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Bacillus velezensis is a species of Bacillus that has been widely investigated because of its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity. However, most studies on B. velezensis have focused on the biocontrol of plant diseases, with few reports on antagonizing Salmonella Typhimurium infections. In this investigation, it was discovered that B. velezensis HBXN2020, which was isolated from healthy black pigs, possessed strong anti-stress and broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Importantly, B. velezensis HBXN2020 did not cause any adverse side effects in mice when administered at various doses (1×107, 1×108, and 1×109 CFU) for 14 days. Supplementing B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores, either as a curative or preventive measure, dramatically reduced the levels of S. Typhimurium ATCC14028 in the mice’s feces, ileum, cecum, and colon, as well as the disease activity index (DAI), in a model of infection caused by this pathogen in mice. Additionally, supplementing B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores significantly regulated cytokine levels (Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, and Il10) and maintained the expression of tight junction proteins and mucin protein. Most importantly, adding B. velezensis HBXN2020 spores to the colonic microbiota improved its stability and increased the amount of beneficial bacteria (Lactobacillus and Akkermansia). All together, B. velezensis HBXN2020 can improve intestinal microbiota stability and barrier integrity and reduce inflammation to help treat infection by S. Typhimurium.

The ionicity of ionic solids is typically characterized by the electronegativity of the constituent ions. Electronegativity measures the ability of electron transfer between atoms and is commonly considered under ambient conditions. However, external stresses profoundly change the ionicity, and compressed ionic compounds may behave differently. Here, we focus on silver halides, with constituent ions from one of the most electropositive metals and some of the most electronegative nonmetals. Using first-principles calculations, we find that the strengths of the ionic bonds in these compounds change greatly under pressure owing to downshifting of the Ag 4d-orbital. The center of this orbital is lowered to fill the antibonding state below the Fermi level, leading to chemical decomposition. Our results suggest that under pressure, the orbital energies and correspondingly the electronegativities still tune the ionicity and control the electron transfer, ionicity, and reactivity of both the metal and the nonmetal elements. However, the effects of orbital energies start to become dominant under pressure, causing substantial changes to the chemistry of ionic compounds and leading to an unusual phenomenon in which elements with substantial electronegativity differences, such as Ag and Br, do not necessarily form ionic compounds, but remain in their elemental forms.

This study aimed to identify genes associated with autophagy and potential diagnostic biomarkers by comparing the gene expression profiles of synovial tissues in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy individuals, aiming to offer new insights for clinical treatment strategies. We used publicly available datasets to analyze differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the synovial tissue of RA patients and healthy individuals. Then, we intersected these DEGs with autophagy-related genes to identify autophagy genes in the synovial tissue of RA patients. We further analyzed the biological processes and functions of these genes. Furthermore, we used machine learning to identify characteristic autophagy genes in RA synovial tissue. Finally, we examined the differential expression of these characteristic genes in the blood of RA patients using an external dataset. Our study identified FOXO3 as a potential biomarker for diagnosing RA. FOXO3 gene expression was downregulated in both the synovial tissue and blood of RA patients, suggesting its involvement in multiple biological processes such as local inflammation, oxidative stress, metabolic processes, and immune responses. Our findings suggest that FOXO3 may be a novel biomarker for the clinical diagnosis of RA and may play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of RA. The study provides new insights into the molecular mechanisms of RA and potential new therapeutic targets.

Incorporating inorganic fillers into solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) to construct composite polymer electrolytes (CPEs) serves as an effective strategy to comprehensively enhance the properties of solid electrolytes. Herein, a CPE is fabricated by integrating Li6PS5Cl particles into polycaprolactone (PCL). The addition of active fillers could effectively weaken the crystallization of polymer and increase the ionic conductivity of the solid electrolyte. In particular, the PCL-based polymer electrolyte with 3% Li6PS5Cl (PCL-3) exhibits an excellent ionic conductivity of 1.36×10−4 S cm−1 at room temperature, which is one order higher than that of PCL polymer solid electrolyte. And it achieves a high critical current density of 2.2 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 2.2 mAh cm−2. The assembled Li symmetric battery can cycle steadily for more than 3000 h at 0.5 mA cm−2 under room temperature. The LiFePO4/PCL-3/Li all-solid-state battery maintains a capacity of 125.3 mAh g−1 after 400 cycles at 0.2 C under room temperature. Notably, the LiFePO4//Li battery also shows stable cycling at 40 °C, exhibiting high reversible specific capacities of 156.7 mAh g−1 and 126.3 mAh g−1 with a retention rate of 97.15% and 94.6% at 0.2 C and 0.5 C after 100 cycles, respectively, showing promising application prospects for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.

In this study, a UPLC-MS/MS method was developed for the rapid detection of 71 neuropsychotropic drugs in human serum for drug concentration monitoring and toxicity screening. The analytes were separated from the biological matrix by protein precipitation using a methanol-acetonitrile solvent mixture. The chromatographic separation was performed on a Kromasil ClassicShell C18 column (2.1*50 mm, 2.5 μ m) with gradient elution using acetonitrile-0.2 % acetic acid and 10 mM ammonium acetate as the mobile phases (flow rate 0.4 mL/min, column temperature 40 °C, injection volume 5 μL). An electrospray ion source in both positive and negative ion modes with multiple ion monitoring was used. The total run time was 6 min. All compounds were quantified using the isotope internal standard method. Totally, 71 drugs were detected within their linear ranges with correlation coefficients greater than 0.990. The intra- and inter-batch precision relative standard deviations (RSDs) for the low, medium, and high concentration points were less than 15 %, with an accuracy of 90%–110 %. All compounds except Moclobemide N-oxindole are stabilised within 7 days. The relative matrix effect results for each analyte were within ±20 % of the requirements. The method is validated according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, easy to use, and has a low cost.

