reached the power and influence it had in the previous period.

Život u Americi nakon Prvog svjetskog rata od 1920. do 1929. činio se kao opušteni život bez briga. Završetkom poslijeratnog razdoblja nacija je napokon bila u miru. Bila je spremna posvetiti se cijelo jedno desetljeće svom privatnom poslu i unapređivanju društva. Emancipacije žena, promjene u modi, napredci u tehnologiji i infrastrukturi – sve su to obilježja 1920-ih. Zahvaljujući napredcima u tehnologiji, kao što je bio radio, sada se počela gubiti nacionalna svijest, a prvi puta ikada se cijela Amerika smijala istim šalama. Stabilizacija ekonomije omogućila je slobodnije raspolaganje novcem pa si je sada i radna klasa mogla priuštiti automobil. Simbol 1920-ih bila je upravo razbibriga koja se pojavljivala na svakom koraku – svatko je imao svoj omiljeni Speakeasies gdje se je unatoč prohibiciji mogao počastiti sa svojom omiljenom vrstom alkohola te zaplesati uz svoj omiljeni jazz band. Jazz je glazba bez koje društvo 1920-ih ne bi bilo isto i upravo je on jedan od neizostavnih simbola Ludih dvadesetih, koje će uvijek ostati kao izdvojeno vrijeme. Vrijeme koje će završiti nakon samo jednog desetljeća i završit će upravo onako kako je i došlo – burno i preko noći s Velikim ekonomskim slomom, koji će društvo uvesti u Veliku depresiju. In the period from 1920 to 1929 ,after the first world war, American lifestyle appeared like a carefree life. In the social aftermath of the war, the nation was finally at peace. An entire decade was about to be dedicated to the personal affairs and perceived social progress. Starting from the emancipation of women, shifts in fashion, major improvements in infrastructure and technology, including things like radio, which had profound effect on the creation of a national identity and unity, but also creating the environment where the entire continent could laugh at the same jokes, for the first time. Recovery and stabilization of the economy enabled more financial freedom, which gave rise to at least a modicum of prosperity, example being cars widely available, especially to the newly emerging middle class. One of the iconic pastimes of the 20's, was the one that appeared on almost every corner, and everybody had their own favorite Speakeasy, where one could indulge in Jazz and order their favorite drink, even despite the prohibition. At that time Jazz was shaping the social life, and is one of the symbols of the so called 'roaring' 20's, a decade that looks like it has a timeline, one on all its own, but which will end the same way it started, with thunder and almost overnight together with economic circumstances that will turn into the Great depression.

Mišljenje velikoga broja vojnih stručnjaka da je vojna taktika blitzkrieg nastala u Njemačkoj nakon pokretanja velikog programa naoružavanja, pokazalo se netočnim. Vojna doktrina munjevitoga rata zapravo datira u Prvi svjetski rat kojim započinje doba tehnološkog ratovanja. U Prvom svjetskom ratu pojava novog oružja poput strojnica, tenkova i zrakoplova bila je prekretnica za sve nadolazeće ratove. U Drugom svjetskom ratu usavršavanjem strategije vođenja nekadašnjih šok-operacija došlo se do vojne doktrine blitzkrieg. Ono što se može svakako zaključiti o bitzkriegu jest to da je on nastao tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata pojavom suvremenog topništva, zrakoplovstva i tenkova samo što je tada ta taktika bila poznata pod nazivom shock-operation i sve je bilo vrlo skromno i još u fazi razvoja. Kad je Adolf Hitler preuzeo vlast u Njemačkoj 1933. zajedno sa svojim generalima i ostalim časnicima, taj je sustav još samo razradio dodavši mu nove tenkove, avione, artiljeriju, novo pješačko naoružanje, nove vojne postrojbe kopnene vojske, motocikle i nove sofisticirane oklopne vlakove te, ono što je najvažnije, brzinu napada i zauzimanja neprijateljskih teritorija u vrlo kratkom vremenu. Blitzkrieg military tactics, which a large number of military experts believe to have originated in Germany after the launch of a major armament program, proved inaccurate. The Blitzkrieg military doctrine actually dates back to the First World War that begins the era of technological warfare. In the First World War, the emergence of new weapons such as machine guns, tanks and aircraft ware a milestone for all the upcoming wars. The Second World War and the advancement of the strategy of leading the former shock operations came to the military doctrine of Blitzkrieg. What can certainly be concluded about blitzkrieg is that he was born during the First World War by the appearance of modern artillery, aviation and tanks only then that tactics was known as Shock operation and everything was very modest and still in the development phase. Adolf Hitler, when he took over in Germany in 1933., together with his officers and other officers, this system was only elaborated by adding new tanks, aircraft, artillery, new infantry, new military troops, motorcycles and new sophisticated armored trains the most important of which is the speed of the attacks and the invasion of the enemy and what is most important the speed of the attack and the occupation of the enemy territories in a very short time.

One of the last stages of the great Illyrian uprising took place in the area between Burnum and Tilurium between 6th and 9th CE. This uprising is known as Bellum Batonianum, which was named after two leaders of the rebellion. Suetonius' words in Tiberius's biography (I, 16) „ ... pessimum omnium externorum bellorum post Punica“, best attest to the nature of the conflict and how much it affected the Roman state. A period of peace (pax Romana) in the Roman province of Dalmatia could begin only after overpowering the rebels. The peace was also very beneficial for Italy which was guarded by Dalmatian coastal routes. Peacetime advatage was achieved by the Romans through the strategic deployment of legionary and auxiliary military units in the area between Burnum and Tilurium. This paper seeks to explore whether the spatial arrangement of the units had a certain system and whether the spatial arrangement of the auxiliary units had any significance in that system.

Although war is a frequent and popular topic in historiography peace is just as important for our understanding of human past and present. Inextricably linked with peace is the quest for social justice, a just and fair relationship between individual and society which is a topic debated since Antiquity, though the term as such exists from the eighteenth century. Redistribution of wealth, access to healthcare and education, equal opportunities and the protection of one’s dignity are just some of the many themes related to this term. The aim of the conference is to explore these themes from Antiquity to contemporary times.

