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We examine correlations between the receipt of remittances from internal migrants and human capital investment in rural areas of India. We employ a propensity score matching approach to account for the selectivity of households into receiving remittances. We find a positive correlation between remittances received from internal migrants and the schooling attendance of teens. The magnitude of the correlation is greater when focusing on low-caste households, and male schooling attendance in particular becomes more positive and statistically significant. Our findings provide a basis for establishing future research in the areas of migration and social protection in India. (JEL O15, J24, R23), I. INTRODUCTION India's migration rate is on the rise (from 27.4% in 1991 to 30% of the population in 2001), where employment is the secondary motivation to marriage (Deshingkar 2006). [...]

Longitudinal data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics are used to examine patterns and determinants of migration into neighborhoods of varying racial and ethnic composition. Consistent with spatial assimilation theory, higher income and education facilitate moving into neighborhoods containing proportionally more non-Hispanic whites and, among Latinos, the native-born move to 'more Anglo' neighborhoods than immigrants. Consistent with place stratification theory, blacks move to neighborhoods with significantly fewer Anglos than do comparable Latinos, and the effect of income on migration into more Anglo neighborhoods is stronger for most minority groups than for Anglos. Latinos differ only slightly from Anglos in their migration into neighborhoods with large black populations, and blacks do not differ from Anglos in their migration into neighborhoods with large Latino populations., Justified by the pernicious consequences of residing in predominantly minority or otherwise disadvantaged urban communities, the patterns and determinants of residential segregation among U.S. racial and ethnic groups has been [...]

This research examines inter-regional migration patterns in the United States by native-born whites and blacks over the final four decades of the 20th century. Our primary research question is whether regional changes in the United States have made the South a more favorable destination than it once was, especially for blacks. Using samples of census data from 1970 to 2000, we analyze white/black differences in primary (an original move) and return migration to the South, as well as in the selectivity of migration. We observe increasing rates of black (compared to white) migration to the South. Additionally, patterns of selectivity within this growing black migration stream suggest that younger, more educated black women are an important component of this regional population shift., Introduction The late 20th century saw a massive influx of immigrants into the United States. This new population dynamic looms large in the U.S. public imagination, and has caught the [...]

It is found that flood exposure is the single most important factor in determining the decision to return 18 months after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, Louisiana. Those who experienced flooding and did not return had reduced earnings than other groups after analyzing the data from low-income parents who were mainly African American women.

Immigration's demographic consequences, including housing and social change and population model, are examined in northern twons in England using census data. Findings show that the dispersal of immigrant populations are affected by natural growth. Details on social equality, migration indicators and housing and service demand are discussed.

Philosophical mobility in metropolitan cities has long been identified by historians with the academic circuits of itinerant students and professors of philosophy, or with the travels of major Enlightenment figures. More recently, new works on cultures of mobility in the Old Regime have sought to establish the specificity of these learned practices. Between the seventeenth century and the Revolution, the movement of philosophers involved more than a simple intensification of circulation through the networks of the Republic of Letters. Philosophers, and among them natural philosophers, came to perceive urban territory as a space to be surveyed, measured, and dominated. The emergence of a new economy of knowledge in metropolitan centers fostered a new cultural geography that privileged sites of learning and disrupted traditional representations of the classical and monumental city. This changed nature of mobility among philosophers brought about a profound transformation in the identities of urban elites by making possible new ways of thinking about the city as traversed and appropriated space. The essay seeks to understand some of the effects of this mobility of the learned on Parisian identity. La mobilite philosophique dans les grandes villes a souvent ete identifiee dans l'historiographie aux circuits de la perigrinatio academica des etudiants et des professeurs de philosophie, ou aux deplacements des grandes figures des Lumieres. Plus recemment, de nouveaux travaux sur les cultures de la mobilite sous l'Ancien Regime ont tente de cerner la specificite de ces pratiques savantes. Entre le dix-septieme et la Revolution, les deplacements philosophiques ne s'intensifient pas simplement dans les reseaux longs de la Republique des lettres. Les philosophes, et parmi eux les scientifiques, concoivent le territoire urbain comme un espace a arpenter, mesurer et dominer. L'avenement d'une nouvelle economie des savoirs dans les metropoles favorise l'etablissement d'une geographie culturelle nouvelle qui privilegie les lieux de savoirs et bouleverse les representations traditionnelles de la ville classique et monumentale. La mobilite des philosophes change de nature et entraine une transformation profonde des identites urbaines des elites parisiennes en rendant possibles de nouvelles manieres de penser la ville comme espace parcouru et pratique. Cet article approfondit un certain nombre de ces effets de la mobilite savante sur l'identite parisienne.

