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The objective of this study was to evaluate two Streptomyces spp. probiotic strains (RL8 and N7) and four highly-diluted bioactive compounds (HDBC) in the growth, survival, and modulation of the microbial content in culture water and hepatopancreas of juvenile white shrimp Penaeus vannamei. An experimental design was applied with five treatments in triplicate, including T1: (RL8+N7); T2: [(ViP-7C+ViA-7C) + (PhA-7C+SiT-7C)]; T3: [(ViP-7C+ViA-7C) + (PhA-7C+SiT-7C) + (N7)]; T4: [(ViP-7C+ViA-7C) + (PhA-7C+SiT-7C) + (RL8)] and T5 as the control without actinobacteria or HDBC. T2 showed significant differences (P < 0.5) in height increase compared to the other treated and control groups. The organisms in T2, T3, and T4 recorded higher weight gain compared to T1 and T5. A survival rate from 94.13 ± 2.12 to 99.01 ± 2.45% was obtained with a significant difference (P < 0.05) between T1, T2, and T3, concerning the untreated control (T5). A significant decrease in Vibrio spp. the content was observed in water and shrimp in T1 and T2 concerning the control. The heterotrophic bacterial count in hepatopancreas increased with all treatments compared to T5. Our results suggest a positive synergy between the HDBC mixture [(ViP-7C+ViA-7C) + (PhA-7C+SiT-7C)] and N7 Streptomyces sp. strain, whose probiotic action has been previously demonstrated by improving culture conditions for P. vannamei juveniles in terms of growth, survival, and reduction of potentially pathogenic bacteria.

Los compuestos bioactivos altamente diluidos se han utilizado con éxito en el sector agrícola para estimular el crecimiento y desarrollo de las plantas, incluso en condiciones de cultivo desfavorables. Por esta razón, se estudió la viabilidad de utilizar Natrum muriaticum (NaM), una ultradilución homeopática, como agente elicitor contra los efectos negativos del estrés salino por NaCl, en dos variedades de albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) cultivadas en un medio salino, en el CIBNOR, SC., en febrero-marzo de 2019. Se aplicó un diseño completamente al azar con un arreglo factorial (2A×2B×3C), considerando las variedades Napoletano y Emily como factor A, la concentración de NaCl (0 y 75 mM) como factor B, y los tratamientos homeopáticos con NaM (7CH, 13CH y agua destilada como control) como factor C, sumando un total de 12 tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones cada uno, y la tasa fotosintética y producción de biomasa fresca y seca de la parte aérea como variables de respuesta. El análisis de varianza y las comparaciones múltiples de medias (DSH de Tukey p≤ 0.05) revelaron que ambas dinamizaciones de NaM (7CH y 13CH) favorecieron un aumento de las variables de respuesta evaluadas en plantas sometidas a estrés salino. El mayor aumento de la tasa fotosintética (75%) y de la biomasa fresca de la parte aérea (40%) con respecto al tratamiento control se obtuvo con NaM 7CH en la variedad Napoletano. En conclusión, la aplicación de NaM atenúa el estrés salino en Ocimum basilicum L., lo que confirma que la homeopatía agrícola es una alternativa respetuosa con el medio ambiente que puede aumentar la producción de albahaca en condiciones de estrés salino.

Se evaluo la respuesta de Phaseolus vulgaris L. variedad Quivican, a la aplicacion de medicamentos homeopaticos como promotores del crecimiento durante su desarrollo vegetativo inicial. Se aplico un diseno experimental completamente al azar con tres tratamientos homeopaticos: TH1 [MgM-31CH (Magnesium metallicum 31 CH)], TH2 [MaMnP-3CH (Magnesium-Manganum phosphoricum)], TH3 [TH1 + TH2), y agua destilada como Control. Los analisis mostraron los mejores resultados en las plantas que recibieron TH3, con incrementos signif icativos (P ≤ 0.05) respecto al control en las siguientes variables de respuesta: longitud del tallo (47.14%) y de raiz (30.27%); biomasa fresca de raiz (13.57%), de hojas (68.36%) y tallo (11.88%); biomasa seca de hojas (84.72 %) y tallo (36.11%); area foliar (21.74%); diametro del tallo (39.54%) y numero de hojas (16.66%). Estos resultados conf irman que la homeopatia agricola es una alternativa eco-amigable y tecnologicamente viable para el cultivo de frijol, porque al estimular el crecimiento permite la obtencion de plantas mas vigorosas con mayor potencial productivo y menos dependientes de los agroquimicos. En virtud de que los medicamentos homeopaticos son inocuos, tambien se mejora el equilibrio del agroecosistema, logrando un impacto positivo a corto, mediano y largo plazo; aplicable en la produccion agricola convencional y organica.

