Search

Despite substantial progress for women in science, women remain underrepresented in many aspects of the scholarly publication process. We examined how the gender diversity of editors and reviewers changed over time for six journals in ecology and evolution (2003–2015 for four journals, 2007–2015 or 2009–2015 for the other two), and how several aspects of the peer review process differed between female and male editors and reviewers. We found that for five of the six journals, women were either absent or very poorly represented as handling editors at the beginning of our dataset. The representation of women increased gradually and consistently, with women making up 29% of the handling editors (averaged across journals) in 2015, similar to the representation of women as last authors on ecology papers (23% in 2015) but lower than the proportion of women among all authors (31%) and among members of the societies that own the journals (37%–40%). The proportion of women among reviewers has also gradually but consistently increased over time, reaching 27% by 2015. Female editors invited more female reviewers than did male editors, and this difference increased with age of the editor. Men and women who were invited to review did not differ in whether they responded to the review invitation, but, of those that responded, women were slightly more likely to agree to review. In contrast, women were less likely than men to accept invitations to serve on journal editorial boards. Our analyses indicate that there has been progress in the representation of women as reviewers and editors in ecology and evolutionary biology, but women are still underrepresented among the gatekeepers of scholarly publishing relative to their representation among researchers.

The purpose of this study was to examine students' perceptions of a self-study assignment, a requirement for a life-span human development course. A survey assessing attitudes regarding the value of the writing assignment was completed by 278 students. Results suggested that students had an overall positive evaluation of the assignment. The majority of students indicated that the assignment increased their self understanding, understanding of course concepts, and their ability to apply those concepts. Students believed the assignment made the course more meaningful. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The evolution of char resulting from the co-pyrolysis of recycled plastic and discard fine coal, along with the impact of varying plastic additions on the characteristics of the formed char and its subsequent gasification reactivity, remains unexplored. In this study, extrudates were produced using discarded South African Highveld coal fines, combined with either recycled low-density polyethylene (LDPE) or polypropylene (PP), respectively, and charred under a nitrogen atmosphere at three different temperatures (520, 720, and 920 °C). Co-gasification of plastic and coal provides an opportunity to reduce two waste streams simultaneously. The characteristics of the chars produced from the coal fines were compared to those produced from the extrudates formulated at varying plastic content (10, 25 and 50 %wt), using petrographic carbon form analysis, surface area and porosity analysis, as well as XRD carbon crystallite analysis. Thermal fragmentation was observed to degrade the integrity of the extrudates when the plastic content exceeded 10 %, therefore, the chars produced at 920 °C were pulverized (75-150 μm) before undergoing CO 2 gasification at 800, 825 and 850 °C in the chemical-controlled regime. Carbon crystalline analyses showed that the chars were more ordered with an increase in plastic content. However, even with the more ordered structure, the gasification reactivity increased similarly with an increase in plastic content for both the extrudate derived chars containing LDPE and PP. Petrographic carbon form analysis showed an increase in crack and pore formation with an increase in plastic addition during all stages of the chars' evolution as the pyrolysis temperature increased. The VRM time factor showed a positive linear correlation with an increase in BET surface area, especially for the LDPE derived chars (R 2  > 0.7720). Therefore, the observed reactivity increase with an increase in plastic content can be correlated to an increase in surface area. Results allude to the possibility of increasing gasification rates in Industrial gasifiers while reducing both coal and plastic waste. Further work should be conducted to minimise the thermal fragmentation propensity of the plastic-containing fine coal bound extrudates to make the extrudates suitable for fixed bed gasification., Competing Interests: The authors declare the following financial interests/personal relationships which may be considered as potential competing interests:Carel Marais reports financial support was provided by 10.13039/501100001321National Research Foundation. If there are other authors, they declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Neuro-ophthalmic evaluation is a crucial component of the diagnostic and prognostic assessment of pituitary disease and compressive chiasmopathy, and can inform the timing of vision-restoring tumour resection surgery. The most common disease affecting the pituitary with neuro-ophthalmic implications are pituitary adenomas. Neuro-ophthalmic manifestations include decreased