Abstract Background Immune checkpoint inhibitors, which have attracted much attention in recent years, have achieved good efficacy, but their use is limited by the high incidence of acquired drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new immunotherapy drugs. Compound taxus chinensis capsule (CTC) is an oral paclitaxel compound drug, clinical results showed it can change the number of regulatory T cells and T helper cell 17 in peripheral blood. Regulating the balance between regulatory T cells and T helper cell 17 is considered to be an effective anticancer strategy. Paclitaxel and ginsenoside metabolite compound K are the main immunomodulatory components, it is not clear that paclitaxel combined with compound K can inhibit tumor development by regulating the balance between regulatory T cell and T helper cell 17. Methods MTT, EdU proliferation and plate colony formation assay were used to determine the concentration of paclitaxel and compound K. AnnexinV-FITC/PI staining, ELISA, Western Blot assay, Flow Cytometry and Immunofluorescence were used to investigate the effect of paclitaxel combined with compound K on Lewis cell cultured alone or co-cultured with splenic lymphocyte. Finally, transplanted tumor C57BL/6 mice model was constructed to investigate the anti-cancer effect in vivo. Results According to the results of MTT, EdU proliferation and plate colony formation assay, paclitaxel (10 nM) and compound K (60 μM) was used to explore the mechanism. The results of Flow Cytometry demonstrated that paclitaxel combined with compound K increased the number of T helper cell 17 and decreased the number of regulatory T cells, which induced pyroptosis of cancer cells. The balance was mediated by the JAK–STAT pathway according to the results of Western Blot and Immunofluorescence. Finally, the in vivo results showed that paclitaxel combined with compound K significantly inhibit the progression of lung cancer. Conclusions In this study, we found that paclitaxel combined with compound K can activate CD8+ T cells and induce pyroptosis of tumor cells by regulating the balance between regulatory T cells and T helper cell 17. These results demonstrated that this is a feasible treatment strategy for lung cancer.

Industrial drawing recognition attains much attention for its significance in drawing image digitalization. However, traditional deep methods fail to achieve a satisfactory performance, due to their inferior feature representation ability. To address this issue, we introduce an industrial drawing recognition method based on a new neural architecture, dubbed as DrawingNet. Our network is designed based on layer-wise aggregation module and deformable convolution to extract more representational features for input drawing images. We provide an end-to-end and one-stage pipeline to train DrawingNet for an automatic drawing recognition in an anchor-free manner. A dataset with 10,000 drawings is collected to validate our method. We introduce a data enhancement method, by cutting out the tower and various components in the picture, and then randomly paste them on the blank drawing, each paste can produce different combinations. Experimental results show that our DrawingNet outperforms CenterNet in a large margin.

This study creatively invented a new type of turnbuckle adjustable corner reflector (CR), which greatly enhances the flexible adjustment ability of CR in both vertical and horizontal directions through a unique positive and negative screw structure design, significantly improving the convenience of on-site deployment. Based on the performance of dihedral CR and trihedral CR installed in the South-to-North Water Diversion Channel using back-to-back design on TerraSAR-X and Sentinel-1A images, the performance of different structures of CR in complex environments, especially under heavy precipitation conditions, was deeply analyzed. The experimental results show that the trihedral CR can still maintain stable monitoring efficiency when encountering extreme weather conditions with precipitation exceeding 10 mm. The monitoring effect of traditional dihedral CR drops sharply and is almost ineffective in such environments. At the same time, the combination of theoretical radar cross section (RCS) and measured RCS values confirms the decisive impact of CR geometry and deployment strategy on improving monitoring stability and accuracy. Further precise comparison between CR-InSAR monitoring results and the second-order leveling measurement results shows that the system's average error is controlled within the range of 2–3 mm using trihedral CR. Compared with the results of dihedral CR and InSAR without CR, a significant improvement in accuracy has been achieved. This study provides strong theoretical support and practical guidance for the optimization design and practical application of CR systems, and has important scientific value and application prospects.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a new mode of intercellular crosstalk and are responsible for many of the therapeutic effects of MSCs. To promote the application of MSC-EVs, recent studies have focused on the manipulation of MSCs to improve the production of EVs and EV-mediated activities. The current paper details an optimization method using non-invasive low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) as the stimulation for improving oral MSC-EV production and effectiveness. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAP), a type of oral mesenchymal stem cell, displayed intensity-dependent pro-osteogenic and anti-inflammatory responses to LIPUS without significant cytotoxicity or apoptosis. The stimuli increased the secretion of EVs by promoting the expression of neutral sphingomyelinases in SCAP. In addition, EVs from LIPUS-induced SCAP exhibited stronger efficacy in promoting the osteogenic differentiation and anti-inflammation of periodontal ligament cells in vitro and alleviating oral inflammatory bone loss in vivo. In addition, LIPUS stimulation affected the physical characteristics and miRNA cargo of SCAP-EVs. Further investigations indicated that miR-935 is an important mediator of the pro-osteogenic and anti-inflammatory capabilities of LIPUS-induced SCAP-EVs. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that LIPUS is a simple and effective physical method to optimize SCAP-EV production and efficacy.

IntroductionAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted developmental condition that commonly appears during early childhood. The etiology of ASD remains multifactorial and not yet fully understood. The identification of biomarkers may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms and pathophysiology of the disorder. The present study aimed to explore the causes of ASD by investigating the key biomedical markers, trace elements, and microbiota factors between children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and control subjects.MethodsMedline, PubMed, ProQuest, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and EMBSCO databases have been searched for publications from 2012 to 2023 with no language restrictions using the population, intervention, control, and outcome (PICO) approach. Keywords including “autism spectrum disorder,” “oxytocin,” “GABA,” “Serotonin,” “CRP,” “IL-6,” “Fe,” “Zn,” “Cu,” and “gut microbiota” were used for the search. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the article quality, and a random model was used to assess the mean difference and standardized difference between ASD and the control group in all biomedical markers, trace elements, and microbiota factors.ResultsFrom 76,217 records, 43 studies met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled analyses showed that children with ASD had significantly lower levels of oxytocin (mean differences, MD = −45.691, 95% confidence interval, CI: −61.667, −29.717), iron (MD = −3.203, 95% CI: −4.891, −1.514), and zinc (MD = −6.707, 95% CI: −12.691, −0.722), lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (MD = −1.321, 95% CI: −2.403, −0.238) and Parabacteroides (MD = −0.081, 95% CI: −0.148, −0.013), higher levels of c-reactive protein, CRP (MD = 0.401, 95% CI: 0.036, 0.772), and GABA (MD = 0.115, 95% CI: 0.045, 0.186), and higher relative abundance of Bacteroides (MD = 1.386, 95% CI: 0.717, 2.055) and Clostridium (MD = 0.281, 95% CI: 0.035, 0.526) when compared with controls. The results of the overall analyses were stable after performing the sensitivity analyses. Additionally, no substantial publication bias was observed among the studies.InterpretationChildren with ASD have significantly higher levels of CRP and GABA, lower levels of oxytocin, iron, and zinc, lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium and Parabacteroides, and higher relative abundance of Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, and Clostridium when compared with controls. These results suggest that these indicators may be a potential biomarker panel for the diagnosis or determining therapeutic targets of ASD. Furthermore, large, sample-based, and randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm these results.

