Author: "Megan Griffiths" - Searchworks@Jio Institute Digital Library Search Results

62 results on '"Megan Griffiths"'

1. Resistin predicts disease severity and survival in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension

Author: Li Gao, John Skinner, Tanmay Nath, Qing Lin, Megan Griffiths, Rachel L. Damico, Michael W. Pauciulo, William C. Nichols, Paul M. Hassoun, Allen D. Everett, and Roger A. Johns
Subjects: Biomarker, Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP, Machine learning, Resistin, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract: Abstract Background Abnormal remodeling of distal pulmonary arteries in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) leads to progressively increased pulmonary vascular resistance, followed by right ventricular hypertrophy and failure. Despite considerable advancements in PAH treatment prognosis remains poor. We aim to evaluate the potential for using the cytokine resistin as a genetic and biological marker for disease severity and survival in a large cohort of patients with PAH. Methods Biospecimens, clinical, and genetic data for 1121 adults with PAH, including 808 with idiopathic PAH (IPAH) and 313 with scleroderma-associated PAH (SSc-PAH), were obtained from a national repository. Serum resistin levels were measured by ELISA, and associations between resistin levels, clinical variables, and single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes were examined with multivariable regression models. Machine-learning (ML) algorithms were applied to develop and compare risk models for mortality prediction. Results Resistin levels were significantly higher in all PAH samples and PAH subtype (IPAH and SSc-PAH) samples than in controls (P
Published: 2024
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2. Low‐affinity insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 7 and its association with pulmonary arterial hypertension severity and survival

Author: Guillermo Torres, Andrew C. Lancaster, Jun Yang, Megan Griffiths, Stephanie Brandal, Rachel Damico, Dhananjay Vaidya, Catherine E. Simpson, Lisa J. Martin, Michael W. Pauciulo, William C. Nichols, David D. Ivy, Eric D. Austin, Paul M. Hassoun, and Allen D. Everett
Subjects: biomarker, outcomes, prognosis, proteomics, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract: Abstract Insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) binding proteins (IGFBPs) are a family of growth factor modifiers, some of which are known to be independently associated with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) survival. IGF factor binding protein 7 (IGFBP7) is a unique low‐affinity IGFBP that, independent of IGF, stimulates prostacyclin production. This study proposed to establish associations between IGFBP7 and PAH severity and survival, using enrollment and longitudinal samples. Serum IGFBP7 levels were significantly elevated in patients with PAH compared to controls. After adjusting for age and sex, logarithmic increases in IGFBP7 were associated with a 20 m shorter six‐minute walk distance (6MWD; p
Published: 2023
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3. Insulin‐like growth factor binding Protein‐4: A novel indicator of pulmonary arterial hypertension severity and survival

Author: Guillermo Torres, Jun Yang, Megan Griffiths, Stephanie Brandal, Rachel Damico, Dhananjay Vaidya, Catherine E. Simpson, Michael W. Pauciulo, William C. Nichols, David D. Ivy, Eric D. Austin, Paul M. Hassoun, and Allen D. Everett
Subjects: biomarker, outcomes, prognosis, proteomics, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract: Abstract Proteomic analysis of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has demonstrated significant abnormalities in the insulin‐like growth factor axis (IGF). This study proposed to establish associations between a specific binding protein, insulin‐like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP4), and PAH severity as well as survival across varying study cohorts. In all cohorts studied, serum IGFBP4 levels were significantly elevated in PAH compared to controls (p
Published: 2023
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4. COL18A1 genotypic associations with endostatin levels and clinical features in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a quantitative trait association study

Author: Catherine E. Simpson, Megan Griffiths, Jun Yang, Melanie K. Nies, Dhananjay Vaidya, Stephanie Brandal, Lisa J. Martin, Michael W. Pauciulo, Katie A. Lutz, Anna W. Coleman, Eric D. Austin, D. Dunbar Ivy, William C. Nichols, Allen D. Everett, Paul M. Hassoun, and Rachel L. Damico
Subjects: Medicine
Published: 2022
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5. Proteomics discovery of pulmonary hypertension biomarkers: Insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins are associated with disease severity

Author: Melanie K. Nies, Jun Yang, Megan Griffiths, Rachel Damico, Jie Zhu, Dhananjay Vaydia, Zongming Fu, Stephanie Brandal, Eric D. Austin, Dunbar D. Ivy, Paul M. Hassoun, Jennifer E. Van Eyk, and Allen D. Everett
Subjects: biomarker, IGF binding protein, proteomics, pulmonary hypertension, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract: Abstract Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease characterized by sustained elevations of pulmonary artery pressure. To date, we lack circulating, diagnostic, and prognostic markers that correlate to clinical and functional parameters. In this study, we performed mass spectrometry‐based proteomics analysis to identify circulating biomarkers of PAH. Plasma samples from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH, N = 9) and matched normal controls (N = 9) were digested with trypsin and analyzed using data‐dependent acquisition on an Orbitrap mass spectrometer. A total of 826 (false discovery rate [FDR] 0.047) and 461 (FDR 0.087) proteins were identified across all plasma samples obtained from IPAH and control subjects, respectively. Of these, 153 proteins showed >2 folds change (p
Published: 2022
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6. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2: a new circulating indicator of pulmonary arterial hypertension severity and survival

Author: Jun Yang, Megan Griffiths, Melanie K. Nies, Stephanie Brandal, Rachel Damico, Dhananjay Vaidya, Xueting Tao, Catherine E. Simpson, Todd M. Kolb, Stephen C. Mathai, Michael W. Pauciulo, William C. Nichols, David D. Ivy, Eric D. Austin, Paul M. Hassoun, and Allen D. Everett
Subjects: Pulmonary arterial hypertension, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, Biomarker, Survival, Medicine
Abstract: Abstract Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease that results from cardio-pulmonary dysfunction with the pathology largely unknown. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) is an important member of the insulin-like growth factor family, with evidence suggesting elevation in PAH patients. We investigated the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum IGFBP2 in PAH to determine if it could discriminate PAH from healthy controls and if it was associated with disease severity and survival. Methods Serum IGFBP2 levels, as well as IGF1/2 levels, were measured in two independent PAH cohorts, the Johns Hopkins Pulmonary Hypertension program (JHPH, N = 127), NHLBI PAHBiobank (PAHB, N = 203), and a healthy control cohort (N = 128). The protein levels in lung tissues were determined by western blot. The IGFBP2 mRNA expression levels in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and endothelial cells (PAEC) were assessed by RNA-seq, secreted protein levels by ELISA. Association of biomarkers with clinical variables was evaluated using adjusted linear or logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results In both PAH cohorts, serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly elevated (p
Published: 2020
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7. Hepatoma‐derived growth factor is associated with pulmonary vascular remodeling and PAH disease severity and survival

Author: Jun Yang, Anjira S. Ambade, Melanie Nies, Megan Griffiths, Rachel Damico, Dhananjay Vaidya, Stephanie Brandal, Michael W. Pauciulo, Katie A. Lutz, Anna W. Coleman, William C. Nichols, Eric D. Austin, Dunbar Ivy, Paul M. Hassoun, and Allen D. Everett
Subjects: biomarker, HDGF, PAH, vascular remodeling, Diseases of the circulatory (Cardiovascular) system, RC666-701, Diseases of the respiratory system, RC705-779
Abstract: Abstract Hepatoma‐derived growth factor (HDGF) was previously shown to be associated with increased mortality in a small study of idiopathic and connective tissue disease‐associated pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In this study, we measured serum HDGF levels in a large multicenter cohort (total 2017 adult PAH‐Biobank enrollees), we analyzed the associations between HDGF levels and various clinical measures using linear or logistic regression models. Higher HDGF levels were found to be significantly associated with worse pulmonary hemodynamics, prostacyclin treatment; among PAH subtypes, higher HDGF levels were most associated with portopulmonary hypertension (beta = 0.469, p
Published: 2022
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8. The angiostatic peptide endostatin enhances mortality risk prediction in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Author: Catherine E. Simpson, Megan Griffiths, Jun Yang, Melanie K. Nies, R. Dhananjay Vaidya, Stephanie Brandal, Lisa J. Martin, Michael W. Pauciulo, Katie A. Lutz, Anna W. Coleman, Eric D. Austin, D. Dunbar Ivy, William C. Nichols, Allen D. Everett, Paul M. Hassoun, and Rachel L. Damico
Subjects: Medicine
Abstract: Currently available noninvasive markers for assessing disease severity and mortality risk in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) are unrelated to fundamental disease biology. Endostatin, an angiostatic peptide known to inhibit pulmonary artery endothelial cell migration, proliferation and survival in vitro, has been linked to adverse haemodynamics and shortened survival in small PAH cohorts. This observational cohort study sought to assess: 1) the prognostic performance of circulating endostatin levels in a large, multicentre PAH cohort; and 2) the added value gained by incorporating endostatin into existing PAH risk prediction models. Endostatin ELISAs were performed on enrolment samples collected from 2017 PAH subjects with detailed clinical data, including survival times. Endostatin associations with clinical variables, including survival, were examined using multivariable regression and Cox proportional hazards models. Extended survival models including endostatin were compared to null models based on the REVEAL risk prediction tool and European Society of Cardiology/European Respiratory Society (ESC/ERS) low-risk criteria using likelihood ratio tests, Akaike and Bayesian information criteria and C-statistics. Higher endostatin was associated with higher right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary arterial pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and with shorter 6-min walk distance (p
Published: 2021
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9. Effects of Pre-Natal Vitamin D Supplementation with Partial Correction of Vitamin D Deficiency on Early Life Healthcare Utilisation: A Randomised Controlled Trial.

Author: Megan Griffiths, Stephen Goldring, Chris Griffiths, Seif O Shaheen, Adrian Martineau, Louise Cross, Stephen Robinson, John O Warner, Angela Devine, and Robert J Boyle
Subjects: Medicine, Science
Abstract: Some observational studies have suggested that higher prenatal Vitamin D intake may be associated with improved health outcomes in childhood. However there have been mixed results in this area with some negative studies, especially for effects on atopic and respiratory outcomes. We examined the effect of prenatal Vitamin D on healthcare utilisation in the first three years of life.In an ethnically stratified randomised controlled trial conducted at St Mary's Hospital London, 180 women at 27 weeks gestation were allocated to no Vitamin D, 800 IU ergocalciferol daily until delivery, or a single oral bolus of 200,000 IU cholecalciferol. Participants were randomised in blocks of 15 using computer-generated numbers and investigators were blinded to group assignment. Supplementation increased maternal and cord blood 25(OH) vitamin D concentrations, but levels remained lower than current recommendations. Primary health economic outcome was overall cost of unscheduled healthcare utilisation in the first three years of life as documented in the child's electronic health record. Secondary outcomes included cost attributable to: primary and secondary healthcare visits, respiratory and atopic complaints, cost in years 1, 2 and 3 of life and cost and frequency of prescribed medication. All costs were calculated as pounds sterling. Differences between groups were analysed using unpaired t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and analysis of variance for adjusted analyses.We assessed 99/180 (55%) complete electronic health records, control (n = 31), daily (n = 36) and bolus (n = 32). We found no difference in total healthcare utilisation costs between the control and daily (mean difference in costs in pounds sterling 1.02, 95%CI -1.60, 1.65; adjusted 1.07, 95%CI -1.62, 1.86) or control and bolus groups (mean difference -1.58, 95%CI -2.63, 1.06; adjusted -1.40, 95%CI -2.45, 1.24). There were no adverse effects of supplementation reported during the trial.We found no evidence that prenatal vitamin D supplementation from 27 weeks gestation to delivery, at doses which failed to completely correct maternal vitamin D deficiency, influence overall healthcare utilisation in children in the first 3 years.Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN68645785.
Published: 2015
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10. Cardiac Dysfunction Biomarkers are Associated with Potential for Successful Separation from Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Children

Author: Kristen Coletti, Megan Griffiths, Melanie Nies, Stephanie Brandal, Allen D. Everett, and Melania M. Bembea
Subjects: Biomaterials, Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics, Bioengineering, General Medicine
Abstract: Biomarkers of cardiac dysfunction may aid in decision making about organ recovery and optimal timing of separation from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). We conducted a prospective observational study of children from 0 to18 years who underwent ECMO between 7/2010 and 6/2015 in a single center. In this pilot study, we aimed to determine whether Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), galectin-3, and endostatin were associated with ability to separate from ECMO. Fifty neonatal and pediatric participants supported on venoarterial ECMO were included (median age 13 days, 50% male). Twelve (24%) participants were unable to separate from extracorporeal support. Plasma ST2 concentrations at cannulation were higher in children who were ultimately unable to separate versus those who successfully separated from ECMO (median 395.3 ng/mL versus 207.4 ng/mL, p = 0.012). ST2 and NT-proBNP concentrations decreased significantly from the first to the last ECMO day in patients successfully separated from ECMO (p0.0001 and p = 0.017, respectively). Endostatin concentrations increased significantly from the first to the last ECMO day in both groups. Galectin-3 concentrations were not associated with the ability to separate from ECMO. Cardiac dysfunction biomarkers, particularly ST2, may aid in decannulation decision-making in pediatric ECMO patients. These results should be validated with a larger study.
Published: 2023

11. High-Intensity Interval Training and Cardiometabolic Health in the General Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials

Author: Jamie J. Edwards, Megan Griffiths, Algis H. P. Deenmamode, and Jamie M. O’Driscoll
Subjects: Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine
Published: 2023

12. Improved closed test setup for biodegradation testing of slightly volatile substances in water-sediment systems (OECD 308)

Author: Prasit Shrestha, Christopher B. Hughes, Louise Camenzuli, Delina Lyon, Boris Meisterjahn, Thomas Hennecke, Megan Griffiths, Dieter Hennecke, and Publica
Subjects: Environmental Engineering, Volatile chemicals, Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis, OECD 308, Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health, Biodegradation, Environmental Chemistry, Improved test setup, General Medicine, General Chemistry, Pollution
Abstract: Standardized biodegradation testing methods, like the OECD 308 Aerobic and Anaerobic Transformation in Aquatic Sediment Systems, generate data on biodegradation required during environmental risk and hazard assessment of chemicals under different European and international regulations. However, difficulties arise when applying the OECD 308 guideline for testing hydrophobic volatile chemicals. Especially the use of a co-solvent (like acetone) as a measure to facilitate the application of the test chemical in combination with a closed setup to reduce losses due to volatilization tend to deplete/restrict the amount of oxygen in the test system. The result is a low oxygen or even anoxic water column in the water-sediment system. Thus, the degradation half-lives of the chemical generated from such tests are not directly comparable to the regulatory half-life values for Persistence assessment of the test chemical. The aim of this work was to further develop the closed setup to improve and maintain aerobic conditions in the water phase of the water-sediment systems for testing slightly volatile hydrophobic test chemicals. This improvement was attained by optimizing the test system geometry and agitation technique to maintain aerobic conditions in the water phase in a closed test setup, investigating appropriate co solvent application strategy, and trialing the resulting test setup. This study shows that when using a closed test setup for OECD 308 tests, agitation of the water phase overlaying the sediment and the test item application using low co-solvent volume is critical for maintaining an aerobic water layer.
Published: 2023

13. ‘It came from China; it’s a Chinese virus’

Author: Sofia Lampropoulou, Paul Cooper, Elizabeth Pye, and Megan Griffiths
Subjects: Linguistics and Language, Sociology and Political Science, Social Sciences (miscellaneous)
Abstract: This study examines the negotiations of racism by Twitter users in the representation of the COVID-19 crisis during the first wave of the pandemic. We focus on expressions that target China as the place where COVID originated such as ‘Chinese virus’ and ‘Kung flu’. The repeated use and discussion of these terms on social media serves to create, establish and reinforce indexical links (Silverstein 2003) to social values, which relate to ideological conceptions of China and Chinese culture. Additionally, Twitter users’ crisis processing involves the renegotiatation of indexical links to social values that coincides with the engagement in sociopolitical debates that frequent online media environments, resulting in sociological fractionation (Agha 2007); the ideological opposition between Twitter user groups involves statements such as ‘Kung flu is racist but COVID originated in China’s dirty markets.’ We see such disclaimers as examples of ‘liquid racism’ (Weaver 2011) that, while they are difficult to pin down as racist, they naturalise Sinophobia as the dominant discourse in our dataset. We conclude that racism in our data is a resource embedded in blame attribution that is compatible with crisis processing.
Published: 2023

14. An Analysis of Vascular Access Thrombosis Events From the Proactive IV irOn Therapy in hemodiALysis Patients Trial

Author: Peter C. Thomson, Patrick B. Mark, Michele Robertson, Claire White, Stefan D. Anker, Sunil Bhandari, Kenneth Farrington, Alan G. Jardine, Philip A. Kalra, John McMurray, Donal Reddan, David C. Wheeler, Christopher G. Winearls, Ian Ford, Iain C. Macdougall, Georgia Winnett, Habib Akbani, Christopher Winearls, Julie Wessels, Waqar Ayub, Andrew Connor, Alison Brown, Jim Moriarty, Paramit Chowdury, Megan Griffiths, Indranil Dasgupta, Timothy Doulton, Iain Macdougall, Jonathan Barratt, Enric Vilar, Sandip Mitra, Babu Ramakrishna, Johann Nicholas, Calum Ross, Arif Khwaja, Matt Hall, Adam Kirk, Stuart Smith, Mark Jesky, Clara Day, Bassam Alchi, Jon Stratton, Helen Clarke, Stephen Walsh, Rebecca Brown, Kieran McCafferty, Laurie Solomon, Suresh Ramadoss, Kolitha Basanyake, Sarah Lawman, Philip Kalra, Gowrie Balasubramaniam, Albert Power, Debasish Banerjee, Pauline Swift, Matt Wellberry-Smith, Christopher Goldsmith, Thomas Ledson, Ashraf Mikhail, Ruth Benzimra, Samira Bell, Alison Severn, John Neary, Arthur Doyle, Peter Thomson, Girish Shivashankar, Stephanie Bolton, Michael Quinn, Peter Maxwell, John Harty, Stefan Anker, Charles Tomson, David Wheeler, Mark Petrie, Eugene Connolly, Pardeep Jhund, Michael MacDonald, Patrick Mark, Matthew Walters, Janet Peacock, Chris Isles, Jane Aziz, Sarah Boyle, Claire Burton, Ross Clarke, Eleanor Dinnett, Neil Hillen, Sharon Kean, Claire Kerr, Heather Murray, Amanda Reid, Kirsty Wetherall, Robbie Wilson, and Sadiq Andani
Subjects: Nephrology
Abstract: Introduction: Treatment of anemia in dialysis patients has been associated with increased risk of vascular access thrombosis (VAT). Proactive IV irOn Therapy in hemodiALysis Patients (PIVOTAL) was a clinical trial of proactive compared with reactive i.v. iron therapy in patients requiring hemodialysis. We analyzed the trial data to determine whether randomized treatment arm, alongside other clinical and laboratory variables, independently associated with VAT.Methods: In PIVOTAL, 2141 adult patients were randomized. The type of vascular access (arteriovenous fistula [AVF], arteriovenous graft [AVG], or central venous catheter [CVC]) was recorded at baseline and every month after randomization. The associations between clinical and laboratory data and first VAT were evaluated in a multivariate analysis.Results: A total of 480 (22.4%) participants experienced VAT in a median of 2.1 years of follow-up. In multivariable analyses, treatment arm (proactive vs. reactive) was not an independent predictor of VAT (hazard ratio [HR] 1.13, P = 0.18). Diabetic kidney disease (HR 1.45, P < 0.001), AVG use (HR 2.29, P < 0.001), digoxin use (HR 2.48, P < 0.001), diuretic use (HR 1.25, P = 0.02), female sex (HR 1.33, P = 0.002), and previous/current smoker (HR 1.47, P = 0.004) were independently associated with a higher risk of VAT. Angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) use (HR 0.66, P = 0.01) was independently associated with a lower risk of VAT.Conclusion: In PIVOTAL, VAT occurred in nearly 1 quarter of participants in a median of just >2 years. In this post hoc analysis, randomization to proactive i.v. iron treatment arms did not increase the risk of VAT.
Published: 2022

