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To analyze the contribution of two non-standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques the chemical-shift image (CSI), and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in distinguishing malignant and benign vertebral bone marrow lesions (VBMLs).

Introduction. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common malignant renal tumor. It has a tendency for spreading to unusual and distant sites, such as the orbit, paranasal sinuses, thyroid gland, heart, skin, and muscles. Skeletal muscle metastases are accounting for only 0.4% of all metastatic localizations. Following CT, they may be presented in five different radiology types of lesions. The aim of our case was CT evaluation of rare skeletal muscle metastatic localizations of RCC, following the time interval of their occurrence in relation to the appearance of the primary tumor, with emphasis on metastases in the levator ani muscle, since this metastatic localization of RCC has not been recorded in the previous literature. Case outline. We present a 66-year-old man after partial nephrectomy, due to a primary diagnosis of RCC. Three years after the initial diagnosis, multiple distant metastases were verified at typical localizations, as well as rare localizations such as muscles, including levator ani. Conclusion. Advanced metastases in uncommon locations are most often accompanied by a poor prognosis, therefore the further algorithm includes monitoring the whole clinical and radiological status. Metastases in the levator ani muscle have been recorded for the first time in this report. Taking into account that this muscle has very important functions, such as supporting and raising the pelvic visceral structures, as well as having control of the flow of urine and defecation, it is of great importance to include this localization in the CT evaluation.

The contribution of social sciences and humanities to the security of people, society and the state is a little studied topic. It goes without saying that every member of society, especially scientists, should contribute to security, primarily through the adoption of an adequate security culture, knowledge and will (to defend the state) that they possess, which presupposes their knowledge of the legal frameworks that regulate this field. The problem of the contribution of social sciences and humanities to national security arose due to uncritical reforms of these fields initiated by Western power centres. The evaluation of scientific works and the actions of scientists is extremely important for the state and requires an organized system, otherwise it can be a significant source of endangering national security. In this paper, the authors analyse the importance attached to social sciences and humanities as well as their evaluation in society. Special importance is given to their study from the aspect of national security. The basic assumption that guides the authors is that insufficient control of science by the state contributes to endangering national security. This does not mean censorship and absolute control at the same time, but the creation of an orderly system within which the authors will be able to strengthen the national and democratic capacities of the state through their work, and not be abused for the sake of its destabilization, which is especially important in crisis areas. At the same time, the problem of insufficient evaluation of the importance of social sciences and humanities in relation to other sciences is highlighted. There is also a crisis of reviewing scientific papers which is resulted by the introduction of ideological criteria for the publication of articles. Thus, when the reviewer determines that the author is from Russia or Serbia, the next question is whether the author considers Crimea to be Russian or Ukrainian, or, whether Kosmet is an independent state or part of Serbia. The attitude of the reviewer depends on the answer. In order to advance in their professions, they need to be published in journals of high categories, most of which are in the West. This again leads to the resolution and declaration of sensitive issues, where papers are immediately disqualified if they do not agree with an accepted ideological matrix. The authors use the method of content analysis and the comparative method in their paper.

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When analyzing the relations of the Fanar - Patriarchy of Constantinople - towards the Serbian Orthodox Church, we have different periods. These are: periods of cooperation and periods of confrontation which were initiated by the Fanar. In this paper, we will talk about the period of confrontation. After the fall of the medieval Serbian state under the rule of the Ottoman Empire, the Orthodox found itself under the rule of the Muslims. Their position worsened with the abolition of the Patriarchate of Peć in 1766. It happened due to several things. The main reason cited is the mistrust of the Porte towards the Serbian Church and the work of the Fanariot Greeks who wanted to subjugate the Patriarchate of Peć to the Greek Church. The very act of abolition was preceded by attempts at Hellenization. It was not seen only in Serbia, but also in Bulgaria, where many learned Bulgarians considered themselves Greeks. Simultaneously with the arrival of Greek bishops at the head of the Serbian dioceses, the merciless plundering of the Serbian people began. It was one of the main reasons for the Islamization of not only the Serbs, but other peoples as well. The second period is contemporary. In it Fanar(iots) disputes the autocephaly of the Serbian Orthodox Church, as well as the territories under its jurisdiction. That is why they renamed it to the "Church of Serbia." Thereby taking away all dioceses outside the territory of the present-day state of Serbia from the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Sports activities occupy an extremely high ranking position in the daily functioning of individuals with disabilities. The expansion of adaptive forms of physical exercise influenced the formation of a larger number of sports sections for people with disabilities in the territory of the Mačva district. Therefore, at the end od 2019, a Baskin section was created in Šabac Municipality. This presentation was created as a result of the need to present the model of the inclusive Baskin game to the general public in the Republic of Serbia and to analyze the existing capacities and opportunities for its further development. The goal is to present and analyze the inclusive Baskin game, as a new possibility in adaptive physical exercise. Baskin is determined by authentic rules for greater actual participation of disabled individuals through "reverse integration".

