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Purpose Due to hazards in the contemporary operating environment, U.S. military service members are at increased risk for tinnitus. Previous research has characterized tinnitus prevalence in military veterans, but no population-based study of tinnitus has been conducted in active duty military service members. This study evaluated the incidence of tinnitus diagnoses in military electronic health records based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes for active duty service members between 2001 and 2015. Method Data on 85,438 active duty military service members who served between 2001 and 2015 were drawn from the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database and stratified by race, age, sex, marital status, service branch, and military pay grade. Results The incidence rate of tinnitus in U.S. military service members (per 1,000) rose consistently from 1.84 in 2001 to 6.33 in 2015. Service members most often diagnosed with tinnitus were White (72%), married (72%), males (88%), in the enlisted pay grade of E-5 to E-9 (55%), in the Army (37%), and were 35 years of age or older (50%). Statistically significant differences ( p < .001) were found between observed and expected counts across all 6 demographic variables. Conclusions This is the first study to assess the incidence rates of tinnitus in active duty service members. Although there are many risk factors for auditory damage in the contemporary military operating environment, the extant literature on tinnitus in active duty military service members is limited. Future studies should consider the relationship between tinnitus-related psychological comorbidity and objective health-related quality of life, as it impacts operational readiness in active duty military service members.

Madrider Mitteilungen, Vol. 61 (2020), Die Regierungszeit des Septimius Severus markierte einen deutlichen Einschnitt in der Versorgung der Nordwestprovinzen mit M��nzen. Der Zufluss an Bronzegeld h��rte so gut wie auf und ab dem Ende des 2. Jahrhunderts gelangte in die britannischen, germanischen und nordgallischen Provinzen fast ausschlie��lich Silber. Gleichzeitig ging der Zufluss an r��mischen Silberm��nzen in das nordeurop��ische Barbaricum stark zur��ck. Fr��her wurde diese Unterbrechung mit der Verringerung des Feingehalts der Denare in Verbindung gebracht, heute sieht die Forschung eher eine bewusste politische Entscheidung, die Zahlung von Subsidien u. ��. an die Germanen einzustellen. Was waren die Gr��nde f��r diese Ver��nderungen? Mussten die Zahlung an die Germanen eingestellt werden, weil das Silber knapp und innerhalb des Reichs ben��tigt wurde? Der Druck auf die kaiserlichen Finanzen muss enorm gewesen sein: Unter Septimius Severus wurde der Milit��rsold verdoppelt.

Introduction Resident physicians have a professional degree but are compensated less than other recently graduated professionals such as lawyers or nurse practitioners. The U.S. Military Healthcare System differs from the civilian setting in that physicians' salaries are based primarily on military rank. We compared military and civilian physician salaries across various specialties to determine if the increased military pay during residency compensates for military attending physicians' lower income as compared to their civilian counterparts. Methods This cross-sectional study compares military and civilian pay for resident and attending physicians in the fields of Obstetrics & Gynecology (OB/GYN), Family Medicine, and General Surgery. Military pay was obtained from 2018 Defense Finance and Accounting Service (DFAS) data. Civilian salaries were obtained from the Medscape 2018 Residents Salary & Debt Report, Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) 2018 Provider Compensation Report, and 2017-2018 Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) Faculty Salary Report. Results Military resident physicians earned 53% more than civilian residents while military attending physicians earned 32%-58% less (after taxes) than their civilian counterparts, varying by specialty. Military attending physicians' negative pay differential occurred in both academic and non-academic practice environments through MGMA data. Discussion The positive pay differential in military residency does not compensate for the negative pay differential of military attending physicians face as compared to their civilian counterparts. This negative pay differential persisted when comparing post-tax pay. Some military service benefits, such as decreased educational debt, are challenging to quantify and vary considerably between individuals. As the military seeks to reshape its healthcare force, military and civilian compensation differences should be considered.

