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A epigenética envolve mudanças na função dos genes que não estão relacionadas a mudanças na sequência do DNA. Dentro dos mecanismos epigenéticos estão a metilação do DNA e os RNAs não codificantes (ncRNAs). A metilação do DNA é um processo pelo qual se agrega grupos metil ao DNA e geralmente tem por função, dificultar a transcrição genética. Padrões de metilação podem ser usados no campo forense para determinação tecidual e de fluidos, estimativa de idade e diferenciação entre gêmeos monozigóticos. Os ncRNAs reguladores são moléculas de RNA que não são traduzidas em proteína, e têm uma importante função na regulação da expressão gênica. Dentre eles, os mais estudados são os microRNAs (miRNAs), que podem induzir silenciamento genético através da sua associação direta com o RNA mensageiro (mRNA). Numerosos estudos publicados relatam que muitos miRNAs são expressos de maneira tecido-específica, sendo bastante promissores para o campo forense na identificação de fluidos biológicos como sangue, sêmen, saliva e secreções vaginais. Os RNAs longos não codificantes (lncRNAs) se valem de diversos mecanismos para regular a expressão gênica. Diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial uso dos lncRNAs como marcadores biológicos, no entanto, devido ao grande número de lncRNAs existentes, ainda precisam ser mais bem caracterizados para avaliar o seu possível uso no campo forense. As aplicações epigenéticas nas ciências forenses são relativamente novas e atualmente limitadas, entretanto, o mundo da epigenética tem o potencial de melhorar as investigações criminais, aumentando a quantidade de informações que podem ser obtidas de materiais biológicos obtidos nas cenas de crimes, contribuindo assim, no que diz respeito as evidências criminais para o sistema judicial.

This paper investigates the paleoenvironmental evolution of a long core extracted in a small cove located in the Tinto-Odiel estuary (SW Spain). The inferred reconstruction is supported by sedimentological, geochemical, paleontological data and dating. Seven phases have been identified, with the transit from Late Neogene marine environments to a subrecent freshwater pond and a final anthropic filling. On the basis of these data, this area was flooded during the maximum of the MIS-1 transgression (6.5-5.2 cal. kyr BP), with the temporary presence of a subtidal channel with phanerogam meadows. During this evolution, three geochemical peaks have been detected, which correspond to 1) the first evidence of mining activities (~4.5 cal. kyr BP), 2) an interval of intensive mining (1850-1960) and 3) an industrial period (1966-1985), affected by the dumping of highly polluting waste into this estuary.

Portus was the main port of imperial Rome from the 2nd century AD to the 5th century AD, with an inner, hexagonal port (Trajan basin) and an outer port (Claudius basin) linked by a channel bounded by quays. Six sedimentary facies have been differentiated in the geological analysis of a core extracted in this channel, basically composed of poorly classified bioclastic muds typical of restricted environments, accumulations of Posidonia oceanica (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 and a final anthropic fill. The subfossil record of bivalves, foraminifera and ostracods is characteristic of Mediterranean brackish environments (lagoons, estuaries, deltas) with significant environmental stress, due to changes in the physical-chemical parameters and probably the periodic dredging of this seaway during a period of about 300 years. The presence of “Neptune balls” points to the development of probable stormy periods that deposit these unique structures in the internal areas of this historic port.

El presente artículo de investigación analiza la relevancia de las técnicas de litigación oral en el ámbito del proceso penal. La litigación oral es considerada fundamental en el proceso penal ya que permite a las partes expresar sus argumentos de forma clara y directa ante el juez o tribunal correspondiente. La correcta utilización de estas técnicas puede tener un impacto significativo en el resultado del proceso penal, así como en la transparencia e imparcialidad del sistema de justicia penal ecuatoriano. Se exploran las principales técnicas de litigación oral y se enfatiza su importancia en la comprensiónde los hechos y pruebas presentadas, lo cual puede generar confianza en el proceso penal y en la toma de decisiones del juez o tribunal. Se concluye que la oralidad es esencial para un correcto desarrollo del proceso penal. Este dominio requiere de una previa preparación y constante práctica, pero su correcta utilización puede tener un impacto significativo en el resultado del proceso y en la confianza en el sistema de justicia penal.