The concept of sustainable development in the functional area of the network of the most important settlements is based on the dependence on the settlement environment as well as the development of the entire settlement system in the Zlatibor district. The assessment of the functional development of nodal centres and their impact on the sustainable socioeconomic transformation of other settlements through integrative-incentive mechanisms is based on: the dominant role of nodal settlements as a geospatial factor in the sustainable development of the settlement system of the Zlatibor district; structural and demographic changes within the socioeconomic area; complementarities with settlement specificities; development needs of functional centres; integration into the spatial system of nodal settlements of Serbia; manifestations of differentiated planning and research into the sustainable development of complex geospatial entities. Based on the functional-process approach, the concept of sustainable development of the settlement system was formulated based on the following foundations: elements of the settlement system formed on the basis of spatial-geographical conditions; the main areas of population concentration are urban environments; the high conditionally of the socioeconomic development of the settlement system based on the gravitational-encouraging and polarizing effects of the influence of nodal settlements; from the process of redistribution within the active population, settlement- functional concentration and the development of other settlements result.

All the patients with suspected stroke are directed to whole-brain CT scan. The purpose of this scan is to look for early features of ischemia and to rule out alternative diagnoses than stroke. In case of ischemic stroke, CT diagnostics (including CT angiography) is used mainly to locate the occlusion and its size, while the Hounsfield Units (HU) values of the thrombus causing the stroke are usually overlooked on CT scan or considered not important. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that the HU value is relevant and can help in better treatment planning.

Acute bilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) and/or middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion is extremely rare and associated with poor clinical outcomes. There are only a few reports in the literature about mechanical thrombectomy being performed for acute bilateral occlusions. The treatment strategies and prognoses (clinical outcomes) are therefore unclear.

The semicircular canals (SCC) are fluid-filled inner ear structures designed to detect circular or angular motion. In this study we modeled three-dimensional biomechanical model of SCC and compared results with real patient case for the Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) disease. The model consists of full 3D fluid-structure interaction incorporating particles, wall, cupula deformation and endolymph fluid flow. Full Navier-Stokes equations and continuity equations are used for fluid domain with Arbitrary-Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) formulation for mesh motion. For cupula deformation with fluid coupling, fluid-structure interaction is used. The numerical results are compared with real experiment for BPPV test and cupula deformation for head manoeuvre from 0 to 30°. The results could be used for better understanding of BPPV disease diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent advances in MRI technology makes it increasingly more competitive to CT also in the field of interventions. Multi-parametric MRI offers a significant amount of data relevant for characterization of human cerebral thrombi.

Motor status is an important predictor of physical activity participation among prepubescent aged children. The aim of the present study was to present gender differences in the level of motor abilities among children of prepubescent age. In that regard a reduced "Eurofit" test battery was carried out (Committee of Experts on sports Research, 1988), which consisted of 5 motor tests: hand tap, standing broad jump, running cone drill 10x5m, sit-and-reach and sit-ups for 30 seconds. 420 students of both genders ages 7-9 years participated in this research study. The results of this research indicate that boys have achieved statistically significant better results in the following tests: standing broad jump and running cone drill 10x5m, whilst the girls have achieved better results in sit-and-reach test. No statistically significant differences between genders have been observed in the remaining variables that represent the level of motor ability.