Introduction The purpose of this study to analyze the financial impact of choosing a civilian or military orthopedic surgery career. It will examine the most common scenarios to become an orthopedic surgeon in the Navy Health Professions Scholarship Program to include becoming a flight surgeon. To the authors’ knowledge, there is no peer-reviewed literature that financially analyzes the most common scenarios for a Navy Health Professions Scholarship Program scholarship recipient to become an orthopedic surgeon. Materials and Methods Salaries for Navy orthopedic surgeons, residents, and flight surgeons were recorded using the 2020 Defense Finance and Accounting Service pay tables and Navy Fiscal Year 2019 Medical Corps Special Pay Guidance. The median income of civilian orthopedic surgeons was recorded using Salary.com. The present value (PV) and future value (FV) were calculated using the Consumer Price Index-U and average Department of Defense pay increases over the past 20 years. Six common scenarios were utilized to calculate the PV and FV of civilian compared to Navy orthopedic surgeons. Results The two highest earning net FVs among all Navy scenarios were those surgeons who kept their Navy tour to 5 years or less (flight surgeon tour/separate or civilian deferment/separate). The civilian throughout scenario had the highest net FV of $19,974,673 after retiring at the age of 65. Flight surgeon tour/separate and civilian deferment/separate scenarios only made $843,751 and $1,401,630 less respectively than a pure civilian career due to the tax shelter afforded by the military pay. All Navy retirement scenarios to include Navy throughout, civilian deferment/Navy throughout, flight surgeon tour/Navy throughout resulted in a net FV less than $17,700,000. Civilian residency/deferment and retiring in the Navy had the worst net FV among all scenarios. Conclusions It was found that the shorter tours in the Navy had a higher net FV than those who made the Navy a career in orthopedic surgery. Flight surgery is a rewarding operational experience with among the highest net FV among Navy scenarios and is only slightly less than the net FV of a pure civilian career. However, it can be more difficult to apply for civilian orthopedic surgery after serving a flight surgeon tour. Lastly, the net FV was very similar between a civilian orthopedic surgeon career and the shorter tours served in the Navy. Factors such as higher civilian income with associated loan repayment/signing bonuses makes the civilian orthopedic surgery route the best financial option. This study will help those medical students considering a military versus a civilian career in orthopedic surgery and aid in Department of Defense recruitment/retention.

Bu makalede, Perge’de bulunmuş olan İmparator I. Anastasios’un (İ.S. 491-518) ordu ile ilgili fermanını içeren yazıtın revize edilmiş ikinci edisyonu yayımlanmaktadır. Bu yazıtın parçaları Perge’de 1974 yılı kazılarında gün yüzüne çıkarılmıştır. Akropolis tepesinin güneyindeki kuzey çeşmesinin güneyinde yak. 850 parça olarak çıkarılan yazıt Antalya Arkeoloji Müzesi’nde korunmaktadır. Yazıt, her ikisi de Latince’den Yunanca’ya çevrilmiş olan Anastasios’a ait bir imparatorluk fermanı ve magister militum’un emirnamesi ile birlikte bir lejyondaki askerlerin unvan/rütbe sınıflarına göre sayıları, aldıkları ayni ve nakdi maaşlarını içeren bir çizelge olmak üzere üç kısımdan oluşmaktadır.Yazıtta değinilen ana konu bir lejyondaki askerler ve bu askerlerin, bulundukları birimleri ve schola’larında gerçekleşen yozlaşmalar ve mevki satışı nedeniyle geleneksel ödemelerden, emeklilik ikramiyelerinden mahrum bırakılışlarıdır. Ayrıca, ölmüş ya da kayıp statüsündeki askerlerin isimlerinin birim kayıtlarından çıkarılmadığı ve bunların kadrolarının rüşvet ya da torpille gelen niteliksiz ve yetersiz kimselerce doldurulduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Buna uygun şekilde ferman bu yoz uygulamalara karşı önlemler getirmektedir. Anastasios lejyon içerisinde her bir unvan/rütbe grubundaki asker sayılarının takip edilmesini ve bu sayıların belirtilen miktarda tutularak, birimin gerçek asker sayısının her zaman tam olmasını emretmektedir. C lehvasındaki listeye göre, ilgili lejyondaki askerlerin toplam sayısı 1550-1600’den aşağı değildir. Listede içerilen unvan/rütbe adları şu şekildedir: tribunus numeri, tribunus minor, ordinarii, augustales (1), augustales alii (2), augustales alii (3), flaviales (1), flaviales alii (2), signiferi, optiones, veredarii (1), veredarii alii (2), vexillarii, imaginiferi, librarii, mensores, tubicines, cornicines, bucinatores, praeco, armaturae duplares, beneficiarii, torquati semissales, bracchiati semissales, armaturae semissales, munifices, clerici ve deputati. Ayrıca Levha A ve B’deki metinlerde principia, draconarii, magister draconum ve campidoctor anılmaktadır. Yazıtın bazı kısımları eksik olsa da, mevcut metin Roma tarihi, ordusu, hukuk sistemi ve dilbilimsel açıdan önemli veriler içermektedir.