Racial differences in wealth have often been thought to underlie racial differences in residential segregation and neighborhood attainment, but research supporting this claim is limited. The authors of this article use data from the 1989-2001 waves of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), in conjunction with tract-level decennial census data, to examine the effects of household and parental wealth on the migration of black and non-Hispanic white families between neighborhoods comprised of varying percentages of Anglos (i.e., non-Hispanic whites). They find generally modest effects of wealth on these patterns of inter-neighborhood migration. Consistent with one version of the place-stratification model of locational attainment, the effects of both household and parental wealth are stronger among blacks than among non-Hispanic whites, with the sharpest racial difference emerging among renters. Racial differences in household and parental wealth, however, can account for only a trivial portion of the pronounced racial difference in migration into neighborhoods containing larger percentages of Anglo residents. The authors conclude that explanations for the racially stratified interneighborhood migration streams that underlie and reinforce black-Anglo residential segregation will need to look beyond the influence of wealth and other socioeconomic resources.

Research on internal migration in Poland provides mixed support for a switching rather than a linear model, with known separation criterion. Data are drawn from data gathered between 1995 and 2000.

Research confirms convergent developments for both West-East and East-West migration in Germany during the 1990s and for the phenomenon of suburbanization; however, divergence was renewed during the late 1990s.

Research on internal migration in the United Kingdom does not support the conventional notion that a short-distance adjustment move following a long-distance move is the common experience. Findings also show that mobility and migration are embedded in the life-course decision-making complex.

Research on internal migration in Estonia during the nation's transitional period, from 1989 to 1994, shows that personal determinants such as employment status, age and ethnic origin influence migration behavior. Findings show a potential trend toward ethnic segregation and social polarization as a result.

Research on US urban-rural migration indicates that residents are more satisfied overall with their move to a rural location, but this differs across age groups and other demographic/social characteristics. The key significant variable for the prediction of residential satisfaction is tenure shift.

Research indicates that employee relocation is decreasing compared to other forms of employment-linked geographic mobility, but has not yet become redundant.

On the assumption that poor people migrate to obtain better welfare benefits, the magnet hypothesis predicts that a state's poverty rate increases when its welfare benefit rises faster than benefits in surrounding states. The benefit competition hypothesis proposes that states lower welfare benefits to avoid attracting the poor from neighboring states. Previous investigations, which yield support for these propositions, suffer from weaknesses in model specification and methodology. We correct these deficiencies in a simultaneous equation model including a state's poverty rate and its benefit level for AFDC (Aid to Families with Dependent Children) as endogenous variables. We estimate the model using pooled annual data for the American states from 1960 to 1990 and find that a state's poverty rate does not jump significantly when its welfare payments outpace benefits in neighboring states. Furthermore, there is no evidence of vigorous benefit competition among states: states respond to decreases in neighboring states' welfare benefits with only small adjustments in their own.

Geographically mobile populations are notoriously difficult to survey, especially in a cross-cultural context. In broad terms, it is difficult to ensure that respondents are representative of the underlying population, can be relocated, and that data obtained are relevant to them. At a practical level, the problem can be as basic as not having any well-formed notion of what defines a household. Consequently, the resulting analysis of households is at best imprecise and, at worst, conceptually confused. This article documents the lessons for the design and conduct of longitudinal data collection from three recent surveys of an exceptionally mobile population, Indigenous Australians. There appears to be a trade-off between cultural relevance, data quality, response rates and survey costs. The use of Indigenous interviewers does not, in itself, guarantee that response rates will be acceptable.

Southern blacks and whites began moving to northern and western cities in large numbers during the second decade of the twentieth century. City-level and ward-level data for 103 northern and western cities are used, along with the 1920 Public Use Microdata Sample, to investigate variation in neighborhood characteristics by race and migration history in 1920. The results of multi-level analyses reveal sharp differences between blacks and whites in the racial composition and quality of residential neighborhoods, even after controlling for a variety of sociodemographic characteristics. Regional origin also affects neighborhood outcomes, primarily because of the racial differences in the urban locations of southern migrants. Black migrants experienced a relative residential disadvantage because of their greater concentration in cities that constrained their residential opportunities. In contrast, white migrants selected destinations that enhanced their locational attainment. These findings highlight the importance of the larger social and economic context in the structuring of group differences in residential outcomes and point to the need for additional research into the selection of destinations by the participants in the Great Migration.