Cilj diplomskog rada je usporedba „povijesne stvarnosti“ i „povijesne fikcije“ na primjeru, DDR-a, odnosno Demokratske Republike Njemačke, uz pomoć njemačkih suvremenih filmova Sonnenallee, Legenda o Riti, Good Bye Lenin!, Život drugih i Barbara, te parcijalne suvremene njemačke TV serije Njemačka 83. Ovaj rad će definirati i objasniti pojmove, poput filma i TV serije, odnos „povijesne stvarnosti“ i „povijesne fikcije“, te objasniti kako se koristi i proučava povijesni film i povijesna TV serija kao povijesni izvor. Slijedi kratka povijest razvoja njemačke suvremene kinematografije, od 1990-ih do danas, koja je postigla velike uspjehe, kako na njemačkoj, tako i na svjetskoj razini, te isticanje kultnih i važnih njemačkih filmova. Rad se potom fokusira na prikaz i usporedbu „povijesne stvarnosti“ i „povijesne fikcije“ u zadanim njemačkim suvremenim filmovima, i to prvenstveno na prikaz istočnonjemačke obavještajne službe i tajne policije Stasi, njihove uloge, njihovog načina i metode nadzora i represije nad stanovništvom, istočnonjemačke špijunaže u Zapadnoj Njemačkoj (BRD), te odnos Stasija i radikalne terorističke organizacije Frakcije Crvene armije (RAF). Osim toga, obrađen je i povijesni prikaz unutarnje njemačke granice, uključujući i Berlinski zid, kao i opis raznih načina bježanja iz DDR-a prema Zapadu kroz filmove. Naposljetku, pošto su ovi filmovi i proizvodi Ostalgije, obrađen je povijesni prikaz i opis na slikovit način svakodnevnog života, stanovanja, konzumerizma, zabave i glazbe u DDR-u. The aim of the thesis is a comparison between ''historical reality'' and ''historical fiction'', based on the example of GDR (German Democratic Republic), through contemporary german films, such as Sonnenallee, The Legend of Rita, Good Bye Lenin!, The Lives of Others and Barbara, and through relatively modern german TV series Germany 83. This thesis will define and elucidate terms such as film and TV series, the relation between ''historical reality'' and ''historical fiction'' through historical movies, and will provide an explanation of how to use and study historical films and TV series as historical sources. What follows is a brief overview of the development of contemporary German cinema from 1990s to today which achieved so many great and wonderful accomplishments, both in Germany and in the rest of the world, and it will emphasize and indicate classic, important and cult german films. The thesis then focuses on the portrayal and comparison of ''historical reality'' and ''historical fiction'' through aforementioned contemporary german films, primarily on the depiction of East German intelligence and the secret police agency Stasi, their role, their methods and means of surveillance and repression over the population of the GDR, East German espionage in West Germany, and also the connection between Stasi and the radical terrorist organization Red Army Faction (RAF). Furthermore, this thesis will also deal with the filmic historical depiction of the inner German border, including the Berlin Wall, and the various methods and means of escaping the GDR towards the West. Finally, since these films are also the products of Ostalgia, the thesis will concentrate on painting a vivid picture of daily life, housing, consumerism, entertainment and music in GDR.

Prvi svjetski rat započeo je 28. srpnja 1914. godine kada je Austro-Ugarska objavila rat Srbiji. Područje Međimurja nije bilo u ratu, no Međimurci su rat osjetili preko mobilizacija. Na početku rata Međimurci su bili mobilizirani u 20. domobransku pješačku pukovniju te 48. carski i kraljevsku pješačku pukovniju. Odmah su bili poslani na rusku bojište, a manjim djelom na balkansko. Obje postrojbe su tijekom rata sudjelovale na bitkama u Galiciji, Karpatima, Rusiji te na talijanskom bojištu, gdje treba izdvojiti bitke za rijeke Soču i Piavu. Veliki preokreti u ratu dogodili su se tijekom 1918. godine. Austro-Ugarska Monarhija raspala se je te na njezinom teritoriju bilo organizirano više država. Jedna od njih bila je Država Slovenaca, Hrvata i Srba, koja je bila proglašena 29. listopada 1918. godine. Međimurje nije ušlo u sastav te države jer je i dalje bilo djelom županije Zala u Mađarskoj. Tijekom rata došlo je do nestašica, gladi, sve veće korupcije činovnika što je potaknulo Međimurce da se pobune protiv mađarske vlasti. Međimurska revolucija započela je početkom studenog u donjem te se u nekoliko dana proširila na ostatak Međimurja. Pobuna je naglo započela i prestala, što je zbunilo mađarske vlasti koje nisu odmah reagirale. Reakcija je ipak stigla raspisivanjem prijekom suda i represalijama koje su svojevoljno provodili mađarski vojnici i žandari. Tada u Međimurju raznim metodama kažnjavanja smrću stradava oko 300 Međimuraca. Država SHS odlučila je osloboditi Međimurje od mađarske vlasti. Akcija oslobođenja bila je organizirana pod zapovjedništvom potpukovnika Slavka Kvaternika. Međimurje je bilo oslobođeno uspješnom akcijom 24. prosinca 1918. godine. Rat je utjecao na svakodnevicu Međimuraca. Do tada tradicionalno i dosta zatvoreno društvo moralo se prilagoditi na novi način života. Žene, djeca i starci preuzeli su poslove koje su prije rata obavljali muškarci. Tijekom rata bile su raspisane rekvizicije koje su još dodatno otežale život siromašnih seljaka. Rekvizicijama su se oduzimale zalihe žita, krumpira, stoke i metalnih proizvoda. Rat je utjecao i na cijene artikala. Samo tijekom 1918. godine, cijena artikla s početka godine narasla je dvostruko ili trostruko do kraja godine. Ratni gubitci pokušali su se nadoknaditi novčanim potporama koje su bile premale da bi bile značajne. Nakon rata u Međimurju je bila osnovana nova vlast na čelu s dr. Ivanom Novakom. Tijekom rata stradalo je oko 4500 Međimuraca. The First World War began on July 28th 1914, when Austro-Hungary annouced war to Serbia. Area of Međimurje was not in the war, but Međimurje felt the war over mobilization. At the beginning of the war people of Međimurje were mobilized in the 20th Domestic Infantry Regiment and the 48th Imperial and Royal Infantry Regiment. They were immediately sent to the Russian battlefield, and a minor part to the Balkans battlefield. Both units participated in the battles in Galicia, Carpathian Winter War, Russia and on the Italian battlefield during the war, were most significant battles was Battles of the Isonzo and Battle of the Piave river. Great turnarounds in the war occurred in 1918. The Austro-Hungarian Monarchy broke up and new states were organized on its territory. One of them was the state of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs, which was proclaimed October 29th, 1918. Međimurje did not join the country because it was still a part of Zala County in Hungary. During the war, there was shortages, famine, increasing government corruption which promote people of Međimurje to rebel against Hungarian authorities. The Međimurje revolution began at the beginning of November in the lower parts of Međimurje and spread over the rest of Međimurje in a few days. Rebellion began and stopped abruptly, which confused the Hungarian authorities who did not react immediately. Reaction came by announcing court-martial and repressions that Hungarian soldiers and gendarmes deliberately carry out. At that time in Međimurje, about 300 people are killed by various death methods punishments. The State of SHS has decided to free Međimurje from the Hungarian authorities. The liberation action was organized under the command of Lieutenant Colonel Slavko Kvaternik. Međimurje was liberated by a successful action on December 24th, 1918. The war had an impact on the everyday life of the people of Međimurje. Until then, the traditional and quite closed society had to adapt to a new way of life. Women, children and the elderly took over jobs that were performed by men before the war. During the war, government announced requisition which further aggravated the lives of poor peasants. With requisitions peasants lost supplies of grain, potatoes, cattle and metal products. The war also influenced the price of the articles. In 1918 only, the price of the article from the beginning of the year increased by two or three times by the end of the year. War losses have been trying to compensate for the financial backing, but they were too small to be significant. After the war in Međimurje was established new government with Ivan Novak as leader. During the war, about 4,500 people of Međimurje were killed.

