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The current article offers a comparative account of the address system of two dialects of Arabic, Najdi and Tunisian Arabic. Capitalizing on the theory of Idealized Cognitive Model, the article defends the view that the two systems display Idealized models, which are central to the system, and non-Idealized models, which are peripheral to it. Najdi Arabic includes Idealized terms such as first names, teknonyms, and kinship terms while non-Idealized models include a battery of terms of address. Tunisian Arabic Idealized models hinge on Si/Lalla + first names, first names, and kinship terms while non-Idealized models make use of endeared first names, kinship terms, and diminished kinship terms. The two systems are shown to differ at the level of types of encounter (including formality, closeness, and deference), availability of address options, social horizontality-verticality, and use of metaphor and metonymy.

Metaphors and other tropes are commonly thought to reflect asymmetries in concreteness, with concrete sources being used to talk about relatively more abstract targets synchronically. Similarly, originating senses in diachronic semantic change have often been argued to be more concrete than extended senses. In this paper, we use a dataset of cross-linguistically attested semantic changes to empirically test the idea that asymmetries in figurative language are predicted by asymmetries in concreteness. We find only weak evidence for the role of concreteness and argue that concreteness is not a helpful notion when it comes to describing changes where both originating and extended senses are highly concrete (e.g., skin > bark, liver > lungs). Moreover, we find that word frequency data from English and other languages is a stronger predictor of these typologically common semantic changes. We discuss the implications of our findings for metaphor theory and theories of semantic change.

In a 2017 landmark reform, Saudi authorities decided to lift the ban on women driving in this conservative society. In tribute to women's newly-gained freedom to drive, major automakers turned to Twitter to launch creative femvertising campaigns that vividly articulate the female empowering motto 'driving is feminine'. Building on the eloquence of visual rhetoric, which combines the communicative force of figurative language with the expressive potential of visual imagery, automobile advertisers resorted to visual metaphtonymy to efficiently target prospective female consumers. The selection of this visual compound, which emerges from the intricate interplay between metaphor and metonymy, allows for a dynamic interaction between the highlighting function of metonymy and the mapping role of metaphoric thought to establish informed parallels between femininity and automobility. Analysis of survey data on the likeability, complexity and effectiveness of a representative sample of four digital automobile advertisements asserts the role and value of visual metaphtontonymy in automobile femvertising.

The author examines semantic-syntactic models of predicates according to Stanislaw Karolak’s conception of semantic-based grammar. From the list of first-order bivalent predicates provided by S. Karolak, the author analyses some of them from the point of view of the number and quality of the implied argument positions. During the analysis it often turns out that more than one model refers to one form of predicate (one signifiant). This phenomenon is due to the polysemous nature of words in natural language and, therefore, to the ambiguity of uses of predicates in different contexts (more than one signifié). In order to determine the number and type of arguments semantically implied by a given predicate, the author applies the test of negation, contraposition, and paraphrase leading to a semantic decomposition and emphasises the role of the metaphor and metonymy in their interpretation.

This paper analyses place names in the Ekegusii language from the cognitive linguistics point of view. The study is grounded on three objectives: to identify and explain the Ekegusii names of places, to describe the social cultural values, and to account for the cognitive processes involved in their mapping, analysis and elucidation. The data comprises of a list of Ekegusii place names collected from two counties, Kisii and Nyamira, by interviewing people through snowballing, and later holding a panel discussion with selected elders regarding the mapping processes and meanings associated with them. The Cognitive Metaphor Theory was used to map them to the different types of conceptual domains. Findings from this study show that place names in Ekegusii are conceptualized as seasons, topography, people, animals, plants and objects (as source domains which are social-culturally determined), and portray their cultural identity and tradition. The study concludes by suggesting further research in onomastics, especially on metaphor and metonymy in other languages of the world.