The malacological analysis of the Cañada Honda shell midden (Tinto-Odiel estuary, SW Spain) has allowed an approximation of the palaeo biodiversity of this sector during the Mesolithic. During this period, the progressive marine transgression caused the flooding of this estuary, coinciding with an initial intensive capture of the bivalves Lutraria and Ruditapes decussatus in the northern and southern sector of this site, respectively. In a second phase, Ruditapes decussatus was the main collected species in all sectors. This last period coincided with some diversification in catches, still dominated by Ruditapes decussatus but with significant proportions of Cerastoderma edule. This stage witnessed a progressive sedimentary filling of the estuary and the creation of marshes and barrier islands. The almost total fragmentation of the specimens would imply that the surface of this shell midden was exposed for a long time while in use. In addition, an occasional charring of some molluscs has been detected. The main molluscs of this site are also the most abundant in other later shell middens (∼cal 5.2–4 kyr BP), indicating an important perpetuation of the collecting and/or eating habits in this environment. All the species determined in them are also currently found in this estuary and its surroundings, where they are also captured.

To describe the characteristics of pediatric patients treated in the emergency department due to amoxicillin overdosing.A retrospective single-center observational study was conducted on patients aged 0 to 16 years treated in a pediatric emergency department due to amoxicillin overdosing between 2011 and 2021. Epidemiological and anthropometric data was collected as well as information on the circumstances of overdosing, clinical manifestations, emergency department management, and discharge destination.The study comprised 15 patients, 66.6% of them male, with a median age of 3.8 years (interquartile range: 1.9). The most frequent cause of overdosing was accidental ingestion (8/15; 53.3%). Amoxicillin was mainly ingested in liquid form, except for one case with autolytic attempt, where it was ingested in the form of tablets. Eighty percent of subjects (12/15) received a single dose of the drug. The median time to presentation to emergency department was 2.1 hours from ingestion (interquartile range: 2.7) and the median dose of amoxicillin was 219 mg/kg/dose (interquartile range: 148). All patients were asymptomatic, with a normal physical examination. Blood tests were performed in 7 patients (46.6%) and urinary sediment analysis in 2 (13.3%), all of them without alterations. Activated charcoal was administered to 5 (33.3%), patients with a median time to administration of one hour (interquartile range: 1.2). All patients were discharged to their homes. Eleven cases (73.3%) required withdrawal of amoxicillin.Amoxicillin overdosing in this study did not appear to result in adverse effects, despite the fact that the recommended doses were significantly exceeded.Describir las características de los pacientes pediátricos atendidos en urgencias por sobreingesta de amoxicilina.Método: Estudio unicéntrico observacional, retrospectivo, en pacientes de 0- 16 años atendidos en urgencias pediátricas por sobreingesta de amoxicilina entre 2011 y 2021. Se analizaron datos epidemiológicos, antropométricos, circunstancias de la sobreingesta, síntomas, manejo y destino.Se incluyeron 15 pacientes, 66,6% varones, mediana de edad de 3,8 años (rango intercuartílico 1,9). La causa más frecuente de sobreingesta fue la ingesta accidental por el paciente (8/15; 53,3%). Fue administrada en forma de suspensión en todos los casos, excepto en un paciente con intención autolítica (comprimidos). El 80% (12/15) recibieron una única dosis. La mediana de tiempo de llegada a urgencias desde la sobreingesta fue de 2,1 horas (rango intercuartílico 2,7) y la mediana de dosis de 219 mg/kg/dosis (rango intercuartílico 148). Todos estaban asintomáticos con exploración normal. Se realizó analítica sanguínea en 7 (46,6%) y sedimento urinario en 2 (13,3%), sin alteraciones. Cinco (33,3%) recibieron carbón activado, con una mediana de tiempo hasta la administración de 1 hora (rango intercuartílico 1,2). Todos fueron dados de alta, suspendiendo el tratamiento 11 (73,3%).En este estudio, la sobredosificación de amoxicilina no se relacionó con efectos adversos, a pesar de exceder las dosis recomendadas.

This paper studies the malacofauna of four sediment cores collected in an old cove of the Tinto-Odiel estuary (SW Spain) to establish the chronology and spatial extent of MIS-1 transgression in this area. The paleoenvironmental interpretation based on facies analysis and the malacological record point to an evolution from a Miocene marine substrate to a final anthropic filling. During the late Pleistocene?-lower Holocene, this substrate was eroded by the fluvial network and alluvial sediments were deposited. During the maximum of the MIS-1 transgression (~ ca 6.5–5.4 kyr BP), this area was flooded and malacofauna is revealed as an excellent proxy of this transgression. Mesolittoral paleoenvironments dominated by the gastropod Peringia ulvae characterized the inner zones of the cove, while phanerogam meadows with abundant specimens of the gastropod Bittium reticulatum developed in the outermost areas. During the last 5400 years, this cove was progressively covered by marshes, although some mesolittoral paleoenvironments persisted until 4000 years BP.