15. A monograph of the African and Madagascan species of

Author: Megan, Griffiths, Hélène, Ralimanana, Franck, Rakotonasolo, and Isabel, Larridon
Published: 2022

16. Pediatric pulmonary hypertension: insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 2 is a novel marker associated with disease severity and survival

Author: Melanie Nies, Rachel L. Damico, Torie Grant, Elizabeth C. Matsui, Stephanie Brandal, Jun Yang, Eric D. Austin, Monica Williams, D. Dunbar Ivy, Katie A. Lutz, Dhananjay Vaidya, Megan Griffiths, Delphine Yung, Erika B. Rosenzweig, Allen D. Everett, Michael W. Pauciulo, Russel Hirsch, and William C. Nichols
Subjects: Lung Diseases, Cardiac output, medicine.medical_treatment, Prostacyclin, Walking, Severity of Illness Index, Gastroenterology, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, Myocytes, Cardiac, Atrial septostomy, Cardiac Output, Insulin-Like Growth Factor I, Child, biology, Hazard ratio, Prognosis, Treatment Outcome, Child, Preschool, Cohort, medicine.drug, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Hypertension, Pulmonary, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Article, Young Adult, 03 medical and health sciences, 030225 pediatrics, Internal medicine, medicine.artery, Humans, Proportional Hazards Models, business.industry, Hemodynamics, Infant, Newborn, Infant, medicine.disease, Epoprostenol, Pulmonary hypertension, Asthma, Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 2, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Pulmonary artery, biology.protein, business, Biomarkers, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Background Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), and their binding proteins (IGFBPs), play a significant role in cardiovascular function and may influence the pathobiology of PAH. We determined the diagnostic and prognostic value of IGF1 and IGFBP2 in pediatric PAH. Methods Serum was analyzed by ELISA for IGF1 and IGFBP2 in pediatric PAH subjects from the NHLBI PAH Biobank (PAHB, n = 175) and a cohort of asthmatic subjects (n = 46, age 0-21 years) as a chronic pediatric pulmonary disease control. Biomarkers were analyzed with demographic and clinical variables for PAH severity. Results Serum IGF1 was significantly lower in PAH compared to controls, while IGFBP2 was elevated in PAH subjects compared to controls. In the PAHB, IGF1 was negatively associated with mPAP and PVR, while IGFBP2 was positively associated with PVR and negatively associated with cardiac output and 6-min walk distance. Higher IGFBP2 levels were associated with use of prostacyclin therapy. IGFBP2 was associated with death, transplant, or palliative shunt with a Cox proportional hazard ratio of 8.8 (p Conclusions Circulating IGFBP2 is a novel marker for pediatric PAH, which is associated with worse functional status, and survival. IGF axis dysregulation may be an important mechanistic target in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension. Impact Pediatric pulmonary hypertension is a severe disease, with poorly understood pathobiology.There are few studies looking at the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension only in children.The IGF axis is dysregulated in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension.IGF axis dysregulation, with increased IGFBP2, is associated with worse clinical outcomes in pediatric pulmonary artery hypertension.IGF axis dysregulation gives new insight into the disease process and may be a mechanistic or therapeutic target.Fig. 1IGF1 AND IGFBP2 CONCENTRATION (NG/ML) IN PAH BIOBANK VERSUS CONTROLS.: a IGF1 concentration (ng/mL) in PAH Biobank versus asthmatic subjects. b IGFBP2 concentration (ng/mL) in PAH Biobank versus asthmatic subjects.Fig. 2ROC CURVE OF IGF1 AND IGFBP2 IN PAH BIOBANK VERSUS CONTROLS.: a ROC curve of IGF1 in PAH Biobank subjects versus controls. AUC 0.82. Cut point for IGF1 of 177 ng/mL gives a sensitivity of 73.9% and a specificity of 78.3%. b ROC curve of IGFBP2 in PAH Biobank subjects versus controls. AUC 0.80. Cut point for IGFBP2 of 185 ng/mL gives a sensitivity of 72.2% and a specificity of 80.4%.Fig. 3IGFBP2 CONCENTRATIONS IN PAH SUBJECTS BY MEDICATION COMBINATION.: a IGFBP2 concentration in PAH subjects on a PDE5 inhibitor, a PDE5 inhibitor and an ERA, a PDE5 inhibitor and IV/SQ PCA, or a combination of PDE5 inhibitor, ERA, and IV/SQ PCA. b IGFBP2 concentrations in PAH subjects on an IV/SQ PCA and any other therapy versus subject not on IV/SQ PCA and any other therapy.Fig. 4Kaplan-Meier curve showing time to death, transplant, or palliative shunt (Pott's shunt or atrial septostomy) dichotomized by the median IGFBP2 level.
Published: 2020

17. Endostatin and ST2 are predictors of pulmonary hypertension disease course in infants

Author: Jacky M. Jennings, Melanie Nies, Megan Griffiths, Allen D. Everett, Joseph M. Collaco, Jun Yang, Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow, Grace Freire, and Monica Williams
Subjects: Adult, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Hypertension, Pulmonary, macromolecular substances, Pericardial effusion, Gastroenterology, Article, Internal medicine, Ductus arteriosus, Natriuretic Peptide, Brain, medicine, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, Ductus Arteriosus, Patent, Cardiopulmonary disease, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Obstetrics and Gynecology, medicine.disease, Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein, Pulmonary hypertension, Comorbidity, Peptide Fragments, Endostatins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Echocardiography, Heart failure, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, cardiovascular system, Biomarker (medicine), Female, Endostatin, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: Introduction: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a common comorbidity of cardiopulmonary disease. Endostatin, an inhibitor of angiogenesis, is elevated in neonates with lung disease. ST2 is a heart failure biomarker correlated with PH in adults. We hypothesized that these biomarkers may be useful in diagnosing PH and categorizing its severity in infants. Methods: Endostatin, ST2, and NT-proBNP plasma concentrations from 26 infants with PH and 21 control infants without PH were correlated with echocardiographic and clinical features using regression models over time. Results: Endostatin, ST2, and NT-proBNP concentrations were elevated in PH participants versus controls (p
Published: 2020

18. 125 Introducing An in situ Simulation Programme in an Intensive Care Unit

Author: Louise Ma, Sheila Yeo, Megan Griffiths, Daniel Worley, Simon Stallworthy, Bruce Liao, Sara Finkel, Iruka Dissanayake, Kathleen Conneally, Natalie Clarke, Andrew Badacsonyi, Karen Johnston, and Harry Bateman
Abstract: This North London hospital has a 14-bed Intensive Care Unit (ICU). As a small District General ICU, staff exposure to emergency scenarios can be infrequent. Lack of practice can lead to a reduction in staff confidence and knowledge when these scenarios are encountered, especially during the COVID pandemic. The ICU had not previously undertaken The aim of the study was to introduce a novel programme of MDT simulation sessions in the ICU and provide feedback with the aim of increasing both staff confidence in managing emergency scenarios and staff understanding of the impact of human factors.A team of ICU Simulation Champions created emergency scenarios that could occur in the ICU. Pre-simulation and post-simulation questionnaires were produced to capture staff opinion on topics including benefits and barriers to simulation training and confidence in managing ICU emergencies. Members of the ICU MDT would be selected to participate in simulation scenarios. Afterwards, debrief sessions would be facilitated by Simulation Champions and Airline Pilots with a particular focus on competence in managing the emergency and human factors elements, such as communication and leadership. Participants would then be surveyed with the post-simulation questionnaire.Nine simulation sessions were conducted between October 2020 and June 2021. The sessions occurred within the ICU during the working day in a designated bay with the availability of all standard ICU resources and involved multiple MDT members to aid fidelity. Feedback by Simulation Champions mainly focussed on knowledge related to the ICU emergency, whilst the Airline Pilots provided expert feedback on human factors training. Fifty-five staff members completed the pre-simulation questionnaire and 37 simulation participants completed the post-simulation questionnaire. Prior to simulation participation, 28.3% of respondents agreed they felt confident managing emergency scenarios on ICU – this figure increased to 54.1% following simulation participation. 94.4% of simulation participants agreed that their knowledge of human factors had improved following the simulation and 100% of participants wanted further simulation teaching. Figure 1 shows a thematic analysis of the responses from 31 participants who were questioned about perceived benefits from simulation teaching. Following the success of the programme, the Hospital Trust will continue to support and develop inter-speciality and inter-professional training, and have funded the appointment of an ICU Simulation Fellow to continue to lead and enhance future
Published: 2021

19. Abstract 11199: Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-4 is Associated with Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Severity and Survival

Author: Guillermo Torres-viera, Jun Yang, Megan Griffiths, Stephanie Brandal, Rachel L Damico, Dhananjay Vaidya, Catherine Simpson, Michael Pauciulo, Dunbar D Ivy, Eric D Austin, Paul Hassoun, and Allen D Everett
Subjects: Physiology (medical), Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract: Introduction: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) results in progressive elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance and right heart failure. Insulin like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are a family of growth factor modifiers. As increased IGFBP4 expression is associated with vascular proliferation in lung cancer, it may also be associated with PAH severity. Hypothesis: Elevated IGFBP4 is associated with worse disease severity and survival in PAH. Methods: Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), we evaluated serum IGFBP4 in a multicenter PAH cohort, the NHLBI PAHBiobank (N=2571), and healthy controls (N=125). Hemodynamic and functional measures were used to assess IGFBP4’s association to PAH severity and survival. Spearman’s rank correlation test and Kruskal Wallis test were used for correlations. IGFBP4 was dichotomized at the median and analyzed by Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportional Hazard regression. Results: Serum IGFBP4 levels were significantly elevated (p Conclusions: Higher circulating IGFBP4 levels are significantly associated with worse PAH severity and shorter survival. Dysregulation of IGF metabolism/growth axis could play a significant role in PAH cardio-pulmonary pathobiology.
Published: 2021

20. Angiostatic Peptide, Endostatin, Predicts Severity in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease–Associated Pulmonary Hypertension

Author: Eric D. Austin, Jun Yang, Monica Williams, Stephanie Brandal, Rachel L. Damico, Allen D. Everett, Russel Hirsch, Katie A. Lutz, Megan Griffiths, Catherine E. Simpson, Erika B. Rosenzweig, Melanie Nies, Caroline M. Daly, R. Dhananjay Vaidya, Michael W. Pauciulo, Delphine Yung, D. Dunbar Ivy, William C. Nichols, Cassandra Polsen, and Pei-Ni Jone
Subjects: Heart Defects, Congenital, medicine.medical_specialty, Heart disease, medicine.drug_class, Angiogenesis, Hypertension, Pulmonary, Hemodynamics, macromolecular substances, angiogenesis, proteomics, children, Pulmonary Biology, Internal medicine, medicine.artery, Angiostatic Proteins, Natriuretic peptide, medicine, Humans, Familial Primary Pulmonary Hypertension, Child, Original Research, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Lung, Pulmonary Hypertension, business.industry, Congenital Heart Disease, biomarkers, Endothelial Cells, medicine.disease, Pulmonary hypertension, Endostatins, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cross-Sectional Studies, Pulmonary artery, pulmonary vascular disease, Cardiology, cardiovascular system, Endostatin, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Background Endostatin, an angiogenic inhibitor, is associated with worse pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) outcomes in adults and poor lung growth in children. This study sought to assess whether endostatin is associated with disease severity and outcomes in pediatric PAH. Methods and Results Serum endostatin was measured in cross‐sectional (N=160) and longitudinal cohorts (N=64) of pediatric subjects with PAH, healthy pediatric controls and pediatric controls with congenital heart disease (CHD) (N=54, N=15), and adults with CHD associated PAH (APAH‐CHD, N=185). Outcomes, assessed by regression and Kaplan‐Meier analysis, included hemodynamics, change in endostatin over time, and transplant‐free survival. Endostatin secretion was evaluated in pulmonary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Endostatin was higher in those with PAH compared with healthy controls and controls with CHD and was highest in those with APAH‐CHD. In APAH‐CHD, endostatin was associated with a shorter 6‐minute walk distance and increased mean right atrial pressure. Over time, endostatin was associated with higher pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance index, right ventricular dilation, and dysfunction. Endostatin decreased with improved hemodynamics over time. Endostatin was associated with worse transplant‐free survival. Addition of endostatin to an NT‐proBNP (N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide) based survival analysis improved risk stratification, reclassifying subjects with adverse outcomes. Endostatin was secreted primarily by pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Conclusions Endostatin is associated with disease severity, disease improvement, and worse survival in APAH‐CHD. Endostatin with NT‐proBNP improves risk stratification, better predicting adverse outcomes. The association of elevated endostatin with shunt lesions suggests that endostatin could be driven by both pulmonary artery flow and pressure. Endostatin could be studied as a noninvasive prognostic marker, particularly in APAH‐CHD.
Published: 2021

21. Should positive end-expiratory pressure be used during elective general anaesthesia with supraglottic airway devices?

Author: James Everson, Megan Griffiths, and Yasser Mandour
Subjects: business.industry, Insufflation, General Medicine, Oxygenation, Anesthesia, General, Supraglottic airway, Laryngeal Masks, Positive-Pressure Respiration, Elective Surgical Procedures, Anesthesia, Medicine, Humans, General anaesthesia, business, Positive end-expiratory pressure
Abstract: Anaesthetists' use of positive end-expiratory pressure during elective general anaesthesia via supraglottic airway devices varies. Positive end-expiratory pressure may help to maintain oxygenation and prevent atelectasis, but could worsen the risk of air leak, gastric insufflation and catastrophic aspiration.
Published: 2021

22. Perinatal Inflammatory Biomarkers and Respiratory Disease in Preterm Infants

Author: Joseph M. Collaco, Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow, Megan Griffiths, Raul Chavez-Valdez, Charlamaine Parkinson, Jie Zhu, Frances J. Northington, Ernest M. Graham, and Allen D. Everett
Subjects: Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Respiratory Distress Syndrome, Newborn, Interleukin-6, Interleukin-8, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Article, Interleukin-10, Pregnancy, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Cytokines, Humans, Female, Biomarkers, Infant, Premature, Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To measure plasma levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and several cytokines (Interleukin [IL]-6 IL-8, IL-10) during the first week of life to examine the relationship between protein expression and likelihood of developing respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). STUDY DESIGN: Levels of IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and VEGF were measured from plasma obtained from preterm patients during the first week of life. Newborns were recruited from a single center between April 2009 and April 2019. Criteria for the study included being inborn, birth weight of less than 1500 grams, and a gestational age of less than 32 weeks at birth. RESULTS: The development of RDS in preterm newborns was associated with lower levels of VEGF during the first week of life. Higher plasma levels of IL-6 and IL-8 plasma were associated with an increased likelihood and increased severity of BPD at 36 weeks postmenstrual age. In contrast, plasma levels of VEGF, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 obtained during the first week of life were not associated with respiratory symptoms and acute care use in young children with BPD in the outpatient setting. CONCLUSIONS: During the first week of life, lower plasma levels of VEGF was associated with the diagnosis of RDS in preterm infants. Preterm infants with higher levels of IL-6 and IL-8 during the first week of life were also more likely to be diagnosed with BPD. These biomarkers may help to predict respiratory morbidities in preterm newborns during their initial hospitalization.
Published: 2022

23. Conditional sanctioning in a legume

Author: Annet, Westhoek, Laura J, Clark, Michael, Culbert, Neil, Dalchau, Megan, Griffiths, Beatriz, Jorrin, Ramakrishnan, Karunakaran, Raphael, Ledermann, Andrzej, Tkacz, Isabel, Webb, Euan K, James, Philip S, Poole, and Lindsay A, Turnbull
Subjects: Nitrogen, Nitrogen Fixation, Commentary, Fabaceae, Root Nodules, Plant, Symbiosis, Models, Biological, Algorithms, Carbon, Rhizobium
Abstract: Legumes are high in protein and form a valuable part of human diets due to their interaction with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia. Plants house rhizobia in specialized root nodules and provide the rhizobia with carbon in return for nitrogen. However, plants usually house multiple rhizobial strains that vary in their fixation ability, so the plant faces an investment dilemma. Plants are known to sanction strains that do not fix nitrogen, but nonfixers are rare in field settings, while intermediate fixers are common. Here, we modeled how plants should respond to an intermediate fixer that was otherwise isogenic and tested model predictions using pea plants. Intermediate fixers were only tolerated when a better strain was not available. In agreement with model predictions, nodules containing the intermediate-fixing strain were large and healthy when the only alternative was a nonfixer, but nodules of the intermediate-fixing strain were small and white when the plant was coinoculated with a more effective strain. The reduction in nodule size was preceded by a lower carbon supply to the nodule even before differences in nodule size could be observed. Sanctioned nodules had reduced rates of nitrogen fixation, and in later developmental stages, sanctioned nodules contained fewer viable bacteria than nonsanctioned nodules. This indicates that legumes can make conditional decisions, most likely by comparing a local nodule-dependent cue of nitrogen output with a global cue, giving them remarkable control over their symbiotic partners.
Published: 2021

24. Conditional sanctioning in a legume-Rhizobium mutualism

Author: Michael Culbert, Isabel Webb, Neil Dalchau, Ramakrishnan Karunakaran, Philip S. Poole, Andrzej Tkacz, Annet Westhoek, Laura Clark, Euan K. James, Raphael Ledermann, Beatriz Jorrin, Lindsay A. Turnbull, and Megan Griffiths
Subjects: Mutualism (biology), Multidisciplinary, Root nodule, biology, fungi, food and beverages, Nodule (medicine), biology.organism_classification, Rhizobia, Symbiosis, Agronomy, Nitrogen fixation, medicine, Rhizobium, medicine.symptom, Legume
Abstract: Legumes are high in protein and form a valuable part of human diets due to their interaction with symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria known as rhizobia. Plants house rhizobia in specialized root nodules and provide the rhizobia with carbon in return for nitrogen. However, plants usually house multiple rhizobial strains that vary in their fixation ability, so the plant faces an investment dilemma. Plants are known to sanction strains that do not fix nitrogen, but nonfixers are rare in field settings, while intermediate fixers are common. Here, we modeled how plants should respond to an intermediate fixer that was otherwise isogenic and tested model predictions using pea plants. Intermediate fixers were only tolerated when a better strain was not available. In agreement with model predictions, nodules containing the intermediate-fixing strain were large and healthy when the only alternative was a nonfixer, but nodules of the intermediate-fixing strain were small and white when the plant was coinoculated with a more effective strain. The reduction in nodule size was preceded by a lower carbon supply to the nodule even before differences in nodule size could be observed. Sanctioned nodules had reduced rates of nitrogen fixation, and in later developmental stages, sanctioned nodules contained fewer viable bacteria than nonsanctioned nodules. This indicates that legumes can make conditional decisions, most likely by comparing a local nodule-dependent cue of nitrogen output with a global cue, giving them remarkable control over their symbiotic partners.
Published: 2021