Multiple myeloma (MM) is a clonal disease of plasma cells that remains, for the most part, incurable despite the advent of several novel therapeutics. The elevated expression of p27 and its association with cell-cycle arrest is speculated to be one of the major mechanisms by which MM cells escape the cytotoxic effects of therapeutic agents. In this study, we demonstrated that RBX1 silencing could inhibit MM cell growth and promote cell drug resistance. RBX1 directly interacted with and triggered the ubiquitination and degradation of p27, ultimately causing p27 reduction. Additionally, cell growth and apoptosis analysis indicated that the role of RBX1 in regulating myeloma cell proliferation and drug resistance resulted from p27 accumulation, which occurred in a Thr187 phosphorylation-dependent manner. Furthermore, the cell-cycle analysis demonstrated that RBX1 overexpression induced cells to enter the cell cycle (S-phase) and partially inhibited chemotherapeutic drugs-mediated cell cycle arrest. Notably, the forced expression of RBX1 also inhibited the cell adhesion-mediated elevation of p27 and induced the accumulation of adherent cells in apoptosis, especially the proteolytic cleavage of caspase-3. Additionally, RBX1 knockdown significantly inhibited myeloma development in SCID-Hu mice and in a human MM xenotransplant model. Overall, these in vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that the RBX1-p27 axis could be a central molecular mechanism by which RBX1 functions as a tumor promoter and stimulates cell growth in chemotherapeutic drugs treated MM cells.

Foxtail millet (Setaria italica) is an important C4 model crop; however, due to its high-density planting and high stature, lodging at the filling stage resulted in a serious reduction in yield and quality. Therefore, it is imperative to identify and deploy the genes controlling foxtail millet plant height. In this study, we used a semi-dwarf line 263A and an elite high-stalk breeding variety, Chuang 29 to construct an F2 population to identify dwarf genes. We performed transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) using internode tissues sampled at three jointing stages of 263A and Chuang 29, as well as bulk segregant analysis (BSA) on their F2 population. A total of 8918 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were obtained from RNA-seq analysis, and GO analysis showed that DEGs were enriched in functions such as “gibberellin metabolic process” and “oxidoreductase activity”, which have previously been shown to be associated with plant height. A total 593 mutated genes were screened by BSA-seq method. One hundred and seventy-six out of the 593 mutated genes showed differential expression levels between the two parental lines, and seven genes not only showed differential expression in two or three internode tissues but also showed high genomic variation in coding regions, which indicated they play a crucial role in plant height determination. Among them, we found a gibberellin biosynthesis related GA20 oxidase gene (Seita.5G404900), which had a single-base deletion at the third exon, leading to the frameshift mutation at 263A. Cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence assay and association analysis proved the single-base deletion in Seita.5G404900 co-segregated with dwarf phenotype in two independent F2 populations planted in entirely different environments. Taken together, the candidate genes identified in this study will help to elucidate the genetic basis of foxtail millet plant height, and the molecular marker will be useful for marker-assisted dwarf breeding.

A forest is vulnerable to drought and plays important roles in the regulation of carbon and water cycling in a terrestrial ecosystem. Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD) has been identified as an increasingly major factor in plant functioning and has been established as a main contributor to recent drought-induced plant mortality, independent of other drivers associated with climate change. However, most previous studies have focused on the effects of climate warming and CO2 enrichment on vegetation growth, without considering the effects of an increased VPD on vegetation growth and evapotranspiration (ET) in forest ecosystems. This could lead to a large uncertainty in estimating the variability in forest carbon sinks. Based on the long-term satellite data, we investigated the response of the leaf area index (LAI) and ET to the VPD via a partial correlation analysis in this study. We also examined the temporal variability in the partial coefficients within a ten-year moving window. The results showed that over 50% of the region displayed a negative partial correlation between the LAI, ET, and VPD, and those pixels were mainly concentrated in North America and the plains of Eastern Europe. Regions with a negative trend of partial correlation in both the LAI and ET are mostly located in the plains of Eastern Europe and the Siberian Plain of western Russia, while the positive trend is mainly in South America. The plains of Eastern Europe are becoming drier, which was proved by the interannual trend of the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) and soil water content (SWC). Additionally, the LAI and ET in those areas exhibited a significant positive correlation with the SWC based on the moving window average. This study suggests that the role of the VPD on vegetation will become increasingly prominent in the context of future climate change for the forest ecosystem.

With the rapid increase in the volume of data on the aquatic environment, machine learning has become an important tool for data analysis, classification, and prediction. Unlike traditional models used in water-related research, data-driven models based on machine learning can efficiently solve more complex nonlinear problems. In water environment research, models and conclusions derived from machine learning have been applied to the construction, monitoring, simulation, evaluation, and optimization of various water treatment and management systems. Additionally, machine learning can provide solutions for water pollution control, water quality improvement, and watershed ecosystem security management. In this review, we describe the cases in which machine learning algorithms have been applied to evaluate the water quality in different water environments, such as surface water, groundwater, drinking water, sewage, and seawater. Furthermore, we propose possible future applications of machine learning approaches to water environments.

Atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD, indicative of atmospheric water conditions) has been identified as a major driver of global vegetation dynamics. Drylands, including deserts, temperate grasslands, savannas, and dry forests, are more sensitive to water conditions and affect carbon, nitrogen, and water cycles. However, our knowledge is limited on the way increasing VPD affects vegetation growth and evapotranspiration (ET) in global drylands. In this study, we used long-term satellite datasets combined with multiple statistical analyses to examine the relationship between the satellite-derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a proxy for vegetation growth, and ET to VPD across global drylands. We found that significant decreases in NDVI and ET predominantly influenced the NDVI (RVPD − NDVI) and ET (RVPD − ET) responses to VPD in both the savannas and dry forests of South American, African, and Australian savannas and dry forests, as well as in temperate grasslands (e.g., Eurasian steppes and American prairies). Notably, more than 60% of global drylands exhibited significantly negative RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET values. In contrast, the percentage of significantly negative RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET decreased to 60° N). In predominantly warm drylands (60° N~60° S), negative VPD effects were significantly and positively regulated by soil water availability, as determined by multiple linear regression models. However, these significant regulatory effects were not observed in cold drylands. Moving-window analyses further revealed that temporal changes in RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET were positively correlated with changes in the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI). In warm drylands, areas with increasing RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET over time showed an increasing trend in the SPEI, whereas areas with a decreasing SPEI showed a negative trend in RVPD − NDVI and RVPD − ET values over time. Given the increasing atmospheric dryness due to climate change, this study highlighted the importance of re-evaluating the representation of the role of water availability in driving the response of the carbon-water cycle to increased VPD across global drylands.

Abstract Background T cell malignancies proliferate vigorously, are highly dependent on lysosomal function, with limited therapeutic options. Deregulation of lysosomal structure and function has been confirmed to be a key role in the treatment of hematologic malignant disease. Methods Cell counting kit 8 and Annexin V/PI staining were used to assess the cell viability and apoptosis rate. Flow cytometry, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, immunofluorescence and western blot were performed to detect the effect on lysosomes. Drug affinity responsive target stability, molecular docking and cellular thermal shift assay were employed to confirm the target protein of V8 on lysosomes. A xenograft model was constructed in NOD/SCID mice to assess the effect and mechanism. Results V8, a new lysosomotropic compound, could be rapidly trapped by lysosomes and accumulation in lysosomes, contributing to lysosomal‐dependent cell death by evoking lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP), accompanied with disrupted lysosome and autophagic flux. Mechanistically, heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) was identified as the binding target of V8 in lysosome. As a downstream effect of targeting HSP70, enzymatic activity of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) was inhibited, which induced disturbance of lipid metabolism, instability of lysosomal membrane, and leakage of cathepsin B and D, leading to LMP‐mediated cell death. In vivo study showed V8 well controlled the growth of the tumour and confirmed lysosomal cell death induced by V8. Conclusions Collectively, this study suggests targeting lysosomal HSP70‐ASM axis by V8 illustrates the great value of drug therapy for T cell malignancies and the unlimited potential of lysosomal targeting for cancer therapy.

Morphology engineering has been developed as one of the most widely used strategies for improving the performance of electrocatalysts. However, the harsh reaction conditions and cumbersome reaction steps during the nanomaterials synthesis still limit their industrial applications. Herein, one-dimensional (1D) novel-segmented PtTe porous nanochains (PNCs) were successfully synthesized by the template methods assisted by Pt autocatalytic reduction. The PtTe PNCs consist of consecutive mesoporous architectures that provide a large electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and abundant active sites to enhance methanol oxidation reaction (MOR). Furthermore, 1D nanostructure as a robust sustaining frame can maintain a high mass/charge transfer rate in a long-term durability test. After 2,000 cyclic voltammetry (CV) cycles, the ECSA value of PtTe PNCs remained as high as 44.47 m2·gPt–1, which was much larger than that of commercial Pt/C (3.95 m2·gPt–1). The high catalytic activity and durability of PtTe PNCs are also supported by CO stripping test and density functional theory calculation. This autocatalytic reduction-assisted synthesis provides new insights for designing efficient low-dimensional nanocatalysts.

The integrity of lysosomes is of vital importance to survival of tumor cells. We demonstrated that LW-218, a synthetic flavonoid, induced rapid lysosomal enlargement accompanied with lysosomal membrane permeabilization in hematological malignancy. LW-218-induced lysosomal damage and lysosome-dependent cell death were mediated by cathepsin D, as the lysosomal damage and cell apoptosis could be suppressed by depletion of cathepsin D or lysosome alkalization agents, which can alter the activity of cathepsins. Lysophagy, was initiated for cell self-rescue after LW-218 treatment and correlated with calcium release and nuclei translocation of transcription factor EB. LW-218 treatment enhanced the expression of autophagy-related genes which could be inhibited by intracellular calcium chelator. Sustained exposure to LW-218 exhausted the lysosomal capacity so as to repress the normal autophagy. LW-218-induced enlargement and damage of lysosomes were triggered by abnormal cholesterol deposition on lysosome membrane which caused by interaction between LW-218 and NPC intracellular cholesterol transporter 1. Moreover, LW-218 inhibited the leukemia cell growth in vivo. Thus, the necessary impact of integral lysosomal function in cell rescue and death were illustrated.

The inflammatory response plays critical important role in tissue hemostasis. Our previous study showed insulin-binding protein-5 (IGFBP5) could enhance the regeneration of tissue defect under inflammation condition, but the function of IGFBP5 in controlling inflammation and regulating immune responses remains unclear. In present study, we studied the regulatory effect of IGFBP5 on T cell immune response in vitro, and the maintenance of Th17/Treg balance in vivo by using dextran sulfate sodium salt (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. The results showed that IGFBP5 inhibited the differentiation of CD4+ T cells into Th17 subset while promoted its differentiation into Treg subsets. Further results of animal experiments demonstrated that recombinant IGFBP5 reversed the imbalance of Th17/Treg and alleviated the severity of DSS-induced colitis. The percentage of Th17 cells decreased and the percentage of Treg cells increased in the inflamed colon tissue and mesenteric lymph nodes of mice with colitis after IGFBP5 treatment. Besides, pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ in serum were suppressed after the treatment of IGFBP5. Moreover, the function of IGFBP5 in regulating Th17/Treg balance could be inhibited by the inhibitors of ERK or JNK pathway. In conclusion, all these data showed that IGFBP5 could regulate Th17/Treg balance via ERK or JNK pathways. The findings of our study provide a theoretical basis for the application of IGFBP5 in inflammatory diseases.

