206 results on '"Milk/microbiology"'
Search Results
2. Foodborne diseases do not respect borders
- Subjects
Meat/microbiology ,Border control ,Zoonoses/epidemiology ,Transportation ,Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) ,Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ,Salmonella/isolation & purification ,Europe/epidemiology ,Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ,Shiga-Toxigenic Escherichia coli/isolation & purification ,Campylobacter/isolation & purification ,Food Microbiology ,Humans ,Animals ,Foodborne zoonoses ,European Union ,Milk/microbiology ,Listeria monocytogenes/isolation & purification ,Illegal import - Abstract
Globalisation, international trade and the ever-growing flow of goods and people enable animal diseases and zoonotic pathogens to travel worldwide. The risk of reintroducing previously eradicated animal diseases into the European Union is omnipresent as considerable amounts of food products of animal origin (POAO) from endemic countries are continuously imported legally and illegally into the EU. Additionally, these products may be potential vectors for emerging foodborne zoonoses, which are of public health concern due to their significant morbidity and mortality rates. This review summarises the legal background of veterinary public health measures and provides a critical overview on recent epidemiological studies, which analysed 1577 illegally imported POAO for major foodborne zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial resistance in indicator bacteria. The samples rarely exceeded microbiological contamination levels of domestic products for Salmonella, Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli and thermophilic Campylobacter spp. However, Listeria monocytogenes and Staphylococcus aureus were the most frequently detected pathogens in illegally imported meat and meat products (5% and 4.3%, respectively) and S. aureus in milk and milk products (7.4%). The most likely source of those zoonotic pathogens in illegally imported POAO are cross contamination and improper hygiene measures while handling, processing and storage. Moreover, uncommon and genetically distant variants including antimicrobial resistant foodborne pathogens such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus or extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae were discovered. The introduction of POAO poses a largely underestimated threat, both to animal and public health.
- Published
- 2019
3. Isolation and serological identification of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli in pasteurized milk in Brazil
- Author
-
Silva Zoraide N da, Cunha Adriana S da, Lins Márcia C, Carneiro Letícia de AM, Almeida Angela C de F, and Queiroz Mara LP
- Subjects
Escherichia coli/pathogenic ,Milk/microbiology ,Food microbiology ,Escherichia coli/enteropathogenic ,Pasteurized milk ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microbiological quality of pasteurized milk commercialized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and determine serologically enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains in E. coli isolates obtained from milk samples. METHODS: Ninety samples of pasteurized milk -- types B and C -- of three different commercial brands, purchased in supermarkets and bakeries in Rio de Janeiro, were examined. The amount of total and fecal coliform bacteria was estimated using the Most Probable Number technique. Mesophilic, psychrotrophic, and thermoduric microorganism counts were determined by the Standard Plate Count technique. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out using conventional physiological tests. Commercial antisera were used for serological characterization of EPEC. RESULTS: The three milk brands analyzed revealed bacterial counts above the regulated values of the Brazilian government. It was found that among 208 strains of E. coli isolated, 46 (22.1%) were serologically classified as EPEC. The most common EPEC serogroup was O55 (15.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Though recent studies on virulence factors indicate that not all strains serologically classified as EPEC are able to attaching/effacing lesion, it is believed that the isolation of EPEC serogroups from pasteurized milk represent a potential risk for children, as well as an indicative of the presence of other enteropathogens.
- Published
- 2001
4. Infectivity of cysts of the ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii strain in bovine milk and homemade cheese
- Author
-
Hiramoto RM, Mayrbaurl-Borges M, Galisteo Jr AJ, Meireles LR, Macre MS, and Andrade Jr HF
- Subjects
Toxoplasmose/transmission ,Milk/microbiology ,Cheese/microbiology ,Food contamination ,Food hygiene/methods ,Food preservation ,Toxoplasmosis, animal/chemically induced ,Mice/blood ,Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ,Antibodies/protozoan ,Toxoplasma gondii ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Analyze the infectivity and storage resistance of cysts of the ME-49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii in artificially infected bovine milk and homemade fresh cheese. METHODS: Pasteurized bovine milk was infected with 10 cysts/ml of the ME-49 strain of T.gondii and inoculated in different groups of mice, immediately or after storage at 4ºC for 5, 10 and 20 days. Homemade fresh cheese was prepared with artificially infected milk, and also tested in groups of mice, using the same storage process. Infection was identified by the presence of cysts in the brain or serological testing in challenged mice after 5 weeks, confirmed by Western Blot and histology. RESULTS: The infectivity of cysts of the ME-49 strain of T.gondii was maintained in the milk even after storage for 20 days at refrigerator temperatures. Cysts were also able to survive the production process of homemade fresh cheese and storage for a period of 10 days in the same conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that milk and dairy products could be an important source of T.gondii in human contamination, reinforcing the importance of milk pasteurization before any processing or ingestion.
- Published
- 2001
5. Ex vivo tumor necrosis factor-alpha response of blood leukocytes in Danish Holstein-Friesian cows stimulated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria isolated from mastitic milk
- Author
-
C.M. Røntved, Jens Bech Andersen, Birthe Marie Damgaard, and M. Khatun
- Subjects
Denmark ,Antibiotics ,medicine.disease_cause ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/analysis ,BOVINE MASTITIS ,0403 veterinary science ,Gram-Negative Bacteria/classification ,Leukocytes ,Leukocytes/immunology ,Mastitis, Bovine ,DAIRY-COWS ,0303 health sciences ,biology ,Gram-Positive Bacteria/classification ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,TNF-ALPHA ,Early lactation ,STREPTOCOCCUS-DYSGALACTIAE ,Ex vivo whole blood assay ,Parity ,Milk ,Staphylococcus aureus ,Female ,Gram-negative bacteria ,Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ,040301 veterinary sciences ,medicine.drug_class ,Immunology ,Cattle Diseases ,Gram-Positive Bacteria ,Microbiology ,03 medical and health sciences ,In vivo ,Gram-Negative Bacteria ,WHOLE-BLOOD ,INTRAMAMMARY INFECTION ,medicine ,Animals ,Lactation ,Milk/microbiology ,STAPHYLOCOCCUS-AUREUS ,030304 developmental biology ,Streptococcus uberis ,Mastitis bacteria ,General Veterinary ,Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha ,Cattle Diseases/microbiology ,CYTOKINE PRODUCTION ,biology.organism_classification ,TNF-α ,Cattle ,Streptococcus dysgalactiae ,DIFFERENT PATTERNS ,INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS ,Ex vivo ,Bacteria - Abstract
A whole blood stimulation assay was used to investigate the effects of parity, number of weeks after calving and Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria on the ex vivo TNF-α responsiveness of Danish Holstein-Friesian cows of first to third lactation (n = 28). Blood samples were collected in weeks 2, 3, 5 and 8 after parturition and stimulated with Escherichia coli LPS (10 μg/mL), Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PGN, 10 μg/mL) and dead Escherichia coli, Streptococcus uberis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus dysgalactiae at a concentration of 2.5 × 10 6/mL. The antibiotic polymyxin-B (100 μg/mL) was added to the Gram-positive bacteria to avoid the influence of environmental endotoxin by ELISA test. Overall, parity had no effect, whereas number of weeks after calving altered the TNF-α responsiveness of the majority of the stimulants. Ex vivo, Gram-positive bacteria always resulted in a higher TNF-α response than Gram-negative bacteria with large differences within the individual cows. High correlations were found within the Gram-negative stimulants panel (r = 0.83) and within the Gram-positive (r = 0.81 to 0.86) stimulants panel except PGN. The higher TNF-α responsiveness by Gram-positive bacteria is in agreement with in vitro studies in human but in contrast to the in vivo TNF-α responsiveness in bovine udder.
