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Lexicon is the ensemble of words and elements that either make up a language or a part of it, or the language used by an author. It is the sum total of the knowledge of a community or individual and expresses their work of conceptual creation. Lexicology is the study of the structure and history of the lexicon. Finally, comparative lexicology is a branch of linguistics which, based on a certain idea, examines the ways in which it has been expressed in several languages. This article will focus on a study of how Le Corbusier’s lexicon was expressed in Argentina.

The goal of this work is to test the possibility of designing robots and/or robotized system that are specifically dedicated to the field of cultural heritage and particularly to historical architecture. At the moment, our research is in the final stage of design of a robot, with activity that is carried out by the two LARM and RADET laboratories, with a continuous review of the needs that arise from the architectural application and from mechanical and mechatronic design. Preliminary activity in Architecture Survey has been carried out at locale frame in Cassino with a construction of a very preliminary prototype and basic simulation experiences that were directed to the possibility to inspect and study the original cosmatesque Middle Ages pavement of Montecassino cathedral that is beneath the current pavement in a closed space with no air and no light. The mediaeval floor of Montecassino is an emblematic example of the interest and potentialities of using robotic systems in Architecture Survey, since it requires in-depth study to improve knowledge of the pavement that is not yet fully known. It is also necessary to further study the related documentation and analysis techniques for the safeguard and conservation of stone surfaces and ancient basilica of Montecassino, which lies hidden as enigmatic architectonic good beneath the current basilica.

The paper describes a project for the understanding of Cultural Heritage, through experimental procedures that can provide scientifically measurable results. The project, called HeGo (HeritageGo), provides for the creation of a model of social and participatory interaction applied to surveys in archaeological, architectural and urban contexts. The procedure is structured principally around the voluntary participation of various “players/users” (tourists, students, ordinary citizens, cultural associations, etc.). The key elements of the project are a specially designed App and a “Totem/Target” to be strategically placed near the site to be studied. They will allow metrically reliable processing, exploiting the potential of Structure From Motion (SFM) procedures. The direct participation of the players in the acquisition process, through recourse to the logic of gamification, is an innovative and easy-to-use procedure, which can stimulate the knowledge and evaluation of the Cultural Heritage of our country. The final objective is the constitution of a scientifically validated Database, obtained through the contribution provided, in the context of a “social game”, by the participation of users who are not necessarily - technically or scientifically - experts, transforming them into an active part of the process. The system opens up new perspectives for the knowledge and assessment of the Cultural Heritage, both in terms of involvement of players/users and in terms of cost savings with respect to the standard survey methods. In particular, the procedure of the HeGo project was checked in a small historic centre, limiting the area of interest to several monuments.

This chapter intends to present the MuseBot system as the result of multidisciplinary research, underway at the University of Cassino and Southern Latium, which focuses on the use of robots for visiting a museum during closing time. During the visit the visitor, connected to the robot through a home computer, smartphone or tablet can control and “drive” the device through the halls of the museum. During the virtual tour the visitor, focusing and viewing the various works on display can get a simple view or an extended examination of the work that he/she is looking at, through a specially prepared multimedia database.

This chapter describes the documentation and valorization of a special architectural heritage: the WW2 Cemeteries in Cassino & Montecassino territory. This is for the purpose of preserving and transmitting the memories of different people. Even today, these cemeteries are maintained by Polish, English, German, French and Italian governments and visited by many people of various nationalities. Our research is orientated to not only celebrate the sacrifice and identity of the soldiers who lost their lives in the war events, but also as a call for the reconciliation of peoples and the construction of a culture of peace. The cemeteries are studied by an architectonical point of view. Design aspects and aspects concerning the representation of projects are highlighted based on the documents found.

This article presents the Hego project (HeritageGo) which combine the logic of citizen science and aspects of gamification with the potential of the photogrammetric survey technique. A particular approach for the knowledge of small urban contexts, architectural and archaeological emergencies that conceive an innovative procedure for their valorisation and preservation, through the creation of a social interaction system applied to the survey, with the involvement of voluntary users / players (tourists, students, scholars, associations, etc.).

The paper is about the evolution of paper mills in relation to the technological evolution of machines and mechanism for the production of paper. Industrial production techniques is a theme that involves the building and its development. The principles, technology, and even cultural aspects were analyzed in this paper to define the relationship between industrial building and paper making evolution. A Modern documentation needs identified the potential of Industrial Archeology researches in the recent years. Many architects, archaeologists, conservationists, engineers document and purpose possible solution to manage Industrial Archeology structures. The latest years, there are many developments in the Industrial Archeology field. In this review article, following a brief historic background for the papermaking, the analysis of the development factors in the territory of South Lazio focusing also on the cultural background, and of changes in the layout of industrial buildings due to the development of faster and more efficient machinery and methods to produce paper. The conclusion focuses on the future perspective to manage Industrial Archeology.