As the by-product of modern life, the accelerating amount of municipal solid waste remains a wicked environmental and social problem that burdens megacities or populated cities in large. Apart from enhancing dexterity and proficiency in the intracity handling of waste, efficient and effective management needs to go beyond administrative boundaries and seek regional cooperation. Previous studies featuring Chinese regional waste management have paid scant attention to such endeavors. A SWOT analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of provinces and municipalities within the Yangtze River Delta, one of the country’s top urban agglomerations, justifies the opportunities for further intra-region collaboration. This research analyzed the status quo of waste management in the region and laid out the enabling institutions, challenges, and policy suggestions for enhanced collaborations.

It is of great significance to explore the spatial and temporal evolution of soil and rockfill dam deformation, ensuring the safety of people’s lives and healthy economic development. The spatial and temporal evolution patterns of deformation of 17 large soil and rockfill dams in Henan Province were analyzed by using the PS-InSAR technique and 55 Sentinel-1A images from March 2017 to September 2021. Based on factors such as reservoir water level and rainfall, a series of analyses were conducted on the Xiaolangdi soil and rockfill dam, which has the highest dam height and the most prominent deformation problem. The monitoring results show that all the soil and rockfill dams in Henan Province have different degrees of deformation, and there is a close relationship between dam height and deformation. In addition, the deformation rate of the Xiaolangdi soil and rockfill dam in the past five years presents a “Stepped Shape” deformation trend from the top to the bottom of the dam. The deformation of the upper, middle, and lower parts of the dam body reaches 80 mm, 40 mm, and 20 mm, respectively, among which the middle part of the dam crest has the largest deformation. Furthermore, the time series prediction model for sparrow search algorithm Long Short-Term Memory considering the moving average filter (MAF-SSA-LSTM) is proposed to predict and accurately analyze the future deformation of Xiaolangdi soil and rockfill dam with RMSE of 1.526 mm, MAE of 1.447 mm, and MAPE of 2.22%, which proved that the model has high prediction accuracy. It can truly reflect the overall deformation trend of the dam body. The results provide a theoretical basis and decision basis for the census of reservoir safety conditions and deformation history retrieval in Henan Province.

The high-precision digital elevation model (DEM) is of great significance for improving the accuracy of InSAR deformation monitoring. In today’s free opening of multi-source DEM, there is no consensus on how to select suitable DEMs to assist InSAR in deformation monitoring for different landforms. This article introduces five types of DEMs: ALOS12.5, SRTM-1, ASTER V3, AW3D30, and Copernicus 30, and uses SBAS-InSAR technology to analyze the applicability of deformation monitoring in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau and Central China Plain regions. The coverage, average value, standard deviation, and unwrapping efficiency of the phase unwrapping results, the temporal deformation rate curves of six random deformation points in the key deformation area, as well as the consistency with the second-level data and the comparative analysis of RMSE of all deformation points, show that in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau region, Copernicus 30 is the best, followed by ASTER V3, AW3D30, and SRTM-1 having low accuracy, and ALOS12.5 is the worst. In the Central China Plain region, AW3D30 is the best, followed by Copernicus 30, SRTM-1, and ASTER V3 having low accuracy, and ALOS12.5 is still the worst. Although ALOS12.5 has the highest resolution, it is not recommended for deformation monitoring based on its worst performance in plateau and plain areas. It is recommended to use Copernicus 30 in plateau areas and AW3D30 for deformation monitoring in plain areas.

Abstract Background The positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) kinase activity is involved in the process of transcription. Cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9), a core component of P-TEFb, regulates the process of transcription elongation, which is associated with differentiation and apoptosis in many cancer types. Wogonin, a natural CDK9 inhibitor isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis. This study aimed to investigate the involved molecular mechanisms of wogonin on anti- chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells. Materials and methods mRNA and protein levels were analysed by RT-qPCR and western blot. Flow cytometry was used to assess cell differentiation and apoptosis. Cell transfection, immunofluorescence analysis and co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) assays were applied to address the potential regulatory mechanism of wogonin. KU-812 cells xenograft NOD/SCID mice model was used to assess and verify the mechanism in vivo. Results We reported that the anti-CML effects in K562, KU-812 and primary CML cells induced by wogonin were regulated by P-TEFb complex. We also confirmed the relationship between CDK9 and erythroid differentiation via knockdown the expression of CDK9. For further study the mechanism of erythroid differentiation induced by wogonin, co-IP experiments were used to demonstrate that wogonin increased the binding between GATA-1 and FOG-1 but decreased the binding between GATA-1 and RUNX1, which were depended on P-TEFb. Also, wogonin induced apoptosis and decreased the mRNA and protein levels of MCL-1 in KU-812 cells, which is the downstream of P-TEFb. In vivo studies showed wogonin had good anti-tumor effects in KU-812 xenografts NOD/ SCID mice model and decreased the proportion of human CD45+ cells in spleens of mice. We also verified that wogonin exhibited anti-CML effects through modulating P-TEFb activity in vivo. Conclusions Our study indicated a special mechanism involving the regulation of P-TEFb kinase activity in CML cells, providing evidences for further application of wogonin in CML clinical treatment. Video Abstract

The Middle Route of the South–North Water Diversion Project has changed the water resources pattern in China. As advanced equipment for the country, it is responsible for the water supply “lifeline” of Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, etc. Ensuring its safe operation is a top priority to promote social stability and coordinated economic development between the North and the South. Used persistent scatterer interferometric synthetic aperture radar (PS-InSAR) technology to monitor the deformation of the high fill characteristic canal in Wenzhuang Village, Ye County, during the period from October 2016 to June 2017 for the South–North Water Diversion Project showed that there was significant deformation on the 1 km-long slope of the east bank of the canal, with the maximum deformation volume reaching 36 mm. Through the comparison and verification with the second order leveling data, there are more than 87% of the root mean square error of both less than ±2 mm. The correlation coefficient is 0.96, and the two were highly consistent in deformation trends and values. Through the vertical and cross-sectional analysis of the canal’s east bank and four key monitoring sections, it was found that the east bank of the canal presents overall uneven subsidence, and the closer the canal is to the water, the greater the canal deformation, and vice versa. Further comparison of the PS-InSAR deformation results of the canal from October 2016 to February 2018 proves that this technology cannot only monitor the subsidence range and rate of the South–North Water Diversion canal but also accurately identify the subsidence sequence of the east and west banks. It can provide reliable technical support for the safety monitoring and disaster prevention of the South–North Water Diversion canal characterized by high fill and deep excavation.