World generally requires a very high standard of pollution control, and mining companies pride their organisations as being examples of excellence in this field. Hydrometallurgical mining processes decrease the production of gas and solid pollutants into the atmosphere and maximize the recirculation of solvents at every level of waste waters treatment. The extra electrowinning of metal using the circular hydrometallurgical process ensures that the maximum amount of mined metal is recovered. Reducing pollution helps to improve company profitability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research on the knowing of the significance and contents of the food product label as well as understanding the data on the label is presented in this paper. The research used the Pearson's chi-square test of homogeneity and Pearson's chi-square test of independence. The research was conducted on a representative sample of 598 respondents from 10 cities in the Republic of Serbia. Research results show that more than half of the respondents always or often read the label, then, that men and women have a similar relation to the frequency of reading the label and its contents. Respondents with special dietary regime frequently read the data on the label than with conventional regimens. Consumers that are more educated are more likely to read the label and know more about its contents. Respondents who know what the label should contain pay more attention to it.

The aim of this research was to determine whether differences among elementary school students of both genders in levels of physical activity in relation to their individual perception of different social support domains are present. 165 fifth graders participated in this research (88 girls and 77 boys). Social Support Scale for Children, SSSC (Harter, 1985) which consists of four subscales: 1. social support of parents; 2. social support of peers; 3. social support of teachers; and 4. social support of close friends, was administered and used. Evaluation of the level of physical activity has been assessed via the questionnaire method which was based on self-evaluation and self-perception of levels of physical activity by applying the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (Craig et al., 2003). Results of multiple regression analysis show that the system of prediction variables of specific domain of social support has a statistically significant influence on strenuous physical activity levels of boys. Social support of close friends has displayed itself as the absolute best predictor on their strenuous and total physical activity. Statistically significant influence of system of prediction variables on any type and level of physical activity hasn't been noticed among girls. By observing the influence of certain variables of social support social support from parents has the strongest influence on moderate level of physical activity among girls. is research paper contributes to the identification of factors which influence the participation level of students in physical activity programs. The goal of this research paper was to contribute to the development of fruitful strategies and interventions which will ensure motivation and enjoyment in physical activity participation.

We aimed to analyse the morphokinetic features of breast fibrocystic changes (nonproliferative lesions, proliferative lesions without atypia and proliferative lesions with atypia) presenting as a non-mass enhancement (NME)in dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) examination.

Introduction/Objective. Child abuse is a significant public health problem in modern society. Many cases of violence against children remain undetected. Serbia has no official protocols for medical examination of abused children. The aim of the study is an analysis of the social, clinical and radiological characteristics of physical abuse of children under three years of age that required hospital treatment. Methods. This retrospective study included 98 physically injured children admitted to the University Children’s Hospital in the period from 2013 to 2015, with suspected physical abuse. In addition to the history of injuries, complete clinical examinations and standard laboratory analyses were performed in all children, as well as X-ray examination in children with apparent or suspected skeletal injury. Ultrasound examination and computerized tomography or magnetic resonance imaging were performed in selected patients. Final diagnosis of abuse was established by multidisciplinary assessment team. The children were divided into two groups – those with proven and those with suspected abuse. Results. Most of 98 children who were suspected of being abused (92%) were from one or both unemployed parents, 68% were male, 60% were first-born, and 44% younger than one year. Ninety-two percent of the children had skeletal fractures, 19% of whom had two or more fractures. The commonest fracture was a linear skull fracture, which was detected in 51% of the cases. Abuse was confirmed in only five of 98 suspected cases. Conclusion. Among the known social risk factors for abuse of children, the low economic status of the family was the most frequent one in our analyzed sample. The most common injury is a linear skull fracture. A national guideline for medical investigating of abused children is required.