Pretendo, com este estudo, por meio do cotejo, sobretudo, dos textos de Michel Pêcheux, Metáfora e Interdiscurso ([1984] 2011) e Observações para uma Teoria Geral das Ideologias ([1967] 1995), verificar como os conceitos de metáfora e de metonímia são concebidos pelo autor francês, compreender como é pensada a interrelação estabelecida entre eles, tematizar a imbricação, de um lado, entre metáfora, semântica e ideologia empírica e, de outro, entre metonímia, sintaxe e ideologia especulativa, abordar estas questões com exemplos que sirvam como dados e compreender como elas, pautando-se, respectivamente, na concepção de linguagem como sistema de signos ou como meio de comunicação, recalcam, num caso, a gênese da ordem do simbólico e, no outro, o efeito da sociedade sobre o efeito da linguagem.

This article presents an original three-component model of the linguistic sign. It shares with the established triadic models of Peirce (1955 [1897]) and Ogden and Richards (1923/1949) in identifying thought, word and thing as essential components; but differs in being linear, with thought and thing at opposite poles. It is argued that this arrangement reflects the way the components of the sign relate to reality and thereby serves well as an explanatory tool for linguistic research. The model is further modified at each of the ontological realms using concepts from cognitive linguistics, renamed cognition, language and reality. The new model is employed as a research tool in two case studies: one illustrates its use in making sense of the complex field of language grammar; the other does the same for figurative language – metaphor and metonymy. The article’s conclusions include that interrogating established cornerstones of linguistic theory in the light of new theory can lead to the development of improved research tools.

Gorsel metaforlar ve metanomilerle tasarlanan islerin (afis, fotograf, resim vs.) yaraticiligi guclu ve anlam olusturmada oldukca etkili araclar oldugunu dusunulmektedir. Bu calismada dunyanin unlu tasarimcilarindan biri olan grafik sanatcisi Yossi Lemel’in 2020 yilinda dunyayi etkisi altina alan koronavirus (Covid-19) pandemisi sirasinda yapmis oldugu koronavirus (Covid-19) konulu afis tasarimlarindan secilen ornekler incelenecektir. Calisma gorsel metaforlar ve metanomilerle sinirlandirilmistir. Kavramlar arasindaki benzerlikleri kullanarak yapilan bu yaratici calismalar, gorsel gostergebilim cozumlemelerinde aranmasi gereken en onemli gostergelerdir. Kuskusuz semboller, kodlar, mitler, gorsel oxymoronlar (zitliklar) metinde aranmasi gereken diger gostergelerdir. Ancak calismamizi sadece benzerlikler uzerinden yaratilan metafor ve metanomilerle sinirlandirarak konuyu derinlemesine tartismayi hedeflemekteyiz. Genellikle sozlu ve yazili metinlerde aciklanan “metafor” kavraminin gorsel metinler uzerinden aciklanmasina ise “gorsel metafor” denmektedir. Amacimiz zihnimizde olusan/ olusturulan kavramlarin gorsel metaforlar ve metanomileri kullanarak nasil gorsellestirildigini ve bu gostergelerin gorsel tasarimlara kattigi estetik lezzeti gozler onune sermektir. Metaforlari bulup kullanmak, anlami farkli bir noktadan ele alip alicinin daha kolay okumasini saglayan, onemli bir yaraticilik etkinligidir. Bunlar yan anlami guclu, dolayisiyla yaraticiligi guclu eserlerin ortaya cikmasini saglayan cok onemli gostergebilim elemanlaridir. Keza Lemel’in sosyal ve siyasal icerikli afislerini onemli yapan da kullandigi bu yaratici dildir.

The significance of language in clinical practice first emerged with the Anna O. case, a study by Freud. Lacan went on to support Freud’s findings. Through the Back to Freud movement, Lacan proved language to be crucial from theoretical and clinical perspectives. According to Lacan, the name of the father in the language used by the mother functions as a signifier for the mother’s desire. It corresponds to the first repression and enters the symbolic register. It refers to Lacan’s famous statement ‘Unconscious is structured like a language’. As such, in his theory, Lacan actively uses the concepts of signifier, signified, metaphor and metonymy and offers new interpretations of these concepts. Therefore, to study the unconscious, working with language is the main method. However, because of repression, the unconscious can only be studied through the traces it shows in language. In this article, traces of the unconscious in language are explained using clinical examples. Clarifications are provided as to how traces of the unconscious can be studied analytically.

