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The antioxidant ability of 80% ethanolic extract of nutmeg seed (NM80) was evaluated using in vitro assays and bulk oil and oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion matrices. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) cation radical scavenging, and oxygen radical antioxidant capacity (ORAC) in vitro assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant ability of the extract. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of 25, 50, 100, and 200 μg/mL NM80 were 12.5, 20.9, 35.1, and 62.8%, respectively, while the ABTS cation radical scavenging activities were 2.7, 6.5, 30.5, and 29.8%, respectively, demonstrating a dose-dependent effect. The ORAC value was significantly higher at an NM80 concentration of 25 μg/mL than the positive control (p

Anti-obesity effects of a mixture of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) and levan (PL, 6:4 w/w) were evaluated using C57BL/6 mouse models including normal diet (G1), normal diet containing 5% of PL (G2), high-fat diet (HFD) (G3), HFD with 3% of PL (G4), and HFD with 5% of PL (G5) and followed by breeding 12 weeks. After 12 weeks, the content of epididymal fat and the size of fat cell for test animals were significantly decreased by comparing G3 (p

Keratinocytes are the primary cell type in the epidermis and play an essential role in protecting the body against external insults. To investigate the modulatory potential of Korean red ginseng (KRG) on keratinocytes, we explored the possible mechanism underlying the promotion of keratinocyte migration. We determined the levels of TERT, HAS-2, SPTLC2, and CerS3 genes in HaCaT cells using qRT-PCR. In addition, changes in the levels of involucrin, filaggrin, and loricrin were measured using qRT-PCR and immunoblotting. Lastly, the keratinocyte migration promoting potential of KRG was determined using a cell migration assay and immunoblotting. KRG (100 and 200 μg/mL) treatment upregulated the telomerase reverse transcriptase gene independent of the UVB insult. KRG treatment upregulated the levels of HAS-2, SPTLC2, CerS3, and loricrin genes involved in the skin barrier function of keratinocytes. KRG promotes keratinocyte migration via NF-κB activation. KRG showed a direct modulatory effect on keratinocytes, and these modulatory functions may benefit skin health when KRG is used as a cosmeceutical or nutraceutical ingredient.

Distribution of aldehydes between headspace (HS) and inner matrix (IM) of bulk oil or oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion was determined and contents of aldehydes were compared with other oxidation parameters in soybean oil or O/W emulsion during 50 °C autoxidation. Bulk oil matrix had higher portion of IM aldehydes than O/W emulsion. HS aldehydes in O/W emulsion reflected aldehyde content better than in bulk oil. Moisture content in soybean oil increased distinctively before the generation of oxidation products including hydroperoxides and volatiles. HS aldehydes and other oxidation parameters were simultaneously increased in soybean oil. In case of O/W emulsion, HS aldehydes had a sudden increase point while lipid hydroperoxides and conjugated did not show such increase during autoxidation. HS aldehydes reflected oxidation stage better in O/W emulsion than in bulk oil based on partition distribution and linear changes during autoxidation.

An in vitro digestive system simulates the human digestive tract. This study aimed to evaluate antioxidant activity and oxidative stability of roasted buckwheat extracts after treatment with an in vitro digestive system. The buckwheat samples were subjected to the following roasting conditions: 180°C for 10 min, 180°C for 20 min, 200°C for 10 min, and 200°C for 20 min; ethanol extracts of the buckwheat samples were prepared after the in vitro digestive system treatment. Buckwheat samples roasted at 200°C for 10 min showed the highest in vitro antioxidant activities, including 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation radical-scavenging activity, and ferric-reducing antioxidant power. The total phenolics content of buckwheat roasted at 200°C for 10 min was 13.14 μmol tannic acid equivalent/g extract, while those of the samples subjected to the other roasting treatments ranged from 7.58 to 9.86 μmol tannic acid equivalent/g extract. Furthermore, the synthesis of primary and secondary oxidative products from corn oil containing 1,000 ppm buckwheat roasted at 200°C for 10 min decreased by 10% and 20%, significantly, compared to those in the control groups (p

Aim Nurses are pivotal in caring for patients infected with COVID‐19. Little is known about experiences of nurses in maternity care during the pandemic. Therefore, this study aimed to describe nurses’ experiences of caring for perinatal women and newborns during the pandemic. Design A descriptive qualitative study was conducted. Methods Data were collected from August–November 2020 using focus group and in‐depth interviews. A total of 24 nurses working in maternity and newborn care units participated in the study. Content analysis method was used for data analysis. Results The participants’ clinical experience ranged from 6 months–26 years. Three major themes emerged as follows: “making every effort to prevent COVID‐19 infection,” “caring for perinatal women and newborns with COVID‐19 infection or suspected infection” and “job stress and professional growth during the pandemic.” Participants reported that they needed more support in terms of staffing and mental health.

