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This paper identifies the spatial patterns of urban poverty and their change over time using state-level NSS data on consumer expenditures for the 61st (2004-05), 66th (2009-10), and 68th (2011-12) rounds and a class of decomposable poverty measures (Foster-Greer-Thorbecke Index). Further, state-specific new urban poverty lines (Tendulkar Methodology) based on consumption expenditures for both food and nonfood items have been employed to measure the incidence of urban poverty in each of the twenty-nine states. The analysis reveals that while urban poverty has declined considerably over the study periods both at national and state levels, there are distinct spatial concentrations, reflecting the phenomenon of urbanization of poverty and large spatial differences in consumption expenditures. There is clearly a heavy concentration of urban poverty in central and north-eastern states of India, such as Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, and Manipur. Only the relatively prosperous north and north-western states have low urban-poverty levels in all periods. In the regression results, access to housing and sanitation emerge as the most important variables in explaining urban poverty in India over all study periods. Keywords: poverty, inequality, India., Over the past few decades, India's modernization process has led to rapid expansion of urban centers1 and remarkable rise in urban population. What has been of particular concern is that [...]

This article explores the history of the Rialto Theater in Times Square from the onset of the Depression to the American entry into World War II. Drawing on recent discussions of the local turn in film history, it argues for a more sustained engagement with the sociocultural contexts specific to the history of metropolitan film exhibition and reception. By taking the Rialto of the 1930s as a case study, the essay demonstrates both the challenges and potential for the adaptation of the methods of local film history to the metropolitan scene. It situates the Rialto within the local economy of the Times Square entertainment district as well as within a number of the concerns central to the city's economic recovery, including the politics and negotiation of public space, the policing of amusement and pleasure, and the integration of commerce and infrastructure. KEYWORDS: film distribution, film exhibition, historical audience studies, exploitation and promotion, local film history, Times Square, New York City, MANHATTAN TRANSFER: DOWNTOWN LOCAL New York City has long held a central place in American film historiography. Historically, the film industry's corporate headquarters were located in New York, from which [...]

Two important developments in agricultural economics highlight the role of agglomeration externalities in agriculture. First, Fujita (2006; 2007) stresses the role of agglomeration forces in driving rural development. Secondly, the role of microeconomic behavior of rural households in harnessing the benefits of agglomeration externalities has also been highlighted as a source of agrarian development. Despite these recent advancements, we still have little evidence if household behavior and agglomeration externalities can blend to create household prosperity and, thereby, promote rural development. In this paper we report the findings from a field study in one of the poorest villages of South Asia to confirm that the sources of rural prosperity can derive from the idiosyncratic household behavior as well as agglomeration externalities of a village economy. We offer a simple methodology to identify the impacts of agglomeration externalities and household efficiency on the generation of household incomes. JEL Classifications: O21, Q10, R13 Keywords: Agglomeration Externalities, Rural Poverty, Efficiency Measures, INTRODUCTION The usual stereotypes of agriculture in economic development are multifaceted: first, agricultural activities produce generic commodities like food by using constant returns to scale technologies. Secondly, this sector seems [...]

Legal rules and the economic environment play an important role in the decision to become an entrepreneur. Many studies examine the effect of such institutions at the national or state [...]

This article examines the linkages between urban governance structures and an economically successful and environmentally sustainable democratic city. It will consider both developed and developing cities and the policy challenges [...]

The extent to which short-term changes in the labor market affect poverty duration is examined by using survival models and data from the Brazilian Monthly Employment Survey. These changes refer to aggregate unemployment and wage increase in the informal sector. In the metropolitan regions, households with zero income are not those with the lowest chances of exiting poverty.

A study investigates whether agglomeration forces strengthen tax interactions in French local tax settings. Results suggest that tax competition does not get strengthened as agglomeration increases, and that tax rate and capital stock are positively related only in urban areas.

Evidence is shown on how employment decentralization occurred alongside residential decentralization in the U.S. between 1960 and 2000. This has had the effect that most residents of large metropolitan areas no longer commute in central cities at all.

Objective: To estimate the association between measures of socio-economic status (SES) and breast cancer (BC) survival for young, urban Australian women. Methods: We used a population-based sample of 1,029 women followed prospectively for a median of 7.9 years. SES was defined by education and area of residence. Hazard ratios (HRs) associated with SES measures were estimated for (i) distant recurrence (DR) and (ii) all-cause mortality as end-points. Results: HRs for area of residence were not significantly different from unity, with or without adjustment for age at diagnosis and education level. The univariable HR estimate of DR for women with university education compared with women with incomplete high school education was 1.51 (95% CI = 1.08 - 2.13, p = 0.02), which reduced to 1.20 (95% CI = 0.85 - 1.72, p = 0.3) after adjusting for age at diagnosis and area of residence. Adjusting for prognostic factors differentially distributed across SES groups did not substantially alter the association between survival and SES. Conclusions: Among young, urban Australian women there is no association between SES and BC survival. Implications: This lack of estimates of association may be partly attributed to universal access to adequate breast cancer care in urban areas. Key words: Breast cancer, socioeconomic status, Australia, survival. Aust NZ J Public Health. 2010; 34:200-5 doi: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2010.00507.x