En la actualidad la comunidad cientif ica internacional promueve cada vez mas el uso de alternativas ecoamigables con el medio ambiente para la solucion de problemas agricolas como la salinizacion de los suelos. El uso de la homeopatia agricola como una de estas alternativas se ha incrementado por su inocuidad y probada efectividad. En el presente estudio se evaluo el efecto atenuador del estres salino (NaCl), del medicamento homeopatico Natrum muriaticum (NaM), en la tasa fotosintetica y variables morfometricas de plantas de frijol comun (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) variedad Quivican de testa blanca en etapa de crecimiento vegetativo inicial. Se aplico un diseno experimental completamente al azar, con arreglo factorial (2A × 4B) donde A son los niveles de salinidad (0 y 75 mM), B las dinamizaciones homeopaticas centesimales (NaM-7CH, NaM-13CH, NaM-7+13CH) y agua destilada como control (AD), con cinco replicas por tratamiento. Se realizaron mediciones de la tasa fotosintetica (TF) dos veces por semana y al concluir el periodo de evaluacion experimental (35 dias), se midieron las variables morfometicas. En general las variables morfometricas evaluadas se incrementaron con la aplicacion de los tratamientos homeopaticos NaM-7CH y NaM-7+13CH, siendo mayor el incremento en longitud de raiz (LR) y biomasa fresca de hojas (BFH) incluso en las plantas sometidas a estres salino (75mM de NaCl). La tasa fotosintetica (TF) en las plantas sometidas a estres salino alcanzo el mayor valor con NaM-7CH, observandose un incremento mayor al 50% en TF con respecto al tratamiento control (AD). Estos resultados demuestran un gran potencial de la homeopatia agricola como alternativa bio-segura y de bajo costo para incrementar la tolerancia al NaCl de P. vulgaris L. y lograr mayores areas de este cultivo.