Reactivity of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical in methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, isooctane, and ethyl acetate, was evaluated to assess the antioxidant capabilities in medium chain triacylglycerol. DPPH loss values were obtained over 30 min, with sampling every 5 min. Even the same concentration of antioxidants showed different DPPH reactivity depending on solvent. In methanol, 5 min was enough for α-tocopherol to react with DPPH, whereas BHT did not react with DPPH even after 30 min. Gallate series showed higher DPPH reactivity than TBHQ, sesamol, or BHA in methanol, while lower reactivity in isooctane. Antioxidants in ethanol and isopropanol reacted with DPPH less efficiently compared to those in methanol, the exception being sesamol. DPPH reactivity of gallate series in isooctane was lower than that of sesamol, TBHQ, and α-tocopherol. Combinatorial usage of methanol and isooctane for DPPH reactivity could provide reliable information on the antioxidant capacities of chemicals in edible oils. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-020-00874-9.

Celery seeds were fractioned successively by organic solvents, and fractions were screened for their antioxidant properties. Metabolites of high antioxidative fractions were analyzed, and then anti-obesity properties and mechanisms of selected fractions were evaluated in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Celery seed ethanol extract (CSE) and celery seed ethyl acetate fraction (CSEA) possessed higher in vitro antioxidant properties, including radical scavenging and total phenolic content, than that of hexane, butanol, and water fractions. Total of 43 and 19 metabolites were identified from CSE and CSEA, respectively, by gas chromatography-mass selective detector. Isoferulic acid and p-coumaric acid were only found in CSEA. CSEA possessed higher anti-adipogenesis in the 3T3-L1 cells than CSE by decreasing adipogenic hormones, including leptin and adiponectin. Expression levels of adipocyte-related transcription factors and genes such as C/EBPα, PPARγ, aP2, and FAS decreased to comparable levels of control. CSEA could be used as a natural ingredient with antioxidant and anti-obesity functionality.

Molecular mobility of ascorbyl palmitate and α-tocopherol in the presence of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) were determined by NMR relaxation technique. Synergistic effects of DOPC on the antioxidative capacities of ascorbyl palmitate were evaluated in DPPH radical scavenging assay and bulk oil matrix. NMR relaxation technique can provide information on the mobility of protons. Molecular mobility of two protons in hydroxyl group of ascorbyl palmitate decreased by 85 and 78% in the presence of DOPC compared to those without DOPC. However, proton mobility of α-tocopherol increased by 41% when DOPC was present. DOPC significantly enhanced the DPPH reactivity in medium chain triacylglycerol, while this effect was not observed in α-tocopherol. Mixture of ascorbyl palmitate with DOPC showed synergistic antioxidant properties in corn oil at 60 °C. DOPC may make protons of ascorbyl palmitate in more rigid state, which can enhance hydrogen donating ability and antioxidant properties of ascorbyl palmitate in bulk oils.

Background There are no standard diagnostic criteria or interventions for internet gaming addiction (IGA) even though IGA is one of the most pervasive public health issues among youth worldwide. Internet gaming reasons or motivations have been studied as a potential predictor of IGA, but the results have been inconsistent and biological indicators of gaming reasons have rarely been studied. We sought to (1) identify categories of internet gaming reasons, (2) examine the relationship of gaming reasons to risk of IGA, and (3) describe biological indicators associated with reasons for gaming. Methods We used a multi-phase cross-sectional design including individual interviews; focus group discussion; and descriptive, comparative analysis. Fifteen Korean adolescent male internet gamers participated in individual interviews and eight participated in a focus group aimed at identifying reasons for internet gaming. Using the identified gaming reasons from these sources we surveyed 225 adolescent game users using a self-report questionnaire. Participants provided blood samples for assessment of norepinephrine (NE) and serum cortisol. Results We identified four major categories of internet gaming reasons: entertainment, getting along with friends, stress relief, and habitual gaming. The habitual group showed significantly greater risk of IGA than the other groups (p p = .035), possibly indicating an alteration in autonomic function. Conclusion Health care providers are encouraged to screen adolescents for excessive internet gaming and to intervene with those who report habitual gaming behaviors. When feasible, assessment of biological indicators, such as plasma NE, may help to identify youth at greatest risk of IGA.