The effects of highways on transforming human society and promoting population change have been investigated in several disciplines, including geography, sociology, economics, and planning. Currently, the primary highway construction activity in the nation is highway expansion; however, this expansion has not been the focus of much of the existing literature. This research examines the role that highway expansion plays in the process of population change. Specifically, this research proposes an integrated spatial regression approach to study the impacts of highway expansion on population change in the 1980s and 1990s in Wisconsin at the minor civil division level. The integrated approach thoroughly considers the factors that influence population change, appropriately examines the spatial variations of their impacts, simultaneously incorporates spatial lag and spatial error dependence, and systematically selects the optimal neighborhood structure. The findings suggest that the impacts of highway expansion on population change differ across rural, suburban, and urban areas: There are only indirect effects in rural areas, both direct and indirect effects in suburban areas, and no statistically significant effects in urban areas. Overall, highway expansion serves as a facilitator of population change within the framework of growth pole theory and location theory.

Abstract Many empirical studies try to test whether there is income convergence across metropolitan areas in the continental United States. Drennan et al. (Journal of Economic Geography 4(5), 2004) claim [...]

A study was conducted to determine what is permanent about the problem of water provision and what is mediated by the forces of government policy and economic constraints. The examples of London, Philadelphia, and New York are used. The effect of the high costs of providing water to urban areas is also analyzed.

The infrastructure of the future provides the opportunity for new innovations to meet the constantly changing and diversified needs of cities. Some of the relatively more recent needs are using renewable resources, protecting infrastructure and its users against natural hazards, reducing environmental threats including global warming, enhancing safety and security, and providing an overall high-performing service for infrastructure users. Given that resources to support these additional financial needs and services are limited, this article will examine ways in which cities can address the demands of these new emerging areas synergistically as well as through more traditional investments. In particular, traditional investment areas for upgrading urban infrastructure to meet 'state-of-good-repair' benchmarks are presented for energy, transportation, and water as a foundation for conceptualizing how these new demands might alter, yet dovetail with, traditional investment. Keywords: urban infrastructure; infrastructure investment; energy: transportation; renewable energy; natural hazards: security DOI 10.1177/0002716209344842

The period from 2010 to 2030 will see as sweeping a change to America's metropolitan landscape as the half century after World War II. During the baby boom era, 1946 through 1964, about half of American households were raising children; in 2030, only about a quarter will lye. Between 2010 and 2030, the increase in the number of single-person households will be more than double the increase in the number of households with children. A major reason is the aging of the boomers: in 2010, 13 percent of the population will be age sixty-five or over; but by 2030, 19 percent of the population will be. There will be changes in the kind of housing and neighborhoods that households prefer. More than half of all households will prefer housing in neighborhoods that comprise such 'urbanity' attributes as transit accessibility; proximity to shopping and restaurants; mixed uses including mixed housing choices; and mixed incomes, ages, and ethnicities. Moving toward this new urbanity will require reconsideration of several policies with roots dating from the baby boom era. Keywords: new urbanity: metropolitan development; new American city; demographic changes; housing preferences; housing markets DOI 10.1177/0002716209344172

In the same way that rural towns gave way to cities in the middle of the nineteenth century, cities gave way to metropolitan areas in the middle of the twentieth century. Today, the United States is overwhehningly metropolitan. Using tabular and spatial data from the U.S. Census Bureau, the Department of Labor, and the U.S. Geological Survey, this article explores metropolitan population, employment, and urban settlement trends since 1990. The first part of the article compares intermetropolitan changes in population and employment in 1990, 2000, and 2007. The second part considers the changing intrametropolitan distribution of population and households between 1990 and 2000 and of employment between 1994 and 2003. Finally, the third part explores changes in density and urban land cover between 1990 (or 1992) and 2000 (or 2001). These findings are reported by geographic region, metropolitan area size, and metropolitan gateway status. Keywords: metropolitan; population; urban settlement; employment DOI 10.1177/0002716209344837

A study was conducted to examine the long-term relationship between property investment and urban economic change, which is a consequence of changing transport and industrial technologies. The consequences for the property market are also investigated. Findings indicate that the pace of urban change is slowed by property investment responses.

A study was conducted to determine whether Mexico City is a polycentric metropolis. An alternative criterion is presented for identifying employment centers. Findings indicate that most jobs are concentrated in a large central agglomeration, and a moderate percentage of jobs are concentrated in corridor-like shapes.

A study was conducted to identify the urban centers in the United States that have been the main locations of Black entrepreneurs who have been classified as 'eminent.' Findings indicate that Black communities in the urban South produced a disproportionate share of the Black Americans whose successes have been recognized.

A study was conducted to investigate the connections between urban form and travel demand at the aggregate level using traffic analysis zone data from Taipei, Taiwan. A total of 9 latent variables and 26 observed variables were examined using structural equation modeling. Findings indicate that land use density, diversity, and design influence travel demand in urban areas.

The concept of urban location is treated as a collection of attributes which enhances empirical estimates of the influence of location on urban growth. Population growth data on urban settlements in 40 countries in Europe is used. An operational approach to the correlation between population growth and urban location is utilized, specifically on using the number of positive location attributes as indicator of location quality.

Highly specialized local government areas that diversified their economic structures probably influenced the spatial economy change of the three distinct areas of metropolitan Melbourne between 1971 and 2006. Local Melbourne government areas experienced significant changes during this period, having less specialized economic structures. Other results and their implications are discussed.