This study aims to investigate the role played by Xu Guangqi (1562–1633), minister of the Ming Dynasty, in the development of European scientific and technical knowledge in China between the 16th and 17th centuries by analyzing a book of Western technology that he wrote, namely, Taixi Shuifa (On Western Hydraulics). Several Western books related to machine knowledge are searched to trace the source of the illustrations in Taixi Shuifa. We found that Archimedes’ screw and Ctesibius’ machine, which are included in Vitruvius’ De Architectura volumes, also appear in the work of Xu Guangqi.

This paper presents results of HeritageBot, a regional research project for developing a robotic platform to be used in Cultural Heritage frameworks. The design and a prototype of HBOT Platform for demo purposes is introduced with features of low-cost construction and user-oriented performance. The design requirements are presented for application in monitoring and working within frames for conservation of goods of Cultural Heritage with characteristics that are aimed for technological transfer and entrepreneurship plans.

The focus of this brief introduction is the common birth and parallel destiny of Descriptive Geometry and Mechanism Science. This argument will compare some scientists from the chosen period who can be considered of common interest between the two disciplines, devoting a chapter to each of them. And especially in this introductory chapter we will discuss four major personalities, one for Antiquity (Vitruvius), one for the Middle Ages (Villard de Honnecourt), one for the Renaissance (Filippo Brunelleschi), and finally one for the Baroque period (Giovanni Branca).

The aim of this chapter is focusing on experiences that combine an analysis on territorial, urban and architectural scale with computerized techniques of representation. These experiments (conducted in PRIN 2006 and 2008 national researches) had as focus the use and development of information systems to test their efficiency as an aid to analysis and survey of the Cultural Heritage, specially Urban and Architectural Heritage. Particularly, the aim of this chapter is focusing on experiences that combine an analysis on territorial, urban and architectural scale with computerized techniques of representation.

This paper presents considerations on the valuable contributions of Giuseppe Antonio Borgnis in the 19-th century developments on Mechanism Design in terms of representation of machine mechanical designs and terminology for the rising discipline on Theory of mechanisms.

Marcus Vitruvius Pollio was a Roman architect/engineer, who in his treatise “De Architectura” in I B.C. described in great detail design and operation of machines for civil engineering. The treatise is a comprehensive reference from Antiquity that, having been rediscovered during the Renaissance, was studied and reprinted both for its historical background and for technical inspiration. In this chapter the focus is on machine developments.

This paper is focused on machine designs of the Renaissance period through drawings reproducing Vitruvius’s machines from Book X of his De Architectura. The editions by Fra’ Giovanni Giocondo in 1513, Cesare Cesariano in 1521, and Daniele Barbaro in 1584 are used to analyze machine designs and drawings, both as an interpretation of Roman machines and inspiration for Renaissance designs.

This article aims to investigate the role played by various missionaries of the Society of Jesus in the development and spread of European scientific and mechanical knowledge in China between the XVIth and XVIIth centuries.

In this paper, a historical evolution of graphical representation of gear designs is reported as a short survey by using significant drawings bath in the history of gear systems and design standards. A graphical representation of gear systems has evolved from a pictorial illustration towards a synthetic drawing of functionality and characteristics of gears that is today summarised in international standards. Those standards as from ISO and Italian UNI codes are still based on graphical schematic representation of gear characteristics with pictorial representation for an intuitive understanding of an intuitive understanding of main features of gear designs. A historical study is focused on the last century practical application of this gear representative.

The paper describes the industry of the papermaking in the vicinity of the Benedictine Abbey in Montecassino (Italy). The focus is mainly on the factories that were supplied by hydraulic energy that was available in that area. The historical analysis of the papermakers in the area begins with a factory that was established in the town of Sant’Elia Fiumerapido by abbey monks in 1516. The plant was chosen because it was provided with a water mill that made the Abbey’s extensive ‘scriptorium’ independent of outside sources for the provision of suitable paper. Drawings of past plants at different scales have permitted us to analyze the historical and technical evolution of the papermaking in the specific area under the influence and supervision of the Montecassino Abbey. A specific analysis is carried out on the development of machines by observing their structure and operation, in conjunction with calling attention to recovering of the past needs for papermakers through the remains of their machinery.

Drawing of mechanisms is a fundamental tool for mechanical design and representation. In this paper a historical study on the evolution of representation of mechanisms has been carried out in order to establish the historic background and identify the progress over time. Investigating several authors has identified basic changes in the evolution of mechanism drawing, and a few examples are reported in this paper to stress the main concepts. The drawing of mechanisms has evolved from an intentionally incomplete representation to a naturalistic and pictorial view, then from concise sketches and kinematic diagrams to modern abstract graphic pictures. The development of mechanism drawing has been strongly linked with and affected by the evolution of knowledge in mechanical sciences and particularly mechanism design.

Aim of this work is to delineate history of automatas from antiquity to Middle Age by focusing the attention on two medieval authors: al Jazari and Villard de Honnecourt. The development of the work will be carry out by the analysis of drawings from ancient texts.