Veliki dio 20. st. obiljeţio je rast totalitarnih reţima, poput SSSR-a i nacističke Njemačke. Vladari su tih sustava kroz razne metode kontrole populacije i manipulacija drţavnog aparata ostvarili unutar svojih granica skoro apsolutnu moć, centriranu na figuri vladara. Kako bi ostali na vlasti i ostvarili vlastite ambicije koristili su i neke od najvaţnijih oruţja u svojem arsenalu – nasilje i represiju (kao manifestaciju nasilja) te su profitirali na ljudskoj emociji straha. Represiju, politički progon specifičnih grupa unutar svojih granica – fabriciranog neprijatelja - mudro su iskoristili kako bi ujedinili narod u iščekivanju rata. Njemačka s Adolfom Hitlerom na vlasti već 1933. godine počinje graditi kompleksni aparat drţavne vlasti kroz zakonodavne odredbe, reforme i konstrukciju drţavnih instrumenata – primjerice u obliku Gestapoa – u svrhe istrebljivanja unutrašnjeg otpora Hitlerovoj vlasti, a širi se ideologija rasizma, čak i u znanstvenim sferama. Narod, manipuliran propagandom i ostalim metodama koje reţim koristi, prihvaća ideologiju koja im se sije u umove; prihvaća ideje vlastite uzvišenosti, prihvaća Hitlera kao apsolutnog vladara i spasitelja, i u konačnici prihvaća fabricirane neprijatelje kao stvarne. To čine iz straha, afirmiranja vlastitog identiteta, osobne koristi i jednostavnog konformizma. Rezultat su njihovog prihvaćanja godine rata, vatre i krvi, strahotekoja se širilasvijetom, ostavljajući iza sebe pepeo. A great portion of the 20th century was marked by the rise of totalitarian regimes, such as the USSR and Nazi Germany. The rulers of these nations employed various methods of population control and state manipulation in order to achieve within their own borders a power that bordered on the absolute, focused on and rooted in the ruling figure. To maintain power and advance their personal ambition, they used some of the crucial tools in their arsenal – violence and repression, the latter as a manifestation of violence, and profited on the base human emotion of fear. Repression, the political persecution of specific groups within one's own borders – a fabricated foe, in this case – was wisely utilized to unite the people for the sake of the war to come. Germany, ruled by Hitler, commences construction of a complex governing apparatus through law reforms and proclamations as soon as 1933, as well as the formation of indispensible state instruments – as was in the form of the Gestapo – for the purpose of eradicating any internal resistance to Hitler's rule. To this end, an ideology of Arian supermacy and racism is forged and spread, even afflicting the academic circles of the time. The people, manipulated by propaganda and other methods the regime made use of, accepted the ideology sown into their minds; they accepted the idea of their own exaltation, Hitler's role as the absolute ruler and saviour and, finally, they accepted the fabricated enemies as their true foes. This they did out of fear, self-affirmation, personal gain and simple conformity. And in their acceptence they gave birth to years of war, fire and blood, a horror that descended upon the world and left ashes in its wake.

U travnju 1941. godine Njemačka napada Kraljevinu Jugoslaviju. Travanjski rat koji je trajao od 6. do 17. travnja 1941. godine, završio je kapitulacijom Kraljevine Jugoslavije. Ubrzo je Slavko Kvaternik u Zagrebu proglasio 10. 04. 1941. godine Nezavisnu državu Hrvatsku, a Mađarska je vlada bila jedna od prvih koja je priznala novo formiranu državnu tvorevinu, međutim ona je imala plan da pripoji prema “historijskom pravu” svoj nekadašnji teritorij među kojima je spadalo Međimurje, Baranja i Bačka. U samom početku njemačka je vojska prodrla u Međimurje, no tamo je kratko boravila, kako bi pod njihovom zaštitom grupa lokalnih ustaša, predvođena čakovečkim ljekarnikom Teodorom Košakom, uspostavila Ustaški stožer za Međimurje. Ustaška vlast u Čakovcu je potrala samo 8 dana, jer međimurski mađaroni šalju u Budimpeštu delegaciju tražeći okupaciju, odnosno pripojenje Međimurja Mađarskoj. Već 16. 04. mađarska vojska je okupirala Međimurje, a okupacijsko stanje je službeno uslijedilo proglasom pukovnika Zsigmonda Timara uvođenjem vojne uprave u Međimurje 9. 07. 1941. godine. NDH i Mađarska su vodile tešku diplomatsku borbu oko pitanja Međimurja, što je dodatno zategnulo odnose između dviju država u jeku Drugog svjetskog rata. Mađarsku okupaciju Međimurja vlasti NDH nikada nisu priznavale i osuđivale su taj čin Mađarske, što je isticao i sam ministar unutarnjih te vanjskih poslova Mladen Lorković. No, Mađarska je ubraznim tempom kroz nasilnu provedbu mađarizacije preuzela sve vidove uprave na okupiranom području. Hrvatski činovnici i inteligenciju su protjerani, a na njihove službe su došli Mađarski službenici. Uveden je čitav niz mađarskih organizacija i stranaka, mađarski jezik je uveden kao službeni, škole su mađarizirane, sudilo se prema mađarskim zakonima, a Međimurci su živjeli u stalnom strahu od Mađara. Zakonom o ponovnom priključenju Južnih krajeva kruni sv. Stjepana 16. 12. 1941.godine. Međimurje je formalno bilo anektirano Mađarskoj. Vlast Mađara je na prostoru Međimurja trajala 4 godine, odnosno do travnja 1945. godine, kada bugarske i sovjetske trupe oslobađaju Međimurje. In April 1941, Germany attacked the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The April Wars that lasted from April 6th until April 17th, 1941, ended with the capitulation of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. Very soon after that Slavko Kvaternik declared on April of 10th the Independent State of Croatia and the Hungarian government was one of the first to admit the newly formed state, but it had a plan to accede to its "historical right" its former territory, including Međimurje, Baranja and Bačka. At the very beginning, the German army broke into Međimurje, but there was a brief stay there so that under the protection of local Ustasha groups, led by the pharmacist, Theodore Košak, the axle of Ustasha for Međimurje was established. Authority of Ustasha in Čakovec last only 8 days, because the Međimurje hungarians send the delegation to Budapest for the occupation or affiliation of Međimurje to Hungary. On April 16th, the Hungarian army occupied Međimurje and the occupation status was officially followed by the proclamation of Colonel Zsigmond Timar by the introduction of military administration in Međimurje on July 9th, 1941. NDH and Hungary conducted a difficult diplomatic struggle over the issue of Međimurje, which further tightened the relations between the two countries at the height of the Second World War. The Hungarian occupation of the Međimurje, NDH authorities never recognized and condemned the Hungarian act, as emphasized by Minister of Internal and Foreign Affairs Mladen Lorković himself. However, Hungary has taken over all aspects of governance in the occupied area in the small space of time through the violent implementation of Hungarianization. Croatian officials and intelligence were expelled, and Hungarian officials came to their offices. A whole series of Hungarian organizations and parties were introduced, the Hungarian language eventually become official, the schools were Hungarianized, everything was judged by Hungarian laws, and the people of Međimurje lived in constant fear of the Hungarians. The Law on Reconnecting the Southern Regions of St. Stjepan December 16, 1941, Međimurje was formally annexed to Hungary. The Hungarins spent four years in Međimurje, until April of 1945, when Bulgarian and Soviet troops released Međimurje from occupation.