Background: Lip cancer is the most frequent oral cancer. The aim of this study was to present and estimate trends in the incidence and mortality of lip cancer in Central Serbia during a 16-year period, from 1999 to 2014. Material and methods: This registry-based study was carried out based on the data extracted from publicly available Yearbooks of the Institute of Public Health of Serbia - Incidence and Mortality in Central Serbia, from 1999 to 2014. The trend and the annual percentage change (APC) of the incidence and mortality rate with the corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated by performing join point regression analyses. Results: A total number of 1,922 cases (1,402 in men and 520 in women) of lip cancer were registered in Central Serbia from 1999 to 2014. The crude rate (CR) and age-standardized rate (ASR-W) of the incidence in males decreased (p=0.001, p

Introduction/Objective. Pseudoexfoliation syndrome (PEX) is an age-related systemic disorder characterized by deposition of fibrillary white flaky material mainly on the lens capsule, corneal endothelium, zonules, ciliary body, iris, and pupillary margin. Zonular weakness progressively increases along with the hardness of the lens, patient’s age, and the presence of glaucoma. The objective of the study is to compare the intraoperative and postoperative complications of phacoemulsification in cataract eyes with PEX with cataract eyes without PEX. Methods. The study enrolled 300 eyes with consequently operated senile cataract and PEX and 300 consequently operated eyes with cataract without PEX who underwent phacoemulsification performed by one experienced surgeon (single-surgeon series). A complete ophthalmological examination of all patients was performed preoperatively, as well as on the first, seventh, and 180th day postoperatively. Results. Significant statistical differences between the observed groups were the following: patients with PXF were older (74.2 ± 8; range 56–82 years vs. 68.1 ± 9.6; range 56–79 years), had smaller pupil diameter, and higher intraocular pressure (IOP) preoperatively (16.1 ± 4.1 vs. 13.8 ± 3.7 mmHg). There were no differences between the groups regarding intraoperative complications. Early postoperative complications were a significant rise of IOP (33 vs. six patients; p < 0.001), more frequent postoperative corneal edema (36 vs. 21 patients; p < 0.036), and anterior chamber inflammation (17 vs. seven patients; p < 0.037) in the PEX group, comparing to the control group. The significant late postoperative complication was elevated IOP (24 vs. five patients; p < 0.0002) in patients with PEX. Conclusion. In the hands of an experienced and careful surgeon, phacoemulsification is a safe and beneficial surgery to treat cataract with associated pseudoexfoliation. The greatest problem a surgeon faces is a narrow pupil and zonule instability, and difficulty in recognizing eyes that are particularly at risks, such as those having glaucoma and phacodonesis.

Background/Aim. Not only that ultrasound makes the difference between cystic and solid changes in breast tissue, as it was the case at the beginning of its use, but it also makes the differential diagnosis in terms of benign-malignant. The aim of this study was to assess the role of sonography in the diagnosis of palpable breast masses according to the American College of Radiology Ultrasonographic Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) and to correlate the BI-RADS 4 and BI-RADS 5 category with pathohistological findings. Methods. A retrospective study was conducted with the breast sonograms of 30 women presented with palpable breast masses found to be mammography category BI-RADS 0 and ultrasonographic BI-RADS categories 4 and 5. The sonographic categories were correlated with pathohistological findings. Results. Surgical biopsy in 30 masses revealed: malignancy (56.7%), fibroadenoma (26.7%), fibrocystic dysplasia with/without atypia (10%), lipoma (3.3%) and intramammary lymph node (3.3%). Correlation between BI-RADS categories and pathohistological findings was found (p < 0.05). All BI-RADS 5 masses were malignant, while in BI-RADS 4A category fibroadenomas dominated. A total of 53.8% of all benign lesions were found in women 49 years of age or younger as compared with 35.3% of all malignancies in this group (p < 0.05). Conclusion. Ultrasonography BI-RADS improved classification of breast masses. The ultrasound BI-RADS 4 (A, B, C) and BI-RADS 5 lesions should be worked-up with biopsy.