When Bacillus subtilis NB-NUC1 associated with Cheonggukjang fermentation was aerobically grown in a synthetic medium containing 1 to 2% glycine (w/v), cell growth was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Subsequently, different concentrations of glycine (0, 1, and 2%) were used in Cheonggukjang fermentation for 96 h at 40 °C. Supplementation of 1% glycine increased extracellular γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTPase), responsible for the production of viscous substance. Based on correlation studies, we conclude that the production of viscous substance is correlated with viscous extension (r = 0.867), extracellular proteins contents (r = 0.821), and γ-GTPase activity (r = 0.807). The molecular weight of the viscous substance obtained during Cheonggukjang fermentation by B. subtilis NB-NUC1 was also affected by glycine supplementation. Our results demonstrate that glycine supplementation before solid-state fermentation may increase the mass production of mucilage in food industry.

Sprouting is one of the processing methods to enhance bioavailability of some nutrients of agricultural products. Soybeans were germinated for 6 days and soybean (SB), soybean sprout (SBS), cotyledon of soybean sprout (CSS), and hypocotyl and root of soybean sprout (HRSS) were collected. Isoflavone profiles and in vitro antioxidant activities of 80% ethanol extracts of samples were analyzed. In addition, oxidative stability of the extract was evaluated in corn oils heated at 100 °C. The hypocotyl and root part of soybean sprout contained significantly (P < 0.05) higher content of isoflavone aglycones than the cotyledon part of soybean sprout. Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radial and 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sul-fonic acid cation radical scavenging activities of SBS were 1.6 and 1.3 times higher than those of SB, respectively (P < 0.05), whereas those of CSS were 1.1 and 1.8 times higher than those of HRSS, respectively (P < 0.05). CSS had higher ORAC and FRAP values than others. High correlations between contents of total flavonoids and antioxidant activities were observed in all in vitro antioxidant assays. SBS, CSS, and HRSS had significantly higher oxidative stability than SB in 100 °C heated corn oil after 9 hr treatment (P < 0.05). Generally, 80% ethanol extract of CSS had high in vitro antioxidant properties whereas HRSS had high aglycone forms of isoflavones. Isoflavone aglycones may not be major ingredients providing antioxidant activities of soybean sprout. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Soybeans are important crops for the preparation of tofu, soymilk, and protein sources. Soybean sprout prepared by germinating soybean and growing for several days is one of important food materials used as daily diet in some countries. In this study, antioxidant activities of different parts of soybean sprouts were evaluated using in vitro methods and bulk oil model systems. In addition, isoflavone profiles of soybean sprouts were determined. Enhanced antioxidant activities of soybean sprouts may help consumers choose healthier foods and extend business areas of the soybean food industry.

Medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs), including caprylic acid (C8), a mixture of caprylic acid and capric acid (C8+C10), and high-MCT coconut oil (HMCO), were heated at 180°C. Their volatile profiles were analyzed to determine the MCT degradation mechanisms. As heating time increased to 10 h, secondary oxidation products and acid value of all samples increased continuously. Ketones, alkanes, fatty acid anions, fatty acid esters, and lactones were found in all heated MCTs. 2-Hexanone and heptane were detected in C8 after 2 h of heating, and 2-heptanone, heptanal, methyl octanoate, γ-octalactone, and δ-octalactone were detected after 4 h. For the C8+C10, ketones, alkanes, and aldehydes were first observed. Hydrolysis and decarboxylation seem to occur first for ketone and alkane formation. Cracking and cyclization may occur later for fatty acid esters and lactones in heated MCTs. This result can help to understand thermal decomposition mechanisms of saturated fatty acids like MCTs. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCTs) have been used in cosmetic and fragrance industries due to their high oxidative stability, relatively high polarity, and smooth textures. In addition, MCTs have gained popularity among consumers for their health beneficial effects. MCTs could be used as major continuous phases for many food ingredients receiving high thermal energy for cooking. The results of this study can provide basic and useful information on the physicochemical properties and thermally decomposed volatile profiles from MCTs, which can help to produce stable processed products with lengthy shelf-lives in the food industry.