Oktobarska revolucija 1917. je jedan od ključnih događaja Ruske povijesti. Sa Oktobarskom revolucijom završava poglavlje Ruskog carstva i kraljevske obitelji Romanov kao vladajuće dinastije, te počinje povijest Sovjetske Rusije i SSSR-a. Prije revolucija iz 1917., značajna je bila ona iz 1905. kojom je car bio prisiljen na ustupke u smislu većih prava za manjine, sazivanja Dume, demokratizacije društva i slabljenja carskih ovlasti. Društvenu koheziju i stanje u državi koje se poboljšalo nakon događaja iz 1905. poremetit će ratna zbivanja, to jest Prvi svjetski rat u kojeg će Rusko Carstvo biti uključeno na strani Antante. Rusko Carstvo će izgubiti veliki broj ljudi u ratu, a to će biti jedan od okidača za novu revoluciju. Nestašica i glad potaknut će građane Petrograda na prosvjede koji će se pretvoriti u Veljačku revoluciju i nakon koje će car abdicirati, a stvoriti će se Privremena vlada pod vodstvom liberalno demokratske partije. Nesposobnost vlade i upornost lijevih struja da država izađe iz rata i provede velike reforme dovest će do novih pobuna. Pod vodstvom Vladimira Lenjina i Lava Trockog započet će Oktobarska revolucija koja će ukinuti Privremenu vladu i stvoriti novo državno uređenje pod vodstvom boljševika. Naposljetku stvorit će se Savez sovjetskih socijalističkih republika, država koja će kroz cijelo 20. stoljeće igrati ulogu svjetske supersile. The October Revolution of 1917 is one of the key events of Russian history. It completes the chapter of the Russian Empire and the Romanov royal family as the ruling dynasty, and thus begins the history of Soviet Russia and the USSR. Prior to the Revolution of 1917, very significant was revolution in 1905, which forced the emperor to make concessions in the sense of greater rights for minorities, summoning Duma, democratizing the society, and weakening emperor powers. The social cohesion and the state of the country that improved after the 1905 events, will be disrupted by the war, that is, the First World War, in which the Russian Empire will be included on the side of Triple Entente. The Russian Empire will lose a large number of people in the war, which will be one of the triggering factors for the new revolution. Poverty and hunger will encourage citizens of Petrograd to protest, and that, will turn into the February Revolution, after which the emperor will abdicate, and the Provisional Government will be formed under the leadership of the Liberal Democratic Party. The government's inability and persistence of left-wing currents to stop the country from participating in the war and carry out major reforms, will lead to new rebellions. Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky, the October Revolution will begin, and it will abolish the Provisional Government and create a new state government under the leadership of the Bolsheviks. Ultimately, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics will be formed, a country that will play the role of the world superpower throughout the 20th century.

Početkom 20. st. grad Varaždin imao je 13 329 stanovnika i bio sjedište Varaždinske županije koja je brojila 296 838 stanovnika. Događaji koji su uslijedili nakon ubojstva nadvojvode Franje Ferdinanda promijenili su politički, gospodarski, društveni i kulturni život grada i njegovih stanovnika. Varaždinski župan tada je bio Stjepan Belošević, a načelnik je, nakon dugih borbi koaliraca i pravaša postao Pero Magdić. Do početka Prvog svjetskog rata poglavarstvo se bavilo standardnim poslovima, a situacija se temeljito promijenila nakon vijesti o sarajevskom atentatu. Aktivnost poglavarstva na početku rata bila je usmjerena prema mobilizaciji, dok se u sljedećim ratnim godinama pojavio problem izvršavanja financijskih obaveza. Početkom 20. stoljeća stanovnici Varaždinske županije u velikoj su mjeri živjeli od poljoprivrede. Gospodarstvo grada bilo je daleko od idealnog, a rat je donio nove probleme. Ratno vrijeme u Varaždinu označili su rast cijena i oskudica živežnih namirnica o čemu su građanstvo obavještavali brojni oglasi, plakati i proglasi. Gradsko je poglavarstvo tijekom rata pokušalo svim mogućim sredstvima ublažiti novonastalu situaciju i olakšati život ljudi, no nailazilo je na brojne nedaće, prije svega u financijskom pogledu. Kulturni i umjetnički život ljudi u gradu bio je ovisan o političkim i gospodarskim prilikama i razvijao se kao reakcija na suvremene prilike. Tijekom Prvog svjetskog rata veliki broj događanja u kulturnom i umjetničkom životu grada Varaždina bio je humanitarnog karaktera, a veliki dio prihoda od koncerata i predstava odlazio je onima koji su bili najviše pogođeni njime. Najvažniji događaj za kulturni život Varaždina bilo je osnivanje stalnog varaždinskog kazališta 1915. godine, u kojem su tijekom cijelog rata održavane brojne predstave i različita događanja, poglavito humanitarnog karaktera. Stanovništvo Varaždinske županije aktivno je sudjelovalo u ratnim događanjima, iako se rat nikada nije vodio na području Županije. Velik broj stanovništva bio je mobiliziran ili se dobrovoljno uključio u vojne redove, a svoju ulogu imali su i ljudi koji su brinuli o mnogobrojnim ranjenicima ili skupljali različite oblike pomoći. Varaždinski su vojnici na ratištima aktivno sudjelovali u nekoliko postrojba, a najviše se istaknula 16. varaždinska pješačka pukovnija, koja je sudjelovala u najvećim pobjedama, ali i porazima austro-ugarske vojske na balkanskom i istočnom bojištu. At the beginning of the 20th century, Varaždin had 13.329 inhabitants and was the centre of the Varaždin County which consisted of 296.838 people. The events that followed the murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand changed the political, economic, social and cultural life of the city and its inhabitants. The then župan was Stjepan Belošević and Pero Magdić became chief after long struggles between supporters of the coalition and members of the Party of Rights. Until the beginning of the First World War, the authorities were dealing with usual stuff, however the situation changed sharply after the news of the Sarajevo assassination. The efforts were then directed towards mobilization, while in the following years the problem of financial obligations arose. The inhabitants of the Varaždin County worked largely in the agricultural field at the beginning of the 20th century. The city's economy was far from ideal and the war brought new problems. The state of war was marked by the rise in prices and the lack of food products which the citizens were aware of due to numerous advertisements, posters and proclamations. During the war, the authorities tried to alleviate the situation and ease the lives of people, but faced many difficulties, primarily in financial terms. The cultural and artistic life in the city was dependent on political and economic circumstances and developed as a reaction to them. During the First World War, a large number of events in the cultural and artistic life of Varaždin was of humanitarian character, and most income from concerts and play went to those who needed it. The most important event for the cultural life of Varaždin was the foundation of permanent Varaždin Theatre in 1915 where numerous plays and various events of humanitarian character were held throughout the war. Even though there were no hostilities in the Varaždin County, the population was actively involved in the war. Many people were either mobilized or voluntarily joined military units and there were those who cared for wounded soldiers or collected various forms of help. The Varaždin soldiers were present in several military units, the most notable of which was the 16th Varaždin Infantry Regiment which took part in the biggest victories and defeats of the Austro-Hungarian army on the Balkan and Eastern fronts.