The hoard came to light in Szombathely-Herény in 1992 and contains 38 aurei from the period of the Julio-Claudian dynasty. The hoard terminates with Nero’s aureus issued in 62/63, but it may have been buried years, even decades later.

First World War recruitment poster.

First World War recruitment poster. At head: ‘G. R.’ and royal crest.

First World War recruitment poster. ‘Can you earn this in Civil life? If not, why not come where you can do so?’

First World War recruitment poster. At head: ‘G. R.’ and royal crest. ‘Amended to 4th December 1917’. Includes rates for ‘motherless children’.

First World War recruitment poster.

First World War recruitment poster.

First World War recruitment poster. ‘A golden opportunity is offered to young Irishmen to learn a skilled trade free of cost by joining the Royal Air Force. High rates of pay, good food, and liberal allowances.’

First World War recruitment poster. ‘Increased allowances for children’. At head: ‘G. R.’ and royal crest. At foot: ‘Authority - Army Order 55 of 1917).’ With effect from 15 January 1917. Another copy at Papyrus Case 55b no.39.

First World War recruitment poster. ‘Notice to fishermen. Men are wanted as deck hands for the trawler section (Royal Navy Reserve)’

First World War recruitment poster.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects approximately 8% of the general population. The prevalence of PTSD is twice as high in active duty service members and military veterans. Few studies have investigated the incidence rates of PTSD in active duty military personnel. The present study evaluated the incidence of PTSD diagnoses and the differences between demographic factors for service members between 2001 and 2017. Data on 182,400 active duty service members between 2001 and 2017 were drawn from the Defense Medical Epidemiological Database and examined by sex, age, service branch, military pay grade, marital status, and race. From 2001 to 2017, the incidence rates of PTSD in the active force (per 1,000 service members) steadily climbed, with a low of 1.24 in 2002 to a high of 12.94 in 2016. Service members most often diagnosed with PTSD were in the U.S. Army, with the enlisted pay grades of E-5-E-9, White, married, male, and between 20 and 24 years old. Statistically significant differences, ps < .001, were found between observed and expected counts across all examined demographic variables. The present study is the first to our knowledge to provide a comprehensive examination of PTSD incidence rates in an active duty military population.

ObjectiveFood insecurity, or lack of access to sufficient food for a healthful lifestyle, has been associated with many aspects of poor health. While the economic struggles among veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have been documented, it is unknown how commonly this population struggles to afford food. Our purpose was to document the prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among US veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.DesignA cross-sectional survey.SubjectsUS military veterans who had served in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan since October 2001.SettingSubjects responded to a survey mailed to them in summer 2012. Food security was measured by the US Household Food Security Module: Six Item Short Form. Demographic and behavioural health items were also included. Survey data were matched to medical record data from the Department of Veterans Affairs.ResultsOver one in four veterans reported past-year food insecurity with 12 % reporting very low food security. Food-insecure veterans tended to be younger, not married/partnered, living in households with more children, earning lower incomes, had a lower final military pay grade, were more likely to use tobacco, reported more frequent binge drinking and slept less, compared with those who were food secure (PConclusionsPreviously undocumented, the problem of hunger among our newest veterans deserves attention.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the rate of, and risk factors for, abusive head trauma (AHT) among infants born to military families and compare with civilian population rates. METHODS: Electronic International Classification of Diseases data from the US Department of Defense (DoD) Birth and Infant Health Registry were used to identify infants born to military families from 1998 through 2005 (N = 676 827) who met the study definition for AHT. DoD Family Advocacy Program data were used to identify infants with substantiated reports of abuse. Rates within the military were compared with civilian population rates by applying an alternate AHT case definition used in a civilian study. RESULTS: Applying the study definition, the estimated rate of substantiated military AHT was 34.0 cases in the first year of life per 100 000 live births. Using the alternate case definition, the estimated AHT rate was 25.6 cases per 100 000 live births. Infant risk factors for AHT included male sex, premature birth, and a diagnosed major birth defect. Parental risk factors included young maternal age ( CONCLUSIONS: This is the first large database study of AHT with the ability to link investigative results to cases. Overall rates of AHT were consistent with civilian populations when using the same case definition codes. Infants most at risk, warranting special attention from military family support programs, include infants with parents in lower military pay grades, infants with military mothers, and infants born premature or with birth defects.