Reconto do Chapeuzinho Vermelho, realizado e adaptado pelos alunos do Grupo 5º B, da Escola Municipal João Cândido de Souza, de Campo Grande - MS. No livro, destaca-se os cuidados importantes que devemos ter e alguns valores que não podemos esquecer para um convívio social. A professora, organizadora do livro, Juliana de Souza de Jesus, deu uma ajudinha sendo a escriba.

Multivariate analyses have been applied to the REE contents of three cores collected in the Tinto estuary, SW Spain, an extremely polluted area. Results indicate an extremely correlation between all REE, which behave as a single variable. A slight natural pollution peak and three anthropogenic pollution peaks are identified, related with the first mining activities, the Roman period and a recent intensive mining accompanied by a heavy industrial pollution. In all these peaks, the increase of Cu is parallel to that of MREE, which are configured as the best indicators of pollution among REE. Statistical analyses clearly differentiate four groups, each consisting of samples from different environments. Although grain size and this strong pollution alter the study of REE as environmental indicators, it is possible to recognise groups of samples with a common origin or to identify the surface extent of a given pollution peak.

espanolEste trabajo analiza la evolucion vertical de facies y el contenido en Ag y Bi de un testigo continuo extraido en el estuario medio del rio Tinto (S.O. Espana). El analisis sedimentologico y paleontologico permite definir cuatro facies sedimentarias, caracteristicas de depositos aluviales (F1: 6,5-6,2 ka BP), la presencia de facies estuarinas durante la inundacion marina del sector coincidente con el maximo transgresivo holoceno y el periodo inmediatamente posterior (F2: 6,2-5,2 ka BP), el transito a marismas (F3: 5,2 ka BP-siglo XIX) y un relleno antropico de finales del siglo XX. Los contenidos de Ag y Bi permiten precisar tres periodos principales de contaminacion historica: i) inicio de las actividades mineras y explotacion de Ag durante la edad de Bronce (~4,5-3,2 ka BP); ii) periodo de maxima intensidad de la explotacion minera romana (siglos I-II DC); y iii) mineria intensiva reciente (desde 1870). EnglishThis paper analyzes the vertical evolution of facies and the Ag and Bi contents of a continuous core extracted in the middle estuary of the Tinto river (S.O. Spain). The sedimentological and paleontological analysis allows to define four sedimentary facies, characteristics of alluvial deposits (F1: 6.5-6.2 ka BP), the marine flooding of the sector during the maximum of the Holocene transgression and the period immediately after (F2: 6.2 -5.2 ka BP), the transition to marshes (F3: 5.2-19th century) and an anthropic landfill since the end of the 20th century. The concentrations of Ag and Bi make it possible to specify three main periods of historical contamination: i) the start of mining activities and the exploitation of Ag during the Bronze Age (~ 4.5-3.2 ka BP); ii) the period of maximum intensity of Roman mining (1st-2nd centuries DC); and iii) recent intensive mining (since 1870).

The multidisciplinary analysis (dating, texture, total mineralogy) of two deep cores collected in the Donana National Park (SW Spain) allows to distinguish the main features of three tsunami deposits found in three different paleoenvironmental scenarios (TSU-1: inner area of an open lagoon; TSU-2: inner area of a restricted lagoon; TSU- 3: outer area of a restricted lagoon). The main textural feature of the inner lagoonal tsunami deposits is the increase in bioclastic sands, while the outer TSU-3 is composed almost entirely of medium and fine sands without bioclasts. The mineralogical analysis of TSU-1 and TSU-2 reveals a decrease in phyllosilicates in the basal layers of these tsunami deposits and a parallel increase of quartz, feldspars, dolomite and sometimes calcite. Silica is the main component of TSU-3, whose mineralogical composition changes progressively due to the action of tidal currents in the inlet lagoon on which it is deposited. This rich- SiO2 outer tsunami deposit is derived from the erosion of the adjacent aeolian systems, while the inner TSU-1 and TSU-2 were generated by the transport of bioclastic sands from the outermost parts through the lagoon (TSU-1), or through a nearby tidal channel (TSU-2).