U ovom radu prikazana je cjelokupna povijest Mossada ili bar onih najbitnijih događaja koji su oblikovali njenu povijest. Rad počinje sa pregledom najvažnijih događaja povijesti suvremenog Izraela u rasponu od početka prve Aliyah na samom kraju 19. stoljeća do operacije Protective Edge 2014. godine. Nastavlja se poglavljima o ustrojstvu Mossada, regrutaciji novih agenta te poglavlju o drugim službama poput Amana i Shabaka sa kojima su surađivali. Dalje postavljen je kratak pregled povijesti Mossada počevši od prvog direktora Reuvena Shilolaha 1949. godine do sadašnjega Yosefa Meira Cohena koji je preuzima vodstvo 2016. godine. Slijedeća dva poglavlja daju uvid u život i djelovanje jednog mossadovog agenta, kroz oči najpoznatijih agenta i agentica. Nastavljamo sa poglavljem o lovu nacističkih bjegunca Eichmanna, Cukursa i Mengelea. Lov na Eichmanna detaljno prikazuje način na djelovanja Mossada kada je u pitanju zadatak otmice. Slijedeće poglavlje prikazuje najvažnije operacije u drugoj polovici 20. stoljeća. To su operacije poput otimanja zrakoplova MiG-21 u šezdesetima, nabave tajnog partijskog govora Nikite Khrushcheva, razna ubojstva vezana uz palestinske teroriste, sprječavanja saddamovog pokušaja nuklearnog naoružavanja i ubojstva znanstvenika poput Geralda Bulla. U zadnjem poglavlju prikazana je suradnja sa SAD-om oko sprječavanja sirijskog pokušaja nuklearnog naoružavanja na početku 21. stoljeća. Također detaljno je prikazano djelovanje jednog mossadovog teama kada je u pitanju zadatak ubojstva jednog od vođe i krijumčara oružja Hamasa. This paper represents the entire history of Mossad or at least the most important events that shaped its history. Work begins with an overview of the most important events in the history of contemporary Israel, ranging from the beginning of the first Aliyah at the end of the 19th century to the Protective Edge operation in 2014. The next chapters describe the organization of Mossad, the process of recruiting new agents and a chapter about other intelligence agencies in Israel such as Aman and Shabak. Cooperating with those was in some cases vital to the success of the operation. Next is a brief overview of the history of the Mossad seen through their directors, starting with Reuven Shilolah, the first director in 1949, to the current Yosef Meir Cohen, who took over the position in 2016. The next two chapters give an insight into the life and performance of a Mossad agent through the eyes of the most famous male and female agents. We continue with the chapter on the Nazi Hunt regarding fugitives as Eichmann, Cukurs and Mengele. The Hunt of Eichmann shows in detail the way Mossad operates when it comes to the task of kidnapping an individual. The next chapter shows the most important operations in the second half of the 20th century, operations such as the hijack of the MiG-21 aircraft in the 1960s, the acquisition of the secret speech of Nikita Khrushchev, various murders of Palestinian terrorist, the suppression of Saddam's attempt to obtain nuclear weapons and the killing of scientists like Gerald Bull. In the last chapter, we can see an example of co-operation with the United States, in this case the stopping of Al-Assad’s attempt to build nuclear weaponry at the beginning of the 21st century. Also there is a detailed example of how Mossad operates when it comes to the task of killing one of the Hamas leaders and weapon smugglers.

Rad se bavi pulskom svakodnevicom u vrijeme Prvog svjetskog rata prema pisanju Hrvatskog lista. Istraživanje koje je provedeno u radu bazira se na dnevniku Hrvatski list te obuhvaća prvu i zadnju godinu njegovog izlaženja, odnosno 1915. godinu i 1918. godinu. Rad je podijeljen na teme koje su u pisanju Hrvatskog lista bile najzastupljenije. Analizira se položaj i život evakuiranog stanovništva Pule, narodna slavlja i blagdani koji su obilježavani tih godina te organizacija dijeljenja živežnih namirnica. Govori se o stanju i razvoju školstva, radu Crvenog kriţa i brojnim dobrotvornim akcijama, a sve je zaokruženo prikazom političke sudbine hrvatskih zemalja na samom kraju Prvoga svjetskog rata. Na samom početku rada nalazi se opis Pule i života u gradu prije početka rata te opis promjena do kojih dolazi pri proglašenju ratnog stanja. This paper studys the everyday life in Pula during the First World War according to the writings in Hrvatski list. Research conducted in this paper is based on writings of the daly newspaper Hrvatski list and includes the first and thelast year of its publication, ie the years 1915 and 1918. The paper is divided into topics that were most commonly written about in Hrvatski list. It analyzes the position and thelife of the evacuated people of Pula, the celebrations and holidays that have been marked throughout those years and the organization of sharing food. It talks about the state of education and its development, the work of the Red Cross and numerous fundraisers, and it is all rounded upwith the display of the political destiny of the Croatian lands at the end of the First World War. At the very beginning of the paper, there is a description of Pula and life in the city before the beginning of the war and a description of the changes that came with the proclamation of war status.