25. ST2 Is a Biomarker of Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Severity and Clinical Worsening

Author: Michael W. Pauciulo, Megan Griffiths, Rachel L. Damico, Erika B. Rosenzweig, Catherine E. Simpson, Stephanie Brandal, Katie A. Lutz, Dhananjay Vaidya, William C. Nichols, Melanie Nies, D. Dunbar Ivy, Russel Hirsch, Eric D. Austin, Jun Yang, Delphine Yung, and Allen D. Everett
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Hemodynamics, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Severity of Illness Index, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Interquartile range, medicine.artery, Internal medicine, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pulmonary wedge pressure, Child, Associated Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, business.industry, medicine.disease, Prognosis, Pulmonary hypertension, Interleukin-1 Receptor-Like 1 Protein, Vasodilation, medicine.anatomical_structure, Pulmonary and Cardiovascular: Original Research, Cross-Sectional Studies, 030228 respiratory system, Child, Preschool, Pulmonary artery, Vascular resistance, Cardiology, Disease Progression, Biomarker (medicine), Female, Vascular Resistance, Endothelium, Vascular, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pediatric pulmonary hypertension is a severe disease defined by sustained elevation of pulmonary artery pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). Noninvasive diagnostic and prognostic markers that are more pulmonary vascular specific have been elusive because of disease heterogeneity and patient growth. RESEARCH QUESTION: Is soluble suppressor of tumorigenicity (ST2) associated with pulmonary hemodynamic and functional changes in pediatric pulmonary hypertension? Does ST2 improve mortality risk models in pediatric pulmonary hypertension? STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Two pediatric cohorts (age < 21 years) were assayed for ST2 and N-terminal prohormone B-natriuretic peptide: a cross-sectional cohort from the National Heart Lung and Blood Institute-funded National Biological Sample and Data Repository for PAH (PAHB) (N = 182), and a second longitudinal cohort from Children’s Hospital of Colorado (N = 61). Adjusted linear regression was used for association with clinical variables. Clinical mortality models (the Registry to Evaluate Early and Long-Term PAH Disease Management [REVEAL] score) with and without ST2 were used to predict worsening outcomes and compared. Pulmonary artery endothelial and smooth muscle cell ST2 expression and secretion were assayed in vitro. RESULTS: In an adjusted (age and sex) analysis in the PAHB, ST2 was significantly associated with shorter 6-min walk distance (P = .03) and increased PVR index (P = .02). In adjusted longitudinal regression in the Children’s Hospital of Colorado cohort, ST2 was significantly associated with higher PVR index (P < .001), shorter 6-min walk distance (P = .01), and higher mean pulmonary artery pressure (P < .001). Although the REVEAL Risk Score Calculator 2.0 was predictive of clinical worsening in the PAHB (hazard ratio, 1.88), addition of ST2 significantly improved the model (hazard ratio, 2.05). In cell culture, ST2 was produced and secreted predominately by endothelial cells as opposed to smooth muscle cells (P < .0001). INTERPRETATION: In two pediatric PAH cohorts, elevated ST2 was associated with unfavorable pulmonary hemodynamics and functional measures, clinical worsening, and significantly improved prediction of clinical worsening. Pulmonary artery endothelial cellular expression of ST2 suggests that ST2 is a more pulmonary vascular-specific marker for pulmonary hypertension.
Published: 2021

26. What is the best choice for postoperative analgesia after major gynaecological oncology surgery?

Author: Megan Griffiths, Sheldon Zhang, Ioannis C Kotsopoulos, and Yasser Mandour
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Pain, Postoperative, Modalities, business.industry, Gynaecological oncology, MEDLINE, General Medicine, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Surgery, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Gynecologic Surgical Procedures, Neoplasms, Medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Analgesia, business
Abstract: Major gynaecological oncology surgery can be complex and extensive, with correspondingly high requirements for postoperative analgesia. Multiple options are available including intravenous, neuraxial and regional techniques. This article discusses the pros and cons of different anaesthetic modalities for postoperative analgesia.
Published: 2020

27. Toxicity and Risk of Plant-Produced Alkaloids to Daphnia magna

Author: Megan Griffiths, Bjarne Strobel, Jawameer Hama, and Nina Cedergreen
Abstract: Background Many plants contain phytotoxic alkaloids to deter herbivorous pests and grazing animals. Alkaloids include quinolizidine and indole alkaloids found in the lupin (Lupinus spp.), an ornamental flower and emerging protein crop, as well as pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the ragwort (Senecio jacobaea), an invasive, weed-like flower. When lupins and ragworts are present in large densities in fields, there is a concern that alkaloids may leach into freshwater environments in amounts that may affect non-target organisms, such as Daphnia magna. This study aimed to investigate i) the acute toxicity of alkaloids (gramine, heliotrine, lupanine, lupinine, monocrotaline, monocrotaline N-oxide, senecionine and sparteine) in D. magna, ii) the contribution of these individual alkaloids to lupin plant extract toxicity, iii) the longer term reproductive effects of a representative alkaloid, sparteine, and finalise with iv) a tentative risk assessment for the sum of alkaloids measured in soil and surface waters. Results The alkaloids exhibited toxicity, with 48 h EC50 values in the range of 5.6 to >100 mg/L. The 48 h EC50 of the Lupinus angustifolius plant extract was 1.38 mg/L, which was far more toxic than the simulated extract where lethality was 2.5 mg/L sparteine produced significantly fewer and smaller offspring during the 21-day exposure, making chronic effects occur at concentrations approximately 10-fold lower than the 48 h EC50 for sparteine. The risk assessment of cumulated alkaloids measured in drain, running and pond waters showed a potential risk, particularly for stagnant pond water, where concentrations were severalfold higher than in the drain and running waters. Conclusions The results highlight that natural toxins may contribute to poor chemical quality of natural waters, and that natural toxins from upcoming crops or invasive weeds should be considered aquatic in risk assessments.
Published: 2020

28. Abstract 14979: Endostatin as a Predictor of Severity and Survival in Pediatric Congenital Heart Disease Associated Pulmonary Hypertension

Author: Allen D. Everett, Melanie Nies, Eric D. Austin, Rachel L. Damico, Jun Yang, Bill Nichols, Michael W. Pauciulo, D. Dunbar Ivy, Megan Griffiths, and Caroline Daly
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Heart disease, business.industry, Vascular disease, High mortality, medicine.disease, Pulmonary hypertension, Physiology (medical), Internal medicine, medicine, Cardiology, Endostatin, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business
Abstract: Introduction: Pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a multifactorial pulmonary vascular disease with high mortality. Endostatin (ES), an angiogenic inhibitor, is associated with disease severity and mortality in adults with PAH and poor lung growth in children. Hypothesis: Increased ES is associated with worse disease severity and outcomes in pediatric PAH. Methods: Serum ES levels were measured in two cohorts of pediatric PAH (IPAH, FPAH and APAH) patients; the cross-sectional CCHMC PAH Biobank (PAHB, N=175) and a longitudinal cohort from Children’s Hospital of Colorado (CHC, N=61). Outcomes included medical therapy, functional and hemodynamic measures, and survival (death, transplant, palliative shunt). Adjusted logistic and linear regressions and Kaplan-Meier analysis were used to assess the relationship between ES and clinical outcomes. Results: In both cohorts, ES was significantly higher in PAH associated with congenital heart disease (APAH-CHD, PAHB n=70, p=0.002; CHC n=29, p=0.007) and was highest in those with a ventricular shunt (n=24, p=0.001). In APAH-CHD, ES was associated with a decreased 6MWD (-108m, -187- -30, p=0.01) and increased mean right atrial pressure (mRAP 1.8mmHg, 0.3-3.3, p=0.02). Longitudinally, in the APAH-CHD subgroup when adjusted for age, sex, and multiple time points, higher ES was associated with increased PVRi and mPAP (PVRi 2.5WU*m 2 , 0.7-4.3, p=0.007; mPAP 10mmHg, 4.5-15, p Conclusions: ES was associated with worse functional measures, pulmonary vascular hemodynamics, and survival in pediatric APAH-CHD. These observations suggest that serum ES could act as a pulmonary vascular specific biomarker to identify those who are at increased risk of developing PAH and predict poor outcomes in APAH-CHD.
Published: 2020

29. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-2: a new circulating indicator of pulmonary arterial hypertension severity and survival

Author: Rachel L. Damico, William C. Nichols, D. Dunbar Ivy, Allen D. Everett, Dhananjay Vaidya, Eric D. Austin, Catherine E. Simpson, Michael W. Pauciulo, Todd M. Kolb, Megan Griffiths, Melanie Nies, Xueting Tao, Stephanie Brandal, Paul M. Hassoun, Jun Yang, and Stephen C. Mathai
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Survival, medicine.medical_treatment, lcsh:Medicine, Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein, Cohort Studies, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Western blot, Internal medicine, medicine.artery, medicine, Humans, Aged, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Lung, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, business.industry, Growth factor, lcsh:R, General Medicine, Biomarker, Middle Aged, medicine.disease, Prognosis, Pulmonary hypertension, Survival Analysis, 030104 developmental biology, Endocrinology, medicine.anatomical_structure, Case-Control Studies, Pulmonary artery, Cohort, biology.protein, Biomarker (medicine), Female, business, Biomarkers, Research Article
Abstract: Background Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a fatal disease that results from cardio-pulmonary dysfunction with the pathology largely unknown. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP2) is an important member of the insulin-like growth factor family, with evidence suggesting elevation in PAH patients. We investigated the diagnostic and prognostic value of serum IGFBP2 in PAH to determine if it could discriminate PAH from healthy controls and if it was associated with disease severity and survival. Methods Serum IGFBP2 levels, as well as IGF1/2 levels, were measured in two independent PAH cohorts, the Johns Hopkins Pulmonary Hypertension program (JHPH, N = 127), NHLBI PAHBiobank (PAHB, N = 203), and a healthy control cohort (N = 128). The protein levels in lung tissues were determined by western blot. The IGFBP2 mRNA expression levels in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC) and endothelial cells (PAEC) were assessed by RNA-seq, secreted protein levels by ELISA. Association of biomarkers with clinical variables was evaluated using adjusted linear or logistic regression and Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results In both PAH cohorts, serum IGFBP2 levels were significantly elevated (p p Conclusions IGFBP2 protein expression was increased in the PAH lung, and secreted by PASMC. Elevated circulating IGFBP2 was associated with PAH severity and mortality and is a potentially valuable prognostic marker in PAH.
Published: 2020

30. Elevated Interleukin-6 Levels Predict Clinical Worsening in Pediatric Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Author: Stephanie Brandal, D. Dunbar Ivy, Melanie Nies, Rachel L. Damico, Eric D. Austin, Russel Hirsch, Delphine Yung, R. Dhananjay Vaidya, Jenny Y. Chen, Katie A. Lutz, Allen D. Everett, Megan Griffiths, Erika B. Rosenzweig, Jun Yang, Catherine E. Simpson, Michael W. Pauciulo, and William C. Nichols
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Composite score, Adolescent, Hemodynamics, Prostacyclin, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Article, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Pulmonary Wedge Pressure, Longitudinal cohort, Interleukin 6, Child, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, Lung, biology, business.industry, Interleukin-6, Prognosis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cross-Sectional Studies, Child, Preschool, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Cohort, biology.protein, Vascular resistance, Disease Progression, Female, business, Biomarkers, medicine.drug, Follow-Up Studies
Abstract: Objective To assess whether circulating interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with measures of disease severity and clinical worsening in pediatric pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Study design IL-6 was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in serum samples from a cross-sectional cohort from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Biobank (n = 175) and a longitudinal cohort from Children's Hospital Colorado (CHC) (n = 61). Associations between IL-6, disease severity, and outcomes were studied with regression and Kaplan–Meier analysis. Results In analyses adjusted for age and sex, each log-unit greater IL-6 was significantly associated in the Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Biobank cohort with greater pulmonary vascular resistance indices, lower odds of having idiopathic PAH or treatment with prostacyclin, and greater odds of having PAH associated with a repaired congenital shunt. In the CHC cohort, each log-unit greater IL-6 was significantly associated with greater mean pulmonary arterial pressure over time. Kaplan–Meier analysis in the CHC cohort revealed that IL-6 was significantly associated with clinical worsening (a composite score of mortality, transplant, or palliative surgery) (P = .037). Conclusions IL-6 was significantly associated with worse hemodynamics at baseline and over time and may be associated with clinical worsening. IL-6 may provide a less-invasive method for disease monitoring and prognosis in pediatric PAH as well as a potential therapeutic target.
Published: 2019

31. Effectiveness and tolerability of mirabegron in children with overactive bladder: A retrospective pilot study

Author: Harriet J. Corbett, Cezar Doru Nicoara, H. Fiona Mcandrew, Simon E. Kenny, Samantha Fryer, Megan Griffiths, and Emily Dobson
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Adolescent, Nausea, Pilot Projects, law.invention, Randomized controlled trial, law, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Desmopressin, Child, Retrospective Studies, Solifenacin, business.industry, Urinary Bladder, Overactive, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Discontinuation, Thiazoles, Overactive bladder, Tolerability, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Urological Agents, Surgery, Acetanilides, Female, medicine.symptom, Mirabegron, business, medicine.drug
Abstract: Aims Mirabegron has promising results for OAB symptoms in adults, although the potential for cardiovascular side effects has caused concern. Efficacy and tolerability in children have not been extensively studied. Effectiveness, tolerability, and side effects of Mirabegron are reported in children with refractory OAB. Methods A retrospective review of children receiving Mirabegron between February 2014 and November 2018 was completed. Frequency, urgency, nocturnal (NE), and daytime incontinence (DI) were analyzed at baseline and 6 months. Results 70 children (50 females), median age 15 [range 8–16] years, commenced Mirabegron 25 mg (n = 29) or 50 mg (n = 41). 37 (53%) were still receiving treatment at 6 months: monotherapy n = 30, and combination therapy n = 7 (Solifenacin n = 4, Desmopressin n = 2, both n = 1). Where undertaken, blood pressure monitoring and ECGs were normal. For patients on monotherapy, 6 of 17 (35%) had improvement in NE, 11 of 19 (58%) in DI, 12 of 20 (60%) in frequency, and 8 of 21 (38%) in urgency symptoms. For patients receiving combination therapy, 2 of 6 (33%) had improvement in NE, 2 of 4 in DI (50%), 2 of 4 (50%) in frequency, and 4 of 6 (67%) had improvement in urgency. Reasons for treatment discontinuation (entire cohort) were: ineffectiveness (n = 28), worse symptoms (n = 4) and/or adverse reactions (n = 7), including dry mouth (n = 2), headaches (n = 4), dizziness (n = 1), nausea/vomiting (n = 3), increased seizures (n = 1), and rash (n = 1). Conclusion Mirabegron improved symptoms in 70% of patients with refractory OAB. A prospective RCT should be the next step to establish the role of Mirabegron for the treatment of OAB in children. Level of evidence Level II.
Published: 2019

32. Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection

Author: Bhangu, A, Global variation in anastomosis and end colostomy formation following left-sided colorectal resection GlobalSurg Collaborative Appendix S1 Collaborators Authors (all the following are PubMed citable): Writing group: James, C Glasbey (UK), Adewale, O Adisa (Nigeria), Ainhoa Costas-Chavarri (Rwanda), Ahmad, U Qureshi (Pakistan), Jean, C Allen-Ingabire (Rwanda), Hosni Khairy Salem (Egypt), Anyomih Theophilus Teddy Kojo (Ghana), Stephen Tabiri (Ghana), Dmitri Nepogodiev (UK), Richard, J Lilford (UK), Ewen, M Harrison (UK), Thomas, D Pinkney (UK), Neil Smart (UK), Aneel Bhangu (UK, denotes joint first author Patient representatives: Azmina Verjee (UK), study guarantor)., Emmy Runigamugabo (Rwanda) Statistical analysis: James Glasbey, Aneel Bhangu Protocol development and project steering: Adesoji, O Ademuyiwa, Adewale, O Adisa, Maria Lorena Aguilera, Afnan, Altamini, Philip, Alexander, Sara, W Al-Saqqa, Giuliano, Borda-Luque, Jen, Cornick, Ainhoa, Costas-Chavarri, Thomas, M Drake, Stuart, J Fergusson, J Edward Fitzgerald, James, Glasbey, Allen Ingabire, J. C., Lawani, Ismaïl, Zahra, Jaffry, Hosni Khairy Salem, Chetan, Khatri, Andrew, Kirby, Anyomih Theophilus Teddy Kojo, Marie Carmela Lapitan, Richard, Lilford, Andre, L Mihaljevic, Midhun, Mohan, Dion, Morton, Alphonse Zeta Mutabazi, Dmitri, Nepogodiev, Faustin, Ntirenganya, Riinu, Ots, Francesco, Pata, Thomas, Pinkney, Tomas, Poškus, Ahmad Uzair Qureshi, Antonio Ramos-De la Medina, Sarah, Rayne, Gustavo, Recinos, Kjetil, Søreide, Catherine, A Shaw, Sebastian, Shu, Richard, Spence, Neil, Smart, Stephen, Tabiri, Ewen, M Harrison, Aneel Bhangu National leads (GlobalSurg-1) Lead coordinator, Australia, Neel Gobin, Brazil, Ana Vega Freitas, Canada, Nigel Hall, China, &amp, Hong Kong, Sung-Hee Kim, Egypt, Ahmed, Negida, Hosni, Khairy, England, Stephen, J Chapman, France, Alexis P Arnaud, Ghana, Stephen Tabiri, Guatemala, Gustavo Recinos, India, Cutting Edge Manipal, Indonesia, Radhian Amandito, Iraq, Marwan Shawki, Ireland, Michael Hanrahan, Italy, Francesco Pata, Lithuania, Justas Zilinskas, Malaysia, April Camilla Roslani, Cheng Chun Goh, Nigeria, Adesoji O Ademuyiwa, Northern Ireland, Gareth Irwin, Peru, Laura, Luque, Saudi, Arabia, Hunain, Shiwani, Afnan, Altamimi, Mohammed Ubaid Alsaggaf, Scotland, Stuart J Fergusson, South, Africa, Sri Lanka, Jenifa Jeyakumar, Sweden, Yucel Cengiz, Switzerland, Dmitri A Raptis, Wales, James, C Glasbey National leads (GlobalSurg-2) Argentina, Maria Marta Modolo, Australia, Dushyant, Iyer, Sebastian, King, Tom, Arthur, Bangladesh, Sayeda Nazmum Nahar, Barbados, Ade Waterman, Benin, Lawani Ismaïl, Botswana, Michael Walsh, Canada, Arnav, Agarwal, Augusto, Zani, Mohammed, Firdouse, Tyler, Rouse, China, Qinyang Liu, Colombia, Juan Camilo Correa, Egypt, Hosni Khairy Salem, Estonia, Peep Talving, Ethiopia, Mengistu Worku, France, Alexis Arnaud, Greece, Vassilis Kalles, Guatemala, Basant, Kumar, Sunil, Kumar, Ireland, Roy Quek, Italy, Luca, Ansaloni, Jordan, Ahmed Altibi, Lithuania, Donatas, Venskutonis, Justas, Zilinskas, Tomas, Poskus, Madagascar, John Whitaker, Malawi, Vanessa Msosa, Malaysia, Yong Yong Tew, Malta, Alexia, Farrugia, Elaine, Borg, Mexico, Antonio Ramos-De la Medina, Morocco, Zineb Bentounsi, Norway, Kjetil Søreide, Pakistan, Tanzeela Gala, Palestinian, Territory, Ibrahim, Al-Slaibi, Haya, Tahboub, Alser, Osaid H., Diego, Romani, Sebestian, Shu, Poland, Piotr Major, Romania, Aurel, Mironescu, Matei, Bratu, Amar, Kourdouli, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Aliyu Ndajiwo, Abdulaziz, Altwijri, Ahmad, Gudal, Al Faifi Jubran, Sierra Leone, Sam Seisay, Singapore, Bettina Lieske, Spain, Irene Ortega, Sri, Lanka, Jenifa, Jeyakumar, Senanayake, Kithsiri J., Sudan, Omar Abdulbagi, Switzerland, Dmitri Raptis, Turkey, Yuksel Altinel, United, Kingdom, Chia, Kong, Ella, Teasdale, Gareth, Irwin, Michael, Stoddart, Rakan, Kabariti, Sukrit, Suresh, United, States, Katherine, Gash, Ragavan, Narayanan, Zambia, Mayaba Maimbo Local collaborators (GlobalSurg-1) Argentina: Claudio Fermani, Ruben, Balmaceda, Australia: Ewan Macdermid, Maria Marta Modolo (Hospital Luis Lagomaggiore)., Neel, Gobin, Roxanne, Chenn, Cheryl Ou Yong, Michael Edye (Blacktown Hospital), Martin, Jarmin, Scott, K D'amours, Dushyant Iyer (Liverpool Hospital, The University Of New South Wales), Daniel, Youssef, Nicholas, Phillips, Jason Brown (Royal Brisbane &amp, Women'S, Hospital), Robert, George, Cherry, Koh, Oliver Warren (The Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Australia), Isaac Hanley (The Tweed Hospital), Austria: Clemens Nawara, Marilla Dickfos (Toowoomba Hospital)., Dietmar, Öfner, Florian Primavesi (Department Of Surgery, Bangladesh: Ashrarur Rahman Mitul, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg)., Khalid Mahmud (Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital), Margub, Hussain, Hafiz, Hakim, Tapan Kumar (Dhaka Medical College Hospital), Benin: Pamphile A Assouto, Antje Oosterkamp (Lamb Hospital)., Ismail, Lawani, Brunei: Aung Kyaw Tun, Yacoubou Imorou Souaibou (Centre National Hospitalier Et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga)., Chean Leung Chong (Pmmpmhamb Hospital) Giridhar, H Devadasar, Chean Leung Chong, Muhammad Rashid Minhas Qadir (Ssb Hospital), Kyaw Phyo Aung, Lee Shi Yeo, Brazil: Vanessa Dina Palomino Castillo, Chean Leung Chong (Ripas Hospital)., Monique Moron Munhoz, Gisele Moreira (Conjunto Hospitalar De Sorocaba), Luiz Carlos Barros De Castro Segundo, Salim Anderson Khouri Ferreira, Maíra Cassa Careta (Hospital Da Santa Casa De Misericórdia De Vitória), Stella Binna Kim, Alexandre Venancio De Sousa, Alyne Daltri Lazzarini Cury (Hospital De Caridade Sãƒo De Paula), Gustavo Peixoto Soares Miguel, Ana Vega Carreiro De Freitas, Barbara Pereira Silvestre (Hospital Estadual Doutor Jayme Dos Santos Neves), Julia Guasti Pinto Vianna, Carolina Oliveira Felipe, Luis Alberto Valente Laufer (Hospital Estadual Doutor Jayme Santos Neves), Fernanda, Altoe, Luana Ayres Da Silva, Marina Luiza Pimenta, Thiago Fernandes Giuriato, Paulo Alves Bezerra Morais, Jessica Souza Luiz (Hospital Estadual Dr Jayme Santos Neves), Rafael, Araujo, Juliana, Menegussi, Marisa, Leal, Caio Vinícius Barroso de Lima, Luiza Sarmento Tatagiba, Antônio Leal (Hospital Infantil Nosa Senhora Da Gloria), Diogo Vinicius dos Santos, Gustavo Pereira Fraga, Romeo Lages Simoes (Hospital De Clinicas, Cameroon: Samuel Nigo, University Of Campinas). Cambodia: Simon Stock (World Mate Emergency Hospital)., Juana, Kabba, Tagang Ebogo Ngwa, Canada: Sebastian King, James Brown (Mbingo Baptist Hospital)., Georges, Azzie, Sameer, Kushwaha, Arnav Agarwal (The Hospital For Sick Children), Karen, Bailey, Brian, Cameron, Michael Livingston (McMaster Children's Hospital), Alexandre, Horobjowsky, Dan, L Deckelbaum, Tarek Razek (Centre for Global Surgery, Chile: Boris Marinkovic, McGill University Health Centre)., Eugenio, Grasset, Nicole D'aguzan (Hospital Del Salvador), Julio, Jimenez, China: Zhongtao Zhang, Roberto Macchiavello (Hospital Luis Tisne)., Wei, Guo, Junyeong, Oh, Colombia: Irene Montes, Fei Zheng (Beijing Friendship Hospital)., Sebastian, Sierra, Manuela Mendez (Clinica Ces), Maria Isabel Villegas, Maria Clara Mendoza Arango, Ivan Mendoza (Clinica Las Vegas), Fred Alexander Naranjo Aristizã¡bal, Jaime Andres Montoya Botero, Victor Manuel Quintero Riaza (Hospital Pablo Tobon Uribe), Jakeline, Restrepo, Carlos, Morales, Maria Clara Mendoza Arango (Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundacion), Herman, Cruz, Alejandro, Munera, Croatia: Robert Karlo, Maria Clara Mendoza Arango (Ips Universitaria Clinica Leon Xiii)., Edgar, Domini, Jakov Mihanovic (Zadar General Hospital), Mihael, Radic, Kresimir, Zamarin, Dominican Republic: Manuel Hache-Marliere, Nikica Pezelj (General Hospital Sibenik)., Sylvia Batista Lemaire, Ruben Rivas (Cedimat, - Centro De Diagnostico Medicina Avanzada, Egypt: Ahmed Khyrallh, Laboratorio Y Telemedicina)., Ahamed, Hassan, Gamal, Shimy, Mohamed, A Baky Fahmy (Al-Azher Universty Hospital), Ayman, Nabawi, Mohamed, Elfil, Mohamed, Ghoneem, Muhammad El-Saied Ahmad Muhammad Gohar, Mohamed, Asal, Mostafa, Abdelkader, Mahmoud, Gomah, Hayssam, Rashwan, Mohamed, Karkeet, Ahmed Gomaa (Alexandria Main University Hospital), Amr, Hasan, Ahmed, Elgebaly, Omar, Saleh, Ahmad Abdel Fattah, Abdullah, Gouda, Abd Elrahman Elshafay, Abdalla, Gharib, Ahmed, Menshawy, Mohammed, Hanafy, Abdullah, Al-Mallah, Mahmoud, Abdulgawad, Mohamad, Baheeg, Mohammed, Alhendy, Ibrahim, Abdelfattah, Abdalla, Kenibar, Omar, Osman, Mostafa, Gemeah, Ahmed, Mohammed, Abdalrahman, Adel, Abdelrahman, Mohammed, Abdelrahman, Sayed, Mohamed Abozaid (Al-Hussein Hospital), Ahmed Hafez El-Badri Kotb, Ali Amin Ahmed Ata, Mohammed, Nasr, Abdelrahman, Alkammash, Mohammed, Saeed, Nader Abd El Hamid, Attia Mohamed Attia, Ahmed Abd El Galeel, Eslam, Elbanby, Khalid Salah El-Dien, Usama, Hantour, Omar, Alahmady, Billal, Mansour, Amr Muhammad Elkorashy (Bab El-Shareia Hospital), Emad Mohamed Saeed Taha, Kholod Tarek Lasheen, Salma Said Elkolaly, Nehal Yosri Elsayed Abdel-Wahab, Mahmoud Ahmed Fathi Abozyed, Ahmed, Adel, Ahmed Moustafa Saeed, Gehad Samir El Sayed, Jehad Hassan Youssif (Banha University Hospital), Soliman Magdy Ahmed, Nermeen Soubhy El-Shahat, Abd El-Rahman Hegazy Khedr (Belbes Central Hospital), Abdelrhman Osama Elsebaaye, Mohamed, Elzayat, Mohamed, Abdelraheim, Ibrahim, Elzayat, Mahmoud, Warda, Khaled Naser El Deen, Abdelrhman Essam Elnemr, Omar, Salah, Mohamed, Abbas, Mona, Rashad, Ibrahim, Elzayyat, Dalia, Hemeda, Gehad, Tawfik, Mai, Salama, Hazem, Khaled, Mohamed Seisa (El Dawly Hospital, - Mansoura), Kareem, Elshaer, Abdelfatah, Hussein, Mahmoud Elkhadrawi (El Mahalla General Hospital), Ahmed Mohamed Afifi, Osama Saadeldeen Ebrahim, Mahmoud Mohamed Metwally (El, - Mataria Educational Hospital), Rowida, Elmelegy, Diaa Moustafa Elbendary Elsawahly, Hisham, Safa, Eman, Nofal, Mohamed, Elbermawy, Ahmed Abdelmotaleb Ghazy, Hisham, Samih, Asmaa, Abdelgelil, Sarah, Abdelghany, Ahmed El Kholy, Metwally, Aboraya, Fatma, Elkady, Mahmoud, Salma, Sarah, Samy, Reem, Fakher, Aya, Aboarab, Ahmed, Samir, Ahmed, Sakr, Abdelrahman, Haroun, Asmaa Abdel-Rahman Al-Aarag, Ahmed, Elkholy, Sally Elshanwany (El-Menshawy Hospital), Esraa Ghanem (Elshohadaa Central Hospital), Ahmed, Tammam, Ali Mohamed Hammad, Yousra El Shoura, Gehad El Ashal, Hosni Khairy (Kasr Alainy School Of Medicine), Sarah, Antar, Sara, Mehrez, Mahmoud, Abdelshafy, Maha Gamal Mohamad Hamad, Mona, Hosh, Emad, Abdallah, Basma, Magdy, Thuraya, Alzayat, Elsayed, Gamaly, Hossam, Elfeki, Amany, Abouzahra, Shereen, Elsheikh, Fatimah, I Elgendy (Mansoura University Hospitals), Fathia Abd El-Salam, Osama, Seifelnasr, Mohamed, Ammar, Athar, Eysa, Aliaa, Sadek, Aliaa Gamal Toeema, Aly, Nasr, Mohamed, Abuseif, Hagar, Zidan, Sara Abd Elmageed Barakat, Nadin, Elsayed, Yasmin Abd Elrasoul, Ahmed, Elkelany, Mohamed Sabry Ammar, Mennat-Allah, Mustafa, Yasmin, Hegazy, Mohamed, Etman, Samar, Saad, Mahmoud, Alrahawy, Ahmed, Raslan, Mahmoud, Morsi, Ahmed, Rslan, Ahmed, Sabry, Hager, Elwakil, Heba, Shaker, Yasmin, Abd-Elrasoul, Ahmed Elkelany (Menoufia University Hospitals), Hussein, El-Kashef, Mohamed, Shaalan, Areej Tarek (Minia University Hospital), Ayman, Elwan, Ahmed Ragab Nayel, Mostafa, Seif, Doaa, Emadeldin, Mohamed Ali Ghonaim, Ahmad, Almallah, Ahmed, Fouad, Eman Adel Sayma (New Damietta University Hospital), Ahmad, Elbatahgy, Angham Solaiman El-Ma'doul, Ahmed, Mosad, Hager, Tolba, Diaa Eldin Abdelazeem Amin Elsorogy, Hassan Ali Mostafa, Amira Atef Omar, Ola Sherief Abd El Hameed, Ahmed Lasheen (Quweisna Central Hospital In Quweisna), Yasser Abd El Salam, Ashraf, Morsi, Mohammed Ismail (Ras El Tin General Hospital), Hager Ahmed El-badawy, Mohamed, A Amer, Ahmed Sabry El-Hamouly, Attallah, Noura A., Omnia, Mosalum, Ahmed, Afandy, Ahmed, Mokhtar, Alaa, Abouelnasr, Sara, Ayad, Ramdan, Shaker, Rokia, Sakr, Ramadan, Shaker, Mahmoud, Amreia, Soaad, Elsobky, Mohamed, Mustafa, Ahmed Abo El Magd, Abeer, Marey, Amr Tarek Hafez, Mohamed, F Zalabia (Shebin Elkom Teaching Hospital, Menoufia), Mohamed Moamen Mohamed, Amr, Fadel, Emad Ali Ahmed (Sohag University Hospital), Ahmad, Ali, Mohammad Ghassan Alwafai, Abdullah, Dwydar, Sara, Kharsa, Ehab, Mamdouh, Hatem, El-Sheemy, Ibrahim, Alyoussef, Abouelatta Khairy Aly, Ahmad, Aldalaq, Ehab, Alnawam, Dalia Alkhabbaz (Souad Kafafi University Hospital), Mahmoud, Saad, Shady, Hussein, Ahmed Abo Elazayem, Ahmed, Meshref, Marwa, Elashmawy, Mohammed, Mousa, Ahmad, Nashaat, Sara, Ghanem, Zaynab, M Elsayed, Aya, Elwaey, Iman Elkadsh (Suez Canal University Hospitals), Mariam, Darweesh, Ahmed, Mohameden, Mennaallah Hafez (Suez General Hospital), Ahmed, Badr, Assmaa, Badwy, Mohamed Abd El Slam (Talla Central Hospital), Mohamed, Elazoul, Safwat, Al-Nahrawi, Lotfy, Eldamaty, Fathee, Nada, Mohamed, Ameen, Aya, Hagar, Mohamed, Elsehimy, Mohammad, Aboraya, Hossam, Dawoud, Shorouk El Mesery, Abeer El Gendy, Ahmed, Abdelkareem, Ahmed Safwan Marey, Mostafa, Allam, Sherif, Shehata, Khaled, Abozeid, Marwa, Elshobary, Ahmed, Fahiem, Sameh, Sarsik, Amel, Hashish, Mohamed, Zidan, Mohamed, Hashish, Shaimaa, Aql, Abdelaziz Osman Abdelaziz Elhendawy (Tanta University Hospital), Mohamed, Husseini, Esraa, Kasem, Ahmed, Gheith, Yasmin, Elfouly, Ahmed Ragab Soliman, Yasmein, Ibrahim, Nesma, Elfouly, Ahmed, Fawzy, Ahmed, Hassan, Mohammad, Rashid, Abdallah Salah Elsherbiny, Basem, Sieda, Nermin, M Badwi, Mohammed Mustafa Hassan Mohammed, Osama, Mohamed, Ethiopia: Mengistu Worku, Mohammad Abdulkhalek Habeeb (Zagazig University Hospitals)., Nichole Starr (Dessie Referral Hospital), Semay, Desta, Sahlu, Wondimu, Nebyou Seyoum Abebe (Minilik Ii Hospital), Efeson, Thomas, Frehun Ayele Asele, Daniel Dabessa (Myungsung Christian Medical Center), Nebiyou Seyoum Abebe, Finland: Panu Mentula, Abebe Bekele Zerihun (Tikur Anbessa Hospital)., Ari, Leppäniemi, France: Aurelien Scalabre, Ville Sallinen (Helsinki University Central Hospital)., Fernanda, Frade, Sabine Irtan (Trousseau Hospital Sorbonnes Universités, Upmc Univ Paris), Vivien, Graffeille, Elodie, Gaignard, Quentin Alimi (Chu De Rennes), Quentin, Alimi, Vivien, Graffieille, Elodie Gaignard (Fr Rennes University), Olivier, Abbo, Sofia, Mouttalib, Ourdia Bouali (Hopital Des Enfants), Erik, Hervieux, Yves, Aigrain, Nathalie Botto (Hopital Necker Enfants Malades), Alice, Faure, Lucile, Fievet, Nicoleta Panait (Hopitâl Nord), Emilie, Eyssartier, Francoise, Schmitt, Guillaume Podevin (Pediatric Surgery Department, University Hospital Of Angers, France), Valentine, Parent, Amandine, Martin, Alexis Pierre Arnaud (Rennes University Hospital), Cecile, Muller, Arnaud, Bonnard, Ghana: Francis Abantanga, Matthieu Peycelon (Robert Debré Children University Hospital)., Kwaku, Boakye-Yiadom, Mohammed Bukari (Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital), Frank Owusu (Offinso District Hospital), Joseph, Awuku-Asabre, Lemuel Davies Bray (University For Development Studies, School Of Medicine And Health Sciences, General Surgery Department, Greece: Dimitrios Lytras, Tamale Teaching Hospital)., Kyriakos, Psarianos, Anastasia Bamicha (Achillopoyleio General Hospital Of Volos), Eirini Kefalidi (Attikon General Hospital), Georgios Gemenetzis (Attikon University Hospital), Christos, Dervenis, Nikolaos, Gouvas, Christos Agalianos (Konstantopouleio General Hospital Of Athens), Michail, Kontos, Gregory, Kouraklis, Dimitrios Karousos (Laiko University