Morphological characteristics define a man based on his features, usually using appropriate anthropometric measures. Morphological characteristics of this study are based on a bio-psycho-social status of the man in the broadest sense. Monitoring the morphological characteristics is subject to a number of scientific disciplines. The morphological characteristics and their knowledge are used for correct selection and application of physical exercises and proper load determination in training. Morphological characteristics of the long term change primarily in terms of increasing longitudinal dimension. This phenomenon is called the acceleration of growth and development. The aim of the research is to analyze differences in morphological characteristics football players older pioneers and cadets. The sample comprised a total of 60 football players of different age categories FC 'Vojvodina', as follows: older youths (13.5 ± 0.5 years) - 30 members and cadets (15.5 ± 0.5 years) - 30 pts. In order to determine the differences in morphological characteristics of youth football players measured 11 anthropometric measures according to the International Biological Program. Differences in morphological characteristics of youth football players were determined by means of canonical discriminant analysis. The results indicate that these two groups differ in morphological characteristics. Distinguishing groups has contributed most to the difference in body weight.

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Backround/Aim. Adolescence is the period of greatest risk of starting to use substances: cigarette smoking, alcohol and illicit drugs. In the first decade of this millennium substance use among adolescents has increased. The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of substances use among adolescents and its correlation with social and demographic factors. Methods. The study was conducted among adolescents in Novi Sad during 2010-2011 and included 594 conveniently selected adolescents (275 male and 319 female), aged 15-19 years. A special questionnaire was used and statistical analysis performed in SPSS17. The correlation between parameters was evaluated by the Pearson correlation method and frequency differences were analysed using χ2 test and starting level was p < 0.05. Results. The prevalence of substance use was statistically higher in males. Cigarettes were smoked daily by 21.45% males and 15.67% females (p < 0.01), alcohol was consumed by 81.6% males and 69.11% females (p < 0.001) and illicit drugs were used by 13.65% males and 8.30% females (p < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between smoking cigarettes and alcohol consumption, but negative between smoking cigarettes and the use of illicit drugs (p < 0.01). The prevalence of substance use was statistically higher among adolescents with poor achievement in school (p < 0.01), who lived in a broken home (illicit drugs p < 0.01) and who had more pocket money (cigarette smoking p < 0.01, and alcohol consumption p < 0.5). Conclusion. Stable family, lower amount of pocket money weekly and good school performance are protective factors in prevention of substances use among adolescents.

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), the noninvasive breast malignant tumor originates from the terminal ductal­lobular units (TDLU). The typical feature of DCSI is the formation of calcifications. Up to 90% of DCIS are diagnosed on mammographic examinations, as clinically asymptomatic. Between 10% and 20% of DCIS remain mammographically occult due to the lack of calcifications and/ or small tumor dimensions. Contrast­enhanced breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) detects mammographically occult breast lesions, thus defining morphologic features of the lesion and the dynamics of signal intensity changes due to contrast enhancement. Distribution of contrast enhancement - signal intensity increase in DCIS most frequently includes segmental, ductal and linear patterns, followed by regional enhancement pattern, while the intralesional contrast uptake most frequently includes the nodular pattern with the areas of confluence. Post­ contrast signal intensity increase in DCIS is most frequently fast in the initial phase (wash­in), while the whole dynamic of contrast­enhancement includes either of the three possible time­intensity curve (TIC) types (persistent, plateau or washout), although the plateau TIC is considered to be more frequent. Breast MRI has high sensitivity in the diagnosis of invasive breast cancer, varying from 90% to 100%; the sensitivity in the diagnosis of DCIS is lower (77­96%). For the time being, the primary role of MRI in DCIS is planning of breast­conserving surgery (BCS) for the evaluation of lesion extension. Further development of MRI in the diagnosis of DCIS includes the implementation of the principles of functional and molecular imaging.