Melatonin is an endogenous substance which plays a key role in sleep induction by reducing sleep onset latency; it has been approved by the European Food Safety Authority as a food supplement for exogenous administration. OniriaThe main objective of the present study was to evaluate the relative oral bioavailability of OniriaWe performed an open-label, cross-over, randomized, phase I clinical study with two sequences and three periods involving 14 healthy volunteers. We characterized the endogenous melatonin circadian profile (period 1) and pharmacokinetics (PK) of both OniriaTwo phases were clearly differentiated in the PK profile of OniriaOniria

Well-preserved tracks of the wild boar Sus scrofa are described from the Matalascañas Trampled Surface (MTS) in the upper Pleistocene aeolian basal unit of the El Asperillo Cliff, Huelva (southwestern Spain). These are the first published tracks of suid pigs in the fossil record, here formally described as Suidichnus galani igen. and isp. nov. A revision of valid artiodactyl ichnogenera is provided for comparison. The large size of wild boar found in the Late Pleistocene of Spain contradicts the general trend towards smaller size known for the evolution of the species and the Bergmann's ecogeographical rule for the extant subspecies. In the present case, the remarkable large size that can be reached by these tracks is discussed as an ecomorphological adaptation of wild boars to either resource bonanza, and/or predation pressure during the Last Interglacial. The large S. scrofa scrofa identified in MTS corresponds to some of the earliest evidences known to this subspecies in Iberia.

espanolObjetivo: comparar los niveles de sobrepeso y obesidad en 8416 adolescentes canarios y eslovenos de 14.60 ± 2.21 anos, siendo el 49.96% mujeres. Metodo: para describir el perfil de sobrepeso y obesidad se estimo, siguiendo las recomendaciones habituales, a traves de la medida de la masa, altura y perimetro cintura, utilizando los criterios de la Fundacion Orbegozo (2011), y calculando su media, desviacion estandar, coeficiente de correlacion por rangos, comparacion de medias (U de Mann-Whitney) y de igualdad de proporciones (rho de Spearman). Hallando segun el Indice de Masa Corporal, normopeso (79.83%), sobrepeso (10.89%) y obesidad (9.28%) estratificando la muestra por genero y segmento de edad; y a partir de estas medidas, los valores limite Indice Cintura-Altura. Resultados: no existen diferencias en cuanto a masa corporal entre canarios y eslovenos (p = 0.453), pero si que se aprecian diferencias en altura (p = 0.012), cintura (p Conclusiones: existen diferencias en la estructura corporal entre ambas poblaciones. Por lo que parece evidente la necesidad de emplear ambas medidas para obtener un diagnostico completo de la obesidad en la adolescencia. EnglishObjective: to compare the levels of overweight and obesity among 8416 Canarian and Slovenian adolescents of 14.60 ± 2.21 years, with 49.96% being women. Method: to describe the profile of overweight and obesity, it was estimated, following the usual recommendations, through the measurement of mass, height and waist circumference, using the criteria of the Orbegozo Foundation (2011), and calculating its mean, standard deviation, coefficient rank correlation, mean comparison (Mann-Whitney U) and equal proportions (Spearman's rho). Finding according to the Body Mass Index, normal weight (79.83%), overweight (10.89%) and obesity (9.28%) stratifying the sample by gender and age segment. And, from these measurements, the limit values of the Waist-Height Ratio. Results: the analysis of results shows that there are no differences in body mass between canaries and slovenes (p = 0.453), but differences in height (p = 0.012), waist circumference (p Conclusions: there are differences in body structure between both populations. Therefore, the need to use both measures to obtain a complete diagnosis of obesity in adolescence seems evident. portuguesObjetivo: comparar os niveis de sobrepeso e obesidade em 8416 adolescentes das Canarias e da Eslovenia de 14.60 ± 2.21 anos, sendo 49.96% do sexo feminino. Metodo: para descrever o perfil de sobrepeso e obesidade, foi estimado, seguindo as recomendacoes usuais, atraves da medida de massa, estatura e circunferencia da cintura, utilizando os criterios da Fundacao Orbegozo (2011), e calculando sua media, desvio padrao, coeficiente correlacao de classificacao, comparacao media (Mann-Whitney U) e proporcoes iguais (rho de Spearman). Encontrando segundo o Indice de Massa Corporal, peso normal (79.83%), excesso de peso (10.89%) e obesidade (9.28%), estratificando a amostra por genero e segmento de idade. E, com base nessas medicoes, os valores limite Indice de Cintura-Altura. Resultados: Nao ha diferencas na massa corporal entre Canarias e Eslovenos (p = 0.453), mas diferencas na altura (p = 0.012), cintura (p Conclusoes: isso mostra a existencia de diferencas na estrutura corporal entre as comunidades. Portanto, parece evidente a necessidade do uso de ambas as medidas para obter um diagnostico completo da obesidade na adolescencia.

In his short joint ventures across the world of vertebrate tracks, Richard Bromley recognized the aeolian sands as unsuitable soft substrates for their preservation. Only after his work in the Bale...