- Published
- 2020
6. Raw milk producers with high levels of hygiene and safety
- Author
-
Berge, A C, Baars, T, Afd Pharmacology, Pharmacology, Afd Pharmacology, and Pharmacology
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,hygienic indicators ,Food Safety ,Food Microbiology/methods ,Epidemiology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Indicator bacteria ,Food Safety/methods ,Global Health ,Food safety ,Foodborne Diseases ,03 medical and health sciences ,Agricultural science ,fluids and secretions ,Hygiene ,unpasteurised milk ,Production (economics) ,Animals ,Food Industry ,Humans ,Milk/microbiology ,Risk analysis and management ,media_common ,Consumption (economics) ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,business.industry ,Foodborne Diseases/prevention & control ,food and beverages ,Raw milk ,Food Industry/methods ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Milk ,Agriculture ,Food Microbiology ,Business ,Corrigendum - Abstract
There is world-wide increasing interest in the consumption of unprocessed, natural food commodities including fresh (unpasteurised) milk and milk products. Consumers are actively seeking out raw milk, partly due to health reasons, but also for taste, freshness, closeness to the producer and to support local agriculture. The need for high levels of hygiene and safety in farms producing raw milk for direct consumption has long been recognised and has led to federal and industry-initiated systems for safe raw milk production. Raw milk producers in North America and Europe have demonstrated that raw milk, intended for direct consumption, can be produced safe and hygienic. The aim of this paper is to describe practices that have been developed for safe raw milk production. The German Vorzugsmilch is a federally regulated programme for legal raw milk production that was established already in the 1930s to provide raw milk with high hygienic standards controlled for zoonotic diseases to consumers. The Raw Milk Institute is a non-profit organisation established in California that has developed a voluntary safe raw milk programme in North America. RAWMI has developed a risk analysis and management system for raw milk dairy farmers to assist farmers in making individually tailored solutions for various production systems. In British Colombia, Canada, small herd share farms have employed good manufacturing practices, a risk management approach and performed monthly samples for pathogens and indicator bacteria to demonstrate safety and consistency. The major components of the raw milk systems applied, and the results of regular milk microbial indicator bacteria are presented. For the German system, the results from standard monthly pathogen tests are compared to zoonotic pathogen tests from other milk sources. The overall results indicate that raw milk can be produced with a high level of hygiene and safety in various systems.
- Published
- 2020
7. Exploratory investigation of Q fever in apparently healthy meat sheep flocks in Belgium
- Author
-
Guy Czaplicki, Fabien Grégoire, Nathalie Kirschvink, A. Djerbib, F. Dal Pozzo, and Claude Saegerman
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Veterinary medicine ,diagnosis ,serology ,Bacterial/blood ,Serology ,0403 veterinary science ,shedding ,Belgium ,Sheep Diseases/epidemiology ,Sheep/immunology ,Seroepidemiologic Studies ,Epidemiology ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ,Bacterial Shedding ,Meat/microbiology ,biology ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,General Medicine ,Antibodies, Bacterial ,Q Fever/epidemiology ,Milk ,Coxiella burnetii ,Female ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Meat ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay/veterinary ,040301 veterinary sciences ,030106 microbiology ,Sheep Diseases ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Coxiella burnetii/immunology ,Q fever ,Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction ,meat sheep breeds ,Antibodies ,03 medical and health sciences ,medicine ,Humans ,Animals ,Seroprevalence ,Milk/microbiology ,Belgium/epidemiology ,Sheep ,General Veterinary ,General Immunology and Microbiology ,Outbreak ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,Flock - Abstract
Q fever is a cosmopolitan disease affecting both humans and many animal species. Although sheep are often implicated in human Q fever outbreaks, the disease remains largely underestimated in meat sheep flocks. In order to fulfil this gap, a preliminary study was performed aiming to investigate the serological and molecular aspects of infection with Coxiella burnetii among meat sheep flocks in Belgium. Five Belgian sheep flocks were recruited for this work. Indirect ELISA was used, and in addition, real-time PCR was performed on samples of milk, rectal and vaginal swabs, to understand the dynamics of bacterial shedding. Despite the low overall apparent seroprevalence of 1.39% (95% CI: 0.04–7.5), a high rate of bacterial shedding was found, with 27.7% of tested sheep (N = 72) with a positive result to PCR, especially through the rectal and vaginal routes and in seronegative animals. Furthermore, Coxiella burnetii DNA was detected in 26.76% of seronegative animals. It can be concluded that an overall good clinical condition of the sheep cannot be used to exclude the presence of C. burnetii in a flock. Furthermore in the diagnosis of Q fever in sheep, serology alone was not a sensitive diagnostic tool. On the contrary, molecular biology allowed to detect bacterial shedding, which is an essential element in order to assess the risk due to the contact with shedding animals. At the light of these results, the role of meat sheep flocks in the epidemiology of Q fever in Belgium needs to be better understood.
- Published
- 2018
8. Use of inline measures of l-lactate dehydrogenase for classification of posttreatment mammary Staphylococcus aureus infection status in dairy cows
- Author
-
Anders Kristensen, Søren Dinesen Østergaard, T.W. Bennedsgaard, and C. Hildebrandt Jørgensen
- Subjects
Veterinary medicine ,Antibiotics ,Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ,Mastitis ,medicine.disease_cause ,0403 veterinary science ,MILK ,Mammary Glands, Animal/drug effects ,Udder ,Mastitis, Bovine ,l-lactate dehydrogenase ,Subclinical infection ,food and beverages ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Staphylococcal Infections ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Milk ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Staphylococcus aureus ,L-Lactate Dehydrogenase/analysis ,BOVINE ,Female ,Mastitis, Bovine/drug therapy ,040301 veterinary sciences ,medicine.drug_class ,Multiprocess model ,Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ,Biology ,Staphylococcal infections ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Mammary Glands, Animal ,Dairy cow ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Milk/microbiology ,L-Lactate Dehydrogenase ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Gold standard (test) ,medicine.disease ,040201 dairy & animal science ,BETA-D-GLUCOSAMINIDASE ,MODEL ,Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ,Immunology ,Linear Models ,Herd ,SOMATIC-CELL COUNTS ,Cattle ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Food Science - Abstract
An automated method for determining whether dairy cows with subclinical mammary infections recover after antibiotic treatment would be a useful tool in dairy production. For that purpose, inline L-lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurements was modeled using a dynamic linear model; the variance parameters were estimated using the expectation-maximization algorithm. The method used to classify cows as infected or uninfected was based on a multiprocess Kalman filter. Two learning data sets were created: infected and uninfected. The infected data set consisted of records from 48 cows with subclinical Staphylococcus aureus infection from 4 herds collected in 2010. The uninfected data set came from 35 uninfected cows collected during 2013 from 2 herds. Bacteriological culturing was used as gold standard. To test the model, we collected data from the 48 infected cows 50 d after antibiotic treatment. As a result of the treatment, this test data set consisted of 25 cows that still had a subclinical infection and 23 cows that were recovered. Model sensitivity was 36.0% and specificity was 82.6%. To a large extent, L-lactate dehydrogenase reflected the cow's immune response to the presence of pathogens in the udder. However, cows that were classified correctly before treatment had a better chance of correct classification after treatment. This indicated a variation between cows in immune response to subclinical mammary infection that may complicate the detection of subclinically infected cows and determination of recovery.
- Published
- 2016
9. The distribution of clones of Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococci) among herdspersons and dairy cows demonstrates lack of host specificity for some lineages
- Author
-
Ilka Christine Klaas, Uffe B. Skov Sørensen, Michael Farre, and Jaap Boes
- Subjects
Male ,Denmark ,Mastitis ,medicine.disease_cause ,Group B ,Serology ,Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ,Zoonosis ,Bacterial transmission ,Pathogen ,Mastitis, Bovine ,Phylogeny ,Vagina/microbiology ,0303 health sciences ,Farmers ,Streptococcus ,Disease Reservoirs/microbiology ,Streptococcal genetics ,Anthroponosis ,Cattle/microbiology ,General Medicine ,Dairying ,Milk ,Pharynx/microbiology ,Vagina ,Female ,Rectum/microbiology ,Group B streptococcus ,Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ,Streptococcal resistance ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Host Specificity ,Streptococcus agalactiae ,03 medical and health sciences ,Streptococcal Infections ,medicine ,Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis ,Animals ,Humans ,Milk/microbiology ,030304 developmental biology ,Disease Reservoirs ,Streptococcal disease ,General Veterinary ,030306 microbiology ,Streptococcus agalactiae/genetics ,Rectum ,medicine.disease ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Pharynx ,bacteria ,Cattle - Abstract
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B streptococcus, GBS) is a commensal of the human intestinal tract and vagina and is also an opportunistic pathogen causing serious, potentially lethal, infections preferentially in newborns and in the elderly. In cattle, it is considered an udder-specific pathogen and a common cause of mastitis. Here we investigated the host specificity of GBS by examining their colonization at various anatomical sites in both cattle and humans, as well as the possible cross-species transmission in closed barn environments. We collected more than 800 swab samples from dairy cows and herdspersons at eight dairy farms in Denmark. GBS was isolated from 12% of the samples. The GBS strains (N = 105) were characterized by biochemical test, serology, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Based on the PFGE patterns, 25 strains were selected for whole genome sequencing followed by phylogenetic analyses. The genomes were compared to each other and to a collection of publicly available GBS genomes. The study revealed that GBS clones were shared by cows and herdspersons. In phylogenetic analyses, these shared clones clustered with GBS strains from persons with no relation to farming. Horizontal cross-species transmission of the contagion in both directions was found to be highly likely within the same environment; thus, some cases of bovine mastitis are probably antrophonotic.