Traditional rhetoric theory regards metaphor and metonymy as two literary rhetoric devices. Modern cognitive linguistics believes that metaphor does not only exist in the field of literature. Metaphor is not only a rhetorical device but also a way of thinking. However, the current research on metaphor and metonymy is still limited to the English language world. Hence, there is a lack of knowledge and research on metaphor and metonymy across languages and cultures. This paper begins with an overview of metaphor from the perspective of modern cognitive linguistics. Then, it expounds on the differences between metaphor and metonymy from two aspects of structure and function. Besides, this paper analyzes the differences between metaphor and metonymy with examples based on the Chinese cultural background.

Este trabajo es una revision teorica del concepto de metafora, mas alla de su concepcion como figura retorica. El punto de partida es la recuperacion de los conceptos de metafora y metonimia, tal y como los concibe Jakobson, es decir, como terminos dicotomicos no restringidos a la poesia, pero fundamentales para el analisis poetico. En “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances”, Jakobson observa una preponderancia del proceso metaforico en las tendencias romantica y simbolista del arte y una preferencia por la metonimia en la tendencia realista. Se expone, tambien, la critica de Ruegg y su analisis de la teoria de Lacan en torno a la metafora. Se incluyen las aportaciones de Edeline a la relacion metafora-mito y de Cohen a la relacion logica- figuras retoricas. Finalmente, se menciona la critica de A. Johnson a Jakobson, seguida de un breve analisis de dos textos de Eco. Discussion about the metaphor Abstract This work is a theoretical review of metaphor concept beyond its conception as a rhetorical figure. The starting point is the recovery of the concepts of metaphor and metonymy as conceived by Jakobson, that is, as dichotomous terms not restricted to poetry, but fundamental to poetic analysis. In “Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances”, Jakobson observes a preponderance of metaphorical process in the romantic and symbolist tendencies of art and a preference for metonymy in the realist tendency. Ruegg’s critique and his analysis of Lacan’s theory around metaphor are also exposed. Edeline’s contributions to metaphor-myth relationship and Cohen’s to logic-figures of speech are included. Finally, A. Johnson’s critique is made, followed by a brief analysis of two texts by Eco.

The article deals with the peculiarities of gaming slang in the English language. Its goal is to describe gaming slang, to determine the ways of its formation, and to form the bases for the classifications of gaming slang. It also aims to analyze the problem of translating English gaming slang into Ukrainian, as the issue of gaming slang is not well-studied in linguistics. The connections of gaming slang with Internet, computer and more general youth slang are considered, mentioning their interrelations. The linguistic processes that are used in the formation of English gaming slang are determined, including the employment of metaphor and metonymy, the use of acronyms, abbreviations, clippings and portmanteau words. The following classifications are offered: classification by game genre, by number of players, and by topic of slang units. Every game genre brings its own features into the slang, and so does the number of players, since gaming slang is more actively used in multiplayer games. The authors suggest that the classification by topic should be developed for each genre separately, since the genre influences the gaming process and therefore generates special thematic categories of slang, such as words for the game mechanics, characters etc. The authors mention that English gaming slang is a significant translation problem, since this kind of slang is underdeveloped in the Ukrainian language.

Gilles Fauconnier is a linguist and cognitive scientist internationally known for his work on the theory of Mental Spaces and on the theory of Conceptual Integration or “Blending”, in partnership with Mark Turner. His contribution to Cognitive Semantics in particular and Semantic Theory in general is invaluable. The theory of mental spaces allows refined treatment to a series of semantic phenomena that have always challenged semanticists such as referential opacity , conditionality , counterfactuality , presuppositional projection , among others. The theory of conceptual blending also enables the advanced treatment of the complex cognitive construction of the linguistic meaning underspecified in grammatical constructions, which offer clues or means of activating the cognitive process of blending, as the XYZ grammatical construction prototypically illustrates. Another central topic concerns the relationship between the semantic-cognitive processes of blending, metaphor and metonymy, their typological limits and their intersections. Consequently, the high explanatory power of blending invites us to reflect on its centrality in cognition and grammar for the construction of linguistic meaning, as well as on its economy, which includes its restrictions.