Algal bloom is a serious global issue for inland waters, posing poses a serious threat to aquatic ecosystems. The timely and accurate detection of algal blooms is critical for their control, management and forecasting. Optical satellite imagery with short revisit times has been widely used to monitor algal blooms in marine and large inland waters. However, such images typically are of coarse resolution, limiting their utility to map algal blooms in small inland waters. We developed a new method to map the spatial extent of algal blooms using sentinel-2 multispectral instrument (MSI) and Landsat operational land imager (OLI) images with higher spatial resolution but lower temporal resolution based on the concept of local indicator of spatial association. The mapping results was applied to measure the duration and frequency of algal blooms in Lake Taihu from 2017 to 2020. Our results show that the developed methodology is able to extract the spatial distribution of moderate algal blooms using near-infrared and red-edge bands (bands 6, 7, 8, and 8a of sentinel-2 MSI images or band 5 of Landsat OLI images) by comparison with MODIS FAI data (R2 = 0.888 for sentinel-2 MSI and R2 = 0.85 for Landsat OLI, P < 0.05). However, the temporal resolution of combined Landsat OLI and sentinel-2 MSI images (i.e., up to 2–3 days) is insufficient to monitor algal blooms during the summer time in Lake Taihu due to cloud effects and rapid algal change. Our research has benefits for the management of small inland waters with complex water conditions.

Background Schizophrenia is a serious mental illness affecting approximately 20 million individuals globally. Both genetic and environmental factors contribute to the illness. If left undiagnosed and untreated, schizophrenia results in impaired social function, repeated hospital admissions, reduced quality of life and decreased life expectancy. Clinical diagnosis largely relies on subjective evidence, including self-reported experiences, and reported behavioural abnormalities followed by psychiatric evaluation. In addition, psychoses may occur along with other conditions, and the symptoms are often episodic and transient, posing a significant challenge to the precision of diagnosis. Therefore, objective, specific tests using biomarkers are urgently needed for differential diagnosis of schizophrenia in clinical practice.Aims We aimed to provide evidence-based and consensus-based recommendations, with a summary of laboratory measurements that could potentially be used as biomarkers for schizophrenia, and to discuss directions for future research.Methods We searched publications within the last 10 years with the following keywords: ‘schizophrenia’, ‘gene’, ‘inflammation’, ‘neurotransmitter’, ‘protein marker’, ‘gut microbiota’, ‘pharmacogenomics’ and ‘biomarker’. A draft of the consensus was discussed and agreed on by all authors at a round table session.Results We summarised the characteristics of candidate diagnostic markers for schizophrenia, including genetic, inflammatory, neurotransmitter, peripheral protein, pharmacogenomic and gut microbiota markers. We also proposed a novel laboratory process for diagnosing schizophrenia in clinical practice based on the evidence summarised in this paper.Conclusions Further efforts are needed to identify schizophrenia-specific genetic and epigenetic markers for precise diagnosis, differential diagnosis and ethnicity-specific markers for the Chinese population. The development of novel laboratory techniques is making it possible to use these biomarkers clinically to diagnose disease.

Mo–Si–B alloys have attracted considerable research interest during the last several decades due to their high melting points, excellent high-temperature strength and relatively good oxidation resistance. However, insufficient room-temperature fracture toughness and high-temperature oxidation resistance restrain their further application. Generally, a sufficient volume fraction of BCC-Mo solid-solution phase, providing the ductility, and a high Si content, responsible for the formation of passive oxide scales, is difficult to achieve simultaneously in this ternary system. Recently, macroalloying of Ti has been proposed to establish a novel phase equilibrium with a combination of enough BCC phase and intermetallic compounds that contain a large amount of Si. In this article, the development history from the ternary Mo–Si–B to the quaternary Mo–Ti–Si–B system was reviewed. It was found that the constitution phases could be easily tailored by changing the Ti content. In this regard, better performance of mechanical properties and oxidation resistance can be obtained through proper alloy design. In-depth understanding of the advantages of the quaternary alloys over their ternary ancestors may contribute to bringing about a new concept in designing novel ultra-high-temperature structural materials.

The current study aimed to construct a prognostic predictive model based on tumor microenvironment. CIBERSORT and ESTIMATE algorithms were used to reveal the immune cell infiltration (ICI) landscape of colon cancer. Patients were classified into three clusters by ConsensusClusterPlus algorithm. ICI scores of each patient were determined by principal component analysis. Patients were divided into high and low ICI score groups. Survival, gene expression, and somatic mutation of the two groups were compared. We found that patients with no lymph node invasion, no metastasis, T1–2 disease, and stage I–II had higher ICI scores. Calcium signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration pathway, MAPK signaling pathway, TGF β pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway were enriched in the high ICI score group. Immune-checkpoint and immune-activity associated genes were decreased in high ICI score patients. Patients in the high ICI score group had better survival. Prognostic value of ICI score was independent of tumor mutational burden (TMB). The ICI score model constructed in the current study may serve as an independent prognostic biomarker in colon cancer.

Two-dimensional (2D) magnetic materials exhibiting unique 2D-limit magnetism have attracted great attention due to their potential applications in ultrathin spintronic devices. These 2D magnetic materials and their heterostructures provide a unique platform for exploring physical effect and exotic phenomena. However, the degradation of most 2D magnetic materials at ambient conditions has so far hindered their characterization and integration into ultrathin devices. Furthermore, the effect of degradation on magnetoelectric transport properties, which is measured for the demonstration of exotic phenomena and device performance, has remained unexplored. Here, the first experimental investigation of the degradation of CrBr3 flakes and its effect on magnetoelectric transport behavior in devices is reported. The extra magnetic compounds derived from oxidation-related degradation play a significant role in the magnetoelectric transport in CrBr3 devices, greatly affecting the magnetoresistance and conductivity. This work has important implications for studies concerning 2D magnetic materials measured, stored, and integrated into devices at ambient conditions.