- Published
- 2019
10. Genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus: On-farm epidemiology and the consequences for prevention of intramammary infections
- Author
-
Grégory Resch, Carlotta Sartori, R. Boss, A. Leuenberger, Adrian Steiner, Hans U. Graber, Philippe Moreillon, and Frank Oechslin
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Veterinary medicine ,Staphylococcus aureus ,Farms ,Genotype ,610 Medicine & health ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Milking ,Biological property ,Epidemiology ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Pathogen ,Mastitis, Bovine ,Dairy cattle ,630 Agriculture ,Staphylococcal Infections ,medicine.disease ,Mastitis ,Milk ,Cattle ,Female ,Mastitis, Bovine/epidemiology ,Mastitis, Bovine/metabolism ,Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ,Milk/microbiology ,Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology ,Staphylococcal Infections/microbiology ,Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary ,Staphylococcus aureus/classification ,Staphylococcus aureus/genetics ,Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ,Switzerland/epidemiology ,environment ,milk ,subtypes ,570 Life sciences ,biology ,590 Animals (Zoology) ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Switzerland ,Food Science - Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a highly contagious mastitis-causing pathogen infecting dairy cattle worldwide. Previous studies have shown the presence of different genotypes (GT) on farms. In Switzerland, Staph. aureus genotype B (GTB) is contagious, whereas GTC and other genotypes cause sporadic, noncontagious mastitis. In this study, we evaluated the epidemiological properties of Staph. aureus, together with its genotypes and spa types, on Swiss dairy farms. A total of 21 dairy farms were sampled throughout Switzerland; 10 farms were positive for the contagious Staph. aureus GTB and 11 farms were negative for GTB. Samples were taken from milk, body surfaces of dairy cattle and other animals, milkers, milking equipment, and environmental sites (e.g., parlor, washing room, stall floor, manger, and bedding). The epidemiology of Staph. aureus depended markedly on the genotype. Staphylococcus aureus GTB was associated with mammary gland, intramammary infections (IMI), and milking clusters, whereas GTC and other genotypes were related to cow and other animal surfaces and occasionally to environment. Genotype C was by far the most common subtype in cattle and was found on GTB-negative and GTB-positive farms. Each farm had a predominant genotype, such as GTB, GTC, GTA, or GTF, but a few farms were almost free from Staph. aureus. The genotypes and spa types of Staph. aureus detected in the noses of milkers clearly differed from those found in dairy cattle, other animals, milking equipment, and the environment. Exceptions were GTS (spa type t034) and GTF (t899), which crossed the species barrier. In most cases, however, the species barrier was maintained because Staph. aureus is adapted to a particular host and even to particular body sites. As biological properties differ among the genotypes, new guidelines to prevent IMI caused by different genotypes were established: classical measures to prevent IMI caused by contagious pathogens still hold for GTB but not for Staph. aureus genotypes that are opportunistic colonizers of bovine skin (e.g., GTC and GTA). For those genotypes, protection of the skin from minor lesions and wounds, particularly on the hocks, is essential.
- Published
- 2018
11. Diagnosing intramammary infections: Evaluation of definitions based on a single milk sample
- Author
-
Dohoo, I.R., Smith, J., Andersen, S., Kelton, D.F., Godden, S., Zadoks, Ruth, and Mastitis Res Workers, C.
- Subjects
Staphylococcus aureus ,Veterinary medicine ,040301 veterinary sciences ,Sample (material) ,Cell Count/veterinary ,specificity ,Cell Count ,Dairying/methods ,Biology ,Sensitivity and Specificity ,Intramammary infection ,0403 veterinary science ,Mixed culture ,Terminology as Topic ,Genetics ,medicine ,definition ,Animals ,Milk/microbiology ,Mastitis, Bovine ,intramammary infection ,Bacteria ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Bacteria/isolation & purification ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Gold standard (test) ,sensitivity ,medicine.disease ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Milk sample ,Mastitis ,Dairying ,Milk ,Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification ,Immunology ,Mastitis, Bovine/diagnosis ,Milk/cytology ,Cattle ,Female ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Somatic cell count ,Food Science - Abstract
Criteria for diagnosing intramammary infections (IMI) have been debated for many years. Factors that may be considered in making a diagnosis include the organism of interest being found on culture, the number of colonies isolated, whether or not the organism was recovered in pure or mixed culture, and whether or not concurrent evidence of inflammation existed (often measured by somatic cell count). However, research using these criteria has been hampered by the lack of a “gold standard” test (i.e., a perfect test against which the criteria can be evaluated) and the need for very large data sets of culture results to have sufficient numbers of quarters with infections with a variety of organisms. This manuscript used 2 large data sets of culture results to evaluate several definitions (sets of criteria) for classifying a quarter as having, or not having an IMI by comparing the results from a single culture to a gold standard diagnosis based on a set of 3 milk samples. The first consisted of 38,376 milk samples from which 25,886 triplicate sets of milk samples taken 1 wk apart were extracted. The second consisted of 784 quarters that were classified as infected or not based on a set of 3 milk samples collected at 2-d intervals. From these quarters, a total of 3,136 additional samples were evaluated. A total of 12 definitions (named A to L) based on combinations of the number of colonies isolated, whether or not the organism was recovered in pure or mixed culture, and the somatic cell count were evaluated for each organism (or group of organisms) with sufficient data. The sensitivity (ability of a definition to detect IMI) and the specificity (Sp; ability of a definition to correctly classify noninfected quarters) were both computed. For all species, except Staphylococcus aureus, the sensitivity of all definitions was
- Published
- 2011
12. Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Bovine Mammary Microbiota: Potential Allies against Bovine Mastitis
- Author
-
Lucie Rault, Taous Saraoui, Yves Le Loir, Damien Baud, Patrice Francois, Sergine Even, Florian Chain, Fatima Nader-Macias, Victoria Chuat, Pierre Germon, Bianca Seridan, Candelaria Gonzalez-Moreno, Damien Bouchard, Philippe Langella, Jacques Robert Nicoli, Science et Technologie du Lait et de l'Oeuf (STLO), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AGROCAMPUS OUEST, Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro)-Institut national d'enseignement supérieur pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (Institut Agro), Departamento de Microbiologia, ICB, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Infectiologie et Santé Publique (UMR ISP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours, Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos [Tucumán] (CERELA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [Buenos Aires] (CONICET), Genomic Research Laboratory, Geneva University Hospital (HUG), MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, INRA-funded GISA project (Ruminflame) - framework of an ECOS SUD project (A12B01, Anses ANMV (Anses ANMV), Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l'alimentation, de l'environnement et du travail (ANSES), UR Infectiologie animale et Santé publique (UR IASP), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Institut de Chimie des Milieux et Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP), Université de Poitiers-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Even, Sergine, and Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-Université de Tours (UT)
- Subjects