The Doñana National Park is a Biosphere Reserve located within the estuary of the Guadalquivir River (SW Spain). It is mainly composed of extensive fluvio-tidal marshes partially protected by an elongated sandy spit. Three phases have been distinguished in the late Holocene evolution of this spit based on textural, geochemical, palaeontological and, chronological data recorded in a long core (31 m). Phase 1 (890 BCE-218 BCE) is characterized by the alternation of lagoonal silty sediments and slightly polluted marsh deposits, the latter with contamination from thousand-year-old mining. Phase 2 (218 BCE-90 CE) is characterized by several historical tsunamis, which caused the erosion of previous dune systems and the deposit of these sandy sediments on the adjacent bottom of the lagoon. Phase 3 (90 CE-Present) includes a regressive sequence (lagoonal bottom-marsh-dune system), with the pollution of lagoonal sediments due to Roman mining activities.

This study seeks to increase the understanding of stopwatch time studies by determining standard cycle times for an underground mining extraction process, implementing the technique in a polymetallic mining deposit of intermediate to low sulphidation of silver, gold, lead, zinc, and copper, contained in silver-bearing galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and tetrahedrite; located in veins, at a height of 4630 m above sea level. The meticulous methodology of the technique identified and corrected an error in production cycle times, recognizing irregular elements that had been ignored in previous measurements, as well as strange elements produced during drilling activities, which set pace to the entire process. Finally, an improved and adapted technique was developed for this sector, through which process cycles could be determined at a 7.3% error, an acceptable value due to access limitations to the extraction areas by the strict security measures and reduced bias in planning production projections. Resumen El objetivo del estudio fue ampliar la comprensión del estudio de tiempos con cronómetro, en la determinación del tiempo de ciclo estándar de un proceso extractivo minero subterráneo, implementando la técnica en un yacimiento minero polimetálico de plata (Ag), oro (Au), plomo (Pb), zinc (Zn) y cobre (Cu), contenidos en galena argentífera, esfalerita, calcopirita y tetraedrita; de intermedia a baja sulfuración, emplazado en vetas, a una altura de 4 630 metros sobre el nivel del mar. La minuciosa metodología de la técnica permitió evidenciar y corregir un error en las unidades del tiempo de ciclo productivo, identificar elementos casuales que habían sido ignorados en mediciones previas, y elementos extraños producidos durante la labor de perforación, que fue la tarea estudiada por ser la que marca el ritmo del proceso. Finalmente, se logró una técnica mejorada y adaptada para este sector, a través del cual se pudo determinar el ciclo del proceso con un 7.3% de error, aceptable debido a las limitantes que constituyen el acceso a las zonas extractivas por las estrictas medidas de seguridad, y además disminuir el sesgo en la planificación de las proyecciones de producción.

Las caráceas constituyen un grupo importante de macrófitos acuáticos en el Parque Nacional de Doñana. En este artículo, se estudia la distribución de sus girogonitos en diversos medios de este espacio protegido (lagunas temporales, surgencias, caños, márgenes del río Guadalquivir, etc), relacionándola tanto con las variables físico-químicas como con la textura y mineralogía del sedimento. Se efectúa una revisión del registro geológico de este grupo en diversos testigos compuestos por sedimentos pleistocenos y holocenos.

This paper analyzes the first systematic faunal record of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami in the Mediterranean. On the basis of sedimentological and paleontological features, the sedimentary record of a core collected in Gibraltar was divided into six sedimentary facies, with a paleoenvironmental evolution from a shallow marine paleoenviroment to an increasingly restricted lagoon. This record includes a bioclastic layer deposited by the 1755 Lisbon tsunami and characterized by an erosive base, presence of basal rip-up clasts and abundant shell debris composed by marine and brackish molluscs. The paleoenvironmental reconstruction derived from the foraminiferal analysis is congruent with that inferred from the sedimentary and the macrofaunal reconstructions, with the introduction of brackish species into the innermost, intertidal areas of a confined lagoon. This paleontological record is the first faunal evidence of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami in the Mediterranean., We thank the Gibraltar National Museum and its Director, Dr. Clive Finlayson, for the efforts made to conserve and acquire the BH borehole core. In addition, we thank the review of Dr. Akihisa Kitamura and Dr. Briony Mamo, whose suggestions greatly improved the manuscript, and the associate-editor of Geobios, Dr. Frédéric Quillévéré, for his kind help and comments during the revision process. This research was supported by two postdoctoral fellows of the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation Government (Subprograma JDCMICINN, JCI-2010-06160) and the Huelva University (PP2010 P-01). Furthermore, this work is carried out through DGYCIT project CTM2006-06722/MAR, DGYCIT project CGL2006-01412, FEDER 2014-2020 project UHU-126029, PID2021- 127268NB-I00 project funded by MCIN/ AEI /10.13039/50110 0011033/ and by FEDER, and AYUDA PUENTE 2021 project M2615 of the Rey Juan Carlos University. Other funds have come from the Andalusian Government (groups RNM-238, RNM-293 and RNM-349) and Autonomous University of Madrid (GPG-418 Research Group). It is a contribution to the Research Center in Historical, Cultural and Natural Heritage (CIPHCN) of the University of Huelva.