This paper displays the process and the results of a doctoral research, which was been developed at the National University of Cuyo and whose public defense took place in May of 2019. The thesis establishes a close relationship between recategorization and conceptual metaphor/metonymy. The hypothesis was that metaphor and metonymy operate as primary factors in lexical recategorizations or word classes’ changes. The issue is addressed from a cognitive-functional approach. The research focuses on a particular category change, nominalization. Theoretical studies are complemented with the analysis of nominalized units that are extracted from a corpus of argumentative journalistic texts. The methodology consisted in describing and explaining categorical changes found in these units by showing metaphorical and metonymic processes that caused them. The analysis result is the hypothesis validation, since the metaphorical and metonymic basis could be determined in all cases. The metaphors found are THE ACTION IS A SUBSTANCE, THE PROCESS IS A SUBSTANCE and THE STATE IS A SUBSTANCE. The metonymies that gave rise to the nominalizations were THE QUALITY STANDS FOR THE ENTITY, THE RELATIONSHIP STANDS FOR THE ENTITY and THE VOCATIVE STANDS FOR THE ENTITY.

Religious symbols are often treated as mysterious, and even magical, links between the visible and the invisible worlds. They also lie in the nature of Christianity: they are present in its languag...

Conceptual Metaphor Theory’s central idea that metaphor is a figure of thought rather than a figure of language has led to the examination of non-verbal and multimodal manifestations of metaphor. Over the past twenty years, the verbal trope of metonymy has similarly been theorized from a conceptual point of view, but the implications of this work for visual studies have only begun to be examined. Investigating visual manifestations of metonymy will moreover also improve our understanding of visual metaphor, as often these latter depend on, and interact with, metonymies. In this paper we propose to explore the interaction of metaphor and metonymy in the visual/multimodal realm of print advertising, using Francisco Ruiz de Mendoza and Olga Díez’ (2002) typology, and building on Paula Peréz-Sobrino’s (2017) applications of this typology. Our twofold aim is (1) to see if, and if so, how, all patterns of this typology appear in ads; and (2) to investigate a number of Iranian and Dutch print advertisements in which metaphor and metonymy interact. Analyzing ads from two cultures will enable us to demonstrate how cultural background knowledge is essential for understanding metaphor-metonymy interactions.

In this article I intent to show the application of hermeneutics to discourse analysis. In semiotics, Roman Jakobson says that the two columns of discourse are metaphor and metonymy. Octavio Paz adds that those two types of tropes are the two faces of analogy. And, according to Ricoeur, symbol has the structure of metaphorical analogy. Symbolism is found both in poetry and prose, for instance, in theatre and in narrative. Therefore, from semiotics and from hermeneutics, they have to be approached with an analogical spirit. Because of that the necessity of an analogical hermeneutics is alleged.

Except for metaphor and metonymy, the study of most traditional figures of speech has largely been neglected in Cognitive Linguistics. This article attempts to fill this gap by exploring a broad range of figures of speech in terms of their dependency relations and organizational patterns. It distinguishes between basic and non-basic figures of speech, where the latter arise from variants of the basic cognitive operations that shape the former. It then discusses these figures in terms of their interrelationships, their shared features, and the attitudinal or denotational nature of their meaning effects. The result is a unified account of figurative language.

En este trabajo se describen los diferentes procedimientos formales de combinación para la creación léxica en la lengua de signos catalana (LSC), así como el papel fundamental de la metáfora y la metonimia conceptuales en su motivación original. Para ello se caracterizan los distintos procesos de lexicalización formal y semántica dentro de un continuo de agrupaciones léxicas fijas: colocaciones, compuestos sintagmáticos, locuciones y compuestos léxicos., This paper examines Catalan Sign Language (LSC) multiword units in word-formation, along with the central role of conceptual metaphor and metonymy in its original motivation. The different multiword units form a continuum which can be characterized both semantically and formally in their lexicalization process: collocations, phrasal compounds, idioms and lexical compounds.