In Delarivier Manley’s 1709 bestselling political satire, The New Atalantis , volume 2 contains a long tale of the virgin Elonora, her brother Don Juan, her suitor Don Antonio, her gambling aunt, and various men who conspire against her virtue. Most of Manley’s other Atalantis stories satirize immediate Whig-Tory conflict in Queen Anne’s Court and are decipherable, at least to a certain extent, through separately published keys. Despite this tale’s length and prominence of place, however, no complete key to the characters’ possible real-life identities exists; scholars have declared it unidentifiable, and perhaps pure fiction for entertainment. In this article, I demonstrate how the Elonora story invokes the memory of Sir Robert Howard, the only identified character, in a financial allegory dramatizing the dangers of England being in debt to foreign creditors beyond her net worth. Manley also hints at the implications of a notorious 1708 military pay scandal involving prominent Whig officers. This tale and others like it may have emboldened her soon-to-be employer Jonathan Swift to make the same allegations more overtly in his bestselling The Conduct of the Allies (1711).

Background: As the cost of attendance for US medical schools continues to increase faster than inflation, students can turn to alternative sources of funding beyond traditional educational loans. The Armed Forces Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP) pays for medical students' tuition and fees as well as provides a stipend in exchange for an active-duty service commitment. The aim of this study was to compare the financial impact of an emergency physician joining the military versus taking student loans and going the civilian route. Methods: Cash outflows (in the way of annual attendance costs) and cash inflows (in the form of salaries) were discounted using current student loan interest rates and then added together to calculate the net present values (NPVs) of HPSP versus the civilian route. The numbers for all assumptions were taken from the Association of American Medical Colleges, military pay tables, and physician salary surveys. Results: The NPV of the HPSP for a physician with dependents after four years of practice was found to be $576,432, which is slightly higher than the NPV of civilian physicians, calculated to be $573,351 using a nationwide median annual salary of $300,000. Conclusion: HPSP confers an NPV that is $3080 more than when students take the civilian route. However, any alterations in assumptions regarding pay grade, martial status, or years of service will cause great differences in final calculations. Furthermore, the financial impact of taking the scholarship is only one part of the larger decision-making process when considering to join the military.

Using data from national surveys of jail and prison inmates conducted in 2002 and 2004, the authors found that male veterans in the age group that entered military service in the early years of the All Volunteer Force (AVF) were at greater risk of incarceration than nonveterans of similar age and ethnicity, whereas veterans who enlisted in later years of the AVF had less risk of incarceration than nonveterans. Although White veterans tend to have greater risk of incarceration than nonveteran Whites, Black and Hispanic veterans were at less risk than their nonveteran peers, although they are at greater risk than White veterans. These patterns are best explained by changes over time and in differential effects across racial/ethnic groups of recruiting practices, accession standards, and in civilian employment opportunities rather than combat trauma or other adverse experiences in the military. For example, reductions in the relative risk for incarceration of veterans during the AVF appear to generally result from increases in recruit qualifications and socioeconomic status due to greater military pay, improved skill in recruiting, and higher accession standards.