bovin ,Lactococcus ,Bacterial/genetics ,lcsh:Medicine ,Mastitis ,Probiotic ,Animal/microbiology ,Bacterial Adhesion ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https] ,BOVINE MASTITIS ,Lactic Acid Bacteria ,Lactococcus/isolation & purification ,Lactobacillus ,RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ,bovine mammary microbiota ,lcsh:Science ,bacteria ,Mastitis, Bovine ,2. Zero hunger ,ddc:616 ,bactérie ,0303 health sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,Genome ,biology ,treatment ,Lactobacillus brevis ,Microbiota ,Microbiology and Parasitology ,LACTOBACILLI ,Bacterial ,Bovine ,Bacterial Infections ,Bacterial Infections/microbiology/veterinary ,Mammary Glands ,Microbiologie et Parasitologie ,purl.org/becyt/ford/4.2 [https] ,RNA, Bacterial ,[SDV.MP]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology ,Milk ,Female ,médecine vétérinaire ,bactérie pathogène ,Sequence Analysis ,HT29 Cells ,Otras Producción Animal y Lechería ,CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS ,16S/genetics ,Research Article ,mammite bovine ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Microbiology ,traitement ,Ciencias Biológicas ,03 medical and health sciences ,Antibiotic resistance ,Mammary Glands, Animal ,Biología Celular, Microbiología ,microbiote ,medicine ,Animals ,Humans ,Milk/microbiology ,purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https] ,activité anti-inflammatoire ,Bovine/microbiology ,030304 developmental biology ,Streptococcus uberis ,Ribosomal ,Lactobacillus/isolation & purification ,[SDV.BA.MVSA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology/Veterinary medicine and animal Health ,030306 microbiology ,lcsh:R ,lactic acid ,DNA ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Producción Animal y Lechería ,medicine.disease ,biology.organism_classification ,mammite ,Molecular Typing ,veterinary medicine ,CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS ,RNA ,lcsh:Q ,Cattle ,Lactobacillus plantarum ,Bacteria ,purl.org/becyt/ford/4 [https] ,Genome, Bacterial ,bovine mastitis ,acide lactique - Abstract
Bovine mastitis is a costly disease in dairy cattle worldwide. As of yet, the control of bovine mastitis is mostly based on prevention by thorough hygienic procedures during milking. Additional strategies include vaccination and utilization of antibiotics. Despite these measures, mastitis is not fully under control, thus prompting the need for alternative strategies. The goal of this study was to isolate autochthonous lactic acid bacteria (LAB) from bovine mammary microbiota that exhibit beneficial properties that could be used for mastitis prevention and/or treatment. Sampling of the teat canal led to the isolation of 165 isolates, among which a selection of ten non-redundant LAB strains belonging to the genera Lactobacillus and Lactococcus were further characterized with regard to several properties: surface properties (hydrophobicity, autoaggregation); inhibition potential of three main mastitis pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Streptococcus uberis; colonization capacities of bovine mammary epithelial cells (bMEC); and immunomodulation properties. Three strains, Lactobacillus brevis 1595 and 1597 and Lactobacillus plantarum 1610, showed high colonization capacities and a medium surface hydrophobicity. These strains are good candidates to compete with pathogens for mammary gland colonization. Moreover, nine strains exhibited anti-inflammatory properties, as illustrated by the lower IL-8 secretion by E. coli-stimulated bMEC in the presence of these LAB. Full genome sequencing of five candidate strains allowed to check for undesirable genetic elements such as antibiotic resistance genes and to identify potential bacterial determinants involved in the beneficial properties. This large screening of beneficial properties while checking for undesirable genetic markers allowed the selection of promising candidate LAB strains from bovine mammary microbiota for the prevention and/or treatment of bovine mastitis. Fil: Bouchard, Damien S.. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Agrocampus Ouest; Francia Fil: Seridan, Bianca. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Agrocampus Ouest; Francia Fil: Saraoui, Taous. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Agrocampus Ouest; Francia Fil: Rault, Lucie. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Agrocampus Ouest; Francia Fil: Germon, Pierre. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Gonzalez Moreno, Candelaria. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Nader, Maria Elena Fatima. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentina Fil: Baud, Damien. Geneva University Hospital. Genomic Research Laboratory ; Suiza Fil: François, Patrice. Geneva University Hospital. Genomic Research Laboratory ; Suiza Fil: Chuat, Victoria. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Agrocampus Ouest; Francia Fil: Chain, Florian. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Langella, Philippe. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia Fil: Nicoli, Jacques. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; Brasil Fil: Le Loir, Yves. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Agrocampus Ouest; Francia Fil: Even, Sergine. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Agrocampus Ouest; Francia
- Published
- 2015
13. Acquisition through horizontal gene transfer of plasmid pSMA198 by [i]Streptococcus macedonicus[/i] ACA-DC 198 points towards the dairy origin of the species
- Author
-
Pierre Renault, Rania Anastasiou, Stéphanie Ferreira, Bruno Pot, Effie Tsakalidou, Philip Supply, Nikos C. Papandreou, Eleni Maistrou, Stavros J. Hamodrakas, Konstantinos Papadimitriou, Thomas Plakas, Laboratory of Dairy Research, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Genoscreen, Service of Research, Development and Innovation in Health and Environment, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé (MICALIS), Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA)-AgroParisTech, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille - INSERM U 1019 - UMR 9017 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Université de Lille-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut Pasteur de Lille, European Social Fund, National resource EPEAEK through the Thales project, National resource YPEPTH through the Thales project, Centre d’Infection et d’Immunité de Lille (CIIL) - U1019 - UMR 8204 (CIIL), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences and Solvay Business School, Department of Bio-engineering Sciences, Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lille-Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire [Lille] (CHRU Lille)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ProdInra, Archive Ouverte
- Subjects
Streptococcus thermophilus ,Gene Transfer, Horizontal ,Streptococcus/genetics ,flore commensale ,Lactococcus ,[SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio] ,lcsh:Medicine ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Lactococcus lactis/genetics ,Plasmid ,Animals ,Milk/microbiology ,lcsh:Science ,2. Zero hunger ,Plasmids/genetics ,Multidisciplinary ,Phylogenetic tree ,aliment fermenté ,lcsh:R ,Lactococcus lactis ,Streptococcus ,Streptococcus bovis ,biology.organism_classification ,[SDV] Life Sciences [q-bio] ,Milk ,Horizontal gene transfer ,Food Microbiology ,lcsh:Q ,Cattle ,Streptococcus equinus ,bactérie alimentaire ,Research Article ,Plasmids - Abstract
Background Streptococcus macedonicus is an intriguing streptococcal species whose most frequent source of isolation is fermented foods similarly to Streptococcus thermophilus. However, S. macedonicus is closely related to commensal opportunistic pathogens of the Streptococcus bovis/Streptococcus equinus complex. Methodology/Principal Findings We analyzed the pSMA198 plasmid isolated from the dairy strain Streptococcus macedonicus ACA-DC 198 in order to provide novel clues about the main ecological niche of this bacterium. pSMA198 belongs to the narrow host range pCI305/pWV02 family found primarily in lactococci and to the best of our knowledge it is the first such plasmid to be reported in streptococci. Comparative analysis of the pSMA198 sequence revealed a high degree of similarity with plasmids isolated from Lactococcus lactis strains deriving from milk or its products. Phylogenetic analysis of the pSMA198 Rep showed that the vast majority of closely related proteins derive from lactococcal dairy isolates. Additionally, cloning of the pSMA198 ori in L. lactis revealed a 100% stability of replication over 100 generations. Both pSMA198 and the chromosome of S. macedonicus exhibit a high percentage of potential pseudogenes, indicating that they have co-evolved under the same gene decay processes. We identified chromosomal regions in S. macedonicus that may have originated from pSMA198, also supporting a long co-existence of the two replicons. pSMA198 was also found in divergent biotypes of S. macedonicus and in strains isolated from dispersed geographic locations (e.g. Greece and Switzerland) showing that pSMA198’s acquisition is not a recent event. Conclusions/Significance Here we propose that S. macedonicus acquired plasmid pSMA198 from L. lactis via an ancestral genetic exchange event that took place most probably in milk or dairy products. We provide important evidence that point towards the dairy origin of this species.