vision, abnormal colour vision and impaired visual field or diplopia. The recognition of these syndromes is critical to achieve early diagnosis and treatment and to improve prognosis. The pattern of vision loss in chiasmal compression is determined by the anatomical relationship between the pituitary lesion and optic chiasm, and potential visual field defects include bitemporal deficits, junctional scotomas, monocular cecocentral defects, and incongruous homonymous hemianopias. Rarer neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of pituitary disease include ophthalmoplegia, nystagmus, and obstructive hydrocephalus. There is growing evidence that demonstrates the strong diagnostic utility of optical coherence tomography (OCT) parameters in detecting the presence of compressive chiasmopathy, as well as the prognostic ability to predict the rate and degree of visual recovery following decompression surgery. Long-term neuro-ophthalmic monitoring is critical for detecting delayed vision loss following resection surgery, which may represent tumour recurrence or secondary complications., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Biologically active cervical glands provide a mucous barrier while influencing the composition and biomechanical strength of the cervical extracellular matrix. Cervical remodeling during ripening may be reflected as loss of the sonographic cervical gland area. As sonographic cervical length remains suboptimal for universal screening, adjunctive evaluation of other facets of the mid-trimester cervix may impart additional screening benefit., Objective: To sonographically assess the cervical gland area at universal cervical length screening for preterm birth., Study Design: We performed a retrospective cohort study of singletons with transvaginal cervical length screening universally performed during anatomic survey between 18 0/7 and 23 6/7 weeks and subsequent live delivery at a single institution in 2018. Uterine anomalies, cerclage, suboptimal imaging, or medically indicated preterm birth were excluded. Ultrasound images were assessed for cervical length and cervical gland area (with quantitative measurements when present). The primary outcome was spontaneous preterm birth <37 weeks. Absent and present gland groups were compared using χ2, Fisher's exact, T-test, and multivariate logistic regression (adjusting for parity and progesterone use, as well as the gestational age, cervical length, and gland absence at screening ultrasound). Gland measurements were evaluated using the Mann-Whitney-U Test and Spearman's correlation., Results: Among the cohort of 772 patients, absent and present CGA groups were overall similar. Patients were on average 33 years old, ∼20 weeks gestation at screening ultrasound, and overall, 2.5% had history of prior spontaneous preterm birth. The absent gland group was more likely to have been taking progesterone (17% vs 4%, P=.04). Overall rate of preterm birth was 2.6%. However, the 2.3% of patients with absent cervical gland area were significantly more likely to deliver <37 weeks (aOR 23.9, 95% CI 6.4-89, P<.001). Multivariate logistic regression demonstrated better performance of a cervical length screening model for preterm birth prediction with the addition of qualitative gland evaluation (P<.001). Qualitative gland assessment was reproducible (PABAK 0.89), but quantitative gland measurements did not correlate with preterm birth., Conclusion: Qualitative gland absence at mid-gestation cervical length screening was associated with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth, whereas quantitative gland measurements were not. Multifaceted ultrasound screening may be needed to adequately evaluate the multiple biologic functions of the cervix., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Identifying the key factors associated with vaccine hesitancy remains a challenge as has been highlighted throughout the COVID-19 vaccine roll out and pandemic. The aim of this study was to determine characteristics associated with vaccine safety and compare perceived safety by vaccine. Our hypothesis is that vaccine safety perception will vary by vaccine with COVID-19 as ranked lowest for safety., Study Design: Cross sectional., Methods: A statewide sample (n = 1024) responded to an online 28-point questionnaire via anonymous linked invitation., Results: Among the eight vaccines assessed, COVID-19 had the lowest perceived safety (53.13%) followed by human papillomavirus HPV (63.38%). A binomial logistic regression assessed COVID-19 vaccine safety beliefs (safe v not safe) finding age, political orientation, and perceived safety of certain vaccines as statistically significant. As age increased by year, vaccine safety beliefs increased. Persons who identified as conservative demonstrated less belief in vaccine safety than all other groups. Among persons who did not perceive the COVID-19 vaccine as safe, 65.8% believed chicken pox was safe, 63.3% and 61.1% perceived hepatitis A& B were safe., Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that vaccine safety beliefs differ by vaccine and that persons who do not believe in the safety of the COVID-19 are not exclusively against all vaccines. Understanding factors that increase vaccine safety by vaccine could assist in developing an intervention which could increase belief in safety for all vaccines., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.