Hospital), Stylianos, Germanos, Constantinos Marinos (Larissa General Hospital), Christos, Anthoulakis, Nikolaos, Nikoloudis, Guatemala: Gustavo Recinos, Nikolaos Mitroudis (Serres General Hospital)., Sergio, Estupinian, Walter Forno (Hospital De Accidentes Ceibal), José René Arévalo Azmitia (Hospital General De Enfermedades, Cirugia De Emergencia, Instituto Guatemalteco De Seguridad Social), Carla Cecilia Ramãrez Cabrera (Hospital General De Enfermedades, Servicio De Cirugia Abdominal, Romeo, Guevara, Maria, Aguilera, Napoleon, Mendez, Cesar Augusto Azmitia Mendizabal, Pablo, Ramazzini, Mario Contreras Urquizu (Hospital General San Juan De Dios), Fernando, Tale, Rafael, Soley, Emanuel, Barrios, Emmanuel Barrios (Hospital Juan Jose Arevalo Bermejo), Daniel Estuardo Marroquín Rodríguez, Carlos Iván Pérez Velásquez, Sara María Contreras Mérida (Hospital Regional De Retalhuleu), Francisco, Regalado, Mario, Lopez, Miguel Siguantay (Hospital Roosevelt, Hong Kong: Fong Yee Lam, Guatemala)., Kylie Joan-yi Szeto, Charing Cheuk Ling Szeto, Wing Sum Li, Kieran Ka Kei Li, Man Fung Leung, Tony, Mak, India: SS Prasad, Simon Ng (Prince of Wales Hospital)., Anand, Kirishnan, Nidhi Gyanchandani (KMC Hospital), Bylapudi Seshu Kumar, Muthukumaran Rangarajan (Kovai Medical Centre &amp, Hospital), Sriram, Bhat, Anjana, Sreedharan, Kinnera (Kasturba Medical College), S. V., Yella, Reddy, Caranj, Venugopal, Sunil Kumar (Pes Institute Of Medical Sciences &amp, Research), Abhishek Mittal (Safdarjung Hospital, New, Delhi), Shravan, Nadkarni, Harish Neelamraju Lakshmi, Puneet Malik (Sawai Man Singh Medical College &amp, Hospitals, Jaipur, Rajasthan), Neel, Limaye, Srinivas, Pai, Pratik Jain (Sdm College Of Medical Sciences And Hospital), Monty, Khajanchi, Savni, Satoskar, Rajeev Satoskar (Seth Gordhandas Sunderdas Medical College And King Edward Memorial Hospital), Indonesia: Eldaa Prisca Refianti Sutanto, Abid Bin Mahamood (Travancore Medical College Hospital)., Daniel Ardian Soeselo, Chintya Tedjaatmadja (Atmajaya Hospital), Fitriana Nur Rahmawati, Radhian, Amandito, Maria Mayasari (Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital, Iraq: Ruqaya Kadhim Mohammed Jawad Al-Hasani, Jakarta)., Hasan Ismael Ibraheem Al-Hameedi, Hasan Ismael Ibraheem, Israa Abdullah Aziz Al-Azraqi (Alsader Medical City), Lubna, Sabeeh, Rahma, Kamil, Marwan Shawki (Baghdad Medical City), Muwaffaq Mezeil Telfah (Department Of Surgery, College Of Medicine, University Of Mosul, Ireland: Amoudtha Rasendran, Al-Jumhoori Teaching Hospital)., Jacqueline, Sheehan, Robert, Kerley, Caoimhe, Normile, Richard William Gilbert, Jiheon, Song, Mohamed, Dablouk, Linnea, Mauro, Mohammed Osman Dablouk, Michael, Hanrahan, Paul, Kielty, Eleanor Marks (Cork University Hospital), Simon, Gosling, Michelle, Mccarthy, Amoudtha Rasendran (Cork University Hospital &amp, University College Cork), Diya, Mirghani, Syed Altaf Naqvi, Chee Siong Wong (Limerick University Hospital), Siyi, Chung, Reuban, D'Cruz, Ronan Cahill (Mater Misericordiae University Hospital), Simon George Gosling, Amoudtha, Rasendran, Ciara, Fahy, Diana Duarte Cadogan, Anna, Powell, Richard, Gilbert, Caroline, Clifford, Aoife Driscoll (Mercy University Hospital), Stassen, Paul, Chris, Lee, Ross Bowe (Midlands Regional Hospital Mullingar), William, Hutch, Michael Hanrahan (University College Cork), Helen, Mohan, Maeve, O'Neill, Italy: Piergiorgio Danelli, Kenneth Mealy (Wexford General Hospital)., Andrea, Bondurri, Anna Maffioli (Azienda Ospedaliera Luigi Sacco, - Polo Universitario), Mario, Pasini, Giacomo, Pata, Stefano Roncali (Azienda Ospedaliera Spedali Civili Di Brescia, - Chirurgia Generale), Paolo, Silvani, Michele, Carlucci, Roberto Faccincani (Irccs Ospedale San Raffaele), Luigi, Bonavina, Yuri, Macchitella, Chiara Ceriani (University of Milan, IRCCS Policlinico San Donato), Gregorio, Tugnoli, Salomone Di Saverio, Khaled Khattab (Maggiore Hospital), Miguel Angel Paludi, Domenica, Pata, Luigi Maria Cloro (Nicola Giannettasio Hospital), Andrea, Allegri, Federico Coccolini (Papa Giovanni Xxiii Hospital), Ezio, Veronese, Luca, Bortolasi, Alireza Hasheminia (San Bonifacio Hospital), Giacomo, Nastri, Massimiliano Dal Canto, Stefano Cucumazzo (Santa Croce Hospital), Angelo, Benevento, Gaetano Tessera (Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Gallarate), Pier Paolo Grandinetti, Alessio, Maniscalco, Giovanni Luca Lamanna (Santi Benvenuto, E Rocco Hospital Asur), Luca, Turati, Giovanni, Sgroi, Emanuele Rausa (Treviglio Hospital), Roberta, Villa, Michela, Monteleone, David Merlini (Unita' Di Chirurgia D'urgenza Azienda Ospedaliera Salvini), Federico, Coccolini, Andrea Allegri (Unit Of General Surgery, I, Papa Giovanni Xxiii Hospital), Veronica, Grassi, Roberto, Cirocchi, Libya: Hamza Waleed, Alban Cacurri (University Of Perugia)., Ahmed, Diab, Lithuania: Mantas Jokubauskas, Fathi Elzowawi (Misurata Central Hospital)., Karolis, Varkalys, Donatas Venskutonis (Kaunas Clinical Hospital), Robertas, Pranevicius, Viktorija Ambrozeviciute (Klaipedas Seaman Hospital), Simona, Juciute, Austė Skardžiukaitė (Lietuvos Sveikatos Mokslų Universitetas), Saulius, Bradulskis, Linas, Urbanavicius, Aiste, Austraite, Romualdas, Riauka, Zilvinas Dambrauskas (Lithuanian University Of Health Sciences), Paulius, Karumnas, Zigmantas, Urniezius, Reda Zilinskiene (Republic Hospital Of Kaunas), Anele Rudzenskaite (Republic Hospital Of Panevezys), Ausrine, Usaityte, Margarita, Montrimaite, Nerijus Kaselis (Republic Klaipeda Hospital), Andrius, Strazdas, Kristijonas Jokubonis (Stasys Kudirka Regional Hospital Of Alytus), Kornelija, Maceviciute, Virgilijus, Beisa, Kestutis, Strupas, Erikas Laugzemys (Vilnius University, Center Of Abdominal Surgery), Andrej, Kolosov, Valdemaras, Jotautas, Ignas Rakita (Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Clinics), Saulius, Mikalauskas, Darius, Kazanavicius, Rokas, Rackauskas, Virgilijus Beisa (Vilnius University Hospital Santariskiu Klinikos), Ritauras, Rakauskas, Malawi: Ross Coomber, Egle Preckailaite (Vsi Jonavos Ligonine)., Kenneth, Johnson, Malaysia: Dineshwary Periasammy, Jennifer Nowers (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)., Afizah, Salleh, Andre Das (Hospital Kajang), Reuben Goh Ern Tze, Milaksh Nirumal Kumar, Nik Azim Nik Abdullah (Sarawak General Hospital), Nik Ritza Kosai, Mustafa, Taher, Reynu Rajan (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre), Hoong Yin Chong, Malta: Marija Agius, Cheng Chun Goh (University Malaya Medical Centre)., Maureen, Bezzina, Roberta, Bugeja, Martinique, Vella-Baldacchino, Andrew, Spina, Josephine Psaila (Mater Dei Hospital, Martinique: Helene Francois-Coridon, Malta)., Cecilia, Tolg, Jean-Francois Colombani (Department Of Pediatric Surgery, Mother And Children's Hospital, Mexico: Carmina Diaz-Zorrilla, University Hospital Of Martinique)., Antonio Ramos-De La Medina, Mozambique: Mário Jacobe, Samantha Corro-Diaz Gonzalez (Hospital Español de Veracruz)., Domingos, Mapasse, New Zealand: Ramadan Oumer, Elizabeth Snyder (Hospital Central Maputo)., Mohammed Osman (Whangarei Hospital, Nigeria: Aminu Mohammad, Northland District Health Board)., Lofty-John, Anyanwu, Abdulrahman Sheshe (Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital), Alaba, Adesina, Olubukola, Faturoti, Ogechukwu Taiwo (Babcock University Teaching Hospital), Muhammad Habib Ibrahim, Abdulrasheed, A Nasir, Siyaka Itopa Suleiman (Federal Medical Centre, Birnin, Kebbi), Adewale, Adeniyi, Opeoluwa, Adesanya, Ademola Adebanjo (Federal Medical Centre), Roland, Osuoji, Kazeem, Atobatele, Ayokunle, Ogunyemi, Omolara, Williams, Mobolaji, Oludara, Olabode Oshodi (Lagos State University Teaching Hospital), Adesoji, Ademuyiwa, AbdulRazzaq Oluwagbemiga Lawal, Felix, Alakaloko, Olumide, Elebute, Adedapo, Osinowo, Christopher Bode(Lagos University Teaching Hospital), Abidemi Adesuyi (National Hospital Abuja), Adesoji, Tade, Adeleke, Adekoya, Collins Nwokoro (Olabisi Onabanjo University Teaching Hospital), Omobolaji, O Ayandipo, Taiwo Akeem Lawal, Akinlabi, E Ajao (University College Hospital), Samuel Sani Ali, Babatunde, Odeyemi, Samson Olori (University of Abuja Teaching Hospital), Ademola, Popoola, Ademola, Adeyeye, Lossius (Department Of Gastrointestinal Surgery, James Adeniran (University of Ilorin Teaching Hospital). Norway: William J., Olavs Hospital, St., Trondheim University Hospital), Ingemar Havemann (Soerlandet Hospital Kristiansand), Kenneth, Thorsen, Jon Kristian Narvestad, Kjetil Soreide (Stavanger University Hospital), Trude Beate Wold, Linn Nymo (University Hospital Of North Norway, Oman: Mohammed Elsiddig, Troms)., Pakistan: Kamran Faisal Bhopal, Manzoor Dar (Sohar Hospital)., Zainab, Iftikhar, Muhammad Mohsin Furqan (Bahawal Victoria Hospital), Bakhtiar, Nighat, Masood, Jawaid, Abdul Khalique (Dow University Hospital), Ahsan, Zil-E-Ali, Anam Rashid (Fatima Memorial Hospital), Hasnain Abbas Dharamshi, Tahira, Naqvi, Ahmad Faraz (Karachi Medical And Dental College, Abbasi Shaheed Hospital), Abdul Wahid Anwar, Tahir Muhammad Yaseen, Ghina Shamim Shamsi, Ghina, Shamsi, Tahir, Yaseen, Paraguay: Horacio Paredes Decoud, Wahid Anwer (The Indus Hospital)., Omar, Aguilera, Ismael Isaac Zelada Alvarez, Juan Marcelo Delgado, Gustavo Miguel Machain Vega, Peru: Wendy Leslie Messa Aguilar, Helmut Alfredo Segovia Lohse (Hospital De Clínicas)., Jose Antonio Cabala Chiong, Essalud), Ana Cecilia Manchego Bautista (Carlos Alberto Seguin Escobedo National Hospital., Eduardo, Huaman, Sergio, Zegarra, Rony Camacho (Hospital Necional Guillermo Almenara), Jose María Vergara Celis, Diego Alonso Romani Pozo (Hospital De Emergencias Pediatricas), José, Hamasaki, Edilberto, Temoche, Jaime Herrera-Matta (Hospital De Policia), Carla Pierina García Torres, Luis Miguel Alvarez Barreda, Ronald Renato Barrionuevo Ojeda (Hospital Goyeneche), Octavio Garaycochea (Hospital Ii -1 Minsa Moyobamba), Melanie Castro Mollo, Mitchelle Solange De Fã Tima Linares Delgado, Francisco Fujii (Hospital Maria Auxiliadora), Ana Cecilia Manchego Bautista, Wendy Leslie Messa Aguilar, Jose Antonio Cabala Chiong (Hospital Nacional Carlos Alberto Seguin), Susana Yrma Aranzabal Durand, Carlos Alejandro Arroyo Basto, Nelson Manuel Urbina Rojas (Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins-Essalud), Sebastian Bernardo Shu Yip, Ana Lucia Contreras Vergara, Andrea Echevarria Rosas Moran, Giuliano Borda Luque, Manuel Rodriguez Castro, Ramon Alvarado Jaramillo (Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia), George Manrique Sila, Crislee Elizabeth Lopez, Mardelangel Zapata Ponze De Leon, Massiell, Machaca, Ronald Coasaca Huaraya, Andy, Arenas, Crislee, López, Clara Milagros Herrera Puma, Wilfredo, Pino, Christian, Hinojosa, Melanie Zapata Ponze De Leon, Susan, Limache, George Manrrique Sila, Portugal: Renato Melo, Layza-Alejandra Mercado Rodriguez (Hospital Regional Honorio Delgado Espinoza)., Jose, Costa-Maia, Romania: Ionasc Dan, Nuno Muralha (Servico De Cirurgia Geral - Centro Hospitalar Sao Joao - Porto). Reunion: Frederique Sauvat (Chu Reunion)., Mircea, Hogea, Pandi Eduard (Emergency Clinical Hospital Brasov), Razvan-Matei, Bratu, Mircea, Beuran, Ionut-Bogdan, Diaconescu, Bogdan-Valeriu, Martian, Florin-Mihail, Iordache, Mihaela Vartic (Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest), Lucian Corneliu Vida, Liviu Iuliu Muntean, Rwanda: Vizir Jean Paul Nsengimana (Chuk), Aurel Sandu Mironescu (Spitalul Clinic De Copii Brasov)., Alice, Niragire, Jean De La Croix Allen Ingabire, San Marino: Nicola Zanini, Eugene Niyirera (University Teaching Hospital Of Kigali)., Elio, Jovine, Alomar, Giovanni Landolfo (San Marino State Hospital). Saudi Arabia: Ibrahim N., Alnuqaydan, Saleh A., Altwigry (Buraydah Central Hospital), Abdulrahman M., Moayad, Othman, Nohad Osman (Imam Abdulrahman Al Faisal Hospital), Enas Alqahtani (King Abdulaziz Hospital Al Ahsa National Guard), Mohammed, Alzahrani, Rifan, Alyami, Emad Aljohani (King Abdulaziz Medical City), Ibrahim, Alhabli, Zaher, Mikwar, Sultan Almuallem (King Abdulaziz Medical City (King Khalid National Guard Hospital, Jeddah), Emad, Aljohani, Mohammed Alzahrani (King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh), Abrar, Nawawi, Mohamad, Bakhaidar, Maghrabi, Ashraf A., Mohammed, Alsaggaf, Murad, Aljiffry, Abdulmalik, Altaf, Ahmad, Khoja, Alaa, Habeebullah, Nouf Akeel (Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi, Arabia), Nashat, Ghandora, Abdullah, Almoflihi, Abdulmalik Huwait (King Fahad General Hospital), Abeer, Al-shammari, Mashael Al-Mousa (King Fahad Hospital), Masood, Alghamdi, Walid, Adham, Bandar, Albeladi, Muayad Ahmed Alfarsi, Atif, Mahdi, Saad Al Awwad (King Fahd Hospital), Thamer, Nouh, Mazen Hassanain (King Khaled University Hospital, King Saud University), Salman, Aldhafeeri, Nawal, Sadig, Osama Algohary (King Khalid General Hospital), Mohannad, Aledrisy, Ahmad Alrifaie (King Khalid National Guard Hospital), Mohammed, Alrowais, Amani Althwainy (Department of Surgery, Alaa, Shabkah, Uthman, Alamoudi, Mawaddah Alrajraji (National Guard Hospital), Basim, Alghamdi, Saud, Aljohani, Abdullah Daqeeq (Rcymc), South Africa: Vicky Jennings, Jubran J Al-Faifi (Security Forces Hospital)., Nyawira, Ngayu, Rachel Moore (Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital), Victor Kong (Edendale Hospital), Hayden, Kretzmann, Katie, Connor, Daniel Nel (Frere Hospital), Colleen, Sampson, Eugenio Panieri (Groote Schuur), Nosisa Sishuba (Helen Joseph Hospital, Department Of Surgery, University Of The Witwatersrand), Myint, Tun, Albert Mohale Mphatsoe, Jo-Anne Carreira (Leratong Hospital), Mark Wagener (Ngwelezana Hospital), Stefan, Botes, Spain: Fernando Fernandez-Bueno (Hospital Central De La Defensa Gomez Ulla), Danelo Du Plessis (Rob Ferreira Hospital)., Jose, Aguilar-Jimenez, Sms), Jose Andres Garcia-Marin (Hospital Morales Meseguer., Lorena Solar García, Luis Joaquín García Florez, Rubén Darío Arias Pacheco (Hospital San Agustín), Janet, Pagnozzi, Jimy Harold Jara Quezada, Jose Luis Rodicio, German, Minguez, Raquel, Rodríguez-Uría, Paul, Ugalde, Camilo, Lopez-Arevalo, Luis, Barneo, Jessica Patricia Gonzales Stuva (Hospital Universitario Central De Asturias), Irene, Ortega-Vazquez, Lorena, Rodriguez, Sri Lanka: Prasad Pitigala Arachchi, Norberto Herrera (Severo Ochoa University Hospital)., Wanigasekara Senanayake Mudiyanselage Kithsiri Janakantha Senanayake, Lalith Asanka Jayasooriya Jayasooriya Arachchige (Department Of General Surgery, Teaching Hospital Kandy), Sivasuriya, Sivaganesh, Dulan Irusha Samaraweera, Sudan: Ahmed Elgaili Khalid Musa, Vimalakanthan Thanusan (National Hospital Of Sri Lanka)., Reem Mohammed Hassan Balila, Mohamed Awad Elkarim Hamad Mohamed (Ibrahim Malik Teaching Hospital), Hussein, Ali, Hagir Zain Elabdin, Alaa Hassan (Jarash International Specialized Hospital), Sefeldin, Mahdi, Hala, Ahmed, Sahar Abdoun Ishag Idris (Khartoum Teaching Hospital), Makki, Elsayed, Mohammed, Elsayed, Sweden: Magnus Boijsen, Mohamed Mahmoud (Omdurman Teaching Hospital)., Per-Olof Lundgren (Capio St Goran Hospital), Ulf, Gustafsson, Ali Kiasat (Danderyds Hospital), Fredrik, Wogensen, Emma, Jurdell, Anders Thorell (Department Of Surgery, Ersta, Hospital, Stockholm), Hildur, Thorarinsdottir, Maria Utter (Helsingborgs Lasarett), Sami Martin Sundstrom (Hudiksvall Sjukhus), Cecilia, Wredberg, Ann Kjellin (Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset), Johanna, Nyberg, Bjorn Frisk (Skaraborg Hospital Skovde), Malin, Sund, Linda, Andersson, Ulf Gunnarsson (Department Of Surgical And