Abstract Background Although targeting histone deacetylases (HDACs) may be an effective strategy for core binding factor‐acute myeloid leukemia (CBF‐AML) harboring t(8;21) or inv(16), HDAC inhibitors are reported to be limited by drug‐resistant characteristic. Our purpose is to evaluate the anti‐leukemia effects of Baicalein on CBF‐AML and clarify its underlying mechanism. Methods Enzyme activity assay was used to measure the activity inhibition of HDACs. Rhodamine123 and RT‐qPCR were employed to evaluate the distribution of drugs and the change of ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporter genes. CCK8, Annexin V/PI, and FACS staining certified the effects of Baicalein on cell growth, apoptosis, and differentiation. Duolink and IP assay assessed the interaction between HDAC‐1 and ubiquitin, HSP90 and AML1‐ETO, and Ac‐p53 and CBFβ‐MYH11. AML cell lines and primary AML cells‐bearing NOD/SCID mice models were used to evaluate the anti‐leukemic efficiency and potential mechanism of Baicalein in vivo. Results Baicalein showed HDAC‐1/8 inhibition to trigger growth suppression and differentiation induction of AML cell lines and primary AML cells. Although the inhibitory action on HDAC‐1 was mild, Baicalein could induce the degradation of HDAC‐1 via ubiquitin proteasome pathway, thereby upregulating the acetylation of Histone H3 without promoting ABC transporter genes expression. Meanwhile, Baicalein increased the acetylation of HSP90 and lessened its connection to AML1/ETO, consequently leading to degradation of AML1‐ETO in t(8;21)q(22;22) AML cells. In inv(16) AML cells, Baicalein possessed the capacity of apoptosis induction accompanied with p53‐mediated apoptosis genes expression. Moreover, CBFβ‐MYH11‐bound p53 acetylation was restored via HDAC‐8 inhibition induced by Baicalein contributing the diminishing of survival of CD34+ inv(16) AML cells. Conclusions These findings improved the understanding of the epigenetic regulation of Baicalein, and warrant therapeutic potential of Baicalein for CBF‐AML.

As considered one of the most important sustainable transportation, the development of urban rail transit has been thriving over the last decade, especially in the densely populated cities. Using an accurate measurement tool to find out the shortage factors in the rail transit service is the vital prerequisite for improving the services, increasing ridership, and implementing the sustainable transport policy. The purpose of the study is to use structural equation model (SEM) to assess the important dimensions of service quality and customer satisfaction on rail transit passengers’ reuse intention. Data are collected from a questionnaire survey and an empirical study is conducted by using SEM to test the hypotheses, as well as the structural relationships among these factors. The results of the empirical study confirmed that service quality can be conceptualized as functional service quality, technical service quality, comfort and cleanness, and service planning and reliability. And it has positive effect on reuse intention by enhancing customer satisfaction, as customer satisfaction has intermediary effect on passengers’ repurchase intention. This study contributes to transport agencies for analyzing the relationship between service quality attributes and passengers’ reuse intention for improving the supplied service, increasing the ridership, and implementing the sustainable transport policy.

The existing therapies of IgA nephropathy are unsatisfying. Acteoside, the main component of Rehmannia glutinosa with anti-inflammatory and anti-immune effects, can improve urinary protein excretion and immune disorder. Th22 cell is involved in IgA nephropathy progression. This study was determined to explore the effect of acteoside on mesangial injury underlying Th22 cell disorder in IgA nephropathy. Serum Th22 cells and urine total protein of patients with IgA nephropathy were measured before and after six months treatment of Rehmannia glutinosa acteoside or valsartan. Chemotactic assay and co-culture assay were performed to investigate the effect of acteoside on Th22 cell chemotaxis and differentiation. The expression of CCL20, CCL22 and CCL27 were analyzed. To explore the effect of acteoside on mesangial cell injury induced by inflammation, IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1 were tested. Results showed that the proteinuria and Th22 lymphocytosis of patients with IgA nephropathy significantly improved after combination treatment of Rehmannia glutinosa acteoside and valsartan, compared with valsartan monotherapy. In vitro study further demonstrated that acteoside inhibit Th22 cell chemotaxis by suppressing the production of Th22 cell attractive chemokines, i.e., CCL20, CCL22 and CCL27. In addition, acteoside inhibited the Th22 cell proliferation. Co-culture assay proved that acteoside could relieve the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and prevent the synthesis of TGF-β1. TGF-β1 level in mesangial cells was positively correlated with the Th22 cell. This research demonstrated that acteoside can alleviate mesangial cell inflammatory injury by modulating Th22 lymphocytes chemotaxis and proliferation.

Algal blooms are environmental challenges confronting lakes worldwide and are significantly influenced by chlorophyll a yields per unit phosphorus (Chla/TP), or nitrogen (Chla/TN). Here, the influence of inter-annual hydrometeorological variations on Chla/TP and Chla/TN were evaluated in eutrophic shallow Lake Taihu, China. Our results demonstrated significant increases (p < 0.001) in both Chla/TN and Chla/TP from 2005 to 2017, and increased Chla yields during the winter months were mainly correlated with higher water temperature and longer sunshine hours, which may cause severer blooms in winter and spring. In remaining months from 2005 to 2017, typical associations between atmospheric stilling (or water level elevation) and higher Chla yields were observed. The results also indicate that atmospheric stilling and water level elevation significantly (p < 0.001) decreased background turbidity and promoted buoyant cyanobacterial biomass, alleviating phytoplankton light limitation. Given the subtropical location, eutrophic status, and high background turbidity of Lake Taihu, light may be the critical limiting factor for summer phytoplankton growth; thus, improved light availability would promote Chla yields until self-shading caused further light limitations. If the mechanism is general, promoting the effect of atmospheric stilling on annual peak Chla in shallow lakes may be greatly underestimated, and our finding will affect future bloom mitigation efforts in such systems.