Using accounts from the Old Bailey Proceedings, this article examines the economic side of military marriages in eighteenth-century London, outlining a fundamental disjuncture in eighteenth-century attitudes to working wives. While all wives were expected to work, state and parish records of military wives repeatedly stress their total dependence on men's wages and bounty money. In actual fact, soldiers, sailors and their wives made use of a much wider range of survival strategies. By stealing, taking odd jobs, pawning goods, and accepting aid from kin or friends, both husbands and wives might significantly augment military pay and/or poor relief.

Events in eastern Ukraine in 2014 extended the scope of the social protection system. The need emerged to provide social protection to the military and other participants of the anti-terrorist operations. Lack of social protection of military, as seen from foreign and local experience, negatively affects the quality of military, reduces motivation, cre-ates dissatisfaction and more. Diagnosis of the state policy shows that it is characterized by fragmented and non-systematic ongoing activities, dependence on the political situa-tion, including election campaigns, limited tools of fundamental changes, neglect of the objective factors, etc. The analysis of the current state on the way to solving social protec-tion problems of ATO participants was conducted. The main directions of social protec-tion of this category of people were defined. The main areas of social protection of this category of people are: creation of a single register of members of ATO, which will provide them and their families appropriate level of social protection and guarantees; building an effective model of military pay service; creating an effective mechanism of housing for military men and their families; improving the efficiency of the existing system of privileges and compensations for members of ATO and their families; improve the mechanism of solving social problems in conditions of military training, performing combat and auxiliary services; creating a system of psychological and physiological rehabilitation; providing sanatoriums and health resorts treatment.

The current U.S. military pay structure offers inequitable and inefficient wages across locations. Military personnel are paid less competitive wages in high-cost and/or low-amenity locations compared to low-cost and/or high-amenity locations. This pay system results in unequal reenlistment rates across locations, which leads to production inefficiencies caused by short-term manning shortages in highturnover locations. Wages set according to local civilian compensating wage differentials would result in a more stabilized force (across locations) by equalizing the opportunity cost of staying in the military at each location. Additionally, more personnel would volunteer to serve in the high-cost and/or low-amenity locations because wages would be more commensurate with local costs and amenities. This would result in fewer non-volunteer assignments to undesirable locations and a minimized opportunity cost for personnel serving at each location. Reenlistment simulations on first-term Air Force personnel show that the proposed wage structure would better equalize reenlistment rates across locations. This proposal could be implemented at no cost to the government by cutting wages in low-cost and/or high-amenity locations. A gradual implementation in which such wages are frozen or increased slowly may be more politically palatable. © 2005 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management

After a decade of successful recruiting, the US military began experiencing recruiting difficulties in the 1990s. Cyclical factors as well as trend factors may have played a role. This paper uses monthly data by state over the period 1989-1997 to estimate models of enlistment and evaluate the various explanations for the recruiting slowdown. Estimates of the impact of economic variables - relative military pay and unemployment - and recruiting resource variables - recruiters and advertising - are similar to those in previous studies. Two trend factors, rising college attendance and declining adult veteran population (influencers), are found to be important factors explaining the decline in enlistment.

This article examines the system of military payment in the early Islamic state (c. 650–900 A.D.) and its effect on the economy. It is argued that early Islamic armies were paid in cash salaries, rather than land grants or kind. This meant that a massive amount of coinage was put into circulation and spent by the soldiers in the markets of the developing towns of the Middle East. The system of military payment played an important part in creating the urban, cash based market economy of the early Islamic world which contrasts so sharply with the land and kind based economies of the contemporary Byzantine empire and Latin West.

For military children and their families, the economic news is mostly good. After a period of steady pay increases, James Hosek and Shelley MacDermid Wadsworth write, service members typically earn more than civilians with a comparable level of education. Moreover, they receive many other benefits that civilians often do not, including housing allowances, subsidized child care, tuition assistance, and top-of-the-line comprehensive health care. Of course, service members tend to work longer hours than civilians do, and they are exposed to hazards that civilians rarely, if ever, face. The extra pay they receive when they are deployed to combat zones helps their families cope financially but cannot alleviate the stress. Though service members are relatively well paid, the military lifestyle takes a toll on the earnings of their spouses. Chiefly because the military requires service members to move frequently, spouses' careers are regularly interrupted, and employers are hesitant to offer them jobs that require a large investment in training or a long learning curve. More military spouses than comparable civilian spouses are either unemployed or work fewer hours than they would like, and military spouses overall tend to earn less than their civilian counterparts. Despite the military's relatively high pay, some service members and their families--particularly among the junior enlisted ranks--report financial distress, and a handful even qualify for food stamps. Moreover, precisely because military pay tends to be higher than civilian pay, families may see a drop in income when a service member leaves the armed forces. Finally, the pay increases of recent years have slowed, and force cutbacks are coming; both of these factors will alter the financial picture for service members, possibly for the worse.

In 1750, Archibald Kennedy condemned New York's legislators for their radical constitutional innovation. “They take upon themselves to be the sole judges,” he stormed, and “‘insist… that no order for publick money shall issue, till their judgment has been obtained for it.’” Kennedy meant the charge literally. For almost half a century, New York legislators had preserved their power over the purse by determining claims made against the colony for money. In an arrangement sharply at odds with later legal doctrine on the separation of powers, the legislature—not the courts—had since 1706 settled contract claims for services and materials, demands for military pay and salaries, calls for compensation for the impressment of property, petitions for disability pensions, and a range of other claims.

International audience; This paper examines how the payment of auxiliary soldiers evolved, from the Republican system studied up to the Social war by Claude Nicolet (payment by concerned communities) to the Imperial system that gradually comes to dominate in the 1st c. AD (payment by Rome). Firstly, the paper describes the different phases that led gradually to the Imperial system. Secondly, it tries to establish the proportion of troops were concerned but the new Imperial system and how it evolved up to the end of the 1st c. AD. Finally, it discusses the actual coins used for the payments in the various situations described previously.; L'article étudie les changements dans le versement de la solde des soldats auxiliaires, depuis le système républicain étudié jusqu'à la guerre sociale par Claude Nicolet (paiement par les communautés concernées), jusqu'au système impérial qui s'impose dans le courant du Ier s. p.C. (paiement par Rome). L'article procède en trois temps. Tout d'abord, il examine les grandes étapes du passage progressif au système impérial. En second lieu, il essaie de déterminer la proportion de troupes concernée par ce nouveau système, et comment elle a évolué jusqu’à la fin du Ier s. p.C. Pour terminer, il se penche sur le numéraire utilisé pour régler la solde dans les diverses situations dégagées précédemment.

The Armenian Armed Forces is moving from a conscript force to a volunteer force. They are based on a soviet-era military structure, but are attempting to adopt a Western-style of force structure, similar to the U.S. and U.K. A key element in this is the establishment of a professional NCO corps within the Armenian Army. As they seek to develop the senior enlisted ranks, as well as move to an all-volunteer force, they have identified the need to re-evaluate their current military pay and compensation structure. This must all be done with an eye toward long-term personnel costs, which is currently not happening. This project developed a cost model to examine the various life cycle costs of the military compensation system for the Armenian Army. The focus is on the structure of the Armenian Army peacekeeping brigade and incorporates the new, proposed professional NCO corps into a new rank and pay structure. The model allows the Armenians to adjust criteria to look at the cost implications of various manpower policy decisions. It also provides total compensation costs on an annualized basis, allowing policy makers to make informed budgeting decisions. The results show the costs at different manpower and rank mixes.

Examines the possibility for the Department of Defense to save money on military pay while sustaining a high-quality force.

Exclusion of military pay from federal income taxes has been a long-standing element of U.S. policy on war finance, combat compensation, and revenue collection in combat zones. This paper describes its evolution over time. The Combat Zone Tax Exclusion (CZTE) was originally established to alleviate the burden of war finance from those who fought in the nation's conflicts. During World War (WW)II, combat tax benefits were separated from war finance policy and became an entrenched component of combat compensation. Over time, administrative inefficiency and changes to the tax code have further eroded the tax exclusion's traditional purpose, while generating an unintended inequitable distribution of benefits. At present, the CZTE neither serves its original purpose of exempting service members from the burden of war finance nor its later historical role of selectively rewarding those who face a high level of combat risk.