Prvi svjetski rat ostavio je europski kontinent u rasulu, prekinuta je međunarodna trgovina. Nezadovoljne mase ljudi nisu više vjerovale u kapitalistički ustroj. To je dovelo do mnoštvo štrajkova. Tijekom 20ih godina 20. stoljeća došlo je do uspona ekonomije i proizvodnje. U SAD-u je proizvodnja je toliko narasla da se dogodila hiperprodukcija, tj. zasićenost tržišta proizvodima, što je automatski dovelo do pada cijena na burzi. Pad se dogodio praktički preko noći, ljudi su ostali na ulici, a poduzeća su propala. Država nije bila spremna na krizu takvih razmjera, radnike se otpuštalo na tisuće. Situacija je bila toliko kritična, da se ljudi nisu mogli niti prehraniti. Kriza u Njemačkoj je dovela do jačanja Hitlerove nacionalsocijalističke stranke. Loša ekonomska situacija budila je frustracije u ljudima te tako nezadovoljni, Hitlerove ideje su im se počele činiti kao jedini izlaz. S druge strane Atlantika, u SAD-u, Franklin Roosevelt, iznio je svoj program oporavka pod nazivom „New Deal“. Njegov plan je bio državnom intervencijom ponovno oživjeti gospodarstvo, organizirao je javne radove i usvojio nove zakone vezane za cijene proizvoda na tržištu. Situacija je došla pod kontrolu tijekom Drugog svjetskog rata, razlog tomu je bila opća mobilizacija ljudi u vojnu industriju i logističku potporu. To je dovelo do punjenja državnog proračuna, a nakon Drugog svjetskog rata ekonomije su već stale na noge, cijene su se snizile te se moglo vratiti normalnoj trgovini. World War I left the European continent in chaos. The international trade was aborted. Dissatisfied mass of people distrusted the capitalist structure. This lead to a massive amount of strikes. During the 1920s there was a rise in economy and production. In the USA the level of production was so high that it soon lead to hyper productions which automatically lead to the downfall of the stock market. The crash happened quickly, almost over the night, people were left on the streets and the companies went bankrupt. The government wasn’t prepared for a crisis of these proportions. Thousands of workers got fired. The situation was so critical that people couldn’t even feed themselves. The crisis in Germany lead to the uprising of Hitler’s national socialist party. Bad economic situation brought out the frustration in people and so Hitler’s ideas were perceived as the only way out. Across the Atlantic, in the USA, Franklin Roosevelt carried out his recovery programme by the name “New Deal”. His plan was that the government should intervene and stimulate the economy, he organized public works and adopted laws related to the prices on the market. The situation came under control during World War II, the reason being the general mobilization into the war industry and logistic. This lead to the enrichment of the state budget. After WWII economies have stabilized, the prices went down and the return to a healthy economy was finally made possible.

Španjolski građanski rat bio je jedan od najvažnijih svjetskih događaja tridesetih godina dvadesetog stoljeća. Nakon izbijanja rata u srpnju 1936. Španjolska se podijelila u dva bloka - nacionalističkim pod vodstvom Franciscom Francom i republikanski pod vodstvom Narodne fronte. Sukladno s time, na stranu nacionalista u pomoć dolaze nacistička Njemačka i fašistička Italija, dok se Sovjetski Savez borio na strani Republike. Tijekom svih godina ratovanja (1936.–1939.) bila je prisutna medijska propaganda u prenošenju različitih ideologija. U ratnoj propagandi ključnu ulogu odigrali su film, plakati, radio i novine. Istovremeno, građanski rat u Španjolskoj bio je prvi događaj u svjetskoj povijesti koji je bio popraćen dokumentarnom fotografijom, čime je pogodovao za razvoj suvremenog fotorepoterstva. Medijska propaganda bila je ključna i nakon završetka rata u travnju 1939., no samo s jednim ciljem - veličanjem kulta ličnosti Francisca Franca - koji je u ovom ratu odnio pobjedu. The Spanish Civil War was one of the most important events in 1930's. After the breaking of the war in July 1936. Spain had separeted in two major blocks – nationalist, under the command of Francisco Franco and Republican, under the command of Popular Front. Based on that, Nazi Germany and fascist Italy offered their help to nationalists, while SSSR stood firm on joining forces with Republic. During the war (1936. -1939.) in Spain was present media propaganda in transmitting of different ideologies. The main role in war propaganda played movies, posters, radio and stamp. The civil war in Spain was the first event in world's history which was well documented with photography. That influenced the development of modern photojournalism. Media and propaganda was crucial also after the war has finished in March of 1939., but just with one goal – to praise cult of personality Francisco Franco - who claimed victory in the war itself.

War has always had a profound impact on society. From the beginning of recorded history, wars have forged, expanded and destroyed kingdoms and empires, helped give rise to religions and ideologies, given impulse to technological advancement and steered the course of history. Great battles and wars have attracted scholarly attention since the dawn of historiography and they frequently feature prominently in national narratives and origin myths of peoples all over the world. The aim of this conference is to look at the aftermath of wars in history and the changes in society in the final phases of war and its aftermath.

The Spanish flu, one of the worst epidemics in history, appeared in 1918, on the eve of the end of the World War I. The characteristic of the epidemic on the territory of the city of Rijeka has poorly been studied. Certainly, the lack of primary sources such as hospital registries have made more difficult the understanding of the incidence and the course of the epidemic in the city. Therefore, death certificates have emerged the main primary source. The purpose of this presentation is to explore and describe mortality caused by (Spanish) flu during 1918 and at the beginning of 1919, using death registers for those living in the area of the city centre and surrounding parishes. The results of the Spanish flu mortality research in the area of Rijeka are compared to the Spanish flu specific mortality in the territory of three parishes situated in the wider area of Rijeka – Brseč, Mošćenice and Lovran. The elucidation of the characteristics of the Spanish flu epidemic and its impact on the quotidian life in the city of Rijeka is possible by the analysis of daily newspapers as well. In this paper, we have explored such articles in the La Bilancia, Rijeka's newspaper in Italian.