Perioperative Sciences, Umea University and Umea University Hospital), Yücel, Cengiz, Sandra, Ahlqvist, Ida Björklund (Sundsvall Hostpital) Hanna Royson, Per Weber (Vaexjoe Central Hospital), Hans-Ivar, Pahlsson, Eva Borin (Visby Hospital, Department Of Surgery), Maria Hjertberg (Vrinnevi Hospital), Hanna, Royson, Switzerland: Roger Schmid, Per Weber (Vaxjo Central Hospital)., Debora, Schivo, Vasileios Despotidis (Bürgerspital Solothurn), Stefan, Breitenstein, Ralph, F Staerkle, Erik Schadde (Kantonsspital Winterthur), Fabian, Deichsel, Alexandra, Gerosa, Antonio Nocito (Kantonsspital Baden), Dimitri Aristotle Raptis, Barbara, Mijuskovic, Markus, Zuber, Lukas Eisner (Kantonsspital Olten), Swantje, Kruspi, Katharina Beate Reinisch, Christin Schoewe (Kreisspital Fuer Das Freiamt Muri Ag), Allan, Novak, Palma, Adrian F., Gerfried Teufelberger (Kreisspital Muri, Tanzania: Msafiri Kimaro, Department Of Surgery)., Rachel King (Mbalizi Christian Designated Hospital) Turkey: Ali Zeynel Abidin Balkan, Mehmet, Gumar, Mehmet Ali Yavuz (Harran University Research And Treatment Hospital), Ufuk, Karabacak, Gokhan, Lap, Bahar Busra Ozkan (Ondokuz Mayis University, Medical, Faculty), Bahar Busra Ozkan, United Kingdom: Ryan Adams, Murat Karakahya (Ordu University Training And Research Hospital)., Robert, Morton, Liam, Henderson, Ruth, Gratton, Keiran David Clement, Kate Yu-Ching Chang, David, Mcnish, Ryan, Mcintosh, William Milligan (Aberdeen Royal Infirmary), Brendan, Skelly, Hannah, Anderson-Knight, Roger Lawther (Altnagelvin Area Hospital), Jemina, Onimowo, Veereanna, Shatkar, Shivanee Tharmalingam (Barking, Havering And Redbridge University Hospitals Trust (Queens Hospital, Romford), Evelina, Woin, Tessa, Fautz, Oliver Ziff (Barnet General Hospital), Shiva, Dindyal, Sam, Arman, Shagorika, Talukder, Vijay, Gadhvi, Shagorika Talukder (Basildon And Thurrock University Foundation Trust), Luen Shaun Chew, Jonathan Heath (Blackpool Victoria Teaching Hospitals), Natalie, Blencowe, Sally, Hallam, Katherine Gash (Bristol Royal Infirmary), Gurdeep Singh Mannu, Dimitris-Christos, Zachariades, Ailsa Claire Snaith (Buckinghamshire NHS Trust), Thusitha Sampath Hettiarachchi, Arjun, Nesaratnam, James Wheeler (Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Darragh, Mccullagh, Joshua Michael Clements, Ata Khan (Causeway Hospital), Foteini, Koumpa, Christina, Neophytou, Jessica, Roth, Wai Cheong Soon, Mohammed, Deputy, Ahmed, Ahmed, Annelisse, Ashton, Joe, Vincent, Jack, Almy, Taufiq, Khan, John Lee, Y Allen, Charlotte Jane Mcintyre, Dominic Charles Marshall (Charing Cross Hospital, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust), Mark, Sykes, Nebil, Behar, Harriet Jordan (Chelsea And Westminster Hospital), Yaseen, Rajjoub, Thomas Sherman (Cheltenham General Hospital), Timothy, White, Anna, Watts, Rohan Ardley (Chesterfield Royal Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Tan, Arulampalam, Apar, Shah, Damien Brown (Colchester Hospital University NHS Foundation Trust), Emma, Blower, Paul, Sutton, Konstantinos, Gasteratos, Dale Vimalachandran (Countess Of Chester Hospital), Cathy, Magee, Andrew Mcguigan (Craigavon Area Hospital), Stephen, Mcaleer, Clare Morgan (Daisy Hill Hospital), Sarah Braungart (Department Of Paediatric Surgery, Leeds General Infirmary), Kirsten, Lafferty, Peter, Labib, Andrei, Tanase, Clodagh, Mangan, Lillian, Reza, Clodagh Mangan (Derriford Hospital), Helen, Woodward, Craig, Gouldthorpe, Megan Turner (Diana Princess Of Wales Hospital), Jonathan R, L Wild, Tom AM Malik, Victoria, K Proctor (Doncaster Royal Infirmary NHS Foundation Trust), Kalon, Hewage, James Davies (Dorset County Hospital), Andre, Dubois, Sayed, Sarwary, Ali, Zardab, Alan, Grant, Robert Mcintyre (Dr Grays Hospital), Yogendra Praveen Mogan, Weiguang, Ho, Bryon Frankie Hon Khi Chong (Dumfries And Galloway Royal Infirmary), Shirish, Tewari, Gemma, Humm, Eriberto Farinella (East And North Hertfordshire NHS Trust Lister Hospital) Nigel, J Hall, Naomi, J Wright, Christina, P Major (Evelina Children's Hospital), Thelma, Xerri, Phoebe De Bono, Jasim, Amin, Mustafa, Farhad, Camilleri-Brennan, John F., Andrew G, N Robertson, Joanna, Swann, James, Richards, Aijaz, Jabbar, Myranda, Attard, Hannah, Burns, Euan, Macdonald, Matthew, Baldacchino, Jennifer, Skehan, Julian Camilleri-Brennan (Forth Valley Royal Hospital), Tom Falconer Hall, Madelaine, Gimzewska, Greta Mclachlan (Frimley Park Hospital), Jamie, Shah, James Giles (George Elliot Hospital), Selina, Chiu, Beatrix, Weber, Selina Man Yeng Chiu, Saskia Highcock (Gilbert Bain Hospital), Maleeha, Hassan, William, Beasley, Apostolos, Vlachogiorgos, Stephen, Dias, Geta, Maharaj, Rosie Mcdonald (Glangwili General Hospital), Alisdair, Macdonald, Paul, Witherspoon, Alan Baird (Glasgow Southern General Hospital), Panchali, Sarmah, Nikki, Green, Haney Youssef (Good Hope Hospital), Kate, Cross, Clare, M Rees, Bernard Van Duren (Great Ormond Street Hospital For Children NHS Foundation Trust), Emma Upchurch (Great Western Hospital), Khurram, Khan, Haytham, Abudeeb, Ahmed Hammad (Hairmyres Hospital, Nhs, Lanarkshire), Sharad, Karandikar, Doug, Bowley, Ahmed Karim (Heart Of England Foundation Trust), Witold, Chachulski, Liam, Richardson, Giles, Dawnay, Ben, Thompson, Ajayesh, Mistry, Aneel, Bhangu, Millika, Ghetia, Sudipta, Roy, Ossama, Al-Obaedi, Kaustuv Das (Hereford County Hospital), Ash, Prabhudesai, Cocker, Dm, Jessica Juliana Tan (Hillingdon Hospital), Robert, Tyler, Filippo Di Franco, Shruti Ayyar (Hinchingbrooke Hospital), Sayinthen, Vivekanantham, Shyam Gokani (Imperial College London), Michael, Gillespie, Katrin Gudlaugsdottir (Inverclyde Royal Hospital), Theodore, Pezas, Chelise, Currow, Matthew Young-Han Kim (Ipswich Hospital NHS Trust), Amerdip, Birring, Joanne, Edwards, Ased, Ali, Suparna, Das, Madan, Jha, Kieran Atkinson (James Cook University Hospital), Joshua, Luck, Thomas, Fozard, Michael Puttick (John Radcliffe Hospital), Yahya, Salama, Rohi, Shah, Ahmad Aboelkassem Ibrahem, Hamdi, Ebdewi, Gianpiero, Gravante, Saleem El-Rabaa (Kettering General Hospital), Henry, Nnajiuba, Rebecca, Allott, Aman Bhargava (King George Hospital), Zoe, Chan, Zaffar Hassan (Kings College Hospital), Misty, Makinde, David, Hemingway, Ramzana, Dean, Alexander, Boddy, Ahmed, Aber, Vijay Patel (Leicester Royal Infirmary), Jehangirshaw Parakh (Leighton Hospital, - Mid Cheshire NHS Foundation Trust), Sunil Parthiban (Lister Hospital), Harmony Kaur Ubhi, Simon-Peter Hosein (Luton And Dunstable Hospital), Simon, Ward, Kamran Malik (Macclesfield District General Hospital), Leifa, Jennings, Tom, Newton, Mirna, Alkhouri, Min Kyu Kang, Christopher, Houlden, Jonathan Barry (Morriston Hospital), Imtanan, Raza, Alistair, Farquharson, Sanjeet Bhattacharya (NHS Ayrshire), William, Milligan, Kate, Chang, Liam Henderson (NHS Grampian), Michael S, J Wilson, Yan Ning Neo, Ibrahim, Ibrahim, Emily, Chan, Fraser, S Peck, Pei, J Lim, Alexander, S North, Rebecca, Blundell, Adam Williamson (Ninewells Hospital, NHS), Dina, Fouad, Ashish Minocha (Norfolk And Norwich University Hospital), Kathryn, Mccarthy, Emma, Court, Alice Chambers (North Bristol NHS Trust), Jenna, Yee, Ji Chung Tham, Ceri Beaton (North Devon District Hospital), Una, Walsh, Joseph, Lockey, Salman, Bokhari, Lara, Howells, Megan, Griffiths, Laura Yallop (Northwick Park Hospital), Shailinder, Singh, Omar, Nasher, Paul Jackson (Nottingham Children's Hospital At Queens Medical Centre Campus), Michael, Puttick, Thomas Fozard (Oxford University Hospitals), Abdul Muiz Shariffuddin, Weng Chee Ho, Michael Sj Wilson, Gurpreet Pabla (Perth Royal Infirmary), Saed, Ramzi, Shady, Zeidan, Jennifer Doughty (Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust), Sidhartha, Sinha, Ross, Davenport, Jason Lewis (Princess Alexandra Hospital), Leo, Duffy, Elizabeth, Mcaleer, Eleanor Williams (Princess Of Wales Hospital), Robin, Som, Omar Javed (Queen Elizabeth Hospital Woolwich), Matthew, Boal, Nicola, Harrison, Habib, Tafazal, Omar, Javed, Tom, Brogden, Ewen Griffiths (Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham) Rhalumi Daniel Obute, Thomas, E Glover, David, J Clark (Queen Elizabeth Hospital King's Lynn), Mohamed, Boshnaq, Mansoor, Akhtar, Pascale, Capleton, Samer, Doughan, Mohamed, Rabie, Ismail Mohamed (Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Hospital), Duncan, Samuel, Lauren, Dickson, Matthew, Kennedy, Eleanor, Dempster, Emma, Brown, Natalie, Maple, Eimear, Monaghan, Bernhard, Wolf, Alicia Garland (Raigmore Hospital), Arthur, Mcphee, David, Anderson, Robert Anderson (Royal Alexandria Hospital), Sarah, Hassan, Dave Smith (Royal Bolton Hospital), Jonathan, Lund, Catherine, Boereboom, Jennifer, Murphy, Gillian, Tierney, Samson Tou (Royal Derby Hospital), Eleanor Franziska Zimmermann, Neil James Smart, Andrea Marie Warwick (Royal Devon And Exeter National Health Service Foundation Trust), Theodora, Stasinou, Ian, Daniels, Kim Findlay-Cooper (Royal Devon &amp, Exeter NHS Foundation Trust), Stefan, Mitrasinovic, Swayamjyoti, Ray, Massimo, Varcada, Rovan, D'Souza, Sharif Omara (Royal Free Hospital), Matthew, Spurr, Lucienne, Parkinson, Anthony Hanks (Royal Glamorgan Hospital), Jennifer, Ma, Emily, Abington, Meera, Ramcharn, Gethin Williams (Royal Gwent Hospital), Joseph, Winstanley, Kennedy, Ewan D., Emily NW Yeung (Royal Hospital For Sick Children), Catrin, Jones, Stephen, O'Neill, Shujing Jane Lim, Ignatius, Liew, Hari, Nair, Cameron, Fairfield, Julia, Oh, Samantha, Koh, Andrew, Wilson, Catherine Fairfield (Royal Infirmary Of Edinburgh), Delran, Anandkumar, Ashok, Kirupagaran, Timothy, F Jones, Hew Dt Torrance, Alexander, J Fowler, Charmilie, Chandrakumar, Priyank, Patel, Syed Faaz Ashraf, Lakhani, Sonam M., Aaron Lawson Mclean, Sonia Basson (Royal London Hospital), Jeremy, Batt, Catriona, Bowman, Natasha Benons (Royal United Hospital Bath), Clare, Mason, Rebecca, Harrison, John Quayle (Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust), Tom, Barker, Virginia, Summerour, Edward Harper (Sandwell And West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust), Caroline, Smith, Matthew Hampton (Sheffield Children's Hospital), Sophie, K Pitt, Alex, E Ward, Timothy, O’Connor, Emily, G Heywood, Thomas, M Drake (Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Abeed, Chowdhury, Sina, Hossaini, Nicholas Fs Watson (Sherwood Forest Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust), Doug, Mckechnie, Ayaan, Farah, Anita Chun (Southend University Hospital), Hoey, Koh, Grace, Lim, Graham Sunderland (Southern General Hospital), Laura, Gould, Alice Chambers (Southmead Hospital), C Munipalle, P, Rooney, H, D R, L Browning (Southmead Hospital, North Bristol NHS Trust), Bernadette, Pereira, Kristof Nemeth (St Georges Healthcare NHS Trust), Emily, Decker, Stefano, Giuliani, George's Healthcare NHS Trust And University), Aly Shalaby (St., Shafaque, Shaikh, Chern Yan Tan, James's University Hospital), Ebrahim Y A Palkhi (St., Aleksandra, Szczap, Swathikan, Chidambaram, Chee Yang Chen, Kavian, Kulasabanathan, Srishti Chhabra (St Mary's Hospital), Elisabeth, Kostov, Philippe, Harbord, Mary's Hospital), James Barnacle (St., Madan Mohan Palliyil, Mina, Zikry, Johnathan, Porter, Charef, Raslan, Shazia, Hafiz, Niksa, Soltani, Katie Baillie (Stockport NHS Foundation Trust), Priyanka, Singh, Shailee, Sheth, Kishen, Patel, Mahry, Khalili, Jeesoo, Choi, Matthew Benger (St Thomas' Hospital), Lucy, Marples, Alastair, Macfarlane, Thomas Hospital), Ramesh Thurairaja (St., Tamsin, Boyce, Harriet, Whewell, Elin Jones (The Royal Gwent Hospital), Francesca, Th'Ng, Nichola Robertson (The Royal Infirmary Of Edinburgh), Ahmad, Mirza, Haroon, Saeed, Simon Galloway (The University Hospital Of South Manchester), Gia, Elena, Mohammad, Afzal, Mohamed Zakir (United Lincolnshire Hospitals, - Pilgrim Hospital), Peter, Sodde, Charles, Hand, Aiesha, Sriram, Tamsyn, Clark, Patrick, Holton, Amy Livesey (University Hospital Coventry And Warwickshire), Yashashwi, Sinha, Fahad Mujtaba Iqbal, Indervir Singh Bharj (University Hospital Of North Midlands), Adriana, Rotundo, Cara, Jenvey, Robert Slade (University Hospital Of North Staffordshire NHS Trust), David, Golding, Samuel, Haines, Ali Adel Ne'ma Abdullah, Thomas, W Tilston, Dafydd, Loughran, Danielle, Donoghue, Lorenzo, Giacci, Mohamed Ashur Sherif, Peter, Harrison, Alethea Tang (University Hospital Of Wales), Deevia Kotecha (University Hospitals Leicester, - Leicester Royal Infirmary), Mohamed, Elshaer, Tomas, Urbonas, Amjid, Riaz, Annie, Chapman, Parisha, Acharya, Joseph Shalhoub (Watford General Hospital), Cathleen, Grossart, David McMorran (Western General Hospital), Makhosini, Mlotshwa, William, Hawkins, Sofronis Loizides (Western Sussex Hospitals NHS Trust), Kandaswamy, Krishna, Melanie, Orchard, Chik Wai Ho (Weston General Hospital), Peter, Thomson, Shahab, Khan, Fiona, Taylor, Jalak, Shukla, Emma Elizabeth Howie (Whipps Cross University Hospital), Linda, Macdonald, Olusegun, Komolafe, Neil Mcintyre (Wishaw General Hospital), James, Cragg, Jody, Parker, Duncan Stewart (Wrexham Maelor Hospital), Luke, Lintin, Julia, Tracy, United States: George Molina, Tahir Farooq (Yeovil District Hospital)., Haytham, Kaafarani, Laura Luque (Massachusetts General Hospital), Robel, Beyene, Jack, Sava, Mark Scott (Medstar Washington Hospital Center), Mamta, Swaroop, Raelene Kennedy (Northwestern Memorial Hospital), Ijeoma, A Azodo, Daithi, Heffernan, Tristen, Chun, Andrew Stephen (The Rhode Island Hospital), Melanie, Sion, Weinstein, Michael S., Viren Punja (Thomas Jefferson University Hospital), Nikolay, Bugaev, Monica, Goodstein, Shadi Razmdjou (Tufts Medical Center), Eric, Etchill, Juan Carlos Puyana, Matthew Kesinger (University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, - Presbyterian Hospital), Lena, Napolitano, Kathleen, To, Zambia: Oliver Todd, Mark Hemmila (University Of Michigan)., Edward, Jenner, Local collaborators (GlobalSurg-2) Albania: Besmir Grizhja, Ellen Hoogakker (St Francis Hospital)., Shpetim, Ymeri, Gezim Galiqi (Spitali Rajonal Shkoder), Argentina: Roberto Klappenbach, Diego, Antezana, Alvaro Enrique Mendoza Beleño, Cecilia, Costa, Belen, Sanchez, Susan Aviles (Hospital Zonal General De Agudos Simplemente Evita), Claudio Gabriel Fermani, Rubén, Balmaceda, Santiago, Villalobos, Lagomaggiore, Juan Manuel Carmona (Hospital Luis C., Mendoza), Australia: Daniel Hamill, Peter, Deutschmann, Simone, Sandler, Daniel Cox (Alice Springs Hospital), Ram, Nataraja, Claire, Sharpin, Damir Ljuhar (Monash Medical Center), Demi Gray, Morgan Haines (Port Macquarie Base Hospital), Dush, Iyer, Nithya, Niranjan, Scott D'Amours (Liverpool Hospital), Morvarid, Ashtari, Bangladesh: Ashrarur Rahman Mitul, Helena Franco (Gold Coast University Hospital)., Sabbir Karim (Dhaka Shishu (Children) Hospital), Nowrin F. Aman, Mahnuma Mahfuz Estee (Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College &amp, Umme, Salma, Joyeta, Razzaque, Tasnia Hamid Kanta (Dhaka Medical College And Hospital), Sayeeda Aktar Tori, Shadid, Alamin, Swapnil, Roy, Shadid Al Amin, Rezaul Karim (Armed Forces Medical College), Muhtarima, Haque, Amreen, Faruq, Farhana Iftekhar (Birdem Bangladesh Institute Of Research And Rehabilitation In Diabetes Endocrine And Metabolic Disorder General Hospital), Barbados: Margaret O'Shea, Greg, Padmore, Belarus: Andrey Litvin, Ramesh Jonnalagadda (Queen Elizabeth Hospital)., Aliaksandr, Filatau, Dzmitry, Paulouski, Maryna, Shubianok, Tatsiana Shachykava (Gomel Regional Clinical Hospital), Dzianis, Khokha, Vladimir Khokha (City Hospital) Benin: Fernande Djivoh, Francis Dossou (Centre National Hospitalier Et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga), Djifid Morel Seto, Dansou Gaspard Gbessi, Bruno, Noukpozounkou, Yacoubou Imorou Souaibou (Centre National Hospitalier Et Universitaire Hubert Koutoukou Maga), Kpèmahouton René Keke, Fred Hodonou (Clinique Vignon), Ernest Yemalin Stephane Ahounou, Thierry Alihonou (Hopital El Fateh), Max, Dénakpo, Burundi: Carlos Nsengiyumva, Germain Ahlonsou (Hospital Saint Luc). Botswana: Alemayehu Ginbo Bedada (Princess Marina Hospital)., Sandrine, Kwizera, Cambodia: Philip Choi, Venerand Barendegere (Hopital Militaire De Kamenge)., Simon Stock (World Mate Emergency Hospital) Canada: Luai Jamal, China: Tzu-Ling Chen, Arnav Agarwal (The Hospital For Sick Children)., Colombia: Irene Montes, Chingwan Yip (Fudan University Affiliated Huashan Hospital)., Felipe, Zapata, Sebastian Sierra (Clinica CES), Maria Isabel Villegas Lanau, Ivan Mendoza Restrepo (Clinica Las Vegas), Ruben Santiago Restrepo Giraldo, Croatia: Edgar Domini, Maria Clara Mendoza Arango (Hospital Universitario San Vicente Fundación)., Robert, Karlo, Egypt: Mohamed Youssef, Jakov Mihanovic (Zadar General Hospital)., Waleed, Thabet, Aly, Sanad, Ahmed, Zaki, Noran, Abdel-Hameed, Mohamed, Mostafa, Muhammad Fathi Waleed Omar, Ahmed, Ghanem, Adel, Denewar, Eman, Emara, Eman, Rashad, Ahmad, Sakr, Rehab, Elashry, Sameh Emile (Mansoura University Hospital), Toqa, Khafagy, Sara, Elhamouly, Arwa, Elfarargy, Amna Mamdouh Mohamed, Ghada Saied Nagy, Abeer, Esam, Eman, Elwy, Aya, Hammad, Salwa, Khallaf, Eman, Ibrahim, Ahmed, Saidbadr, Ahmed, Moustafa, Amany Eldosouky Mohammed, Mohammed, Elgheriany, Eman, Abdelmageed, Eman Abd Al Raouf, Esraa Samir Elbanby, Maha, Elmasry, Mahitab Morsy Farahat, Eman Yahya Mansor, Eman Magdy Hegazy, Esraa, Gamal, Heba, Gamal, Hend, Kandil, Doaa Maher Abdelrouf, Mohamed Moaty (Menofiya University Hospital), Dina, Gamal, Nada, El-Sagheer, Mohamed, Salah, Salma, Magdy, Asmaa, Salah, Ahmed, Essam, Ahmed, Ali, Mahmoud, Badawy, Sara Ahmed (Beni Suef University Hospital), Mazed, Mohamed, Abdelrahman, Assal, Mohamed, Sleem, Mai, Ebidy, Aly Abd Elrazek, Diaaaldin, Zahran, Nourhan, Adam, Mohamed, Nazir, Adel, B Hassanein, Ahmed, Ismail, Amira, Elsawy, Rana, Mamdouh, Mohamed, Mabrouk, Lopna Ahmed Mohamed Ahmed, Mohamed Hassab Alnaby, Eman, Magdy, Manar, Abd-Elmawla, Marwan, Fahim, Bassant, Mowafy, Moustafa Ibrahim Mahmoud, Meran, Allam, Muhammad, Alkelani, Noran Halim El Gendy, Mariam Saad Aboul-Naga, Reham Alaa El-Din, Alyaa Halim Elgendy, Mohamed, Ismail, Mahmoud, Shalaby, Aya Adel Elsharkawy, Mahmoud Elsayed Moghazy, Khaled Hesham Elbisomy, Hend Adel Gawad Shakshouk, Mohamed Fouad Hamed, Mai Mohamed Ebidy, Mohamed Karkeet (Alexandria Main UniversIty Hospital), Hayam, Ahmed, Israa, Adel, Mohammad Elsayed Omar, Mohamed, Ibrahim, Omar, Ghoneim, Omar, Hesham, Shimaa, Gamal, Karim, Hilal, Omar, Arafa, Sawsan Adel Awad, Menatalla, Salem, Fawzia Abdellatif Elsherif, Nourhan, Elsabbagh, Aboelsoud, Moustafa R., Ahmed Hossam Eldin Fouad Rida, Amr, Hossameldin, Ethar, Hany, Yomna Hosny Asar, Nourhan, Anwar, Mohamed, Gadelkarim, Samar, Abdelhady, Eman Mohamed Morshedy, Reham, Saad, Nourhan, Soliman, Mahmoud Salama (Alexandria Medical Research Institute), Eslam, Ezzat, Arwa, Mohamed, Arwa, Ibrahim, Alaa, Fergany, Sara, Mohammed, Aya, Reda, Yomna, Allam, Hanan Adel Saad, Afnan, Abdelfatah, Aya Mohamed Fathy, Ahmed, El-Sehily, Esraa Abdalmageed Kasem, Ahmed Tarek Abdelbaset Hassan, Ahmed Rabeih Mohammed, Abdalla Gamal Saad, Arij, Ibrahim, Amr, Hassaan, Mohammed Mustafa Mohammed, Ghada, Elhoseny, Mohamed, Magdy, Esraa Abd Elkhalek, Yehia, Zakaria, Tarek, Ezzat, Ali Abo El Dahab, Mohamed, Kelany, Sara, Arafa, Osama Mokhtar Mohamed Hassan, Nermin Mohamed Badwi, Ahmad Saber Sleem, Hussien, Ahmed, Kholoud, Abdelbadeai, Mohamed Abozed Abdullah (Faculty Of Medicine, Zagazig, University), Muhammad Amsyar Auni Lokman, Suraya, Bahar, Anan Rady Abdelazeam, Abdelrahman, Adelshone, Muhammad Bin Hasnan, Athirah, Zulkifli, Siti Nur Alia Kamarulzamil, Abdelaziz, Elhendawy, Aliang, Latif, Ahmad Bin Adnan, Shahadatul, Shaharuddin, Aminah Hanum Haji Abdul Majid, Dina, Al-Marakby, Mohamad Jeffrey Bin Ismail, Elissa Rifhan Mohd Basir, Citra Dewi Mohd Ali, Aya Yehia Ata (Faculty Of Medicine, Tanta, University), Maha, Nasr, Asmaa, Rezq, Ahmed, Sheta, Sherif, Tariq, Abd Elkhalek Sallam, Abdelrhman KZ Darwish, Sohaila, Elmihy, Shady, Elhadry, Ahmed, Farag, Haidar, Hajeh, Abdelaziz, Abdelaal, Amro, Aglan, Ahmed, Zohair, Mahitab, Essam, Omar, Moussa, Esraa, El-Gizawy, Mostafa, Samy, Safia, Ali, Esraa, Elhalawany, Ahmed, Ata, Mohamed El Halawany, Mohamed, Nashat, Samar, Soliman, Alaa, Elazab, Mostada Samy (El-Menshawy General Hospital), Mohamed, A Abdelaziz, Khaled, Ibrahim, Ahmed mohamed Ibrahim, Ammar, Gado, Usama Hantour (Al-Hussein Hospital), Esraa Alm Eldeen, Mohamed Reda loaloa, Arwa, Abouzaid, Mostafa Ahmed Bahaa Eldin, Eman, Hashad, Fathy, Sroor, Doaa, Gamil, Eman Mahmoud Abdulhakeem, Mahmoud, Zakaria, Fawzy, Mohamed, Marwan, Abubakr, Elsayed, Ali, Hesham, Magdy, Menna Tallah Ramadan, Mohamed Abdelaty Mohamed, Salma, Mansour, Hager Abdul Aziz Amin, Ahmed Rabie Mohamed, Mahmoud, Saami, Nada Ahmed Reda Elsayed, Adham, Tarek, Sabry Mohy Eldeen Mahmoud, Islam Magdy El Sayed, Amira, Reda, Martina Yusuf Shawky, Mohammed Mousa Salem, Shahinaz Alaa El-Din, Noha Abdullah Soliman, Muhammed, Talaat, Shahinaz, Alaael-Dein, Ahmed Abd Elmoen Elhusseiny, Noha, Abdullah, Mohammed, Elshaar, Aya AbdelFatah Ibraheem, Hager, Abdulaziz, Mohammed Kamal Ismail, Mona Hamdy Madkor, Mohamed, Abdelaty, Sara Mahmoud Abdel-Kader, Osama Mohamed Salah (Benha Faculty Of Medicine), Mahmoud, Eldafrawy, Ahmed Zaki Eldeeb, Mostafa Mahmoud Eid (October, 6 University Hospital), Attia, Attia, Ayman Shwky (Bab El-Shareia University Hospital), Mohamed Adel Badenjki, Abdelrahman, Soliman, Samaa Mahmoud Al Attar (The Memorial Soaad Kafafi University Hospital), Farrag, Sayed, Fahd Abdel Sabour, Azizeldine, Mohammed G., Muhammad, Shawqi, Abdullah, Hashim, Ahmed, Aamer, Ahmed Mahmoud Abdelraouf, Mahmoud, Abdelshakour, Amal, Ibrahim, Basma, Mahmoud, Mohamed Ali Mahmoud, Mostafa, Qenawy, Rashed, Ahmed M., Ahmed, Dahy, Marwa, Sayed, Shamsedine, Ahmed W., Bakeer, Mohamed, Ahmad, Hasan, Saad, Mahmoud M., Khalil Abdul Bassit (Assiut University Hospital), Nadia Khalid Abd El-Latif, Nada, Elzahed, Ahmed El Kashash, Nada Mohamed Bekhet, Sarah, Hafez, Ahmed, Gad, Mahmoud Elkhadragy Maher, Ahmed Abd Elsameea, Mohamed, Hafez, Ahmad, Sabe, Ataa, Ahmed, Ahmed, Shahine, Khaled, Dawood, Shireen, Gaafar, Reem, Husseiny, Omnia, Aboelmagd, Ahmed, Soliman, Nourhan, Mesbah, Hossam, Emadeldin, Amgad Al Meligy, Amira Hassan Bekhet, Doaa, Hasan, Khaled, Alhady, Ahmad Khaled Sabe, Elnajjar, Mahmoud A., Majed, Aboelella, Ward, Hamsho, Ihab, Hassan, Hala, Saad, Galaleldin, Abdelazim, Hend, Mahmoud, Noha, Wael, Ahmedali, M Kandil, Ahmed, Magdy, Shimaa Said Elkholy, Badr Eldin Adel, Kareem, Dabbour, Saged, Elsherbiney, Omar, Mattar, Abdulshafi Khaled Abdrabou, Mohammed Yahia Mohamed Aly, Abdelrahman, Geuoshy, Ahmedglal, Elnagar, Saraibrahim, Ahmed, Ibrahem, Abdelmotaleb, Amr Ahmed Saleh, Manar, Saeed, Shady, Mahmoud, Badreldin Adel Tawfik, Samar Adel Ismail, Esraay, Zakaria, Gad‏, Mariam O., Mohamed Salah Elhelbawy, Monica, Bassem, Noha, Maraie, Nourhan Medhat Elhadary, Nourhan, Semeda, Shaza Rabie Mohamed, Hesham Mohammed Bakry, AA Essam (Kasr Al-Ainy Faculty Of Medicine, Cairo, University), Dina, Tarek, Khlood, Ashour, Alaa, Elhadad, Abdulrahman, Abdel-Aty, Ibrahim, Rakha, Sara Mamdouh Matter, Rasha, Abdelhamed, Omar, Abdelkader, Ayat, Hassaan, Yasmin, Soliman, Amna, Mohamed, Sara Amr Mohamed Farouk, Eman Mohamed Ibrahim, Esraa El-Taher (Faculty Of Medicine Seuz Canal University), Merna, Mostafa, Mohamed Fawzy Mahrous Badr, Rofida, Elsemelawy, Aya, El-Sawy, Ahmad, Bakr, Ahmad Abdel Razaq Al Rafati (Smouha University Hospital), Estonia: Sten Saar, Arvo, Reinsoo, Peep Talving (The North Estonia Medical Centre), Ethiopia: Nebyou Seyoum, Tewodros, Worku, Agazi Fitsum (Addis Ababa University, College Of Health Sciences, School Of Medicine), Finland: Matti Tolonen, Ville Sallinen (Helsinki University Hospital), France: Benoît Parmentier, Matthieu, Peycelon, Sabine Irtan (Trousseau Hospital, APHP), Sabrina Dardenne, Elsa Robert (GHICL), Betty, Maillot, Etienne, Courboin, Alexis Pierre Arnaud, Juliette Hascoet (CHU Rennes), Amir Ait Kaci, Thomas Prudhomme (CHU Toulouse), Quentin, Ballouhey, Céline, Grosos, Laurent Fourcade (CHU Limoges), Tolg, Cecilia, Colombani, Jean-Francois, Francois-Coridon Helene (CHU Martinique), Xavier Delforge, Elodie Haraux (CHU Amiens Picardie), Bertrand, Dousset, Roberto, Schiavone, Sebastien Gaujoux (Cochin, - APHP), Jean-Baptiste, Marret, Aurore, Haffreingue, Julien Rod (CHU Caen), Mariette Renaux-Petel (CHU Rouen), Jean-François, Lecompte, Jean, Bréaud, Pauline Gastaldi (CHU Lenval Nice), Chouikh, Taieb, Raquillet, Claire, Echaieb Anis (Hopital Robert Ballanger, Paris), Nasir, Bustangi, Manuel, Lopez, Aurelien Scalabre (CHU De Saint Etienne), Maria Giovanna Grella (CHU Poitiers), Aurora, Mariani, Guillaume, Podevin, Françoise Schmitt (CHU Angers), Aline, Broch, Cecile Muller (Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Ghana: Stephen Tabiri, APHP)., Dickson, Bandoh, Francis, Abantanga, Martin, Kyereh, Hamza, Asumah, Eric Kofi Appiah, Paul Wondoh (Tamale Teaching Hospital), Adam, Gyedu, Charles, Dally, Kwabena, Agbedinu, Michael, Amoah, Abiboye Yifieyeh (Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology/Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital), Particks Hospital), Frank Owusu (St., Mabel, Amoako-Boateng, Makafui, Dayie, Richmond, Hagan, Sam Debrah (Cape Coast Teaching Hosital), Micheal, Ohene-Yeboah, Joe-Nat, Clegg-Lampety, Victor, Etwire, Jonathan, Dakubo, Samuel, Essoun, William, Bonney, Hope, Glover-Addy, Samuel, Osei-Nketiah, Joachim, Amoako, Niiarmah, Adu-Aryee, William, Appeadu-Mensah, Antoinette, Bediako-Bowan, Florence Dedey (Korle Bu Teaching Hospital), Mattew, Ekow, Emmanuel, Akatibo, Musah Yakubu (Baptist Medical Center, Nalerigu), Hope Edem Kofi Kordorwu, Kwasi, Asare-Bediako, Enoch Tackie (Keta Hospital District Hospital, Keta), Kenneth, Aaniana, Emmanuel, Acquah, Richard, Opoku-Agyeman, Anthony, Avoka, Kwasi, Kusi, Kwame Maison (Techiman Holy Family Hospital), Frank Enoch Gyamfi (Berekum Holy Family Hospital), Gandau Naa Barnabas, Saiba Abdul-Latif (Upper West Regional Hospital), Philip Taah Amoako (Samapa Government Hospital), Anthony Davor, Victor Dassah (Upper East Regional Hospital), Mary's Hospital), Enoch Dagoe (St., Prince Kwakyeafriyie (Essumejaman Sda Hospital, Dominase), Elliot, Akoto, Eric, Ackom, Ekow Mensah (Dormaa Presbyterian Hospital), Ebenezer Takyi Atkins, Christian Lari Coompson (Brongho-Ahafo Regional Hospital, Sunyani) Greece: Nikolaos Ivros, Christoforos, Ferousis, Vasileios, Kalles, Christos, Agalianos, Ioannis, Kyriazanos, Christos, Barkolias, Angelos, Tselos, Georgios, Tzikos, Evangelos Voulgaris (Naval And Veterans Hospital), Dimitrios, Lytras, Athanasia, Bamicha, Kyriakos Psarianos (Achillopoyleio General Hospital Of Volos), Anastasios Stefanopoulos (General Hospital Of Nafplio, Department Of Surgery), Ioannis, Patoulias, Dimitrios, Sfougaris, Gennimatas Hospital), Ioannis Valioulis (G., Dimitrios, Balalis, Dimitrios, Korkolis, Dimitrios, K Manatakis (Saint Savvas Cancer Hospital), Georgios, Kyrou, Georgios, Karabelias, Iason-Antonios Papaskarlatos (General And Oncological Hospital Of Kifissia-Athens), Kolonia, Konstantina, Nikolaos, Zampitis, Stylianos Germanos (General Hospital Of Larissa), Aspasia, Papailia, Theodosios, Theodosopoulos, Georgios Gkiokas (2nd Dept Of Surgery, Aretaieion, Hospital, National, &amp, Kapodistrian University Of Athens School Of Medicine), Magdalini, Mitroudi, Christina, Panteli, Thomas, Feidantsis, Gennimatas General Hospital), Konstantinos Farmakis (G., Dimitrios, Kyziridis, Orestis, Ioannidis, Styliani Parpoudi (4th Surgical Department, Aristotle University Of Thessaloniki, General, Hospital, Papanikolaou), Georgios Gemenetzis, Stavros Parasyris (Attikon University Hospital), Michail Margaritis (Serres General Hospital), Guatemala: Maria-Lorena Aguilera-Arevalo, Otto, Coyoy-Gaitan, Javier Rosales (Hospital General San Juan De Dios), Luis, Tale, Emmanuel Barrios (Juan Josè Arevalo Bermejo), Servio Tulio Torres Rodriguez, Carlos Paz Galvez, Danilo Herrera Cruz (Hospital San Vicente), Guillermo Sanchez Rosenberg, Alejandro, Matheu, David Monterroso Cohen (Hospital Herrera Llerandi), Haiti: Marie Paul, Angeline Charles (Hopital Universitaire De Mirebalais), Hong Kong SAR, China: Justin Chak Yiu Lam, Man Hon Andrew Yeung, Chi Ying Jacquelyn Fok, Ka Hin Gabriel Li, Anthony Chuk-Him Lai, Yuk Hong Eric Cheung, Hong Yee Wong, Ka Wai Leung, Tien Seng Bryan Lee, Wai Him Lam, Weihei, Dao, Stephanie Hiu-wai Kwok, Tsz-Yan Katie Chan, Yung Kok Ng, TWC Mak (Prince Of Wales Hospital), Qinyang, Liu, Chi Chung Foo, James Yang (University Of Hong Kong), India: Basant Kumar, Ankur, Bhatnagar, Vijaid Upadhyaya (Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute Of Medical Sciences), Sunil Kumar (Excelcare Hospital), Uday, Muddebihal, Wasim, Dar, KC Janardha (Manipal Hospital), Philip Alexander, Neerav Aruldas (Lady Willingdon Hospital), Indonesia: Fidelis Jacklyn Adella, Anthonius Santoso Rulie, Ferdy, Iskandar, Jonny Setiawan (Atma Jaya Hospital), Cicilia Viany Evajelista, Hani, Natalie, Oen Surakarta Hospital), Arlindawati Suyadi (Dr., Rudy, Gunawan, Herlin, Karismaningtyas, Lusi Padma Sulistianingsih Mata, Ferry Fitriya Ayu Andika, Afifatun, Hasanah, T Ariani Widiastini, Nurlaila Ayu Purwaningsih, Annisa Dewi Fitriana Mukin, Dina Faizatur Rahmah, Hazmi Dwinanda Nurqistan, Hasbi Maulana Arsyad, Novia Adhitama (Rsd Dr Soebandi), Wifanto Saditya Jeo, Nathania, Sutandi, Audrey, Clarissa, Phebe Anggita Gultom, Matthew, Billy, Andreass, Haloho, Nadya, Johanna, Felix Lee (Rsupn Cipto Mangunkusumo), Ireland: Radin Mohd Nurrahman Radin Dorani, Martha, Glynn, Mohammad, Alherz, Wennweoi, Goh, Shiwani, Haaris A., Lorraine, Sproule, Conlon (Tallaght Hospital, Kevin C., Trinity College Dublin) Israel: Miklosh Bala, Asaf Kedar (Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center), Italy: Luca Turati, Federica, Bianco, Francesca Steccanella (Treviglio Hospital), Gaetano, Gallo, Mario, Trompetto, Giuseppe Clerico (Department of Colorectal Surgery, Rita Clinic, S., Vercelli), Matteo, Papandrea, Giuseppe, Sammarco, Rosario Sacco (Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Policlinico Universitario Mater Domini Campus Salvatore Venuta, Catanzaro), Luisa Giavarini (Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Mariano Cesare Giglio, Luigi, Bucci, Gianluca, Pagano, Viviana, Sollazzo, Roberto, Peltrini, Gaetano Luglio (Federico II University Of Naples), Arianna, Birindelli, Gregorio Tugnoli (Maggiore Hospital), Pietro, Mingrone, Domenica Pata (Nicola Giannettasio Hospital, Rossano), Francesco, Selvaggi, Lucio, Selvaggi, Gianluca, Pellino, Natale Di Martino (Universitá della Campania 'Luigi Vanvitelli', Naples), Gianluca, Curletti, Paolo, Aonzo, Raffaele Galleano (Ospedale Santa Corona, Pietra Ligure (SV)), Stefano, Berti, Elisa, Francone, Andrea Hospital, Silvia Boni (S., Poll-Asl, 5, Spezia), La, Lorenzon, Laura, Annalisa lo Conte, Genoveffa Balducci (Sant’Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome), Gianmaria Confalonieri, Giovanni Pesenti (Azienda Ospedaliera