Corn oil was heated using an infrared cooker, an air fryer, and a cooking oven at similar temperatures, and oxidative stability and physicochemical properties including moisture content, temperature change, the profile of headspace volatiles, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde of the heated oils were compared. Corn oil heated using the air fryer showed the lowest degree of oxidation, followed by that heated using the infrared cooker and the cooking oven. However, the content of headspace volatiles in 120 min heated oil using the infrared cooker was higher by 2.57 and 5.37 times than that in oil heated using the cooking oven and the air fryer, respectively. The profiles of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in oils showed patterns inconsistent with those of headspace volatile and oxidation parameters. Generally, the air fryer-treated oil underwent slow lipid oxidation, whereas oil from the infrared cooker had more volatiles and imparted odor to foods.

Metabolites of the 80% ethanol extract (OSE) and ethyl acetate fraction (OSEA) of oregano seed were analyzed by GC–MS, and anti-obesity effects of OSE and OSEA were evaluated in 3T3-L1 adipocyte. OSE possessed high content of glucose, fructofuranose, and sucrose while OSEA had high content of phenolic chemicals. OSEA contained higher levels of gallic acid, syringic acid, protocatechuic acid, and catechin than OSE. OSEA inhibited lipid droplet accumulation with concentration dependent manner in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes during differentiation. OSEA showed more inhibition ability than OSE by 13.7-fold at the level of 125 μg/mL. Additionally, relative mRNA and protein expression levels of pparγ, c/ebpα, fas, and srebp-1c which are related to adipogenesis were significantly lower in OSEA treatment group than in OSE treatment group (p

We introduce a generalized concept of quantum teleportation in the framework of quantum measurement and reversing operation. Our framework makes it possible to find an optimal protocol for quantum teleportation enabling a faithful transfer of unknown quantum states with maximum success probability up to the fundamental limit of the no-cloning theorem. Moreover, an optimized protocol in this generalized approach allows us to overcome noise in quantum channel beyond the reach of existing teleportation protocols without requiring extra qubit resources. Our proposed framework is applicable to multipartite quantum communications and primitive functionalities in scalable quantum architectures., Comment: 17 pages, 6 figures

Excessive intake of fat, one of the causes of obesity, is associated with low-grade inflammation in various susceptible organs and eventually causes tissue toxicity. This study examines the multifaceted suppressive effects of Korean red ginseng extract (KRG) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced lipotoxicity and inflammatory responses in the aorta, liver, and brain. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed HFD with or without KRG for 12 weeks. The improvement effect in KRG on lipotoxicity and inflammatory potential was determined in the blood and the aorta, liver, and brain tissues. KRG significantly inhibited 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity by > 20% in vitro. KRG supplementation suppressed HFD-associated body weight gain, lipid profile changes, and excessive fat deposition in the liver and increased leptin, insulin, and ALT levels in the blood. Inflammatory markers in the aorta, liver, and brain were also significantly reduced by KRG treatment. In microvascular endothelial cells, the 15% cyclic stretch-mediated upregulation of ICAM-1 and vascular cell adhesion protein-1 (VCAM-1) expression was significantly attenuated in the presence of KRG. KRG supplementation attenuates HFD-mediated body weight gain, lipid profile changes, and multi-tissue inflammatory responses.

Anti-obesity effects of Mugwort were evaluated in high fat diet-induced obesity mice models through determining physical changes and gene expression levels. High fat diet (HFD) models fed with 1% or 3% Mugwort had significantly lower body weight gain and food intake than HFD group (p

Diverse edible oils including perilla, corn, soybean, canola, sunflower, olive, and grape seed oils were mixed with heat-stabilized rice bran to extract γ-oryzanol from the rice bran. The oxidative stabilities of the oils with or without extraction were compared by analyzing the headspace oxygen content, conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) values, and p-anisidine values (p-AV). Grape seed oil extracted significantly high γ-oryzanol content while canola oil extracted lowest γ-oryzanol content (p

Effects of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) on the oxidative stability were determined in soybean oil–water system at different locations including at the interface of air–oil, in the middle of oil, and at the interface of oil–water. Also, profile changes of tocopherols were determined during UV irradiation for 18 days. Although no significant changes in tocopherol profiles were observed at three different locations irrespective of DOPC from 0 to 1250 μmol/kg oil, addition of DOPC increased total tocopherols, α-tocopherol, and δ-tocopherol whereas content of β + γ tocopherols did not increase at any locations. Moisture content in water–oil interface was higher than other locations while those were not consistent at different DOPC concentration. Added DOPC significantly decreased oxidative stability from 250 to 830 μmol/kg oil compared to controls (p