Diplomski rad bavi se analizom društvenih i političkih procesa tijekom fašističkog razdoblja u maloj općini Buzet na sjeveru Istre. Lokalne specifičnosti kao što su etnička i socijalna struktura stanovništva uvelike su utjecale na odnos novog režima prema stanovništvu i društvu u cjelini te je, stoga, zanimljivo pratiti kako su se velike povijesne prijelomnice, poput Prvog i Drugog svjetskog rata i pojave fašizma, odražavale na život običnih ljudi u manjim sredinama, udaljenim od centara i nositelja političkih, društvenih i gospodarskih promjena. U prvom djelu rada opisuje se situacija koja je vladala u prvim godinama nakon Prvog svjetskog rata. Kroz prikazivanje događaja koji su se zbivali tijekom političkih izbora, dok Italija još nije zagazila u fašističku diktaturu, najjasnije se mogu identificirati obrasci djelovanja kojima se služio talijanski fašizam. Zatim se daje prikaz sukoba koji je nekoliko godina potresao općinske političke strukture i tako u paralizirao bilo kakav napredak. U analizi tridesetih godina daje se veći prostor gospodarskoj situaciji, koja se, kroz gradnju velikih infrastrukturnih projekata poput Istarskog vodovoda, u nekim aspektima, poboljšava, ali se, istovremeno, iz različitih razloga nastavilo propadanje istarskog sela. Završni dio rada prikazuje kraj fašističke ere do kapitulacije Italije u Drugom svjetskom ratu, kada se u Buzetu već stvaraju prve jezgre antifašističkog otpora koji će dovesti do novih povijesnih prijelomnica. The thesis deals with the analysis of social and political processes during the period of Italian fascism in a small municipality of Buzet in northern Istria. Local circumstances, like ethnic and social structure of population, significantly affected the attitude of the new regime towards the local population and society. Because of that, it is very interesting to see how the great turning points of history, WWI, WWII and the emergence of fascism, reflected the lives of so called common people who lived in small communities far away from centers and holders of new political, social and economic changes. The first part of the research contains the description of the situation in Buzet after the Great War. While observing the events that took place during political elections in the early twenties when Italy was not yet involved in the fascist dictatorship, one can clearly identify forms of violent actions that were used by Italian fascists. The first part will be followed by a review of the conflict that rocked the municipal political structures for several years and paralyzed any progress in that period. A greater review of the economic situation is given in the analysis of the thirties. They brought an economic improvement through large infrastructural projects like the construction of Istrian aqueduct, failing at the same time to stop the deterioration of the Istrian countryside. The final part of the work reveals the end of the Fascist era until the capitulation of Italy in the World War II, when the first cores of antifascist resistance, that eventually lead to a new historical turning point, have already been active in Buzet.

Bitka za Staljingrad je bila jedna od najvećih i najsmrtonosnijih bitaka u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Sve je počelo nakon Operacije Barbarosse kojom Hiter nije zadovoljio svoje ţelje. Operacijom Plavo, Njemačka je započela svoj napad na Staljingrad 28. lipnja 1942. godine. Bitka za Staljingrad sastojala se od: njemačke opsade Staljingrada, borbe unutar grada i sovjetske protuofenzive u kojoj su Sovjeti uništili njemačku 6. armiju. Bitka je završila predajom Nijemaca 2. veljače, odnosno 3. veljače 1943. Staljngrad se nalazi na jugozapadu Rusije na rijeci Volgi. Najistaknutiji voĎe koji su vodili bitku bili su Friedrich Paulus i njegova 6. armija te Georgij Ţukov i voĎa 62. armije Vasilije Čujkov. Obje vojske su imale više od milijun mrtvih, a procjenjuje se da su Nijemci imali 750.000 mrtvih, dok su Sovjeti imali pribliţno 500.000. Bitka za Staljingrad je bitna zbog toga jer je označila kraj njemačkog prodora u istočnu Europu i Rusiju te su Nijemci doţivjeli svoj prvi veći poraz za vrijeme Drugog svjetskog rata, što je narušilo moral njemačke vojske. The Battle of Stalingrad was one of the bigest and deadliest battles in WW2. It all began after Operation Barbarossa, in which Hitler did not satisfy his desires. With Operation Blau, Germany began its assault on Stalingrad on June 28, 1942. The battle of Stalingrad is taken to include: the German siege of Stalingrad, the battle inside the city and the Soviet counter-offensive which destroyed the German Sixth army. The battle ended with the surrender of the Germans on Feb. 2, that is 3. February in 1943. The most prominent leaders who fought the battle were Friedrich Paulus and his 6th Army and Georgy Zhukov and leader of 62 Army Vasily Chuikov. Both armies had more than a million dead, and it is estimated that the Germans had 750,000 dead, while the Soviets had about 500,000. The Battle of Stalingrad marked the end of Germany's advances into eastern Europe and Russia and the battle was the first major German loss during World War II and that undermined the moral of the German army.

Nakon uspješno izvedene ofenzive na istoku Europe, Crvena armija došla je do granice nacističke Njemačke. Bitka za Berlin odigrala se u posljednjim danima mjeseca travnja 1945. godine te je okončana 2. svibnja iste godine. Bitka je rezultirala porazom zbog sovjetske vojne superiornosti nad njemačkim jedinicama tezbog sveopćeg kolapsa Trećeg Reicha. Njemačka je vojno poražena zajedničkim djelovanjem Sovjeta i njihovih zapadnih saveznika. Nakon poraza zajedničkog neprijatelja, odnosi između Sovjeta i zapadnih saveznika zaoštrili su se do te mjere da je na pomolu bio novi svjetski sukob. After successfully carried out the offensive in the east of Europe, the Red Army came to borders of Nazi Germany . Battle for Berlin took place in the last days of April 1945 and was completed on May 2 of that year. Battle resulted in defeat doe to Soviet military superiority over German units and due to overall collapse of Third Reich. Germany had been militarily defeated by joint action of the Soviets and their Western allies. After defeat of their common enemy, relations between Soviets and their western allies strained to the point of almost causing another global conflict.

Bitka za Britaniju bila je jedna od najvažnijih bitaka u Drugom svjetskom ratu. Nakon kapitulacije Francuske, Britanci su bez saveznika. Tijekom ljeta 1940. godine, Hitler je počeo s pripremama za operaciju Morski lav. Prvotni plan operacije bio je iskrcavanje na britanskom otočju. Kako bi to uspjeli, Luftwaffe je trebao pobijediti britansko ratno zrakoplovstvo. Bitka za Britaniju započela je od 10. srpnja i trajala je do 31. listopada. U početku je Njemačko ratno zrakoplovstvo bilo u prednosti zbog većeg broja zrakoplova. Ipak do kraja bitke nisu uspjeli uništiti RAF. Britansko ratno zrakoplovstvo je uspjelo zaustaviti pokušaj invazije na Britaniju. Hitler je do kraja listopada u potpunosti odustao od operacije Morski lav te se okrenuo Istoku. Do tada je postalo jasno kako invazija na Britaniju neće biti uspješna. Operacijom Barbarossa 1941. godine počela je invazija na Sovjetski Savez. The Battle of Britain was one of the most important battles in World War II. After the capitulation of France, the British have no allies. During the summer of 1940, Hitler began to prepare for the operation Sea Lion. The original plan of operation was the landing on the British Isles. In order to succeed, the Luftwaffe had to beat British Air Force. The Battle of Britain began July 10 and lasted to 31 October. At first, the German Air Force was in anadvantage because of a large number of aircraft. Yet by the end of the battle failed to destroy the RAF. British Air Force was successfull in attempt to stop the invasion of Britain. Until the end of October Hitler completely abandoned Operation Sea Lion and turned east. Until then, it became clear that the invasion of Britain will not be successful. In 1941 Hitler started operation Barbarossa which began the invasion of the Soviet Union.