Alessandro Manzoni), Laura, Gavagna, Giorgio, Vasquez, Simone, Targa, Savino, Occhionorelli, Dario Andreotti (Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Di Ferrara), Andrea, Armellini, Spedali Civili Di Brescia), Deborah Chiesa (A. O., Fabrizio, Aquilino, Nicola, Chetta, Arcangelo Picciariello (Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico Di Bari), Mohamed, Abdelkhalek, Andrea, Belli, Silvia De Franciscis (Istituto Nazionale Tumori Fondazione, Pascale-, I. R. C. C. S. )., Annamaria, Bigaran, Alessandro, Favero, 5 Friuli Occidentale), Stefano M. M Basso (Azienda Per L'assistenza Sanitaria N., Paola, Salusso, Martina, Perino, Sylvie, Mochet, Diego, Sasia, Francesco, Riente, Marco Migliore (Azienda Sanitaria Ospedaliera San Luigi Gonzaga), David, Merlini, Silvia, Basilicò, Carlo Corbellini (Ospedale Di Rho, - ASST Rhodense), Veronica, Lazzari, Luigi Bonavina (IRCCS Policlinico, University of Milano, San, Donato), Daniele, Angelieri, Diego, Coletta, Federica, Falaschi, Marco, Catani, Claudia, Reali, Mariastella, Malavenda, Celeste Del Basso, Sergio, Ribaldi, Massimo, Coletti, Andrea, Natili, Norma, Depalma, Immacolata, Iannone, Angelo, Antoniozzi, Davide Rossi (Policlinico Umberto, I Emergency Surgery Department), Daniele, Gui, Gerardo, Perrotta, Matteo, Ripa, Francesco Ruben Giardino, Maurizio Foco (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli), Erika, Vicario, Gabriela Elisa Nita (AO Papa Giovanni XXIII), Nicoletta, Leone, Anna Maffioli (Ospedale Sacco), Andrea, Simioni, Davide De Boni, Sandro Pasquali (IOV, - Istituto Oncologico Veneto), Elena, Goldin, Elena, Vendramin, Eleonora Ciccioli (Azienda Ospedaliera di Padova), Umberto, Tedeschi, Paola, Violi, Tommaso, Campagnaro, Simone, Conci, Giovanni, Lazzari, Calogero, Iacono, Alfredo, Gulielmi, Serena Manfreda (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona), Anna, Rinaldi, Maria Novella Ringressi, Beatrice Brunoni (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi), Giuseppe, Salamone, Mirko, Mangiapane, Paolino De Marco, Antonella La Brocca, Roberta, Tutino, Vania, Silvestri, Leo, Licari, Tommaso, Fontana, Nicolò, Falco, Gianfranco Cocorullo (Policlinico Paolo Giaccone di Palermo), Mostafa, Shalaby, Pierpaolo, Sileri, Claudio Arcudi (Policlinico Tor Vergata Hospital, Rome) Jordan: Isam Bsisu, Khaled, Aljboor, Lana, Abusalem, Aseel, Alnusairat, Ahmad, Qaissieh, Emad, Al-Dakka, Ali, Ababneh, Oday Halhouli (Jordan University Hospital), Kenya: Taha Yusufali, Hussein Mohammed (Kenyatta National Hospital), Justus, Lando, Robert, Parker, Wairimu Ndegwa (Tenwek Hospital), Lithuania: Mantas Jokubauskas, Jolanta, Gribauskaite, Donatas Venskutonis (Lithuanian University Of Health Sciences), Justas, Kuliavas, Audrius, Dulskas, Samalavicius (Klaipeda University Hospital, Narimantas E., National Cancer Institute), Kristijonas, Jasaitis, Audrius, Parseliunas, Viktorija, Nevieraite, Evelina, Slapelyte, Edvinas, Dainius, Zilvinas, Dambrauskas, Andrejus, Subocius, Linas, Venclauskas, Antanas, Gulbinas, Simona, Kasputyte, Deimante, Mikuckyte, Mindaugas, Kiudelis, Tomas, Jankus, Steponas Petrikenas (Lithuanian University of Health Sciences), Matas, Pažuskis, Zigmantas, Urniežius, Mantas Vilčinskas (Republican Hospital of Kaunas), Vincas Jonas Banaitis, Vytautas, Gaižauskas, Edvard, Grisin, Povilas, Mazrimas, Mantas, Drungilas, Karolis, Lagunavicius, Vytautas, Lipnickas, Dovilè, Majauskyté, Tomas, Abaliksta, Laimonas, Uščinas, Gintaras, Simutis, Adomas, Ladukas, Donatas, Danys, Erikas, Laugzemys, Elena Zdanyte Sruogiene (Vilnius University Hospital), Petras, Višinskas, Reda, Žilinskienė, Deividas Dragatas (Hospital Of Jonava), Andrius Burmistrovas, Zygimantas Tverskis (Taurage Hospital), Arturas, Vaicius, Ruta, Mazelyte, Antanas Zadoroznas (Viesoji Istaiga Rokiskio Rajono Ligonine), Nerijus Kaselis, Greta Žiubrytė (Republican Hospital Of Klaipeda), Madagascar: Finaritra Casimir Fleur Prudence Rahantasoa, Luc Hervé Samison, Fanjandrainy, Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Todisoa Emmanuella Christina Tolotra (Joseph Ravoahangy Andrianavalona Hospital), Malawi: Cornelius Mukuzunga, Vanessa, Msosa, Chimwemwe, Kwatiwani, Nelson Msiska (Kamuzu Central Hospital), Malaysia: Feng Yih Chai, Siti Mohd Desa Asilah, Khuzaimah Zahid Syibrah (Hospital Keningau), Pui Xin Chin, Nur Zulaika Riswan (Kajang Hospital), Hoong-Yin, Chong, Nora Abdul Aziz, Keat-Seong, Poh, Chu-Ann, Chai, Sandip Kumar (University Malaya Medical Centre), Mustafa Mohammed Taher, Dayang Nita Abdul Aziz, Reynu Rajan (Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre UKMMC), Rokayah, Julaihi, Durvesh Lacthman Jethwani, Muhammad Taqiyuddin Yahaya, Nik Azim Nik Abdullah, Susan Wndy Mathew, Kuet Jun Chung, Milaksh Kumar Nirumal, Goh Ern Tze, R., Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee Wan Ali (Sarawak General Hospital), Yiing Yee Gan, Jesse Ron Swire Ting (Hospital Sibu), Sii, Samuel S. Y., Kean Leong Koay, Yi Koon Tan, Alvin Ee Zhiun Cheah, Chui Yee Wong, Tuan Nur'Azmah Tuan Mat, Crystal Yern Nee Chow, Har, Prisca A. L., Yishan Der (Hospital Sultanah Aminah), Yong Yong Tew, Fitjerald, Henry, Xinwei Low (Selayang Hospital), Ya Theng Neo, Hian Ee Heng, Shu Ning Kong, Cheewei, Gan, Yi Ting Mok, Yee Wen Tan, Kandasami, Palayan, Mahadevan Deva Tata, Yih Jeng Cheong (Hospital Tuanku Ja'afar), Kuhaendran, Gunaseelan, Wan Nurul 'Ain Wan Mohd Nasir, Pigeneswaren Yoganathan (Hospital Keningau), Eu Xian Lee, Jian Er Saw, Li Jing Yeang, Pei Ying Koh, Shyang Yee Lim, Shuang Yi Teo (Hospital Pulau Pinang, / Penang Medical College), Malta: Nicole Grech, Daniela, Magri, Kristina, Cassar, Christine, Mizzi, Malcolm, Falzon, Nihaal, Shaikh, Ruth, Scicluna, Stefan, Zammit, Sean, Mizzi, Svetlana Doris Brincat, Thelma, Tembo, Vu Thanh Hien Le, Tara, Grima, Keith, Sammut, Kurt, Carabott, Ciskje, Zarb, Andre, Navarro, Thea, Dimech, Georgette Marie Camilleri, Isaac, Bertuello, Jeffrey, Dalli, Karl Bonavia (Mater Dei Hospital), Mexico: Samantha Corro-Diaz, Marisol, Manriquez-Reyes, Antonio Ramos-De la Medina (Hospital Español de Veracruz), Morocco: Amina Abdelhamid, Abdelmalek, Hrora, Sarah, Benammi, Houda, Bachri, Meryem, Abbouch, Khaoula, Boukhal, Redouane Mammar Bennai, Abdelkader, Belkouchi, Mohamed Sobhi Jabal, Chaymae Benyaiche (IBN Sina Hospital) Netherlands: Maarten Vermaas, Lucia Duinhouwer (Ijsselland Hospital) Nicaragua: Javier Pastora, Greta, Wood, Maria Soledad Merlo (Hospital Escuela Oscar Danilo Rosales Arguello), Nigeria: Akinlabi Ajao, Omobolaji, Ayandipo, Taiwo, Lawal, Abdussemiu Abdurrazzaaq (University College Hospital, Ibadan), Muslimat, Alada, Abdulrasheed, Nasir, James, Adeniran, Olufemi, Habeeb, Ademola Adeyeye (University Of Ilorin Teaching Hospital, Ilorin), Ademola, Adebanjo, Adewale Adeniyi (Federal Medical Centre, Abeokuta, ), Henry, Mendel, Bashir, Bello, Umar Muktar (Usmanu Danfodiyo University Teaching Hospital), Thomas Olagboyega Olajide, Oyindamola, Oshati, George, Ihediwa, Babajide, Adenekan, Victor, Nwinee, Abdulrazzaq, Lawal, Chris, Bode, Mojolaoluwa Olugbemi (Lagos University Teaching Hospital), Oluwatomi, Odutola, Oluwaseyi, Adebola, Clement, Onuoha, Fatai, Balogun, Olalekan, Ajai, Iloba, Njokanma, Roland Osuoji (Lagos State University Teaching Hospital), Stephen, Kache, Jonathan, Ajah, Jerry Makama (Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital, Kaduna State University, Kaduna), Ahmed, Adamu, Suleiman, Baba, Mohammad, Aliyu, Shamsudeen, Aliyu, Yahaya, Ukwenya, Halima, Aliyu, Tunde, Sholadoye, Muhammad, Daniyan, Oluseyi Ogunsua (Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital Zaria), Abdurrahaman, Sheshe, Aminu Mohammad (Aminu Kano Teaching Hospital), Samson, Olori, Philip, Mshelbwala, Garba, Samson, Oyediran Kehinde Timothy, Sani Ali Samuel (University Of Abuja Teaching Hospital, Anthony, Ajiboye, Isaac, Amole, Olajide, Abiola, Akin Olaolorun (Bowen University Teaching Hospital), Norway: Kjetil Søreide, Torhild, Veen, Arezo, Kanani, Kristian, Styles, Ragnar, Herikstad, Johannes Wiik Larsen, Jon Arne Søreide (Stavanger University Hospital), Elisabeth, Jensen, Mads, Gran, Eirik Kjus Aahlin (University Hospital Of Northern Norway), Tina, Gaarder, Peter Wiel Monrad-Hansen, Pål Aksel Næss (Oslo University Hospital), Giedrius, Lauzikas, Joachim, Wiborg, Silje Holte (Sykehuset Telemark HF), Knut Magne Augestad, Gurpreet Singh Banipal, Thomas Tetens Moe, Johannes Kurt Schultz (Akershus University Hospital), Palestine: Taher Al-taher, Ayah, Hamdan, Ayman, Salman, Rana, Saadeh, Aseel, Musleh, Dana, Jaradat, Soha, Abushamleh, Sakhaa, Hanoun, Amjad Abu Qumbos, Aseel, Hamarshi, Ayman And Taher (Al Makassed Islamic Charitable Society Hospital, Jerusalem), Israa, Qawasmi, Khalid, Qurie, Marwa, Altarayra, Mohammad, Ghannam, Alaa, Shaheen, Azher Herebat (Alia Governmental Hospital), Aram, Abdelhaq, Ahmad, Shalabi, Maram, Abu-toyour, Fatema, Asi, Ala, Shamasneh, Anwar, Atiyeh, Mousa, Mustafa, Rula, Zaa'Treh, Majd Dabboor (Palestine Medical Complex), Enas, Alaloul, Heba, Baraka, Jehad, Meqbil, Alaa, Al-Buhaisi, Mohamedraed, Elshami, Samah, Afana, Sahar, Jaber, Said, Alyacoubi, Yousef Abuowda (Islamic University of Gaza Medical School, European Gaza Hospital &amp, Shifa, Hospital), Tasneem Idress, Eman Abuqwaider (Mizan hospital), Sara, Al-saqqa, Alaa, Bowabsak, Alaa El Jamassi, Doaa, Hasanain, Hadeel, Al-farram, Maram, Salah, Aya, Firwana, Marwa, Hamdan, Israa Awad (Al-Shifa Hospital), Ahmad Ashour, Fayez Elian Al Barrawi (Bit Hanoun Hospital), Ahmed, Al-khatib, Maha, Al-faqawi, Mohamed Fares (Nasser Hospital), Amjad, Elmashala, Mohammad, Adawi, Ihdaa Adawi (Beit Jala Governmental Hospital), Reem, Khreishi, Rose Khreishi (Martyr Thabet Govermental hospital, Tulkarem), Ahmad, Ashour, Ahed Ghaben (Indonesian Hospital, Gaza) Pakistan: Najwa Nadeem, Muhammad Saqlain (Allied Hospital, Faisalabad), Jibran, Abbasy, Abdul Rehman Alvi, Tanzeela, Gala, Noman Shahzad (Aga Khan University), Kamran Faisal Bhopal, Muhammad Talha Butt, Syed Asaat ul Razi, Asdaq, Ahmed, Ali Khan Niazi (Bahawal Victoria Hospital), Ibrahim, Raza, Fatima, Baluch, Ahmed, Raza, Ahmad, Bani-Sadar, Muhammad, Adil, Awais Raza (King Edward Medical University, Mayo, Hospital, Lahore), Mahnoor, Javaid, Muhammad, Waqar, Maryam Ali Khan (CMH Lahore Medical And Dental College), Mohammad Mohsin Arshad, Mohammadasim Amjad (Nishtar Medical College And Hospital), Paraguay: Gustavo Miguel Machain Vega, Jorge Torres Cardozo, Marcelo O´Higgins Roche, Gustavo Rodolfo Pertersen Servin, Helmut Alfredo Segovia Lohse, Larissa Ines Páez Lopez, Ramón Augusto Melo Cardozo (Hospital de Clínicas, II Cátedra de Clínica Quirúrgica, Universidad Nacional de Asunción) Peru: Fernando Espinoza, Angel David Pérez Rojas, Diana, Sanchez, Camila Sanchez Samaniego, Shalon Guevara Torres, Alexander Canta Calua, Cesar, Razuri, Nadia, Ortiz, Xianelle, Rodriguez, Nahilia, Carrasco, Fridiz, Saravia, Hector Shibao Miyasato, María, Valcarcel-Saldaña, Ysabel Esthefany Alejos Bermúdez, Juan, Carpio, Walter Ruiz Panez, Pedro Angel Toribio Orbegozo (Hospital Nacional Arzopispo Loayza), Carolina Guzmán Dueñas, Kevin Turpo Espinoza, Ana Maria Sandoval Barrantes, Jorge Armando Chungui Bravo, Lorena, Fuentes-Rivera, Carmen, Fernández, Bárbara, Málaga, Joselyn Ye (Hospital Cayetano Heredia), Ricardo Velasquez, Jannin Salcedo (Clínica De Especialidades Médicas), Ana Lucia Contreras-Vergara, Angelica Genoveva Vergara Mejia, Maria Soledad Gonzales Montejo (Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen), Marilia Del Carmen Escalante Salas, Willy Alcca Ticona, Marvin, Vargas, George Christian Manrique Sila, Robinson, Mas, Arazzelly del Pilar Paucar (Hospital Regional De Ayacucho), Armando José Román Velásquez, Alina, Robledo-Rabanal, Ludwing Alexander Zeta Solis (Hospital III José Cayetano Heredia), Kenny Turpo Espinoza (Hospital Nacional Maria Auxiliadora), José Luis Hamasaki Hamaguchi, Erick Samuel Florez Farfan, Linda Alvi Madrid Barrientos, Juan Jaime Herrera Matta (Hospital De Policia), Mora, Philippines: John Jemuel V., Redota, Menold Archee P., Manuel Francisco Roxas, Maño (The Medical City), Maria Jesusa B., Marie Dione Parreno-Sacdalan, Christel Leanne Almanon (Department Of Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University Of The Philippines Manila), Poland: Maciej Walędziak, Rafał, Roszkowski, Michał Janik (Department Of General, Oncological, Metabolic And Thoracic Surgery, Military Institute Of Medicine, Warsaw), Anna, Lasek, Piotr, Major, Dorota, Radkowiak, Mateusz Rubinkiewicz (2nd Department Of Surgery, Jagiellonian University Medical College), Portugal: Cristina Fernandes, Renato Melo (Centro Hospitalar De São João), Romania: Liviu Muntean, Aurel Sandu Mironescu, Lucian Corneliu Vida (Spitalul Clinic De Copii Brasov), Amar Kourdouli, Mariuca Popa (Spital Judetean De Urgenta Din Craiova), Hogea Mircea (Spitalul Clinic Judetean Brasov), Mihaela, Vartic, Bogdan, Diaconescu, Matei Razvan Bratu, Ionut, Negoi, Cezar Ciubotaru (Emergency Hospital of Bucharest), Allen Ingabire, Rwanda: J. C., Norbert Uzabumwana (University Teaching Hospital Of Kigali), Dieudonne Duhoranenayo (Kibungo Hospital), San Marino: Elio Jovine, Nicola, Zanini, Giovanni Landolfo (San Marino State Hospital), Saudi Arabia: Murad Aljiffry, Faisal, Idris, Alghamdi, Mohammed Saleh A., Ashraf, Maghrabi, Aroub, Alkaaki, Sondos Turkustani (Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah) Eyad Khalifah, Adel, Albiety, Sarah, Sahel, Reham, Alshareef, Mohammed Najjar (Department of Surgery, King Abdulaziz University Hospital and Oncology Center, Jeddah) Ahmed Alzahrani, Ahmed, Alghamdi, Wedyan Alhazmi (King Fahad Hospital, Jeddah) Ghiath Al Saied, Mohammed, Alamoudi, Muhammed Masood Riaz (King Fahad Medical City, Mazen, Hassanain, Basmah, Alhassan, Abdullah, Altamimi, Reem, Alyahya, Norah Al Subaie, Fatema Al Bastawis, Roaa Khan (King Khaled University Hospital), Serbia: Milan Radojkovic, Ljiljana, Jeremic, Milica Nestorovic (Clinic For General Surgery, Clinical Center Nis), Singapore: Jia Hao Law, Keith Say Kwang Tan, Ryan Choon Kiat Tan, Joel Kin Tan, Lau Wen Liang Joel, Bettina, Lieske, Xue Wei Chan, Faith Qi Hui Leong, Choon Seng Chong, Sharon, Koh, Kai Yin Lee, Kuok Chung Lee (National University Hospital) South Africa: Kent Pluke, Britta, Dedekind, Puyearashid, Nashidengo, Mark Ian Hampton (Victoria Hospital Wynberg), Johanna, Joosten, Sanju, Sobnach, Liana, Roodt, Anthony, Sander, James, Pape, Richard Spence (Groote Schuur), Niveshni Maistry (Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital), Phumudzo, Ndwambi, Kamau, Kinandu, Myint Tun (Leratong Hospital), Frederick Du Toit, Quinn, Ellison, Sule, Burger, Grobler, Dc, Lawrence Bongani Khulu (Tembisa Tertiary Provincial Hospital), Rachel, Moore, Vicky, Jennings, Astrid Leusink (Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital), Nazmie, Kariem, Juan, Gouws, Kathryn, Chu, Heather, Bougard, Fazlin, Noor, Angela Dell (New Somerset Hospital), Stephanie Van Straten (Helen Joseph Hospital, University Of Witwatersrand), Arvin, Khamajeet, Serge Kapenda Tshisola, Kalangu Kabongo (Stanger Hospital), Yoshan, Moodley, Frank, Anderson, Thandinkosi Madiba (Inkosi Albert Luthuli Central Hospital), Flip du Plooy (Mediclinic Potchefstroom), Leila, Hartford, Gareth, Chilton, Parveen Karjiker (Mitchell's Plain District Hospital), Matlou Ernest Mabitsela, Sibongile Ruth Ndlovu (Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital), Maria Badicel, Robert Jaich (Milpark Hospital) Spain: Jaime Ruiz-Tovar (University Hospital Rey Juan Carlos), