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In this essay, we analyze the impact of Clarice Lispector's short stories on the narrative projects of two Chilean writers of Jewish descent: Marjorie Agosin and Andrea Jeftanovic. We will explore how the botanical rhetoric deployed by Lispector served as a model for Agosin and Jeftanovic, as well as for other women authors who, later, would achieve international renown. Specifically, we will describe how this botanical rhetoric allows these Jewish voices located in (post)dictatorial Chile to complete a double purpose: on the one hand, to dismantle the culture of abuse in the host society, and on the other, to recover ancestral memories lost in the diaspora. Like Agosin and Jeftanovic, we learn from Lispector's writing: The echoes of the past can still be heard at the level of wildlife., Anemophilous Pollination Until 1990, according to the catalogue of the National Library of Chile (BNCH), there was almost no critical response to the literary oeuvre of Brazilian writer Clarice Lispector [...]

DATA ARE, MY PHONE INSISTS DAILY, memories of long since forgotten moments. Memory as a metaphor for data is so common in contemporary life that one need only think of [...]

In the wake of the Fees Must Fall movements in south Africa, Nelson Mandela's invocation of the 'Rainbow Nation' in his 1994 inaugural presidential address was subject to renewed criticism. This essay considers how, from its first utterance, the metaphor was never allowed to communicate its most significant affordance: the recognition that processes of transition are frequently buoyed up by ephemeral moments, whose use may be their very transience. By returning to the ephemeral in Marlene van Niekerk's Triomf, it shows how Van Niekerk's text asks how we allow things to pass away. Signaling this postapartheid ephemerality through the breath, Van Niekerk opens up a discussion about ephemerality in the foundational text of the postapartheid period that has been largely overlooked, but has, perhaps, never been more important than in south Africa's present., OVER THE RAINBOW In the aftermath of South Africa's first democratic election in 1994, it became a rhetorical commonplace to suggest that the politically engaged writing of the 1970s and [...]

In the essay 'La esfera de Pascal,' written in 1951, Borges proposed that universal history is perhaps the history of a few metaphors. As illustration, he traces the evolution of [...]

Using conceptual metaphor theory (CMT) and possible worlds theory, we examine J. M. Coetzee's Waiting for the Barbarians (1980) to explain how conceptual metaphors, especially the war metaphor, are central to the novel's thematics and to the fictional 'staging' of debates concerning politics, history, society, ethics, and the very fiction of the writer. The war metaphor, for instance, functions on two levels of the private and public within the textual actual world (TAW) and discourse worlds--which rhetorically mirror TAW. The public discourse of war, introduced by Joll, is conducted through the LIFE IS A PLAY metaphor and strengthened through reinscribing colonial distinctions and interpellating SOCIETY AS A BODY. The magistrate's framing narrative, however, constantly challenges the war narrative by exposing imperial strategies through ARGUMENT IS WAR in private and public discourse worlds with Joll. Thus, a cognitive poetic reading of the novel with a focus on CMT reveals the cognitive complexity of an apparently simple allegory of colonialism., INTRODUCTION While exalting a 'literal reading' in J. M. Coetzee and the Ethics of Reading, Derek Attridge explores the complex relationship between politics and ethics in Coetzee's fiction and decides [...]

Contrary to the traditional interpretation of Plato's attitude towards painting as derogatory it has recently been rightly argued that its treatment in the Platonic corpus is too complicated to be dismissed as simply negative. In this paper I focus on Plato's references to 'shadow painting in the Phaedo and the Republic and investigate the way in which this fifth-century pictorial technique becomes a distinctive metaphor that addresses complex ontological and epistemological problems, namely the notion of antithesis and the so-called 'compresense' of opposites (enantia) in the world of Doxa, as well as the relationship between Forms and physical particulars., Introduction In the last few decades, scholars have questioned the traditional interpretation that considers Plato as having a derogatory attitude towards painting and have instead emphasized the use of painting [...]

Exegetes have long puzzled over the purported clash of eschatologies in John 5:19-30--one framed by an apparent shift between figurative and literal speech in the passage. In this article I [...]

Kamel Daoud's Meursault, contre-enquete, employs the metaphor of (de)construction to disassemble and reconstruct Albert Camus's L'Etranger on both the plot and lexical levels. Daoud creates a series of binary oppositions using Camus's original building blocks. His literary rebuilding on the unsteady canonical foundation ultimately valorizes plurality in the retrospective reconstruction of Algeria's past, and in an ever-deferred construction of its future. Daoud thus becomes inextricably part of the rebuilding process. Keywords Kamel Daoud, Meursault, contre-enquete, Camus, deconstruction, postcolonial, L'Etranger, Algeria, 9-5-2019 In his Meursault, contre-enquete (The Meursault Investigation), Kamel Daoud uses the metaphor of (de)construction as he fills in details involving the lived experience of the nameless fictional Arab victim [...]

This article considers how the figure of the fictional editor, and the idea of editing, illuminates ideas of selfhood, attention, and continuity in Trollope's work. Focusing on An Editor's Tales (1869-70), and The Way We Live Now (1875), I argue that the idea of the editor, and the act of editing, provided Trollope with a productive metaphor for thinking about the idea of the self in time. Trollope is drawn to a model of selfhood that bears comparison with Galen Strawson's concept of a non-narrative or 'episodic' self. Engaging with readings of Trollope as 'situationist' or 'akrasic,' my essay offers an alternative. I highlight the most extreme, 'episodic' aspects of his writing, and consider how their formal manifestations affect our readerly response., In 1860, William Makepeace Thackeray rejected Anthony Trollope's short story 'Mrs General Talboys,' on the grounds that its subject would shock the Cornhill's readership. Trollope's reply begins with some measure [...]

Analogy was a crucial conceptual tool for Victorian natural philosophers, who regarded the physical world less in terms of material bodies than in terms of formal relationships. Thus, even as he aimed for verisimilitude in his theoretical models, James Clerk Maxwell used analogical figures freely, for he understood nature itself to be structured around analogical relations. Like Maxwell, Algernon Charles swinburne wrote an undergraduate essay on the subject of analogy, conceiving it as fundamental to both scientific advancement and poetic production, where its logic of equivalence subsumes not only metaphor, but also rhythm and rhyme. The essay concludes with an argument that Swinburne's poem 'Before the Mirror' (1866) is a dramatization of the replacement of the traditional notion of metaphor by the structures of formal analogy., The literary critic, accustomed to associate nineteenth-century physics with industrialization, is likely to regard it as a pre-eminently material and practical pursuit. But Victorian natural philosophy achieved as much as [...]

In the 1972 typescript publication, Robert Duncan's Poems from the Margins of Thom Gunn's Moly are variously presented as 'from the margins of,' 'inspired by,' and 'translated from.' In terms [...]

Mirrors can be traced back to the Greeks, Etruscans and Romans, but these were thin discs of either metal, usually brass, or of a greenish dark glass, both producing only [...]

In the quarter century since he published his first novel, A Pale View of Hills (1982), Kazuo Ishiguro has been engaged in an increasingly conflicted relationship with his audience. Unlike [...]

In Marcel Proust's Sodome et Gomorrhe, the automobile produces a transformation in the relationship between space and time and, by analogy, a parallel transformation in art. In Proust's famous notion of involuntary memory, the similarity of a past sense impression to a present one leads to transcendence of time and space, and ultimately to metaphor. The metonymical speed of the automobile endlessly chases the sort of metaphorical "simultaneity" at work in involuntary memory. Structurally, the automobile offers the possibility of bringing together two terms by eliminating the middle term (time, space) that separated them; yet the automobile is never fast enough to reach the atemporal perfection of metaphor, and the third term reappears. We therefore examine how the automobile in this and other texts by Proust exhibits both metaphorical and metonymical properties. The automobile creates unexpected connections and reveals, in a displaced form, surprising relationships among characters, emotions, objects, and symbols. In its role as metaphor, the automobile stands for processes that are negatively marked, like aesthetic fetishism, while in its role as metonymy, the automobile leads to pleasure and appeasement. (SG)

IN THE VICTORIES OF LOVE, WRITTEN THREE YEARS BEFORE PATMORE'S 1864 conversion to Catholicism in Rome, extended astronomical metaphors begin to appear with such frequency in his poetry that one [...]