Iznenadni napad od strane Japana 7. prosinca 1941. godine uveo je Sjedinjene Američke Države u Drugi svjetski rat. Cijeli Pacifik i jugoistočna Azija postali su novo ratno bojište. Napad na Havaje trebao je onemogućiti Amerikancima uplitanje u japanska osvajanja. Američka industrija je bila razvijenija nego japanska, ali su Japanci planirali završiti rat prije nego što se Amerikanci oporave. Japanci su svojim detaljnim planom nastavili osvajanja prema jugu, te su u pola godine uspjeli zauzeti Filipine, Indoneziju, Malajske otoke. Tamo su se domogli sirovina važnih za vođenje rata, a kasnije su zauzeli i središnji dio Pacifika. Sve do vrata Australije, gdje su bili zaustavljeni. Amerikanci su se već sredinom 1942. godine uspjeli oduprijeti Japancima, upornim dovođenjem pojačanja, ratnih sredstava i drugim brodovima. Na Pacifiku su ratovale male vojske, ali velike flote. Mjesecima i godinama su se odvijale bitke, gdje su Amerikanci počeli dobivati prevlast. Amerikanci su htjeli natjerati Japance u bezuvjetnu kapitulaciju, ali nisu uspjeli. Sve do 1945. godine kada su Amerikanci bacili dvije atomske bombe na japanske gradove Hirošimu i Nagasaki. Atomska bomba proizvela je psihički i fizički udar, dovoljan da se Japanci odluče na bezuvjetnu kapitulaciju i predaju. Kapitulacija je potpisana 2. rujna 1945. godine, a to je ujedno značilo završetak Drugog svjetskog rata. The USA was brought into World War II after they had been suddenly attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941. The entire Pacific and southeast Asia became a new battleground. The attack on Hawaii was supposed to prevent the Americans from interfering with the Japanese conquest. Although the American industry was more developed than the Japanese, the Japanese planned to conclude the War before the Americans could get a chance to recover. The Japanese pursued their detailed plan and continued their conquests towards the South, and they managed to occupy the Philippines, Indonesia and Malaya. They were successful in getting hold of important raw materials needed for waging a war, and later they occupied also the central part of the Pacific. They came all the way to Australia where they were stopped. In the mid-1942, the Americans succeeded to resist the Japanese by persistently bringing reinforcements, war funding and other ships. The Pacific was a battlefield for small armies, but also for big fleets. Battles had been taking place for months and years, and the Americans started to gain predominance. They wanted to force the Japanese to an unconditional surrender, but they failed. That was the case all the way up to the 1945, when the Americans dropped two atomic bombs on Japanese cities Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The atomic bomb induced a mental and physical attack which was enough for the Japanese to decide to sign the unconditional capitulation and surrender. The act of surrender was signed on September 2, 1945, which also meant the end of World War II.

Završni rad „Bitka za Berlin (travanj – svibanj 1945.)“ bavi se analiziranjem same bitke za Berlin te njenim značenjem za kapitulaciju Njemačke. Cilj rada bio je utvrditi uzroke koji su doveli do poraza Wehrmachta i konačnog sloma nacizma. U prvom dijelu analizirani su uzroci slabljenja njemačke vojske na svim bojišnicama. Analizirajući bitke prekretnice možemo vidjeti koji su sve ekonomski, socijalni, politički i društveni čimbenici uzrokovali savezničku pobjedu kako u bitkama prekretnicama tako i u bitci za Berlin. Glavni dio rada fokusiran je na samu bitku za grad te političku i vojnu situaciju kako unutar njemačke vojske i vrha tako i s ruske strane. Događanja na bojnom polju tijekom napredovanja savezniče vojske sa zapada i vojske Crvene armije sa istoka, okosnica su istraživanja. U glavnom je dijelu opisano savezničko i sovjetsko napredovanje te utjecaj na moral vojnika unutar Wehrmachta te gledište i razmišljanje njemačkog vojnog i političkog vrha. U radu se opisuju i vojne postrojbe koje su sudjelovale u bitkama te korištena ratna tehnika što nam daje uvid u tehničke mogućnosti sredine 20. stoljeća. Zadnji dio rada posvećen je uzrocima kapitulacije Njemačke i analiziranjem zadnjih dana Trećeg Reicha. Rezime iznesenih činjenica te nastojanje razumijevanja uzroka i posljedica konačnog sloma Njemačke završni je dio istraživanja. The final paper for "The Battle for Berlin (April – May 1945)" deals with the analysis of and its meaning for the capitulation of Germany. The aim of the paper is to determine the causes that led to the defeat of the Wehrmachat and the final collapse of Nazism. Analysis identifies the causes which weakened the German army on all fronts. Analyzing the battle milestones, we see that all economic, political, and social factors caused the Allied victories in both battles milestones as well as the battle for Berlin. The main part of this paper is focused on the battle for the city itself and the political and military situation both within the German army and the top commanders as well as the Russian side. Events on the battlefield during the progress of the military allies of the West and the forces of the Red Army from the east, are the backbone of the research. The main part describes the Allied and Soviet advance, the impact on the morale of the soldiers in the Wehrmacht along with the views and thinking of the German military and political leadership. This paper describes military units that participated in the battles and the use of military technology which gives us an insight into the technical possibilities of the mid-20th century. The last part is dedicated to the cause of the capitulation of Germany by analyzing the last days of the Third Reich. A summary of the facts and my attempt to understand the causes and consequences of the final collapse of Germany is the final part of the research.

After initial attempts at finding in the sources elements of negative types of naturalization (acculturation, assimilation, adaptation, alienation, and so on) I finally came to the conclusion that displaced Croatian nobility at the time of the Ottoman threat primarily functioned on the ground of their social position, in which multiple identities were one of their characteristics. Because of that, they easily accepted new personal identities (by marriage, by acquiring systems of values of the new environment at the remnants of the Kingdom), but at the same time they kept their old heritage and implemented it in the new homeland. It was evidently the process called integration by sociologists: that is, the process leading to cultural pluralism and the appearance of new trans- cultural elements.