Artemia franciscana nauplii were enriched with Streptomyces sp. RL8 in order to assess its effect on the survival rate of Artemia and its protective effects against Vibrio parahaemolyticus infection. Streptomyces sp. RL8 showed antagonistic activity against the opportunistic pathogenic Vibrio species of interest for aquaculture and decreased the growth of V. parahaemolyticus Collection of Aquatic Important Microorganisms (CAIM) 170 during in vitro co-culture experiments. Two experimental groups of nauplii, each replicated three times, were enriched with strain Streptomyces sp. RL8 at 106 and 108 colony-forming units (CFU)/ml; an unfed group served as the control. The experimental groups were challenged 24 h post-feeding with the strain V. parahaemolyticus CAIM 170 at 105 and 107 CFU/ml, and the survival of A. franciscana recorded at 24 and 48 h post-inoculation. Nauplii survival was significantly higher (88.75% and 86.25%) in the groups treated with Streptomyces sp. RL8 at 106 and 108 CFU/ml than in the control group (70.71%). These results confirm the probiotic properties of Streptomyces sp. RL8 and suggest that A. franciscana enriched with this strain can be fed to fish and shrimp larvae.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Estudiar el efecto de medicamentos homeopáticos sobre el crecimiento, supervivencia y microbiota del tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) de almeja Catarina Argopecten ventricosus. Materiales y Métodos. Se aplicaron cinco tratamientos homeopáticos derivados de bacterias [(T1) ViP-ViA 1D, (T2) ViP-ViA 7C], minerales [(T3) AcF-MsS 1D, (T4) PhA-SiT 7C], o venenos [(T5) ViT 31C] y tres controles: (C1) etanol diluido 1:99, (C2) etanol dinamizado 1C y (C3) agua destilada. La microbiota se determinó secuenciando la región V3-V5 del gen 16S rRNA. Resultados. El mayor crecimiento en longitud de la concha correspondió a T1 (117 µm d-1) y T2 (108 µm d-1), la mayor supervivencia a T3 y T5 y el mejor resultado global a T3. Las curvas de rarefacción de los grupos tratados y controles mostraron una clara separación. Se encontraron diferencias significativas (p≤0.05) entre filos (Proteobacteria > Actinobacteria > Firmicutes > Bacterloidetes> Chloroflexi y para los Géneros: Symbiobacterium > Microbacterium > Methylobacillus > Bacillus > Paenibacillus > Burkholderia > Nostoc > Methylobacterium > Leucobacter). El género Symbiobacterium fue dominante (p≤0.05) para T5, respecto a todos los tratamientos y grupos controles. La especie Microbacterium maritypicum (Actinobacteria) mostró la mayor abundancia relativa (p≤0.05) en T1 y T3 y Symbiobacterium toebii (Firmicutes) en T5 y T2 (p≤0.05), ambas con respecto al inicio del estudio T0. Conclusiones. Se presenta por primera vez la composición de la microbiota del TGI de A. ventricosus y la aplicabilidad potencial de la homeopatía para mejorar el rendimiento productivo y modular la microbiota gastrointestinal de la especie. ABSTRACT Objective. To study the effect of homeopathic medicines on growth, survival and gastrointestinal (GIT) microbiota of Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus. Materials and methods. Five homeopathic (HOM) treatments derived from bacteria [(T1) ViP-ViA 1D, (T2) ViP-ViA 7C], minerals [(T3) AcF-MsS 1D, (T4) PhA-SiT 7C] or venoms [T5) ViT 31C] and three controls: [(C1) diluted ethanol 1:99, (C2) diluted/succussed ethanol 1C and (C3) distilled water] were evaluated (21 days) in triplicate. Microbiota was analysed by sequencing the V3-V5 region of the 16S rRNA genes. Results. The best growth in shell-length corresponded to T1 (117 µm d-1) and T2 (108 µm d-1) and the highest survival to T3 and T5, stating T3 as the best HOM-treatment. A clear separation was found in rarefaction curves of HOM-treated against un-treated control scallops. Significant differences (p≤0.05) were found for Phyla (Proteobacteria> Actinobacteria> Firmicutes> Bacterloidetes>Chloroflexi and for Genera: Symbiobacterium> Microbacterium> Methylobacillus> Bacillus> Paenibacillus> Burkholderia> Nostoc> Methylobacterium> Leucobacter). The genus Symbiobacterium was dominant in T5, finding significant differences (p≤0.05) with respect to all treatments. At species level, Microbacterium maritypicum (Actinobacteria) showed a greater relative abundance (p≤0.05) in T1 and T3 and Symbiobacterium toebii (Firmicutes) was also significantly higher (p≤0.05) in abundance in T5 and T2, both against initial T0. Conclusions. This study showed for a first time, the composition of GIT microbiota in A. ventricosus and focused on the potential applicability of homeopathy to improve overall performance and modulate the GIT microbiota of the species.

La salinización de los suelos es un factor limitante para el desarrollo de la agricultura, particularmente en zonas áridas y semiáridas donde la producción se reduce en las especies aromáticas sensibles al estrés salino. La homeopatía es una rama de la medicina alternativa con aplicación progresiva en humanos, animales y plantas. El objetivo fue utilizar el medicamento homeopático Natrum muriaticum (obtenido a partir de sal de mar) como atenuante de los efectos del estrés por NaCl en el crecimiento y desarrollo de albahaca (Ocimum basilicum L.) en sistema hidropónico. Se utilizó un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial (2A×2B×3C), considerando las variedades Napoletano y Emily como factor A, la concentración de NaCl (0 y 75 mM) como factor B y el tratamiento homeopático (7CH y 13CH Natrum muriaticum) como factor C, con un total de 12 tratamientos con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluó longitud de tallo y de raíz, área foliar, biomasa fresca y seca de raíz, biomasa fresca y seca de parte aérea. Se realizaron análisis de varianza y comparaciones múltiples de medias (Tukey HSD p≤0.05). Los resultados muestran que la aplicación de ambas dinamizaciones homeopáticas (7CH y 13CH) propició un incremento en las variables morfométricas evaluadas, sin embargo, la aplicación de Natrum muriaticum 7CH incrementó los valores de las variables evaluadas en Napoletano. Se confirma el principio homeopático Similia Similibus Curentur y se estima que la homeopatía agrícola incrementará la producción de Ocimum basilicum L., aumentando su tolerancia a condiciones de estrés salino, además de ser compatible con la agricultura tradicional, ecológica y orgánica.