Research presented concerns Russia's seven-year decline in population, and the population dynamics of reproduction and migration. Topics addressed include the changes in population from 1951-95, the low birth rates and high mortality rates responsible for decline, the age breakdown of the population, and forecasts of population growth.

Migration, fertility and mortality have been studied in a New York State Old Order Amish community formed in 1948. The three factors were used to identify population structure. Amish households were compared to nearby households that were not Amish, which could be expected to have similar health risks. Data indicate that Amish under-use health care services, yet their death rates are 19% lower than the overall US rate for 1960. Factors that affected data were natural fertility, low infant mortality, migration to set up new communities when population density went up, and use of western biomedicine in selective, appropriate ways.

Estimated returns to schooling investments can be misleading if migration causes significant shifts in population distribution across time. Data gathered in rural Philippine communities show that the more educated and experienced individuals are more likely to outmigrate, causing a sample selection bias in the estimation of wage equations. The observed wages were then lower than the conditional population mean of an entire cohort residing originally in the area. Controlling for self-selection, the wage returns to schooling and experience were higher. Finally, the sample selectivity variable accounts substantially for the difference in the wages of men and women. Keywords: Human capital; Migration; Self-selection; Earnings function; Wage gender differentials

The relationship between migration experience and family patterns among residents of the North and West is examined for three time periods--1940, 1970, and 1990. In general, an inverse association is observed between duration of residence in the North or West and family stability among African Americans. Although selective return migration to the South contributes to this association, it can account for only a minor part of the variation in family patterns by migration history. It is concluded that there is no evidence to support previous assumptions that southern migrants carried a dysfunctional family culture with them to the North and West, and thereby destabilized the nonsouthern African American family. Rather, changes indigenous to the North and West were responsible, for example, structural changes in the economy or the emergence of an inner-city 'oppositional culture' that does not emphasize traditional family patterns or transitions., Social scientists have provided extensive documentation of the striking changes affecting Black family life in northern inner cities during recent decades. It is now widely acknowledged that Black women have [...]

In this paper, we examine the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of migration streams between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan areas for four different years over the period 1975-1993. During this period, there have been three shifts in the direction of net metro-nonmetro migration. Through nonmetro net in-migration, the 'nonmetropolitan turnaround' of the 1970s reversed historical patterns of nonmetro loss of human resources, with gains and increased retention of the young and better-educated. The 1980s, however, again saw net-migration loss, including large shifts from gain to loss, especially among the young and better-educated and for workers in white collar occupations. In the 1990s, the overall pattern is again one of nonmetro net-migration gain or reduced loss, with the greatest increases among those higher status groups which experienced the greatest declines during the 1980s. The latest pattern is due largely to increased population retention, whereas previous research has shown the migration turnaround of the 1970s was due about equally to increasing retention and in-migration.

Assignment of administrative positions in a sample of rural towns is demonstrated to be significantly associated with gender. Most civil administrators are women, while most legal and educational administrators are men. The difference indicates structural assignment of positions by gender. Gender and administrative position are demonstrated to have zero-order correlations with perceptions of two important behaviors for community: migration and social problems. The characteristics of the occupation and of the administrators are qualitatively different. The data are compiled from interviews with seventy administrators in five pairs of small towns in Montana, ranging in size from about 200 to approximately 7,000 residents. Each pair contains one agricultural and one scenic recreational town. Comparatively, more women were employed in agricultural towns. Many rural women who become administrators, particularly long-term administrators, may be selected for reasons that help preserve the community by providing opportunities for themselves and their families.

In the 1950s and 1960s the Israeli government did not let market forces absorb the immigrants, disperse them spatially and find them jobs. 'Planning from above' dominated immigrant absorption. The absorption of the immigrants from the former Soviet Union in the past five years is marked by a completely new policy conception, known in Israel as 'direct absorption'. The Israeli government decided to replace its strategy of intervention from above with a strategy of absorption by market forces. The objective of the present study is to examine the spatial results of this policy, by looking at the geographical distribution of immigrants from the former Soviet Union in Israel, while distinguishing between the geographical distribution of supply of housing for immigrants (the public sector versus the private sector) and the geographical distribution of demand, which is manifested in the immigrants' initial place of settlement and their redistribution by means of internal migration., 1. Introduction Between the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948 and the year 1994, approximately 2 400 000 immigrants arrived in Israel, including 600 000 - most of [...]

A model of spatial interaction within a set of towns is designed by the formation of a system where the spatial structure is created by the designation of a transition probability matrix. The framework is composed of four important parameters: absorption, step, distance deterrence and alpha. The resulting framework is then utilized to evaluate specific interaction problems by evaluating its effects on population increase and mobility flows within the region.

The migratory behavior of aged people during the 1980s is related to their age, income and education. The younger section and affluent aged tend to migrate more often than the older aged. Individuals between 55 and 64 years of age, move more frequently and over longer distances. The younger group's migration is linked to a search for economic advantages, and older one's to a need for social support. Married people migrate less often, probably due to family ties. The younger aged that are poorly educated are the least likely to migrate while those in the older group are the most likely to migrate.

Migration, instead of infanticide, caused the stagnant population growth in Japan during the eighteenth and the early nineteenth century. Japanese wives were left alone when their husbands migrated from their homes to get better economic returns from work. The frequency of conjugal unions was reduced significantly due to work related migration, which negatively influenced population growth. The multiple components of demography worked together to make growth stagnant. Simplistic explanations based on mortality or fertility fail to explain the phenomenon.

In order to study geographical mobility at the end of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth century, we construct the biography of two cohorts of individuals born in the villages of Chezery and Forens during the periods 1871-1880 and 1901-1910. We seek to define the boundaries of emigration from that area and look for successive migrations. Movers are identified in the census schedules of a set of 580 communes surrounding the place of birth. Migration is studied according to sex, age, familial history and individual activity; and the features of movers and stayers are compared., In many European countries there were vast migrations towards the end of the nineteenth century. Individuals and families have moved throughout history, but migration played a dominant part during that [...]

A study of the internal migration pattern of the US shows that in the 1980s, there was a lot of 'uncompensated' migration without specific patterns, unlike that of the 1960s and the 1970s. Out-migration prevailed in states with a large energy sector while in-migration continued in states in the sunbelt including Arizona and Nevada. States with positive changes in demographic effectiveness had the lowest migration levels.

Introduction 'When a man is tired of London he is tired of life; for there is in London all that life can afford.' Samuel Johnson's familiar quotation of 1777 aptly [...]

An examination of household movement into census tracts in the Chicago area shows less white movement into racially mixed tracts in 1960 and 1970, when black populations were increasing at higher rates. In 1980, whites moved into racially mixed tracts in numbers nearly sufficient to maintain racial stability. A simulation model of neighborhood racial change further shows that variation in the racial composition of in-movers may have resulted from differences in overall black population change.

A study was conducted comparing the age, sex and marital status of those who changed residence in 12 developed countries in 1980-81. In this period the percentage of population changing residences varied from a high of 19% for New Zealand to 6% for Ireland. Mobility was found to be high for US children and for people in their twenties. Mobility dipped with increasing age until advanced age when it increased slightly for movements over short distances. Marital status and sex do not correlate straightforwardly with mobility across countries. To explain this requires consideration of life-style variables.

This paper argues that the changing age composition of the nation's population has contributed significantly to recent major shifts in U.S. interregional migration. During the 1970s, the large baby-boom generation came of age, and the net outflow of population from the Northeast and Midwest regions to the South and West regions increased precipitously, with net migration between these regions reaching a level in 1975-80 approximately three times greater than in 1955-60 or 1965-70. To clarify the different ways that age-composition change has influenced such recent trends, three hypotheses are explored using a spatial shift-share decomposition model. The model first demonstrates that the significantly larger cohorts of the baby boom generation supplied a basis for the 1970s migration shifts, but the geography of the baby boom does not, by itself, provide a sufficient explanation. Secondly, it discloses notable changes in age-specific mobility rates consistent with economic theories about the repercussions of disparities in the sizes of successive generations. Although the implications for regional population growth or decline of these mobility effects are significant, particularly in suggesting a reason for the slowing of movement out of the South, the paper argues that the largest contribution of age-composition change is expressed in a third way, termed a geographic distribution effect. I suggest that heightened demographic effectiveness of channels of population interchange has resulted from the differential abilities of regional labor markets to accommodate the labor-supply pressure caused by members of the baby boom generation seeking entry-level jobs.