Introduction. The study focuses on the analysis of lexico-semantic and stylistic means of oppositions’ verbalization in Ray Bradbury’s texts.Purpose. The aim of this paper is to examine the basic views of scholars on the linguistic means of expressing oppositions and illustrate them with examples from Ray Bradbury’s novel“Fahrenheit 451”.Methods. The paper applied the methods of stylistic analysis, semantic and contextual analysis.Results. Systemic relation in language representing oppositions of different kinds have been studied by many scholars in different genres of texts but fiction. In Ray Bradbury’s science fiction novel “Fahrenheit 451” opposition relations are created with the help of such lexical means as synonymy, antonymy on the levels of separate words, lexical and semantic groups and lexical and thematic fields. The study of lexico-semantic and stylistic means of opposiitons’verbalization approved that among the dominant means there are antithesis, metaphor and metonymy as stylistic means to represent the conceptual opposition “HUMAN BEING – TECHNOLOGY” which is one of the crucial in creating the unique idiostyle of the writer.Conclusions. Oppositions on the lexico-semantic level are verbalized through the synonymic and antonymic relations of the separate words, lexical and semantic groups, lexical and thematic fields. The stylistic means manifesting the oppositions in the Ray Bradbury’s woks are antithesis to show the contrast; metaphor and metonymy to create opposition on the basis of common characteristics. The further research will be aimed at the in-depth analysis of the verbalization means of the conceptual opposition “HUMAN BEING – TECHNOLOGY” in Ray Bradbury’s works for classifying the peculiarities of the writer’s idiostyle.

This research aims to reveal the ‘selfness’ of Sartika as the subject through her hidden desire that is repressed by the values, law, and culture in the poems collected in poetry anthology Elegi Titi Gantung (2016). The aim comes from the phenomenon that the subject (human) never really knows her desire. The desired object is always replaced by another desired object. Based on that, the issues raised were (1) how is the combination of signifier as Sartika Sari’s desire manifestation through metaphor and metonymy mechanism in the poetry anthology of Elegi Titi Gantung? (2) how is Sartika Sari’s desire that is manifested in the poetry anthology of Elegi Titi Gantung? This research used Lacanian perspective and method, i.e. analyzing the data in the form of words, phrases, stanzas, or lines in the poem to find the under-consciousness condition of Sartika who wishes the wholeness of herself through metaphor and metonymy mechanism. The result of this research was that Sartika has the desire to be an existing woman and an ideal woman. Sartika’s desire to be an existing woman showed her existence as a subject in the Symbolic order. Meanwhile, Sartika’s desire to be an ideal woman was a negotiation form toward herself who wanted freedom.

This article deals with metaphor and metonymy as language tools that function in a media text. Metaphors and metonymy violate the Grice’s maxims and serve a disinformation strategy. The metonymy in a media text is expressed mainly with the help of names (-onyms) and performs two functions. The pragmatic function is to shape the reader's perception. The instrumental function is to form the subjective image. The metonymic models (part – the whole, concrete – abstract, dominant – secondary) indirectly refer to an object, which allows the author to create a negative image without the risk of incriminating lies or disinformation. A metaphor in a disinforming media text helps to form a pejorative assessment of an object. The main functions of a metaphor in a media text are manipulative (metaphors form and fossilize stereotypes) and emotional-evaluative (metaphors appeal to emotions). The nature and game metaphors are frequently used in a media text. The nature metaphor is effectivebecause of its simplicity. The game metaphor forms the image of an adversary/enemy. Metaphors and metonymy in a media text make it either informationally redundant or eager, ambiguous and emotional. Metaphors and metonymy violate the Cooperative Principle and contribute to the manipulation of the readers’ perception and consciousness stimulating verbal aggression in readers’ comments on media texts

