15 results on '"Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history"'
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2. Visualization of biological macromolecules at near-atomic resolution: cryo-electron microscopy comes of age.
- Author
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Mitra AK
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Bibliometrics, Cryoelectron Microscopy history, Cryoelectron Microscopy instrumentation, Crystallography, X-Ray history, Crystallography, X-Ray instrumentation, Crystallography, X-Ray methods, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted statistics & numerical data, Imaging, Three-Dimensional instrumentation, Macromolecular Substances chemistry, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission instrumentation, Specimen Handling instrumentation, Specimen Handling methods, Vitrification, Cryoelectron Microscopy methods, Equipment Design history, Imaging, Three-Dimensional methods, Macromolecular Substances ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission methods
- Abstract
Structural biology is going through a revolution as a result of transformational advances in the field of cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) driven by the development of direct electron detectors and ultrastable electron microscopes. High-resolution cryo-EM images of isolated biomolecules (single particles) suspended in a thin layer of vitrified buffer are subjected to powerful image-processing algorithms, enabling near-atomic resolution structures to be determined in unprecedented numbers. Prior to these advances, electron crystallography of two-dimensional crystals and helical assemblies of proteins had established the feasibility of atomic resolution structure determination using cryo-EM. Atomic resolution single-particle analysis, without the need for crystals, now promises to resolve problems in structural biology that were intractable just a few years ago.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: cryo-EM comes of age.
- Author
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Shen PS
- Subjects
- Animals, Cryoelectron Microscopy history, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission methods, Models, Molecular, Proteins ultrastructure, Ribosomes ultrastructure, Cryoelectron Microscopy methods, Nobel Prize
- Abstract
The 2017 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson for "developing cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution." This feature article summarizes some of the major achievements leading to the development of cryo-EM and recent technological breakthroughs that have transformed the method into a mainstream tool for structure determination.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Early studies of placental ultrastructure by electron microscopy.
- Author
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Carter AM and Enders AC
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Guinea Pigs, History, 20th Century, Humans, Maternal-Fetal Exchange, Microvilli ultrastructure, Pregnancy, Rabbits, Rats, Yolk Sac ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Placenta ultrastructure
- Abstract
Background: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was first applied to study placental ultrastructure in the 1950's. We review those early studies and mention the scientists that employed or encouraged the use of TEM., Findings: Among the pioneers Edward W. Dempsey was a key figure who attracted many other scientists to Washington University in St. Louis. Work on human placental ultrastructure was initiated at Cambridge and Kyoto whilst domestic animals were initially studied by Björkman in Stockholm and electron micrographs of bat placenta were published by Wimsatt of Cornell University., Conclusions: Prior to the introduction of better fixation techniques, TEM images were of modest technical quality. Nevertheless they gave important insights into placental ultrastructure, particularly the nature of the maternal-fetal interface., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Transmission electron microscopy in molecular structural biology: A historical survey.
- Author
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Harris JR
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission methods, Molecular Biology history, Molecular Biology methods
- Abstract
In this personal, historic account of macromolecular transmission electron microscopy (TEM), published data from the 1940s through to recent times is surveyed, within the context of the remarkable progress that has been achieved during this time period. The evolution of present day molecular structural biology is described in relation to the associated biological disciplines. The contribution of numerous electron microscope pioneers to the development of the subject is discussed. The principal techniques for TEM specimen preparation, thin sectioning, metal shadowing, negative staining and plunge-freezing (vitrification) of thin aqueous samples are described, with a selection of published images to emphasise the virtues of each method. The development of digital image analysis and 3D reconstruction is described in detail as applied to electron crystallography and reconstructions from helical structures, 2D membrane crystals as well as single particle 3D reconstruction of icosahedral viruses and macromolecules. The on-going development of new software, algorithms and approaches is highlighted before specific examples of the historical progress of the structural biology of proteins and viruses are presented., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Assessing actin's growth rate.
- Author
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Short B
- Subjects
- Actin Cytoskeleton metabolism, Actins history, Actins metabolism, Animals, History, 20th Century, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Actin Cytoskeleton chemistry, Actin Cytoskeleton ultrastructure, Actins chemistry
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. A distinguished trio, introduction to the Saxton-Smith-Van Dyck 65th-birthday issue.
- Author
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Hawkes PW
- Subjects
- Computer Simulation, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Holography history, Holography methods, Humans, Microscopy, Electron methods, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission methods, Optics and Photonics methods, Microscopy, Electron history
- Abstract
The careers in the theory and practice of electron microscopy of W.O. Saxton, D. Van Dyck and D.J. Smith are sketched briefly, with a small sample of their publications., (© 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Remembrance of Hugh E. Huxley, a founder of our field.
- Author
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Pollard TD and Goldman YE
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission methods, Muscle Contraction physiology, United Kingdom, X-Ray Diffraction methods, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, X-Ray Diffraction history
- Abstract
Hugh E. Huxley (1924-2013) carried out structural studies by X-ray fiber diffraction and electron microscopy that established how muscle contracts. Huxley's sliding filament mechanism with an ATPase motor protein taking steps along an actin filament, established the paradigm not only for muscle contraction but also for other motile systems using actin and unconventional myosins, microtubules and dynein and microtubules and kinesin., (Copyright © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. [The rise and fall of pathology techniques].