We examined return migrants age 60+ and argue from a regional analysis of their population characteristics that they fall into two primary type of movers: provincial return migrants. When profiled as a whole, using 1980 census microdata, return migrants are older and more residentially dependent than nonreturn migrants. However, when regional variations are considered, this generalization breaks down. Perhaps return to one's state of birth is overemphasized in discussions of counterstream migration. Provincial return migration seems strongest in the South, with an interesting racial twist, and counterstream return migration seems strongest in the Northeast. Conceivably it is not a return to one's state of birth that is at issue among counterstream migrants, but rather a return from a Sunbelt retirement move to an earlier place of residence, regardless of whether one was born there.

US regional and state migration data from the 1940s-80s, when members of the baby boom generation aged into their years of peak labor force mobility, suggest ways in which changing age composition regulates geographical mobility and interregional migration. Labor supply pressure plays a key role in the dynamics of the national migration system. A 'delayed mobility' effect in the 1980s similar to the delayed fertility of the baby boom cohorts appears to be a result of the depressed rates of mobility experienced by members of this generation when they flooded regional labor markets with record numbers of entrants in the 1970s. Recent temporal shifts in age-specific volumes of interregional migration help predict the future place of migration based upon the projected age distribution of the nation. Key Words: migration, geographic mobility, age composition, baby boom.

Studies of migration patterns in national peripheries of countries do not distinguish between different population groups in these regions. The present study examines spatial patterns of Arab and Jewish populations in Israel's national periphery. The migration trends of Arabs and Jews in the northern national periphery (the Galilee) are compared with those of the southern national periphery (the Negev). The Arab and Jewish populations within these areas show different spatial patterns of migration: in both the northern and the southern peripheries, Jews tend to migrant from the periphery to the core, while Arabs tend to migrate within the periphery. These differences increase the ratio of Arabs to Jews in both regions. The findings suggest that researchers should examine subregions and subgroups when studying migration patterns. Key Words: migration, Jews, Arabs, Israel.

Within the United States, population flows of the elderly seem to occur primarily from northern regions to the Sunbelt states, and when elders move, they usually choose a similar area (for example, from a rural area to a rural area). However, these assumptions apply primarily to the white population; migration of the elderly Hispanic population has not been systematically studied. Due to its rapid growth, almost total concentration in nine states, and sociocultural characteristics, the Hispanic population is becoming increasingly important in the US. Using 1980 US Census data, the migration patterns of older Hispanics to and within the US were evaluated. The review focused on Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban, and other Hispanic groups. Four assumptions were addressed: 1. since the current Hispanic population is quite youthful, growth of the elderly Hispanic population has increased by migration from abroad; 2. elderly migration has been primarily limited to the states that already have a high proportion of Hispanics; 3. most elderly immigrants live with relatives; and 4. compared with other Hispanic groups, Mexican-Americans have a high rate of returning to their US state of birth. These four hypotheses were generally supported by the research findings. Fifty-five percent of older Hispanics immigrate to the US from abroad, and this influences many of the other features of elderly Hispanic migration. Cubans were most likely to immigrate, probably due to economic reasons and the ease of obtaining political asylum in the US. Florida was the major destination of elderly Hispanic immigrants, with a gain of almost 25,000 older Hispanics, while California and other states had much smaller net gains. Specific patterns of migration were observed for each subgroup of Hispanics. Living arrangements for elderly Hispanics were not always tied to the family, and tended to depend on the amount of time the elders had resided in the US. The results demonstrate that the migration of elderly Hispanics differs from generally accepted patterns and deserves further study. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Comparison of Nowegian 'linked' decennial census data with statistics compiled from 10 years' migration registrations showed that the amount of movement omitted by census data was considerable. This hidden movement was of a similar order at every administrative level, but only when total movement was considered. There was wide variation between regions, migration directions, and streams. In some cases census data misrepresented the direction of net movement. Available evidence suggests that these patterns are not confined to Norway, raising the possibility that research findings based on census-derived migration data may merely be artifacts of the data.