- Published
- 2015
14. Cow- and Quarter-level risk factors for Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus mastitis
- Author
-
Ynte H. Schukken, G.J. Wellenberg, Yrjö T. Gröhn, Herman W. Barkema, Ruth N. Zadoks, Heather G. Allore, and O.C. Sampimon
- Subjects
Streptococcal Infections/veterinary ,Veterinary medicine ,Mammary Glands, Animal/anatomy & histology ,Cell Count ,Mastitis ,medicine.disease_cause ,Mastitis, Bovine/epidemiology ,Risk Factors ,Mastitis, Bovine ,Streptococcus ,food and beverages ,Staphylococcal Infections ,Parity ,Milk ,ID-Lelystad, Instituut voor Dierhouderij en Diergezondheid ,Staphylococcus aureus ,ID Lelystad, Institute for Animal Science and Health ,Milk/cytology ,Female ,Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology ,Institute for Animal Science and Health ,Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ,Cattle Diseases ,Biology ,Microbiology ,Staphylococcal Infections/veterinary ,Mammary Glands, Animal ,Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology ,Streptococcal Infections ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Risk factor ,Milk/microbiology ,Instituut voor Dierhouderij en Diergezondheid ,Dairy cattle ,Staphylococcal Infections/epidemiology ,Streptococcus uberis ,Cattle Diseases/epidemiology ,ID-Lelystad ,Cattle Diseases/microbiology ,biology.organism_classification ,medicine.disease ,equipment and supplies ,ID Lelystad ,Herd ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Cattle ,Somatic cell count ,Food Science - Abstract
This study was designed to identify risk factors for intramammary infections with Streptococcus uberis and Staphylococcus aureus under field conditions. An 18-mo survey with sampling of all quarters of all lactating cows at 3-wk intervals was carried out in three Dutch dairy herds with medium bulk milk somatic cell count (200,000 to 300,000 cells/ml). Quarter milk samples were used for bacteriology and somatic cell counting. Data on parity, lactation stage, and bovine herpesvirus 4-serology were recorded for each animal. During the last year of the study, body condition score, and teat-end callosity scores were recorded at 3-wk intervals. A total of 93 new infections with Strep. uberis were detected in 22,665 observations on quarters at risk for Strep. uberis infection, and 100 new infections with Staph. aureus were detected in 22,593 observations on quarters at risk for Staph. aureus infection. Multivariable Poisson regression analysis with clustering at herd and cow level was used to identify risk factors for infection. Rate of infection with Strep. uberis was lower in first- and second-parity cows than in older cows, and depended on stage of lactation in one herd. Quarters that were infected with Arcanobacterium pyogenes or enterococci, quarters that had recovered from Strep. uberis- or Staph. aureus-infection in the past, and quarters that were exposed to another Strep. uberis infected quarter in the same cow had a higher rate of Strep. uberis infection. Teat-end callosity and infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci or corynebacteria were not significant as risk factors. Rate of Staph. aureus infection was higher in bovine herpesvirus 4-seropositive cows, in right quarters, in quarters that had recovered from Staph. aureus or Strep. uberis infection, in quarters exposed to other Staph. aureus infected quarters in the same cow, and in quarters with extremely callused teat ends. Infection with coagulase-negative staphylococci was not significant as a risk factor. The effect of infection with corynebacteria on rate of infection with Staph. aureus depended on herd, stage of lactation, and teat-end roughness. Herd level prevalence of Strep. uberis or Staph. aureus, and low quarter milk somatic cell count were not associated with an increased rate of infection for Strep. uberis or Staph. aureus.
- Published
- 2002
15. Isolamento e identificação sorológica de Escherichia coli enteropatogênica em leite pasteurizado
- Author
-
Mara Lp Queiroz, Zoraide N da Silva, Márcia Clements Lins, Letícia de Am Carneiro, Angela C de F Almeida, and Adriana S da Cunha
- Subjects
Colony Count, Microbial ,Escherichia coli/enteropathogenic ,Virulence ,Pasteurization ,Biology ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,Microbiologia de alimentos ,Most probable number ,law ,Pasteurized milk ,parasitic diseases ,medicine ,Escherichia coli ,Animals ,Food microbiology ,Serotyping ,Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli ,Milk/microbiology ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Escherichia coli/pathogenic ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Isolation (microbiology) ,bacterial infections and mycoses ,Fecal coliform ,Milk ,Leite ,Food Microbiology ,Leite pasteurizado ,Brazil - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the microbiological quality of pasteurized milk commercialized in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and determine serologically enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) strains in E. coli isolates obtained from milk samples. METHODS: Ninety samples of pasteurized milk -- types B and C -- of three different commercial brands, purchased in supermarkets and bakeries in Rio de Janeiro, were examined. The amount of total and fecal coliform bacteria was estimated using the Most Probable Number technique. Mesophilic, psychrotrophic, and thermoduric microorganism counts were determined by the Standard Plate Count technique. Isolation and identification of E. coli were carried out using conventional physiological tests. Commercial antisera were used for serological characterization of EPEC. RESULTS: The three milk brands analyzed revealed bacterial counts above the regulated values of the Brazilian government. It was found that among 208 strains of E. coli isolated, 46 (22.1%) were serologically classified as EPEC. The most common EPEC serogroup was O55 (15.2%). CONCLUSIONS: Though recent studies on virulence factors indicate that not all strains serologically classified as EPEC are able to attaching/effacing lesion, it is believed that the isolation of EPEC serogroups from pasteurized milk represent a potential risk for children, as well as an indicative of the presence of other enteropathogens. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de leite pasteurizado comercializado, isolar e identificar sorologicamente cepas de Escherichia coli enteropatogênica clássica (EPEC) nesse alimento. MÉTODOS: Foram estudadas 90 amostras de leite pasteurizado, de três marcas comerciais diferentes, dos tipos B e C, obtidas em padarias e supermercados do Rio de Janeiro, RJ. A contagem de coliformes totais e fecais foi estimada aplicando-se a técnica do número mais provável. A quantificação de microorganismos mesófilos, psicrotróficos e termodúricos foi determinada pela técnica da contagem padrão em placa. A identificação fisiológica de E. coli foi realizada por metodologia convencional e a identificação sorológica de EPEC, com a utilização de soros comerciais. RESULTADOS: As três marcas de leite pasteurizado apresentaram contagens bacterianas acima do padrão permitido pela legislação brasileira. Foram isoladas 208 cepas de E. coli, entre as quais 46 (22,1%) foram sorogrupadas como EPEC. O sorogrupo mais freqüente foi o O55 (15,2%). CONCLUSÕES: Apesar de estudos recentes sobre fatores de virulência indicarem que nem todas as cepas sorogrupadas como EPEC são capazes de causar a lesão A/E (attaching/ effacing), considerou-se que o isolamento de sorogrupos de EPEC, nesse alimento, representa risco potencial para crianças e, também, possível meio de veiculação de outros enteropatógenos.
- Published
- 2001
16. Infectivity of cysts of the ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii strain in bovine milk and homemade cheese
- Author
-
Heitor Franco de Andrade, Macre, Andrés Jimenez Galisteo, Luciana Regina Meireles, Roberto Mitsuyoshi Hiramoto, and M Mayrbaurl-Borges
- Subjects
Spores ,Toxoplasmose/transmission ,Time Factors ,Blotting, Western ,Pasteurization ,Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ,Mice/blood ,food hygiene ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,Mice ,Food Parasitology ,Cheese ,law ,Cheese/microbiology ,parasitic diseases ,antibodies ,Animals ,Ingestion ,Food science ,Milk/microbiology ,toxoplasmose ,Infectivity ,biology ,Strain (chemistry) ,food preservation ,toxoplasma gondii ,Inoculation ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Food hygiene/methods ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Food preservation ,toxoplasmosis, animal ,Toxoplasma gondii ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Antibodies/protozoan ,biology.organism_classification ,Mice, Inbred C57BL ,Milk ,food contamination ,Toxoplasmosis, animal/chemically induced ,Toxoplasma ,Toxoplasmosis ,Food contaminant - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Analyze the infectivity and storage resistance of cysts of the ME-49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii in artificially infected bovine milk and homemade fresh cheese. METHODS: Pasteurized bovine milk was infected with 10 cysts/ml of the ME-49 strain of T.gondii and inoculated in different groups of mice, immediately or after storage at 4ºC for 5, 10 and 20 days. Homemade fresh cheese was prepared with artificially infected milk, and also tested in groups of mice, using the same storage process. Infection was identified by the presence of cysts in the brain or serological testing in challenged mice after 5 weeks, confirmed by Western Blot and histology. RESULTS: The infectivity of cysts of the ME-49 strain of T.gondii was maintained in the milk even after storage for 20 days at refrigerator temperatures. Cysts were also able to survive the production process of homemade fresh cheese and storage for a period of 10 days in the same conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that milk and dairy products could be an important source of T.gondii in human contamination, reinforcing the importance of milk pasteurization before any processing or ingestion.