Se evaluó durante 30 días el efecto de actinobacterias probióticas y medicamentos homeopáticos, así como su combinación, sobre la condición fisiológica de juveniles tempranos de ostra Americana Crassostrea virginica durante su preengorda en laboratorio ostrícola comercial. En el diseño experimental se incluyeron cinco tratamientos: [T1 (Streptomyces sp. RL8), T2 (ViP 7C+ViA 7C), T3 (PhA 7C+SiT 7C), T4 (ViP 7C+ViA 7C+RL8), T5 (PhA 7C+SiT 7C+RL8)] y dos controles: [T6 (Etanol) y T7 (Agua Destilada)], con tres réplicas cada uno. Como variables fisiológicas de respuesta se evaluó el Índice de Glándula Digestiva (IGD) y el Índice Muscular (IM). Al concluir el bioensayo (T30) se observó un valor mayor promedio del IGD en los juveniles que recibieron los tratamientos T3, T4 y T5, así como diferencias con relación al IM, con valores máximos en los que recibieron T3, T5, y T6. Estos resultados demuestran que el uso de actinomicetos probióticos y de medicamentos homeopáticos tienen aplicabilidad productiva para mejorar la condición fisiológica y desempeño de C. virginica, con potencial efecto positivo en su rendimiento biológico y económico durante la preengorda de semillas en laboratorio y su cultivo en mar., The effect of probiotic actinobacteria and homeopathic medicines, as well as their combination, on the physiological condition of early juveniles of American oyster Crassostrea virginica during their nursing in a commercial oyster laboratory was evaluated for 30 days. Five treatments were included in the experimental design: [T1 (Streptomyces sp. RL8), T2 (ViP 7C + VIA 7C), T3 (PhA 7C + SIT 7C), T4 (ViP 7C + VIA 7C + RL8), T5 (PhA 7C + SIT 7C + RL8)] and two controls: [T6 (Ethanol) and T7 (Distilled Water)], with three replicates each. As physiological response variables, the Digestive Gland Index (IGD) and the Muscular Index (MI) were evaluated. At the end of the bioassay (T30), a higher average value of the IGD was observed in juveniles that received the treatments T3, T4 and T5, as well as differences in relation to the MI, with maximum values in juveniles that received T3, T5, and T6. These results demonstrate that the use of probiotic actinomycetes and homeopathic medicines has productive applicability to improve the physiological condition and performance in C. virginica, with a positive potential effect on their biological and economic performance during hatchery-nursery stage and sea farming. &nbsp

Se evaluó el efecto de bacterias probióticas y medicamentos homeopáticos sobre el crecimiento, la supervivencia y la calidad del agua en el cultivo de juveniles del camarón blanco del pacífico Penaeus vannamei. Cuatro grupos experimentales fueron tratados durante 30 días con dos cepas probióticas de Streptomyces spp. RL8 (T1) y N7 (T2), con productos homeopáticos desarrollados en CIBNOR a partir de bacterias patógenas [ViP-7C+VIA-7C] (T3), con medicamentos homeopáticos para humanos [PhA-7C+SIT-7C] (T4) y con agua destilada como grupo control (T5). Los camarones tratados con T2, T3 y T4 mostraron una ganancia significativamente mayor en peso (P, The effect of probiotic bacteria and homeopathic medicines on growth, survival and water quality in the culture of juveniles of White Pacific shrimp Penaeus vannamei was evaluated. Four experimental groups were treated for 30 days with two probiotic strains of Streptomyces spp. RL8 (T1) and N7 (T2), homeopathic products developed in CIBNOR from pathogenic bacteria [ViP-7C + VIA-7C] (T3), homeopathic medicines for humans [PhA-7C + SIT-7C] (T4) and distilled water as a control group (T5). Shrimp treated with T2, T3 and T4 showed a significantly greater weight gain (P