Over the last few years there has been a rapprochement between Cognitive Linguistics and semantic theories of humour based on the notion of script or frame. By drawing on Ritchie’s version of the theory of frame-shifting (2005) and reviewing the cognitive linguistic account of humour, we shall demonstrate how the interpretation of jokes containing a metaphor or a metonymy involves two cognitive-pragmatic tasks: the completion of the metaphorical/metonymic mapping that results in a new frame, and the resolution of the joke’s incongruity via a contrast with the surrounding frames of the joke. We also develop a classification of frame shifts according to their ontological structure (non-metaphorical/metonymic shifts and shifts based on metaphorical and/or metonymic reasoning) and the degree of the interpreter’s inferential activity (conceptual filling out and metaphor/metonymy replacement). In doing so, we attempt to identify some of the defining features of humorous metaphors and metonymies, as well as other phenomena that may also characterise jokes.

Examining the dynamics of the imagery in Vladimir Gandelsman’s poem ‘A day in September’ [‘Den’ v sentyabre’], the article assesses the effects of metaphtonymy as the core method that creates its meaning. Metaphtonymy is defined as interaction of metaphor and metonymy, which becomes a main tool for uncovering various interpretations of a single text. Gandelsman’s poetic experiments are of special interest due to his skillful implementation of a finely nuanced psychologism by a variety of means, often uncommon, in the field of the poem’s imagery and semantics. The development of the system of images and conditionality of their dynamics reveal the ways to shape varying interpretations, all thanks to the poet’s careful and competent treatment of words. It is through the metaphtonymic shift that the reader’s attention is drawn to the interpretation that’s closest to him/her, while the use of ancillary methods of repetition and coupling within the general poetic metaphtonymy generate polysemantics. Multidimensionality in the semantic field of the text is the leading trend in the modern poetic paradigm.

espanolDebido a la necesidad de dictar una clase sobre la metafora y la metonimia en una diplomatura en correccion de textos, surgio la pregunta por el grado de utilidad didactica de este recurso en particular. Se fundamentara por que puede resultar de utilidad la ensenanza de la metafora y la metonimia en el ambito de la correccion de textos. Se presentara un caso particular de adaptacion de esta tematica, materializado en una clase para una diplomatura en correccion de textos en Mendoza, Argentina, en el ano 2018. Por ultimo, se reuniran los hallazgos de la experiencia desarrollada y se haran algunas consideraciones sobre las implicancias didacticas de la inclusion de la metafora y la metonimia en el curriculum sobre correccion de textos, debido a que acrecientan la motivacion de los alumnos y adjudican significatividad a las clases. Las conclusiones cerraran con la proyeccion de una investigacion futura que continue las lineas discutidas. EnglishDue to the need of giving a class on metaphor and metonymy in a diplomacy about proofreading, it arose the question of the degree of pedagogical usefulness for this particular issue. In this article, it will be explained why teaching metaphor and metonymy in the field of proofreading can be useful. A particular case of adaptation of this subject will be presented, which took place in a class for a diplomacy about proofreading in Mendoza, Argentina, in 2018. Finally, findings of this experience will be collected and some considerations will be made on pedagogical implications of the inclusion of metaphor and metonymy in the curriculum about proofreading. It is concluded that metaphor and metonymy position themselves, indeed, as very useful notions in the field of proofreading teaching, mainly because they increase student’s motivation and provide significance to classes. Conclusions will be close with the projection of a future investigation that continues along the lines discussed in this article.

This essay considers metonymy in dance from the perspective of cognitive science. My goal is to unpack the roles of metaphor and metonymy in dance thought and action: how do they arise, how are they understood, how are they to be explained, and in what ways do they determine a person's doing of dance? The premise of this essay is that language matters at the cultural level and can be determinative at the individual level. I contend that some figures of speech, especially metonymic labels like ‘bunhead’, can not only discourage but dehumanize young dancers, treating them not as subjects who dance but as objects to be danced. The use of metonymy to sort young dancers may undermine the development of healthy self-image, impede strong identity formation, and retard creative-artistic development. The paper concludes with a discussion of the influence of metonymy in dance and implications for dance educators.