- Published
- 2001
17. Technical note: use of transfer RNA-intergenic spacer PCR combined with capillary electrophoresis to identify coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species originating from bovine milk and teat apices
- Author
-
Sofie Piepers, O.C. Sampimon, Freddy Haesebrouck, Margo Baele, Mario Vaneechoutte, K. Supré, S. De Vliegher, E. M. De Graef, and Ruth N. Zadoks
- Subjects
Coagulase ,Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary ,Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ,Staphylococcus ,Biology ,Dairying/methods ,medicine.disease_cause ,DNA, Ribosomal Spacer/genetics ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,DNA sequencing ,Microbiology ,law.invention ,Capillary electrophoresis ,Mammary Glands, Animal ,RNA, Transfer ,law ,Genotype ,DNA, Ribosomal Spacer ,Genetics ,medicine ,Electrophoresis, Capillary/veterinary ,Animals ,Udder ,Milk/microbiology ,Staphylococcus/genetics ,Mastitis, Bovine ,Polymerase chain reaction ,Electrophoresis, Capillary ,Staphylococcus/enzymology ,Coagulase/metabolism ,Staphylococcus/isolation & purification ,medicine.disease ,Mastitis ,Dairying ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Milk ,Staphylococcus/physiology ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Cattle ,Female ,Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology ,RNA, Transfer/genetics ,Food Science - Abstract
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) are the most frequently isolated bacteria in milk samples from cows with and without mastitis. Elucidating their relevance in bovine udder health is hampered because identification at the species level, if done at all, used to be performed based on phenotypic features. To provide a rapid, cheap, and easy-to-use genotypic technique that can be used to identify CNS species from milk and teat apices from cows, the performance of transfer RNA-intergenic spacer PCR (tDNA-PCR) in combination with capillary electrophoresis was evaluated. After updating the tDNA library with CNS reference strains, 288 field isolates were identified with tDNA-PCR and gene sequencing, and the latter was used as the reference method. The field isolates were divided in 2 groups of 144. Isolates of the first group were identified with tDNA-PCR with a typeability of 81.9% and an accuracy of 94.1%. Peak patterns of these isolates were then added to the tDNA library with species identity as determined by DNA sequencing. The second group was identified with the updated tDNA library, resulting in 91.0% typeability and 99.2% accuracy. This study showed that the updated tDNA-PCR in combination with capillary electrophoresis was almost as accurate as gene sequencing but faster and cheaper (only $3 per isolate), and is a useful tool in observational studies concerning the epidemiology of bovine CNS species.
- Published
- 2009
18. Innate immune response to intramammary infection with Serratia marcescens and Streptococcus uberis
- Author
-
Bannerman, Douglas D, Paape, Max J, Goff, Jesse P, Kimura, Kayoko, Lippolis, John D, and Hope, Jayne
- Subjects
Streptococcal Infections/veterinary ,Acute-Phase Proteins/metabolism ,Serratia Infections/immunology ,Mastitis, Bovine/physiopathology ,Time Factors ,Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ,Cell Count/veterinary ,Carrier Proteins/metabolism ,Capillary Permeability ,Cytokines/biosynthesis ,Mammary Glands, Animal/blood supply ,Antigens, CD14/metabolism ,Leukocytes ,Serratia Infections/veterinary ,Animals ,Lactation ,Milk/microbiology ,Streptococcal Infections/immunology ,Complement C5a/metabolism ,Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ,Milk/immunology ,Serratia marcescens/immunology ,Gene Expression Regulation ,Milk/cytology ,Cattle ,Female ,Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology ,Mastitis, Bovine/immunology - Abstract
Streptococcus uberis and Serratia marcescens are Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, respectively, that induce clinical mastitis. Once initial host barrier systems have been breached by these pathogens, the innate immune system provides the next level of defense against these infectious agents. The innate immune response is characterized by the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as well as increases in other accessory proteins that facilitate host recognition and elimination of the pathogens. The objective of the current study was to characterize the innate immune response during clinical mastitis elicited by these two important, yet less well-studied, Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms. The pro-inflammatory cytokine response and changes in the levels of the innate immune accessory recognition proteins, soluble CD14 (sCD14) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-binding protein (LBP), were studied. Decreased milk output, induction of a febrile response, and increased acute phase synthesis of LBP were all characteristic of the systemic response to intramammary infection with either organism. Infection with either bacteria similarly resulted in increased milk levels of IL-1 beta, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, sCD14, LBP, and the complement component, C5a. However, the duration of and/or maximal changes in the increased levels of these inflammatory markers were significantly different for several of the inflammatory parameters assayed. In particular, S. uberis infection was characterized by the sustained elevation of higher milk levels of IL-1 beta, IL-10, IL-12, IFN-gamma, and C5a, relative to S. marcescens infection. Together, these data demonstrate the variability of the innate immune response to two distinct mastitis pathogens.
- Published
- 2004
19. Infecciosidade de cistos de Toxoplasma gondii ME-49 em leite bovino e queijo caseiro
- Author
-
Hiramoto,RM, Mayrbaurl-Borges,M, Galisteo Jr,AJ, Meireles,LR, Macre,MS, and Andrade Jr,HF
- Subjects
Food preservation ,Toxoplasmose/transmission ,Queijo ,Toxoplasma gondii ,Food contamination ,Mice/blood ,Antibodies ,Contaminação de alimentos ,Mice ,Higiene dos alimentos ,Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ,Cheese ,Camundongos ,Cheese/microbiology ,parasitic diseases ,Food hygiene ,Milk/microbiology ,Anticorpos antiprotozoários ,Food hygiene/methods ,Toxoplasmosis, animal ,Antibodies/protozoan ,Toxoplasmose ,Milk ,Leite ,Conservação de alimentos ,Toxoplasmosis, animal/chemically induced ,ELISA ,Toxoplasmose animal ,Toxoplasma - Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Analyze the infectivity and storage resistance of cysts of the ME-49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii in artificially infected bovine milk and homemade fresh cheese. METHODS: Pasteurized bovine milk was infected with 10 cysts/ml of the ME-49 strain of T.gondii and inoculated in different groups of mice, immediately or after storage at 4ºC for 5, 10 and 20 days. Homemade fresh cheese was prepared with artificially infected milk, and also tested in groups of mice, using the same storage process. Infection was identified by the presence of cysts in the brain or serological testing in challenged mice after 5 weeks, confirmed by Western Blot and histology. RESULTS: The infectivity of cysts of the ME-49 strain of T.gondii was maintained in the milk even after storage for 20 days at refrigerator temperatures. Cysts were also able to survive the production process of homemade fresh cheese and storage for a period of 10 days in the same conditions. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrated that milk and dairy products could be an important source of T.gondii in human contamination, reinforcing the importance of milk pasteurization before any processing or ingestion. OBJETIVO: Analisar a infecciosidade e a resistência de cistos de T. gondii em leite e queijo fresco caseiro, pela infecção artificial de leite bovino. MÉTODOS: O leite bovino pasteurizado foi infectado artificialmente com 10 cistos/ml de T.gondii cepa ME49 e inoculado em grupos de camundongos, imediatamente ou após ser estocado por 5, 10 e 20 dias a 4ºC. Preparou-se queijo fresco caseiro com leite infectado, sendo testado em grupos de camundongos, utilizando a mesma conservação. A infecção foi detectada pela presença de cistos no cérebro dos camundongos desafiados ou testes sorológicos após cinco semanas, também confirmada por Western Blotting e histologia. RESULTADOS: A infecciosidade dos cistos da cepa ME49 de T.gondii foi mantida mesmo quando armazenado no leite até 20 dias de conservação em condições de refrigeração a 4ºC. Os cistos resistiram ao processo de fabricação do queijo e eram infectantes após um período de 10 dias nas mesmas condições. CONCLUSÕES: Os achados mostraram que o leite e seus derivados podem ser uma importante fonte de contaminação humana pelo T.gondii, reforçando a importância da pasteurização do leite antes de qualquer processamento ou ingestão.