RESUMEN | Se realizó un estudio en juveniles de Crassostrea gigas para investigar el potencial efecto probiótico de Streptomyces spp. (cepas V4, N7 y RL8) y de una mezcla de Bacillus (BMix) teniendo como variable de respuesta su crecimiento. Las bacterias fueron adicionadas con el alimento vivo (microalgas), para ser ingeridas por los ostiones mediante filtración. El diseño experimental incluyó cuatro tratamientos bacterianos: [T1 (Streptomyces sp. V4); T2 (Streptomyces sp. N7); T3 (Streptomyces sp. RL8); T4, una mezcla de bacilos BMix (Bacillus tequilensis YC5-2, Bacillus endophyticus C2-2 y Bacillus endophyticus YC3-B] y un tratamiento Control (T5) con solo microalgas como alimento. Estas cepas potencialmente probióticas fueron suministradas a una concentración final de 1 × 106 UFC mL-1 y las microalgas (Isochrysis galbana y Chaetoceros calcitrans en proporción 1:1) a una densidad de 70-80 × 103 células mL-1). Los tratamientos T1 y T3 (Streptomyces spp. V4 y RL8, respectivamente), incrementaron significativamente el área y el diámetro teórico de la concha de C. gigas. Esto sugiere que la adición Strepromyces spp. V4 y RL8 puede mejorar el crecimiento de C. gigas durante el proceso de preengorda de semillas en laboratorio. ABSTRACT | A study was conducted in juveniles of Crassostrea gigas to investigate the potential probiotic effect of Streptomyces spp. (strains V4, N7 and RL8) and a mixture of Bacillus (BMix) having as a response variable its growth. The bacteria were added with the live food (microalgae), to be ingested by the oysters by filtration. The experimental design included four bacterial treatments: [T1 (Streptomyces sp. V4); T2 (Streptomyces sp. N7); T3 (Streptomyces sp. RL8); T4, a mixture of BMix bacilli (Bacillus tequilensis YC5-2, Bacillus endophyticus C2-2 and Bacillus endophyticus YC3-B) and a Control treatment (T5) with only microalgae as food. Those potential probiotic strains were supplied at a final concentration of 1 × 106 CFU mL-1 and microalgae (Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans in a 1: 1 ratio) at a density of 70-80 × 103 mL-1 cells). Treatments T1 and T3 (Streptomyces spp. V4 and RL8, respectively), significantly increased the area and the theoretical diameter of the C. gigas shell. It suggest that the addition Strepromyces spp. V4 and RL8 can improve the growth of C. gigas during the process of spat nursery and hatchery seed production. &nbsp

In Cuba, 211 protected natural areas (PNAs) that constitute 20% of the national territory are under eight management categories. This chapter describes “Las Picuas-Cayo Cristo” (LPCC) categorized as a wildlife refuge (55,970 ha) located in north-central Cuba in the Sabana-Camaguey Archipelago. The management plan of this PNA includes the conservation of mangrove ecosystems, seagrasses and coral reefs, terrestrial species, migratory birds, and marine species of ecological interest (turtle, manatee), among others of commercial interest (fish and lobsters, queen conch, sponges, and oysters). Authorities must be attentive to avoid conflicts of interest between conservationists and fishers, so experimental oyster and sponge aquaculture farms have been established. Native population recognizes that protecting the existing natural resources guarantees a sustainable source of employment, food, and family welfare.

The effect of Streptomyces strains RL8 and N7 on the growth, survival and histological structure of the hepatopancreas of Litopenaeus vannamei was determined. Shrimp post-larvae of 0.02 ± 0.01 g were fed with diets supplemented with Streptomyces spp. RL8 and N7 at 108 CFU g⁻1 of feed for 30 days, followed by challenge with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Toxicity was also assessed by recording the mortality associated with the use of 1-100 g/L of cell mass and 108-1010 CFU/g of feed of these strains in Artemia salina and L. vannamei, respectively. The group treated with Streptomyces sp. RL8 had significantly better weight gain (0.62 ± 0.18 g) and survival rates (84.44 ± 5.7%) after challenge, whereas the one fed with Streptomyces sp. N7 showed significantly higher survival rate (57.77 ± 6.8%) than the control group (0.55 ± 0.20 g and 11.11 ± 9.0%, respectively). The hepatopancreas of Streptomyces-fed shrimps showed better histological integrity with significantly lower degree of atrophy and necrotic tubules than their unfed counterpart. No toxicity associated with these strains was found. Consequently, they can be excellent probiotic candidates to improve the physiological status and prevent infectious diseases of cultured L. vannamei.