Background: Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, local health departments (LHDs) faced several challenges including underfunding and understaffing. COVID-19 exacerbated these challenges and introduced new ones, including harassment of the agency, staff, and leadership. The objective of this study was to qualitatively understand the experiences and impact of harassment faced by LHDs during the pandemic and provide recommendations to prevent future harassment., Study Design: A qualitative study was conducted utilizing focus groups for data collection., Methods: LHDs were sampled from the 2022 National Profile of Local Health Departments (Profile) study to ensure diversity in LHD size. Four virtual focus groups were conducted in Fall 2022 with a total of 16 LHD leaders surveyed in Profile, who were still in their positions. Focus group transcripts were then coded by two independent coders and analyzed using thematic analysis., Findings: Four common domains arose from the data: aggravating factors of harassment, content and formats of harassment, protective factors, and effects on individuals and on the workforce., Conclusion: Findings suggest that harassment was pervasive with many forms and impacts on the LHD leaders and workforce overall. Recommendations are proposed for the local as well as federal partners because the public health system is threatened without immediate, substantial, and coordinated solutions to address harassment and offer protection., Competing Interests: None of the authors of this manuscript have a conflict of interest., (© 2024 The Authors.)

Objectives: To use saline infusion sonohysterography (SIS) to evaluate the effect of uterine closure technique on niche formation after multiple cesarean deliveries (CDs)., Methods: Patients with at least one prior CD were evaluated for niche via SIS. Subgroups of any number repeat CD (>1 prior), lower-order CD (<4 prior), and higher-order CD (≥4 prior) were analyzed, stratifying by hysterotomy closure technique at last cesarean preceding imaging; techniques included Technique A (endometrium-free double-layer closure) and Technique B (single- or double-layer routine endo-myometrial closure). Niche defects were quantified (depth, length, width, and residual myometrial thickness). The primary outcome was clinically significant niche, defined as depth >2 mm. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-square, ANOVA, t-test, Kruskal-Wallis, and multiple logistic regression, with p-values of <0.05 were statistically significant., Results: A total of 172 post-cesarean SIS studies were reviewed: 105 after repeat CDs, 131 after lower-order CDs, and 41 after higher-order CDs. Technique A was associated with a shorter interval to imaging and more double-layer closures. Technique B was associated with more clinically significant niches across all subgroups, and these niches were significantly longer and deeper when present. Multiple logistic regression demonstrated a 5.6, 8.1, and 11-fold increased adjusted odds of clinically significant niche following Technique B closure in the repeat CD (p<0.01), lower-order CD (p<0.001), and higher-order CD (p=0.04) groups, respectively., Conclusions: While multiple CDs are known to increase risk for niche defects and their sequelae, hysterotomy closure technique may help to reduce niche development and severity., (© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston.)

Background: Vaccine hesitancy (VH) is a major public health problem which includes not only concerns about vaccine, but often includes beliefs not aligned with evidence. The etiology of VH is complicate, including genuine concerns about vaccine safety to beliefs in disproven or unsubstantiated theories. Understanding VH includes determining the factors associated with people most likely to be susceptible., Objectives: To identify characteristics of persons more likely to have VH based on perceived vaccine safety., Design: We conducted a cross sectional, targeted online survey of 1,024 respondents., Methods: The survey collected data on demographics and vaccine beliefs. A seven-question VH scale was created based on an extensive literature review. When measured, this scale had high internal validity based on Cronbach's Alpha (α = 0.80, 95% CI, 0.79, 0.82) and provided a continuous measurement to understand the VH degree., Results: Persons reporting a conservative political ideology had the highest VH score ([Formula: see text] = 15.0), followed by other ([Formula: see text] =12.7), moderate ([Formula: see text] =9.29), and liberal ([Formula: see text] =6.72). Education level was another strong indicator of VH, decreasing from the highest score of high school graduates ( [Formula: see text] = 13.2) to graduate degree holders ([Formula: see text] = 9.22)., Conclusion: The more conservative a person's political ideology, the higher the VHS. We asked for ideology, rather than political party, although they are related, they are not the same. Ideology influences more domains than voting patterns. Higher educational attainment shows a protective effect against VH. These findings have direct implication for public health interventions, new interventions should be designed to be more accessible for persons with less formal education and more amenable to persons who hold a more conservative ideology., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

Although tuberous sclerosis (TS) may affect many organs, vascular manifestations involving medium- and large-size vessels are rare. We present a young child with known TS who presented with bilateral posterior circulation infarcts and subsequently was found to have right-hand ischaemia secondary to a thrombosed brachial artery aneurysm. A wound on his right middle finger failed to heal with conservative management, and digital subtraction angiography and MR angiogram demonstrated a lack of bypass target with microcollateral supply of the forearm only. The right middle digit ischaemia was initially managed with right middle finger disarticulation at the metacarpophalangeal joint, but the wound failed to heal and the patient proceeded to a thumb-sparing carpo-metacarpal amputation. Aneurysms, stenotic-occlusive disease and embolic stroke are rare but important complications of TS., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared., (© BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2023. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.)