The Tinto and Odiel rivers (SW Spain) drain from a vast sulfide mining district and join at a 20-km-long estuary that enters the Atlantic Ocean. In this work, the contents of rare earth elements (REE) and fractionation in Neogene–Holocene sediment cores from La Fontanilla cove (Tinto estuary) were studied. The sediments were collected from a depth of 18 m at different distances from the recent river flow and were analyzed for new information on the temporal development of the REE load in the sediment column. Results show that the å REE is higher in the finer sediments and during periods of mining activity from prehistoric to recent times. Marine influence appears to increase the light REE (LREE) relative to the heavy REE (HREE). The REE patterns of these estuarine sediments show convex curvatures in the MREE relative to the LREE and HREE, indicating the presence of acid-mixing processes between the fluvial waters affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) and seawater, as well as the precipitation of poorly crystalline mineral phases. Significant positive Eu anomalies were found in ebb-tide channels and marsh deposits, which can reflect the mineralogical composition and/or a strong localized salinity gradient combined with organic matter degradation. Sedimentological characteristics of the deposits appear to play the main role in accumulation and fractionation of the REE, Funds came from the Andalusian Government (groups RNM-238 and RNM-293), the town hall of Palos de la Frontera, and the FEDER 2014–2020 project UHU-1260298, which is a contribution to the Research Center in Historical, Cultural, and Natural Heritage (CIPHCN) of the University of Huelva. The C2TN/IST authors gratefully acknowledge the support of the FCT (the Portuguese Science and Technology Foundation) through the UIDB/04349/2020 project and the post-doctoral grant SFRH/BPD/114986/2016

This paper presents the easternmost mineralogical and geochemical evidence of the 1755 Lisbon tsunami found in the Western Mediterranean. This multidisciplinary analysis of a sediment core obtained in Gibraltar (southern Iberian Peninsula) has allowed us to differentiate a tsunamiite from an old lagoon (The Inundation). This tsunamigenic layer has increased levels of calcite and aragonite and higher concentrations of Ba and ferromagnesian elements in comparison with the underlying lagoonal sediments of this core. This layer is also differentiated by its paleontological record, with the introduction of marine species within this lagoon. The uppermost part of the core includes a transition from swampy/marsh paleoenvironments to terrestrial scenarios, with a final anthropogenic filling occurring during the last century, This work was carried out through the following projects: a) DGYCIT project CTM2006- 06722/MAR; b) DGYCIT project CGL2006-01412; and c) FEDER 2014-2020 project UHU-1260298. Other funds have come from Autonomous University of Madrid (GPG-418 Research Group) and the Andalusian Government (groups RNM-238, RNM-293 and RNM-349). It is a contribution to the Research Center in Historical, Cultural and Natural Heritage (CIPHCN) of the University of Huelva