Background Mortality from vibriosis in mollusk production is attributed to pathogenic bacteria, particularly Vibrio alginolyticus . Use of increasingly potent antibiotics has led to bacterial resistance and increased pathogenicity. Alternatives in sanitation, safety, and environmental sustainability are currently under analysis. To-date, homeopathy has been investigated in aquaculture of freshwater fish, but not in marine mollusks. The effect of the homeopathic complexes in the growth, survival, and immune response of the Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus were assessed. Methods A bioassay to assess the potential of homeopathy in improving cultivation of juvenile A. ventricosus was conducted for 21 days, with a final challenge of 120 h with V. alginolyticus . The experimental design included two homeopathic formulas The homeopathic complex Passival, consisting of Passiflora incarnata 30 CH, Valeriana officinalis 30 CH, Ignatia amara 30 CH and Zincum valerianicum 30 CH plus Phosphoricum acid 30 CH (treatment TH1) or Silicea terra 30 CH (TH2), two antibiotics (ampicillin = AMP, oxytetracycline = OXY), and two reference treatments (without homeopathic or antibiotic treatment = CTRL, ethanol 30° GL = ETH). Additionally, a negative control CTRL− (untreated/uninfected) is included in the challenge test. Juvenile scallops (4.14 ± 0.06 mm, 13.33 mg wet weight) were cultivated in 4 L tanks provided with aerated, filtered (1 μm), and UV-sterilized seawater that was changed every third day. They were fed a blend of the microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Chaetoceros calcitrans (150,000 cells mL −1 twice a day). All treatments were directly added to the tank water and then 500 mL challenge units were inoculated with 1 × 10 7 CFU/mL (LD 50 ) of V. alginolyticus . Results Juveniles grew significantly larger and faster in height and weight with TH2 compared to the ETH and CTRL ( P −1 ), compared to other treatments and reference treatments. Higher survival rate during the challenge bioassay occurred with TH1 (85%), compared to AMP (53%), OXY (30%), and CTRL (0%), and superoxide dismutase ( P Conclusions Homeopathic treatments improved growth and survival and enhanced survival against V. alginolyticus in juvenile A. ventricosus . This suggests that homeopathy is a viable treatment for this mollusk to reduce use of antibiotics in scallops and its progressive increase in pathogenicity in mollusk hatcheries.

This study assessed the intestinal microbiota of juveniles of the White shrimp Litopenaus vannamei, whose feed was enriched with three probiotic formulations: Streptomyces sp. RL8 (RL8); a mix of Lactobacillus graminis and Streptomyces spp. RL8 and N7 (Lac‐Strep); and a mix of Bacillus spp. and Streptomyces spp. RL8 and N7 (Bac‐Strep). The analysis was performed by sequencing the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene of treated animals and the control group before and after Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. After challenge, the highest Shannon diversity indexes corresponded to RL8 and Bac‐Strep (3.94 ± 0.11 and 3.39 ± 0.3, respectively) and the lowest to the control group (2.58 ± 0.26). The most abundant phyla before and after challenge were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. The principal component analysis and Statistical Analysis of Metagenomic Profiles (STAMP) showed that the gut microbiota of the groups RL8 and Bac‐Strep after challenge was different from the other experimental groups, which was characterized by a higher bacterial diversity, as well as a significant stimulation of the Bacteriovorax population and other antimicrobial producing genera that protected shrimp from infection., We have shown the modulating effect of Streptomyces sp. RL8 alone and combined with Bacillus, but not with Lactobacillus, over the gut microbiota of the white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. This effect was characterized by a higher bacterial diversity, as well as a significant stimulation of the predatory Bacteriovorax population and other antimicrobial producing genera that protected shrimp from infection.

We studied the effect of two Streptomyces strains, alone and combined with Bacillus and Lactobacillus, on the growth, microflora, hemocyte count, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity of the shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. Eight experimental groups were fed for 30 days either with N7 (Streptomyces N7), RL8 (Streptomyces RL8), Strep (Streptomyces N7 and RL8), Lac (Lactobacillus graminis), Bac (a Bacillus mixture), or a combination of Lac-Strep, Bac-Strep, and Mix (a mixture of Bac, Lac, and Strep). A non-probiotic fed group served as the control. After treatment, shrimps were challenged with Vibrio parahaemolyticus and survival was recorded for 4 days. The Bac-Strep group showed significantly better (P