- Author
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van den Tweel JG and van Diest PJ
- Subjects
- Genomics history, History, 19th Century, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Humans, Immunohistochemistry history, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Netherlands, Staining and Labeling history, Pathology history
- Abstract
For the past 150 years the most constant factor in the pathologist's histopathological diagnostic work-up has been haematoxylin staining. This technique, in combination with later additional staining techniques, determined knowledge on a cellular level for a long time. The invention of the transmission electron microscope added an ultrastructural dimension, and for many decennia in the middle of the twentieth century this was an important diagnostic tool. Enzyme histochemistry and morphometry came next, but these techniques never really became important as they were largely overtaken by immunohistochemistry and molecular diagnostics. These, in their turn, will face competition from proteomics and other forms of genomics. It seems likely that the trusty light microscope will lose out to digital microscopy, which is developing rapidly and offers the possibility to make a diagnosis at a distance. Pathology will continue to be a specialty on the move.
- Published
- 2011
10. Development of electron holography. Foreword.
- Author
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Lehmann M
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Electron Microscope Tomography history, Holography history, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. What transmission electron microscopes can visualize now and in the future.
- Author
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Müller SA, Aebi U, and Engel A
- Subjects
- Computing Methodologies, Forecasting, Freezing, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Macromolecular Substances chemistry, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission trends, Proteins chemistry, Specimen Handling methods, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission methods
- Abstract
Our review concentrates on the progress made in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in the past decade. This includes significant improvements in sample preparation by quick-freezing aimed at preserving the specimen in a close-to-native state in the high vacuum of the microscope. Following advances in cold stage and TEM vacuum technology systems, the observation of native, frozen hydrated specimens has become a widely used approach. It fostered the development of computer guided, fully automated low-dose data acquisition systems allowing matched pairs of images and diffraction patterns to be recorded for electron crystallography, and the collection of entire tilt-series for electron tomography. To achieve optimal information transfer to atomic resolution, field emission electron guns combined with acceleration voltages of 200-300 kV are now routinely used. The outcome of these advances is illustrated by the atomic structure of mammalian aquaporin-O and by the pore-forming bacterial cytotoxin ClyA resolved to 12 A. Further, the Yersinia injectisome needle, a bacterial pseudopilus and the binding of phalloidin to muscle actin filaments were chosen to document the advantage of the high contrast offered by dedicated scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and/or the STEM's ability to measure the mass of protein complexes and directly link this to their shape. Continued progress emerging from leading research laboratories and microscope manufacturers will eventually enable us to determine the proteome of a single cell by electron tomography, and to more routinely solve the atomic structure of membrane proteins by electron crystallography.
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. On dentinal innervation.
- Author
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Landini G
- Subjects
- Dentin ultrastructure, History, 20th Century, Humans, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Nerve Fibers ultrastructure, Odontoblasts ultrastructure, Dentin innervation, Nerve Fibers physiology, Odontoblasts physiology
- Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Concepts, facts and artifacts in electron microscopy.
- Author
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Sjöstrand FS
- Subjects
- Adenosine Diphosphate physiology, Adenosine Triphosphate biosynthesis, Animals, Cell Respiration physiology, Cytoplasm chemistry, Cytoplasm ultrastructure, Freeze Fracturing methods, History, 20th Century, Humans, Intracellular Membranes enzymology, Macular Degeneration pathology, Macular Degeneration physiopathology, Mitochondria enzymology, Multienzyme Complexes physiology, Neurons, Afferent physiology, Neurons, Afferent ultrastructure, Phosphorylation, Photoreceptor Cells physiology, Photoreceptor Cells ultrastructure, Ribonucleoproteins analysis, Ribonucleoproteins ultrastructure, Synapses physiology, Synapses ultrastructure, Artifacts, Intracellular Membranes ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission methods, Mitochondria ultrastructure, Multienzyme Complexes ultrastructure
- Abstract
This communication illustrates how the electron microscope has contributed to biochemistry by revealing how multienzyme systems in mitochondria are structurally organized to secure high speed ATP synthesis and has extended physiology to the molecular level. Ribonucleoprotein complexes form a gel in the cytoplasm determining the conditions for translation... Photoreceptor stimulation involves two phases, trapping of light by a light reflecting cylinder formed by the outer segment disks and energy transduction by bleaching of photopigment molecules changing the charge of the outer segment disks driving the photoreceptor toward hyperpolarization. Revealing the synaptic connections between retinal neurons extends neurophysiology to the level of information processing by neural circuits, which are designed for high speed processing. Spatial brightness contrast enhancement is eliminated in connection with macular degeneration, which leads to partial blindness, revealing the importance of contrast enhancement for vision.
- Published
- 2005
14. The submicroscopic morphology of protoplasm. 1956.
- Author
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Porter KR
- Subjects
- History, 20th Century, United States, Anatomy history, Cytoplasm ultrastructure, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history
- Published
- 2005
15. Defining gap junctions.
- Author
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Wells WA and Bonetta L
- Subjects
- Cell Membrane physiology, Gap Junctions physiology, History, 20th Century, Microscopy, Electron, Transmission history, Cell Communication physiology, Cell Membrane ultrastructure, Gap Junctions ultrastructure
- Published
- 2005
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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