The southwestern Atlantic coast of the Iberian Peninsula presents an important Roman heritage that includes numerous fish-salting workshops, with an industrial activity that went on for almost a millennium (1st century BC-7th century AD). Nevertheless, a future broad research is still necessary to determine the geologic substratum on which they are based, their palaeoenvironmental evolution, their main economic objectives and the byproducts derived from their activities. This paper is focused on the geology, dating and the archaeological record of La Cascajera, a new site located in the Tinto-Odiel estuary (SW Spain). This new cetaria occupied the northwestern end of La Cascajera ridge (Saltés Island), constituted by sandy, bioclastic deposits of previous washover fans (1st-2th centuries AD). During the main period of activity (middle of 4th century AD-5th century AD), the existence of a certain typology of amphorae as well as the documentation of a shell deposit formed mostly by Glycymeris suggest that this factory was oriented to the production of mixed fish sauces and the handling of edible bivalves. The main features of this deposit (texture, paleontology, taphonomy) could be used to differentiate middens from natural shelly ridges, La costa suratlántica de la Península Ibérica posee un importante legado romano que incluye numerosos talleres halieúticos, con una actividad que se desarrolló durante casi un milenio (siglo I a.C.-siglo VII d.C.). Sin embargo, se precisan nuevas investigaciones que determinen el contexto geológico en el que se desarrollaron, su evolución paleoambiental, sus principales objetivos económicos y los subproductos derivados de sus actividades. Este trabajo se centra en la geología, datación y registro arqueológico de La Cascajera, un nuevo yacimiento localizado en el estuario de los ríos Tinto y Odiel (S.O. de España). Esta nueva cetaria ocupaba el extremo noroccidental de la cresta de La Cascajera (Isla de Saltés), constituida por depósitos bioclásticos arenosos de abanicos de derrame previos (siglos I-II d.C.). Durante su principal periodo de actividad (mitad del siglo IV d.C.-siglo V d.C.), la existencia de una cierta tipología de ánforas así como la existencia de un conchero formado principalmente por Glycymeris sugieren que esta factoría estaba dedicada a la producción de salsas mixtas de pescado y la extracción de bivalvos comestibles. Las principales características de este conchero (textura, paleontología, tafonomía) podrían ser usadas para diferenciar concheros de acumulaciones naturales de conchas, This work has been carried out through the project ́From the Atlantic to the Tyrrhenian. The hispanic ports and their commercial relations with Ostia Antica. DEATLANTIR II - HAR2017-89154-P - (Plan Nacional de I+D+i). Other funds have come from Andalusian Gouvernement (groups HUM-132, RNM-238 and RNM-293). It is a contribution to the Research Center in Historical, Cultural and Natural Heritage (CIPHCN) of the University of HuelvaThis work has been carried out through the project ´From the Atlantic to the Tyrrhenian. The hispanic ports and their commercial relations with Ostia Antica. DEATLANTIR II - HAR2017-89154-P - (Plan Nacional de I+D+i). Other funds have come from Andalusian Gouvernement (groups HUM-132, RNM-238 and RNM-293). It is a contribution to the Research Center in Historical, Cultural and Natural Heritage (CIPHCN) of the University of Huelva

A multidisciplinar analysis of sediments collected in diferent environments of the Doñana National Park (Guadalquivir estuary, SW Spain) provides an overview of the textural, mineralogical and physico-chemical parameters that control the distribution of benthic foraminiferal tests in this Biosphere Reserve. These microorganisms are absent in the fne quartzitic sands that constitute the substrate of temporary ponds with brief hydroperiods located in the dune systems and spits, as well as in other ponds with low conductivities or hypersaline conditions located in the inner marshlands or near the Guadalquivir river banks. Dead benthic foraminifera are mainly found on phyllosilicate-rich, silty-clayey substrates. The taphonomic analysis of the main species (Ammonia tepida, Haynesina germanica, Trochammina infata, Entzia macrescens) points to its deposit in situ. Cluster analysis permits to delimitate six foraminiferal assemblages. Cluster II (A. tepida+H. germanica) is the dominant assemblage in the central ponds and the margins of the main channels, while cluster IV (T. infata+E. macrescens) is restricted to some ponds located on the high marsh and cluster VI (Ammonia beccarii+Quinqueloculina spp.) is abundant on external beaches. Tidal fuxes cause the transport of these last marine benthic species and some plaktonic forms both to the inner areas of the estuary and to these beaches. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Valencina (Seville, Spain) is one of the most important megalithic sites of the third millennium BCE in Western Europe. Among its most celebrated monuments are the tholoi of Montelirio, La Pastora, Matarrubilla, and Structure 10.042-10.049. Although sharing the same architectural tradition, these monuments were raised at different times of Valencina’s history and present important formal differences. In particular, the tholoi of La Pastora and Matarrubilla contrast with that of Montelirio in that they are devoid of artistic ornamentation such as paintings and engravings, showing instead an inordinate number of natural geological features. This study, focusing on La Pastora and Matarrubilla, offers an innovative approach to the notion of “megalithic art.” Firstly, these elements are characterized and classified and their natural origin established. Thus, the calcareous sandstone blocks dated from the Tertiary reveal structures on their surfaces generated by biological (bioturbation) and physical (by currents) processes during the Neogene. The surfaces of certain slabs of identical lithology at La Pastora experienced more recent intense marine bioerosion and bioconstructions in the form of Ostrea preserved to this date. Secondly, we emphasize the choice of different rock types following a certain pattern or serving to highlight a particular constructive element. In sum, all the natural elements bear highly aesthetic qualities and appear to have been deliberately chosen to highlight specific decorative or symbolic aspects. As a result, we suggest that future research on “megalithic art” should include analogous geological examinations in order to discern the origin and nature of the different elements.