Objective. Evaluating the effect of homeopathic medicines on survival and activity of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme in white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei subjected to infection with the pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Materials and methods. The average lethal dosage (LD50) was determined for the pathogen strain in L. vannamei juveniles under immersion (Imm), injection (Inj) and incision + immersion (Inc+Imm) methods.Four treatments were applied: (1) Mix CIB®-HOM Heel-Mix (TH1), constituted by equal v/v ratio, of Cyme-Heel®, Gal-Heel®, Hepa-Heel®, Mucs-Heel® and Chol-Heel®; (2) Mix CIB®-HOM Pav-Mix (TH2), constituted by the same v/v ratio of Passiflora incarnata, Valeriana officinalis, Zincum valerianicum and Ignatia amara (Similia®); (3) Heel-Mix/Pav-Mix (TH3) consisting of a 1:1 v/v combination of the TH1 and TH2 treatments, and (4) ViT-Mix (TH4), constituted by Vidatox®, and a control (not treated/infected). Results. While applying the methods Imm, Inj and Inc+Imm, LD50 was 0.9 x 106; 0.6 x 106 and 0.5 x 106 UFC.mL-1, respectively. At the end of the challenge, the groups treated with TH2, TH3 and TH4 had a greater survival rate to that of the control group (p, Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto de medicamentos homeopáticos sobre la supervivencia y actividad de la enzima superóxido dismutasa (SOD) del camarón Litopenaeus vannamei sometido a infección con Vibrio parahamolyticus. Materiales y Métodos. Se determinó la dosis letal media (DL50) para la cepa patógena en juveniles de L. vannamei, bajo los método de inmersión (Inm), inyección (Iny) e incisión + inmersión (Inc+Inm).Luego el efecto de cuatro medicamentos homeopáticos sobre juveniles de L. vannamei retados con Vibrio parahaemolyticus fue evaluado usando el índice la supervivencia y la actividad SOD. Se aplicaron cuatro tratamientos: (1) Mezcla CIB®-HOM Heel-Mix (TH1), constituido por igual proporción v/v, de Cyme-Heel®, Gal-Heel®, Hepa-Heel®, Mucs-Heel® y Chol-Heel®; (2) Mezcla CIB®-HOM Pav-Mix (TH2), constituido por igual proporción v/v de Passiflora incarnata, Valeriana officinalis, Zincum valerianicum e Ignatia amara (Similia®); (3) Heel-Mix/Pav-Mix (TH3) constituido por una combinación 1:1 v/v de los tratamientos TH1 y TH2, y (4) ViT-Mix (TH4), constituido por Vidatox®, y un control (no tratado/infectado). Resultados. Al aplicar los método Inm, Iny e Inc+Inm la DL50 fue de 0.9 x 106; 0.6 x 106 y 0.5 x 106 UFC.mL-1, respectivamente. Los camarones tratados con TH3 y TH4 presentaron una mayor actividad de SOD con respecto al grupo control (p

Aim: This study was designed to describe a series of in vitro tests that may aid the discovery of probiotic strains from actinomycetes. Materials and Methods: Actinomycetes were isolated from marine sediments using four different isolation media, followed by antimicrobial activity and toxicity assessment by the agar diffusion method and the hemolysis of human blood cells, respectively. Extracellular enzymatic production was monitored by the hydrolysis of proteins, lipids and carbohydrates. Tolerance to different pH values and salt concentrations was also determined, followed by hydrophobicity analysis and genetic identification of the most promising strains. Results: Five out of 31 isolated strains showed antimicrobial activity against three Vibrio species. Three non-hemolytic strains (N7, RL8 and V4) among these active isolates yielded positive results in hydrophobicity tests and exhibited good growth at salt concentrations ranging from 0% to 10%, except strain RL8, which required a salt concentration >0.6%. Although these strains did not grow at pH

Angel I. Campa-Cordova 1d, Pedro E. Saucedo 1e & Carmen Rodriguez-Jaramillo 1. 1 Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas del Noroeste ( CIBNOR ), La Paz, B.C.S., MEXICO. 2 Centro de Bioactivos Quimicos ( CBQ ), Universidad Central de Las Villas, Villa Clara, CUBA. 3 Instituto Nacional de Pesca ( INAPESCA ), La Paz, B.C.S., MEXICO. * Email: jmazon04@cibnor.mx Homeopathy for mollusk aquaculture: Increased growth, survival, and protection of juvenile Catarina scallop Argopecten ventricosus against bacterial pathogen-challenge