Cheonggukjang and chaga mushrooms have numerous health benefits, and have been used in alternative medicine. Therefore, a powder mixture of 98: Cheonggukjang and 2: Chaga extracts was fermented with Lactobacillus acidophilus KCTC3925 (FCC) and its anti-obesity effects in high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice were determined. Five-week-old male ICR mice were fed a normal diet or HFD in the presence or absence of 3% and 5% FCC by weight (n = 10 per group). After 12 weeks, the mice were sacrificed, and the serum and tissue samples were collected for analysis. Body weight and epididymal fat pad weight were significantly lowered in the 3% and 5% FCC groups compared with those in the HFD control group (p 0.05); however, except for splenic IL-4 levels, the increases were significantly attenuated by FCC supplementation. Expression of ICAM-1, an aortic inflammatory marker, was significantly increased in the HFD group; this effect was suppressed in the 3% FCC group (p < 0.01) but not in the 5% FCC group. FCC suppressed the body weight and epididymal fat pad weight gain, as well as inflammatory responses in the liver and spleen of HFD-fed mice. Thus, FCC supplementation will be beneficial for the treatment of obesity-related effects.

The effects of amphiphilic compounds on the dielectric constant of bulk oils were determined and the utility of the dielectric constant as a reliable parameter for predicting the oxidative stability of edible oils was evaluated. As the content of monoacylglycerols (MAGs), lecithin, and moisture increased, the dielectric constant of modified corn oil increased at different rates, whereas the addition of free fatty acids, including oleic and linoleic acid, decreased the dielectric constant of modified corn oil. Unoxidized fresh bulk oils showed a wide range of dielectric constants, from 8 for canola oils to 33 for flaxseed oils. The dielectric constant showed a strong correlation with the percentage of unsaturated fatty acids in the bulk oils. Oils with low oxidative stability had a high dielectric constant. Overall, the dielectric constant of bulk oils is strongly correlated with the content of amphiphilic compounds, moisture content, and degree of unsaturation of fatty acids.

This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant ability and inhibitory effects of oregano seed ethanol extract (OSEE). In vitro antioxidant assays including DPPH radical scavenging and ABTS cation radical scavenging were conducted, and, ORAC, total phenolic content, and FRAP value were determined. In addition, headspace oxygen, conjugated dienoic acid (CDA) value, and ρ-anisidine value (ρ-AV) for exploring oxidative stability were examined in an oil system with 100 ppm OSEE. The radical scavenging activities of 125 μg/mL OSEE using DPPH and ABTS were 84.6% and 32.2%, respectively. ORAC was significantly higher at a concentration of 100 μg/mL of OSEE as compared with the control without OSEE (p

To enhance the oxidative stability of organogels made from canola oil, 40 ppm sesamol was added to beeswax-based organogels stored under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation and 60 or 100 °C thermal oxidation conditions. To study the practical application of organogels as animal fat substitutes, beef tallow was mixed with organogels and their oxidative stability was determined under oxidative stress conditions. Without sesamol addition, the organogels and beef tallow with organogel oxidized rapidly under UV irradiation and thermal oxidation. The addition of 40-ppm sesamol decreased the consumption of headspace oxygen and the formation of primary and secondary oxidation products significantly (P

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Vitamin D plays an important role in skeletal growth and maintenance and in the prevention of various diseases. We investigated the relationship between vitamin D intake and bone mineral density (BMD) in Korean adults aged ≥ 50 years using the 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. SUBJECTS/METHODS This study was conducted in 1,808 subjects aged ≥ 50 years with BMD data in Korea. Dietary vitamin D levels were assessed by the 24-hour recall method. BMD was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. We investigated general characteristics and the association between these characteristics, vitamin D status, and BMD. RESULTS Vitamin D intake was significantly lower in the osteoporosis group among women (P < 0.05). Among all subjects, the higher the serum 25(OH)D concentration, the higher the whole-body total BMD (WBT-BMD), femoral total hip BMD, and femoral neck BMD (P < 0.01). In the serum vitamin D-deficient group of both the total population and women, serum 25(OH)D concentration was associated with WBT-BMD (P < 0.05). Among women with a calcium intake < 537.74 mg/day, BMD of those with a vitamin D intake > 2.51 µg/day (average intake of women) was higher than that of women with a vitamin D intake ≤ 2.51 µg/day (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Korean adults should increase their BMD by increasing serum 25(OH)D concentration. Furthermore, increasing vitamin D intake could improve BMD, especially in Korean women who consume less calcium than the estimated average requirement.