This paper investigates the paleoenvironmental evolution of a core extracted in the middle sector of the Tinto River estuary, SW Spain, one of the most polluted areas in the world due to mining over thousands of years (>4 kyr BP) and recent industrial discharges. This evolution includes alluvial sands (>6.4 cal kyr BP), bioclastic sands and silts deposited in subtidal and intertidal channels during and after the Holocene transgression maximum (6.4-4.3 cal kyr BP), the sedimentation of clayey-sandy silts in low and high marshes during the last 2.4 kyr BP and a final anthropic filling. Three sharp peaks of pollution have been detected, representing a) a natural origin during the Holocene transgression; b) the impact of the first mining activities (~4.5 cal kyr BP); and c) the effect of industrial discharge and a new period of mining activity throughout the 19th and 20th centuries. Foraminifera, ostracods and molluscs disappeared during these last two peaks., Este trabajo investiga la evolución paleoambiental inferida a partir del estudio de un testigo extraído en el sector medio del estuario del río Tinto (SO de España), una de las zonas más contaminadas del mundo por actividades mineras milenarias (>4 kyr BP) y descargas industriales recientes. Esta evolución incluye arenas aluviales (>6.4 cal kyr BP), arenas bioclásticas y limos depositados en canales submareales e intermareales durante y después del máximo transgresivo holoceno (6.4-4.3 cal kyr BP), la sedimentación de limos arcillosos-arenosos marismeños durante los últimos 2.4 kyr BP y un relleno antrópico final. Se han detectado tres picos de contaminación, que proceden de: a) un origen natural durante el máximo transgresivo holoceno; b) el impacto de las primeras actividades mineras (~ 4.5 kyr BP); y c) el efecto conjunto de los vertidos industriales y un nuevo período de actividad minera durante los siglos XIX y XX. Los foraminíferos, ostrácodos y moluscos desaparecieron durante estos dos últimos picos.

In most cases, feeding problems in young children are mild and of no consequence. However, it is one of the situations that generate more anxiety in parents and can lead them to incorrect feeding patterns. We present the case of a 20-month-old male child who came to the emergency room with a pathological elevation of alkaline phosphatase secondary to an error in his dietary pattern.

Tracks and trackways of newborns, calves and juveniles attributed to straight-tusked elephants were found in the MIS 5 site (Upper Pleistocene) known as the Matalascañas Trampled Surface (MTS) at Huelva, SW Spain. Evidence of a snapshot of social behaviour, especially parental care, can be determined from the concentration of elephant tracks and trackways, and especially from apparently contemporaneous converging trackways, of small juvenile and larger, presumably young adult female tracks. The size frequency of the tracks enabled us to infer body mass and age distribution of the animals that crossed the MTS. Comparisons of the MTS demographic frequency with the morphology of the fore- and hind limbs of extant and fossil proboscideans shed light into the reproductive ecology of the straight-tusked elephant, Palaeloxodon antiquus. The interdune pond habitat appeared to have been an important water and food resource for matriarchal herds of straight-tusked elephants and likely functioned as a reproductive habitat, with only the rare presence of adult and older males in the MTS. The preservation of this track record in across a paleosol surface, although heavily trampled by different animals, including Neanderthals, over a short time frame, permitted an exceptional view into short-term intraspecific trophic interactions occurring in the Last Interglacial coastal habitat. Therefore, it is hypothesized that Neanderthals visited MTS for hunting or scavenging on weakened or dead elephants, and more likely calves. Research was possible thanks to the Delegaciones territoriales de Huelva, Consejería de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y Desarrollo Sostenible and Consejería de Cultura (Junta de Andalucía), Servicio de Geodiversidad y Bio-diversidad (Dirección General de Medio Natural, Biodiversidad y Espacios Protegidos) and The National Park of Doñana. Thanks to Juan Jose Negro for several photos provided and Ramón López Romero during fieldwork. This work has been supported by the Research Groups RNM-293 and RNM-238, University of Huelva & Junta de Andalucía, and by the Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia, (with FEDER and COMPETE 2020 funds) under the project UIDB/MAR/04292/2020 (MARE — Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre). CNC would like to thank the financial support from the Câmara Municipal de Odemira. This work also received institutional support from the Naturtejo, E.I.M. (Naturtejo UNESCO Global Geopark). We would like to thank to all the colleagues who have collaborated in the field campaigns. The authors extend their warm appreciation to the Editorial Board member Matteo Belvedere and the reviewers Lara Sciscio and an anonymous that helped to significantly improve the present paper.