- Published
- 2001
20. Identification of aesculin-hydrolyzing streptococci, lactococci, aerococci and enterococci from subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows
- Author
-
Luc Devriese, Peter Vandamme, J Hommez, Freddy Haesebrouck, Bruno Pot, Hans Laevens, Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, and Department of Bio-engineering Sciences
- Subjects
Streptococcus/isolation & purification ,Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology ,Enterococcus/isolation & purification ,Lactococcus ,Streptococcaceae ,medicine.disease_cause ,Microbiology ,Enterococcus faecalis ,Aesculin ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Lactococcus/isolation & purification ,medicine ,Animals ,Streptococcus gallolyticus ,Milk/microbiology ,Mastitis, Bovine ,Streptococcaceae/isolation & purification ,General Veterinary ,biology ,Streptococcus ,Hydrolysis ,General Medicine ,Streptococcus bovis ,biology.organism_classification ,Esculin ,Esculin/metabolism ,Dairying ,Milk ,chemistry ,Enterococcus ,Cattle ,Female ,Aerococcus viridans - Abstract
Aesculin-hydrolyzing, catalase-negative, gram-positive cocci isolated from subclinical intramammary infections in dairy cows were identified to species level using growth characteristics and biochemical activity. The results indicated that the aesculin-hydrolyzing cocci associated with this type of infection are a very heterogenic group. S. uberis strains, including inulin- or beta-glucuronidase-negative isolates, accounted for only about one-third of the collection, and Enterococcus faecalis strains for one-fifth. Other species of some importance included (in descending order of isolation frequency) Aerococcus viridans, Streptococcus pluranimalium, Lactococcus garvieae, Streptococcus bovis and Streptococcus gallolyticus.
- Published
- 1999
21. Tracking adhesion factors in Staphylococcus caprae strains responsible for human bone infections following implantation of orthopaedic material
- Author
-
Sylvie Aubert, Anne Morvan, Pierre Vaudaux, Névine El Solh, Keith G. H. Dyke, Jeanine Allignet, Jacques-Olivier Galdbart, and Nicole Desplaces
- Subjects
Prosthesis-Related Infections ,Micrococcaceae ,Arthroplasty, Replacement/ adverse effects ,Bone Diseases, Infectious/ microbiology ,Operon ,Sequence analysis ,Staphylococcus ,Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific/metabolism ,Microbiology ,Bacterial Adhesion ,Bacterial Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ,Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism ,Extracellular matrix ,Bacterial Proteins ,Animals ,Humans ,Arthroplasty, Replacement ,Milk/microbiology ,Deoxyribonucleases, Type II Site-Specific ,ddc:616 ,Extracellular Matrix Proteins ,biology ,Polystyrenes/metabolism ,Goats ,Autolysin ,Sequence Analysis, DNA ,Staphylococcal Infections ,Bone Diseases, Infectious ,biology.organism_classification ,Electrophoresis, Gel, Pulsed-Field ,Fibronectin ,Bacterial Adhesion/ genetics ,Milk ,Prosthesis-Related Infections/ microbiology ,Staphylococcal Infections/ microbiology ,Genes, Bacterial ,biology.protein ,Genes, Bacterial/genetics ,Polystyrenes ,Vitronectin ,Staphylococcus caprae ,Staphylococcus/classification/genetics/isolation & purification/ physiology - Abstract
Ten Staphylococcus caprae strains isolated from four patients and responsible for bone infections following implantation of orthopaedic material were compared to four S. caprae strains collected from milk samples of healthy goats. The following characteristics were investigated: Smal patterns, hybridization patterns with pBA2 (ribotypes), slime production, adhesion to matrix proteins (fibrinogen, fibronectin, collagen) and the staphylococcal adhesion genes (fnbA, clfA, cna, atlE, ica, fbe). None of the characteristics enabled us to distinguish the human strains from the goat strains. Slime was occasionally produced by S. caprae strains but all of them carried nucleotide sequences hybridizing at low stringency with the following genes: atlE encoding a S. epidermidis autolysin binding vitronectin and responsible for the primary adhesion to polystyrene, ica operon involved in the biosynthesis of a S. epidermidis extracellular polysaccharide, and the part of clfA encoding the serine-aspartate repeated region of a S. aureus cell-wall fibrinogen-binding protein.
- Published
- 1999
22. Childhood brucellosis in north-western Greece: a retrospective analysis
- Author
-
K. L. Bourantas, Emmanouil Galanakis, S. Leveidiotou, and P. D. Lapatsanis
- Subjects
myalgia ,Male ,Pediatrics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Agricultural Workers' Diseases/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/microbiology ,Adolescent ,Population ,Brucellosis ,Malaise ,Brucellosis/complications/diagnosis/drug therapy/epidemiology/microbiology ,medicine ,Brucella melitensis ,Eosinophilia ,Animals ,Humans ,Leukocytosis ,Milk/microbiology ,education ,Child ,Retrospective Studies ,education.field_of_study ,Brucella melitensis/isolation & purification ,Sheep ,Greece ,business.industry ,Goats ,Decision Trees ,Infant ,medicine.disease ,Pancytopenia ,Agricultural Workers' Diseases ,Anti-Bacterial Agents ,Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ,Milk ,Child, Preschool ,Immunology ,Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Streptomycin ,Female ,Seasons ,medicine.symptom ,Lymphocytopenia ,Streptomycin/therapeutic use ,business - Abstract
Fifty-two cases of childhood brucellosis which occurred in north-western Greece during the 15-year period 1979-1993, are reviewed. It is believed that they represent very closely the total incidence of the disease in the region which has a population of 100,000 children aged 0-14 years old. Brucellosis-affected children were almost exclusively from goat- or shepherd families and of both sexes and all age groups. A broad spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from malaise only to brain abscess was observed. Fever and arthralgia were the most common manifestations followed by malaise, myalgia, sweating, rash, cough, and gastro-intestinal, cardiac and CNS involvement. Splenomegaly was found more often than hepatomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Laboratory findings included anaemia, leukopenia, neutropenia, lymphocytopenia, monocytosis, eosinophilia, thrombocytopenia and pancytopenia. Leukocytosis and lymphocytosis were extremely rare and ESR and serum C-reactive protein levels were mildly elevated. All patients had positive Rose Bengal slide agglutination tests and standard tube agglutination titres of 1:160 or more. When performed, blood culture was often diagnostic. The children were treated with streptomycin for 2 weeks plus either tetracyclines or trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole for 3 weeks. Treatment was well tolerated. Relapse was observed in one case. CONCLUSION: Brucellosis nowadays affects children in an occupational pattern. As symptoms, signs and first-line laboratory findings are not characteristic, agglutination tests and blood culture should be performed in any child with prolonged fever. Treatment is effective, but prevention of the disease by animal testing and education of high risk families is indicated. Eur J Pediatr
- Published
- 1996
23. An exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus with properties of Mls-1a (Mtv-7)
- Author
-
Roland Luethy, Leonardo Scarpellino, Gary A. Waanders, H R MacDonald, Hans Acha-Orbea, J P Kraehenbuhl, A N Shakhov, and Werner Held
- Subjects
Genes, Viral ,T cell ,T-Lymphocytes ,Immunology ,Molecular Sequence Data ,Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell ,Mice, Inbred Strains ,chemical and pharmacologic phenomena ,Thymus Gland ,Biology ,Polymerase Chain Reaction ,Clonal deletion ,Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens ,Mice ,Antigen ,Species Specificity ,Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid ,medicine ,Immunology and Allergy ,Animals ,Amino Acid Sequence ,Cloning, Molecular ,Mammary tumor ,Mice, Inbred BALB C ,Mice, Inbred C3H ,Base Sequence ,Mouse mammary tumor virus ,T-cell receptor ,Antibodies, Monoclonal ,T lymphocyte ,Articles ,Female ,Lymph Nodes/immunology ,Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics ,Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification ,Milk/microbiology ,Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens/analysis ,Minor Lymphocyte Stimulatory Antigens/genetics ,Oligodeoxyribonucleotides ,Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods ,Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics ,T-Lymphocytes/immunology ,Thymus Gland/immunology ,biology.organism_classification ,Virology ,Molecular biology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Milk ,Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse ,Lymph Nodes - Abstract
The classical minor lymphocyte stimulating (Mls) antigens, which induce a strong primary T cell response in vitro, are closely linked to endogenous copies of mouse mammary tumor viruses (MMTV). Expression of Mls genes leads to clonal deletion of T cell subsets expressing specific T cell receptor (TCR) V beta chains. We describe the isolation and characterization of a new exogenous (infectious) MMTV with biological properties similar to the Mls antigen Mls-1a. In vivo administration of either Mls-1a-expressing B cells or the infectious MMTV (SW) led to an increase of T cells expressing V beta 6 followed by their deletion. Surprisingly, different kinetics of deletion were observed with the exogenous virus depending upon the route of infection. Infection through the mucosa led to a slow deletion of V beta 6+ T cells, whereas deletion was rapid after subcutaneous infection. Sequence analysis of the open reading frames in the 3' long terminal repeat of both this exogenous MMTV (SW) and of Mtv-7 (which is closely linked to Mls-1a) revealed striking similarities, particularly in the COOH terminus, which has been implicated in TCR V beta recognition. The identification of an infectious MMTV with the properties of a strong Mls antigen provides a new, powerful tool to study immunity and tolerance in vivo.