EARLY in Robert Drewe's 1978 novel The Savage Crows there is a graphic description of the treatment of the body of William Lanney (Anderson 10; Ryan 214-18), the supposed last [...]

I swam as fortune directed me, and was pushed forward by wind and tide ... but when I was almost gone, and able to struggle no longer, I found myself [...]

TWO RECURRING THEMES in analyses of Ernest Hemingway's 'Hills Like White Elephants' are the debate over whether or not Jig will carry her pregnancy to term and the search for [...]

Most of the commentary on Gerald Vizenor's fiction focuses upon trickster and the post-modern implications of Vizenor's texts; however, bears and their meaning within the Chippewa (1) oral tradition and [...]

Although nineteenth-century France is well known to be an age of science, materialism and reason, the same period experienced a powerful Marian revival. This article demonstrates how the following nineteenth-century narratives develop the representations of woman as virgin or beast: Honore de Balzac's Le Lys dans la vallee (1836), Edmond and Jules de Goncourt's Soeur Philomene (1861) and Emile Zola's Lourdes (1898). These novels reflect a growing struggle to codify female, roles in imitation of the Virgin Mary. The theme of the virgin progresses during the century from Balzac's use of metaphor and metonymy early in the century to Zola's eventual 'morphing' of the literary virgin with the Virgin Mary. Bestial imagery in Balzac is directly associated with excessive sexual appetite and moral weakness, but by the end of the century, the beast is portrayed as characters who literally look like monsters and who appeal to the Virgin for the healing of their monstrous afflictions. (PAM), Although nineteenth-century France is well known to be an age of science, materialism and reason, the same period experienced a powerful Marian revival. The renewed popularity of the Virgin Mary [...]

This article, first given as an address to the January 2002 National Consultation on Career Development, Ottawa, Ontario, draws attention to the inevitability of metaphor in human thought, discourse, and [...]

This paper attempts to situate Thomas Aquinas with respect to philosophical discussions of the nature of metaphorical language. I consider Aquinas's comments in the Summa Theologiae on Scriptural metaphor and allegory in the light of two theses in current discussions of metaphor: the substitution thesis and the dual-meaning thesis. I compare Aquinas's view to those of Aristotle and Donald Davidson. The substitution thesis asserts that figurative expressions can be replaced by semantically equivalent literal expressions. The dual-meaning thesis asserts that, in addition to a literal meaning (or sense), metaphorical language possesses another meaning, viz. a figurative one. I claim that Aquinas's view is complex. He affirms the dual-meaning thesis with regard to Scriptural allegory. Yet he rejects the dual-meaning thesis and affirms the substitution thesis with regard to predicates ascribed metaphorically to God.

In this study we investigate the comprehension of various kinds of anaphoric metaphors in context. We describe an experiment that manipulated the metaphoricity of simple noun + verb + ending sentences by using either a metaphoric noun or a metaphoric verb or both. Our results show that metaphoric nouns affect sentence comprehension to a greater extent than do metaphoric verbs. Thus, even though there were no sentence-reading time differences between metaphoric and literal targets, metaphoric nouns were read more slowly than were literal nouns, and they also affected the reading time of the following verb. Moreover, in trials involving metaphoric-noun targets, participants read the endings of the targets faster and made more mistakes in answering posttrial questions than they did in literal-noun trials. We argue that these results suggest a comprehension deficit for anaphoric noun metaphors even when they are preceded by a context.

This article discusses the sexual and religious aspects of the mill metaphor in Geoffrey Chaucer's 'Reeve's Tale.' Topics include iconography, pilgrimage, parody, and apocalypse.