Background/Aim. Habilitation of children with hearing loss is a very complex process and requires a team work. Habilitation period length, as well as the effects themselves are individual and depend on many factors. The goal of any habilitation process is to improve the quality of life of each individual to the maximal extent possible, regardless of whether embedded cochlear implant, or other forms of amplification applied. A long-standing practice has shown that the influence of parents and their attitudes in the habilitation process is great. The aim of this study was to examine the extent of this influence in order to educate the parents so to help their children maximize their potential. Methods. The instruments used in this study were: semi-structured interview, the Parental Attitudes Scale (PAD), Package Nottingham Early Estimates (NEAP). The participants in this study were the parents with children aged 4-15 years. The extent of hearing loss in the children was recorded at the beginning and during the habilitation process and all were actively involved at least three months. For statistical analysis of this study the descriptive and inferential statistical techniques were applied. Results. The results of our study show significant differences in certain parental attitudes. A close cooperation of the parents and quality experts interactions with the parents are a prerequisite for a successful habilitation. Conclusion. The result of this research show that the process of habilitation of children with hearing and speech disorders is significantly affected by the parent attitudes. Parental attitudes were proved to be especially important for children with greater hearing loss. It was also noted that in our society mainly mothers are concerned with hearing-damaged children, which indicates that the educational process should be extend to both parents.

Introduction. Vitamin D active metabolites deficit that is altered by negative calcium and phosphorus balance is a potential complication during long­term antiepileptic drug therapy. Objective. The aim of this study was to examine lumbar bone mineral density (BMD) in epileptic children receiving antiepileptic drug therapy longer than one year. methods. The examined sample consisted of 34 epileptic children, 18 male and 16 female, aged 6­12 (9.77±2.01) years, treated with carbamazepine, valproate, phenobarbital, lamotrigine or their combination without vitamin D supplementation. The lumbar spine BMD (L1­L4) was estimated by a Lunar densitometer and obtained results were compared with results of 35 matched population of healthy children from the control group. results. Lumbar BMD Z­score was significantly lower in female patients treated with antiepileptic therapy compared with those in the control group (­1.048±1.35 vs. ­0.399±0.518; p=0.03). Bone mineral density Z­score decrease of both gender groups receiving antiepileptic polytherapy was significantly lower compared to the control group (­1.153±0.938 vs. ­0.043±0.815; p=0.007). Therapy duration had no influence on the lumbar BMD level decrease either in boys (rxy=0.33; p=0.174) or in girls (rxy=0.02; p=0.935) treated with antiepileptic therapy. Conclusion. Our results have indicated that antiepileptic drug therapy usage longer than one year can have adverse affects on the lumbar spine BMD (L1­L4) in epileptic children, and that prophylactic vitamin D supplementation is also necessary in these patients.

Background/Aim. Posterior breast cancers are located in the prepectoral region of the breast. Owing to this distinctive anatomical localization, physical examination and mammographic or ultrasonographic evaluation can be difficult. The purpose of the study was to assess possibilities of diagnostic mammography and breast ultrasonography in detection and differentiation of posterior breast cancers. Methods. The study included 40 women with palpable, histopathological confirmed posterior breast cancer. Mammographic and ultrasonographic features were defined according to Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon. Results. Based on standard two-view mammography 87.5%, of the cases were classified as BI-RADS 4 and 5 categories, while after additional mammographic views all the cases were defined as BIRADS 4 and 5 categories. Among 96 mammographic descriptors, the most frequent were: spiculated mass (24.0%), architectural distortion (16.7%), clustered microcalcifications (12.6%) and focal asymmetric density (12.6%). The differentiation of the spiculated mass was significantly associated with the possibility to visualize the lesion at two-view mammography (p = 0.009), without the association with lesion diameter (p = 0.083) or histopathological type (p = 0.055). Mammographic signs of invasive lobular carcinoma were significantly different from other histopathological types (architectural distortion, p = 0.003; focal asymmetric density, p = 0.019; association of four or five subtle signs of malignancy, p = 0.006). All cancers were detectable by ultrasonography. Mass lesions were found in 82.0% of the cases. Among 153 ultrasonographic descriptors, the most frequent were: irregular mass (15.7%), lobulated mass (7.2%), abnormal color Doppler signals (20.3%), posterior acoustic attenuation (18.3%). Ultrasonographic BI-RADS 4 and 5 categories were defined in 72.5% of the cases, without a significant difference among various histopathological types (p = 0.109). Conclusion. Standard two-view mammography followed by additional mammographic projections is an effective way to demonstrate the spiculated mass and to classify the prepectoral lesion as category BI-RADS 4 or 5. Additional ultrasonography can overcome the mimicry of invasive lobular breast carcinoma at mammography.