Natural water bodies, such as lakes, rivers, and oceans, are important sources of atmospheric methane (CH4). Therefore, quantitative and accurate determination of the dissolved CH4 concentration in water is of great significance for studying CH4 emissions and providing an in-depth understanding of the carbon cycle. Headspace gas chromatography (HGC) is the traditional method for measuring CH4 in water. Despite its long success, it has a lot of problems in use, such as complex pretreatment and a long measurement time, and it is not suitable for the CH4 determination of a large number of samples. In view of these shortcomings, a more convenient and efficient method based on membrane inlet mass spectrometry (MIMS) for quantitative measurements of the dissolved CH4 concentration in water was established. In our study, the standard curves showed that the method had high accuracy, both at low and high CH4 concentrations. After a laboratory test, to evaluate the sensitivity of this method, samples were collected from a large shallow lake (Lake Taihu). Both the HGC method and MIMS method were used to determine the dissolved CH4 to compare these two methods. The small difference in CH4 concentration obtained from the MIMS and HGC methods and the significant correlation between the CH4 concentrations derived from the MIMS method with those derived from the HGC method showed that the MIMS method could replace the HGC method in the determination of dissolved CH4 in natural waters. In addition, we also measured the sediment CH4 production rates in three different areas of Lake Taihu using a laboratory incubation experiment. During the experiment, significant CH4 accumulations were observed, indicating that sediment CH4 production was an important source of dissolved CH4 in the water column. Our study concluded that the MIMS method was sufficient and a better alternative than the HGC method owing to its capacity to measure a broad range of values plus the fact that it was relatively easy to use with less manipulation of the samples.

High-frequency sensors can monitor water quality with high temporal resolution and without environmental influence. However, sensors for detecting key water quality parameters, such as total nitrogen(TN), total phosphorus(TP), and other water environmental parameters, are either not yet available or have attracted limited usage. By using a large number of high-frequency sensor and manual monitoring data, this study establishes regression equations that measure high-frequency sensor and key water quality parameters through multiple regression analysis. Results show that a high-frequency sensor can quickly and accurately estimate dynamic key water quality parameters by evaluating seven water quality parameters. An evaluation of the flux of four chemical parameters further proves that the multi-parameter sensor can efficiently estimate the key water quality parameters. However, due to the different optical properties and ecological bases of these parameters, the high-frequency sensor shows a better prediction performance for chemical parameters than for physical and biological parameters. Nevertheless, these results indicate that combining high-frequency sensor monitoring with regression equations can provide real-time and accurate water quality information that can meet the needs in water environment management and realize early warning functions.

The FAD8 gene catalyzes the conversion of diene fatty acids to triene fatty acids and is a key enzyme that determines the synthesis of alpha-linolenic acid. In this study, the full-length cDNAs of FAD8-1, FAD8-2, and FAD8-3 are cloned from Paeonia ostii T. Hong & J. X. Zhang and named as PoFAD8-1, PoFAD8-2, and PoFAD8-3. Their open reading frame is 1203 bp, 1152 bp, and 1353 bp which encoded 400, 371, and 450 amino acids. The molecular weights of the amino acids are 46 kDa, 43 kDa, and 51 kDa while the isoelectric points are 7.34, 8.74, and 9.23, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis shows that all three genes are hydrophobic-hydrophobic, PoFAD8-1 has three transmembrane domains, and PoFAD8-2 and PoFAD8-3 have two transmembrane domains. Multiple series alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that PoFAD8-1 and PoFAD8-2 are closely related while PoFAD8-3 is more closely related to Paeonia delavayi. Subcellular localization results showed that PoFAD8-1 was located on the ER membrane and PoFAD8-2 and PoFAD8-3 were located on the chloroplast membrane. The relative expression level of PoFAD8-1 in seeds is very high. PoFAD8-2 expressed more in the ovary than the other two genes. PoFAD8-3 was highly expressed in roots, stems, leaves, petals, and ovaries.

A yearlong campaign to examine sediment resuspension was conducted in large, shallow and eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, to investigate the influence of vegetation on sediment resuspension and its nutrient effects. The study was conducted at 6 sites located in both phytoplankton-dominated zone and macrophyte-dominated zone of the lake, lasting for a total of 13 months, with collections made at two-week intervals. Sediment resuspension in Taihu, with a two-week high average rate of 1771 g·m(-2)·d(-1) and a yearly average rate of 377 g·m(-2)·d(-1), is much stronger than in many other lakes worldwide, as Taihu is quite shallow and contains a long fetch. The occurrence of macrophytes, however, provided quite strong abatement of sediment resuspension, which may reduce the sediment resuspension rate up to 29-fold. The contribution of nitrogen and phosphorus to the water column from sediment resuspension was estimated as 0.34 mg·L(-1) and 0.051 mg·L(-1) in the phytoplankton-dominated zone. Sediment resuspension also largely reduced transparency and then stimulated phytoplankton growth. Therefore, sediment resuspension may be one of the most important factors delaying the recovery of eutrophic Lake Taihu, and the influence of sediment resuspension on water quality must also be taken into account by the lake managers when they determine the restoration target.

Shallow lakes, particularly those in low-lying areas of the subtropics, are highly vulnerable to changes in climate associated with global warming. Many of these lakes are in tropical cyclone strike zones and they experience high inter-seasonal and inter-annual variation in rainfall and runoff. Both of those factors strongly modulate sediment–water column interactions, which play a critical role in shallow lake nutrient cycling, water column irradiance characteristics and cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom (CyanoHAB) dynamics. We illustrate this with three examples, using long-term (15–25 years) datasets on water quality and plankton from three shallow lakes: Lakes Okeechobee and George (Florida, USA) and Lake Taihu (China). Okeechobee and Taihu have been impacted repeatedly by tropical cyclones that have resulted in large amounts of runoff and sediment resuspension, and resultant increases in dissolved nutrients in the water column. In both cases, when turbidity declined, major blooms of the toxic CyanoHAB Microcystis aeruginosa occurred over large areas of the lakes. In Lake George, periods of high rainfall resulted in high dissolved color, reduced irradiance, and increased water turnover rates which suppress blooms, whereas in dry periods with lower water color and water turnover rates there were dense cyanobacteria blooms. We identify a suite of factors which, from our experience, will determine how a particular shallow lake will respond to a future with global warming, flashier rainfall, prolonged droughts and stronger tropical cyclones.