This article discusses the manner in which nature and human nature are portrayed in the poem 'Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.' Topics include chivalry, knighthood, hunting, metaphor, and vulnerability.

The image of the mythological shape-changing sea-god Proteus was used in several contexts relating to natural philosophy in early modern Britain. These uses derived from different ancient sources, including Homer, Plato, and Diodorus Siculus. Proteus's use as an image of nature itself, most common among writers on alchemy and natural philosophy, disproves the common idea that images of nature were always female. Coercive relations between the natural philosopher and nature were not dependent on gendering nature as female, but were also expressed through the metaphor of the 'binding of Proteus.' Proteus was treated by mythographers as representing the investigator of nature, and by antioccultists as an image of the magician making false claims to natural knowledge. The use of the image of Proteus in relation to natural philosophy declined in the late seventeenth century with the rise of mechanical philosophy.

This article discusses the manner in which the relationship between religion and economics in colonial Bengal is portrayed in folk song. Topics include political authority, religious authority, religious symbolism, self-interest, and social order.

Metatheatre is an old practice but a comparatively recent critical interest. It attained momentum among critics in the early 1960s, stirred partly by Lionel Abel's brief essays in Metatheatre: A [...]

I practise a craft I do not understand and cannot describe. Golding, 'Belief and Creativity' (195) William Golding's last novel, The Double Tongue, was left 'unfinished' at his death in [...]

This article discusses the new manner in which quantum theory is portrayed in literature. Topics include metaphor, analogy, literary criticism, and ambiguity.

Nathalie Sarraute would not have appreciated this essay, because in it I propose to compare, as other critics have done in the past, her work with that of Jean-Paul Sartre. [...]

In Emile, (1) Jean-Jacques Rousseau describes a mythical process of education through which the master reveals to his pupil wisdom that is simultaneously social and natural. The master's part in [...]

This article reflects on the literal and metaphorical meanings of house fire in Louise Gluck's poetry. Topics include hell, material loss, and fear.

This article analyses the building metaphor in the sculpting of Ralph Hotere. Topics include structure, architecture, and space.

This article compares 'Getting Medieval: Sexualities and Communities, Pre- and Postmodern' with 'The Carnal Prayermat.' Topics include metaphor, queer theory, sexual passion, irony, and punishment.

Paula Fox discusses language in fiction, poetry, and life. Topics include metaphor, sociology, and human experience.

Literary criticism of depictions of sieges in Old French chronicles is presented. It is emphasized that siege machinery is often used to play a role in conflict resolution and in manipulating the audience's response. Symbolic values of practical values in chronicles are discussed.

This article discusses the manner in which consumption is portrayed in John Keats' early poem 'Ode to a Nightingale.' Topics include economics, industrialization, materialism, and the metaphor of illness.

A critique is presented on American literary canon and the history of its development, specifically its incorporation of metaphor and figures of speech. It is posited that metaphor can obscure socially or politically relevant issues concerning the commercialization of literary fame.

A unified account of the imagery in 'Antony and Cleopatra' is given, based on the theory of cognitive metaphor. Image schemas of container, links, and path are blended in the play to trace a development from the hard-edged Roman military persona of Antony to the lovers' passion, portrayed as a shapeless liquid, progressing through ephemeral cloud formations to the final etheric sublimation of Cleopatra.

The metaphors in the first two lines of William Wordsworth's poem 'I wandered lonely as a cloud' are examined, based on an approach to metaphor along the three dimensions of expression, idea, and utterance. A conceptual taxonomy of metaphor includes simple and complex, restricted and extended, and explicit and implicit metaphors.

Two haiku texts from Basho's 'Oku no Hosomichi' are analyzed using the 'blending' model of Mark Turner and Gilles Fauconnier. Metaphors in the haiku include 'time is a traveler,' 'nature is human' and 'people are nature'. The role of common background knowledge is also considered as it informs the reading of the haiku.