- Published
- 1992
24. Survival of Salmonella enteritidis during the manufacture of feta cheese made of pasteurized ewe's milk
- Author
-
L. Voutsinas, V. Maipa, C. Pappas, D. Dimitriou, C. Papadopoulou, and H. Malatou
- Subjects
Sheep ,food.ingredient ,Water activity ,Food Microbiology ,Salmonella enteritidis ,Colony Count, Microbial ,Pasteurization ,Cheese ripening ,General Medicine ,Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ,Biology ,Feta cheese ,law.invention ,Salmonella enteritidis/*growth & development ,food ,law ,Cheese/*microbiology ,Food Handling ,Animals ,Agar ,Food science ,Milk/microbiology ,food.cheese ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences - Abstract
The behaviour of Salmonella enteritidis during the Feta cheese making process was investigated. Two lots of pasteurized whole ewe's milk were inoculated to contain 10(6) cfu/ml of S. enteritidis (strain AS1 and AS2) and were processed into Feta cheese following standard procedures. All samples were examined for S. enteritidis both quantitatively and qualitatively, while moisture, fat, water activity and pH were also measured. S. enteritidis was enumerated in duplicate samples by surface plating on SS agar. Selected salmonella-like colonies were identified biochemically and serologically. The enumerations have shown that S. enteritidis was initially entrapped in the curd. Then the growth of S. enteritidis gradually decreased and no Salmonellae were quantitatively enumerated after the 23rd day. However S. enteritidis was detected qualitatively in samples taken until the 38th day. Zentralbl Mikrobiol
25. [Pasteurization of milk and proteolytic germs].
- Author
-
LAURENZA A and PIANESE G
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Bacteria, Dairy Products, Milk microbiology, Pasteurization
- Published
- 1956
26. [Observations on cases of diphasic viral meningoencephalitis].
- Author
-
PEVZNER ZIa
- Subjects
- Encephalitis, Encephalitis, Arbovirus, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne, Epidemics, Meningoencephalitis, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1959
27. [Bacteriological study of conditioned pasteurized milks of Montpellier & Sète].
- Author
-
RAMBAULT and REBOUL
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1959
28. [Research & findings on the bacteriological control of sterilized milk; proposed methods for practical use use].
- Author
-
GROSSO E, BERGAMINI F, and SACCANI SACCHI A
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Dairy Products, Milk microbiology, Research
- Published
- 1957
29. Milk-borne streptococcal sore throat; a study of 835 cases.
- Author
-
TAYLOR PJ and McDONALD MA
- Subjects
- Humans, Acute Disease, Disease, Military Personnel, Milk microbiology, Pharyngitis, Streptococcal Infections epidemiology, Tonsillitis epidemiology
- Published
- 1959
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Origin of spores of anaerobic microorganisms in milk; the influence of feeding practice and hygienic arrangements.
- Author
-
ABRAHAMSSON A, NILSSON G, and NILSSON PE
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Bacteria, Dairy Products, Milk microbiology, Spores
- Published
- 1956
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. [Standardization of the bacteriological examination of pasteurized milk].
- Author
-
MOUTOUSES K and PAPABASILEIOU IT
- Subjects
- Animals, Milk microbiology, Reference Standards
- Published
- 1957
32. [Experimental studies on a possibility of isolation of four types of tick-borne encephalitis virus from goat milk].
- Author
-
DROZDOV SG
- Subjects
- Animals, Encephalitis, Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne, Encephalitis, Arbovirus, Epidemics, Goats, Milk microbiology, Viruses
- Published
- 1959
33. [Ecological conditions for the development of Str. Iactis in fresh milk].
- Author
-
LIBERMAN LA
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Breast, Dairy Products, Ecology, Milk microbiology, Streptobacillus
- Published
- 1959
34. [CONFERENCE on milk hygiene].
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Hygiene, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1960
35. Value of preliminary incubation in bacteriological milk tests.
- Author
-
JOHNS CK
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Dairy Products, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1958
36. [Survival and spreading of Shigella dysenteriae in milk and in certain milk products].
- Author
-
GEDZE GI
- Subjects
- Animals, Breast, Dairy Products, Milk microbiology, Shigella dysenteriae
- Published
- 1955
37. [Usefulness of the agglutination method on slide (Huddleson's reaction) in determination of infestation of milk products with Brucella].
- Author
-
KLIUCHAREVA TE, POLIAKOVA AS, and ESIKOVA NS
- Subjects
- Animals, Agglutination, Brucella, Communicable Diseases, Milk microbiology, Parasitic Diseases
- Published
- 1957
38. The role of the laboratory in a milk control program.
- Author
-
MACKENZIE DJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Dairy Products, Laboratories, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1960
39. [A defect of the washing process as cause of increased content of heat resistant bacteria in pasteurized milk].
- Author
-
ROMAGNOLI G and BREZZI G
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Bacteria, Hot Temperature, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1959
40. [The pathogenic E. coli content of milk mixtures for infant feeding in Palermo].
- Author
-
PRIOLISI A
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Dairy Products, Escherichia coli, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1960
41. [Progressive reduction of bacterial load of cream artificially infected and preserved at -25 degrees C].
- Author
-
SFORZOLINI GS
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Bacterial Load, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1958
42. [Practical ideas concerning infant dietetics].
- Author
-
BERKMAN M
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Infant, Dietetics, Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Milk microbiology, Thinking
- Published
- 1959
43. Report on dysentery outbreak caused by infected milk.
- Author
-
BLAIR MR
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacillus, Disease Outbreaks, Dysentery, Dysentery, Bacillary transmission, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1956
44. [Studies on the aerobic spore forming bacteria from skim milk powder. I. On the biological characters of strains isolated from skim milk powder].
- Author
-
SUZUKI A and KAWANISHI T
- Subjects
- Animals, Bacillus, Dairy Products, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1961
45. [Rapid and simple method of research and counting Escherichia coli and coliform bacilli in raw and pasturized milk].
- Author
-
SEIGNEURIN R and MAGNIN R
- Subjects
- Animals, Dairy Products, Enterobacteriaceae, Escherichia coli, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1957
46. [On a strain of Nocardia isolated from the milk of a cow affected with mastitis].
- Author
-
BARBESIER J
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Female, Humans, Mastitis, Mastitis, Bovine microbiology, Milk microbiology, Nocardia, Nocardia Infections
- Published
- 1960
47. [Pasteurization of milk and infant mortality].
- Author
-
LORENZO Y DEAL J
- Subjects
- Animals, Humans, Infant, Breast, Dairy Products, Infant Mortality, Infant Nutrition Disorders statistics & numerical data, Milk microbiology, Pasteurization
- Published
- 1961
48. [Pathogenic microbes in milk].
- Author
-
MOCQUOT G
- Subjects
- Animals, Breast, Dairy Products, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1958
49. A new iodine dairy sanitizer.
- Author
-
GERSHENFELD L
- Subjects
- Animals, Iodides, Iodine pharmacology, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1956
50. Problems of the dairy bacteriologist resulting from mastitis.
- Author
-
BABEL FJ
- Subjects
- Animals, Cattle, Female, Mastitis, Milk microbiology
- Published
- 1958
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.