Effects of moisture content, degree of oxidation, degree of unsaturation of fatty acid compositions in C18-based edible oils were determined by a microwave resonator in the range of 0–4.4 GHz. Moisture content and degree of oxidation in corn oil made difference in signal intensity at 1.7–1.9 GHz and 1.0–1.2 GHz, respectively without uniform trend in signal intensity. Degree of unsaturation of C18-based edible oils including corn, sesame, soybean, olive, perilla, and flaxseed oils provided difference in 3.0–3.1 GHz with a dependent manner of degree of unsaturation. Average of signal intensity (ASI) in 3.0–3.1 GHz had high correlation (R2 > 0.93) to the degree of unsaturation in edible oils. Oils with high oleic acid had relatively low ASI while those with high linolenic acid had high ASI value. Oxidative stability of C18-based edible oils can be categorized successfully without fatty acid analysis using a microwave resonator.

Background: Infectious disease outbreaks such as COVID-19 and MERS pose a major threat to healthcare workers' (HCWs) physical and mental health. Studies exploring the positive changes gained from adapting to traumatic events, known as post-traumatic growth (PTG), have attracted much attention. However, it is unclear which factors or experiences lead to PTG among HCWs. The purpose of this mixed-method study was to investigate factors associated with PTG among HCWs who experienced the MERS outbreak in South Korea, and fully describe their experience of developing PTG.Methods: Quantitative data from 78 participants were collected using psychometric tools for Psychological distress, Resilience, and Support for coping, and Post-traumatic growth. Qualitative interviews were conducted with seven nurses. Data were analyzed using the qualitative content analysis method according to the sub-themes of resilience, which was the main factor associated with PTG.Results: We found resilience to have a significant impact on PTG (ß =0.486, p = 0.001). Thus the qualitative interviews were analyzed using the core concepts of resilience. Qualitative interviews with nurses illustrated how participants experienced the development of resilience in terms of its sub-factors: hardiness, persistence, optimism, and support.Conclusion: HCWs who endured the MERS outbreak showed high levels of PTG, and the analysis of the interview data provided a fuller understanding on the experience of remaining resilient and developing PTG. These results provide practical and pragmatic information helpful for developing intervention strategies and protocols that can help HCWs transform adversity into growth and development.

Effects of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) and moisture on the solubility of hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidants were evaluated in medium-chain triacylglycerol (MCT) by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) reactivity. Next, we assessed the oxidative stability of antioxidant-containing corn oil depending on the presence of DOPC. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of DOPC decreased when the moisture content was increased from 300 to 495 mg/kg oil and gradually increased when the moisture was further increased to 2122 mg/kg oil. As the DOPC concentration increased, the DPPH reactivity of ascorbyl palmitate in the control MCT increased by 10.23-fold, whereas that of the ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol was slightly affected both by the DOPC and moisture content. Presence of DOPC significantly increased the oxidative stability of ascorbyl palmitate-containing corn oil (p 0.05), whereas these synergistic antioxidant effects were not observed in ascorbic acid-or α-tocopherol-containing corn oil. In conclusion, DOPC displays a synergistic antioxidant effect with ascorbyl palmitate in bulk oil.

Effects of different moisture contents and oxidised compounds on the critical micelle concentration (CMC) of lecithin were determined in bulk oils and in medium-chain triacylglycerols (MCT). CMC of lecithin in MCT was significantly higher than that in other vegetable oils including olive, soybean, corn, and rapeseed oils (p 0.05). Presence of moisture significantly affected the CMC of lecithin in MCT (p 0.05). CMC of lecithin was high when the moisture content was below 900 ppm, whereas at a moisture content of 1000 ppm, CMC of lecithin decreased significantly (p 0.05), and then started to increase. Addition of total polar materials (TPM), which are oxidation products, at 3 and 5% concentrations, decreased CMC of lecithin significantly (p 0.05) in MCT, compared to when 0, 1, and 1.5% of TPM was added to MCT. As the degree of oxidation increased in corn oil, CMC of lecithin gradually decreased. Additionally, under different moisture contents, corn oils showed a similar pattern of CMC of lecithin in MCT, whereas oxidised corn oil had a little lower CMC of lecithin than unoxidised corn oil. The results clearly showed that the concentration of lecithin for the formation of micelles is greatly influenced by the presence of oxidation products and the moisture content in bulk oils.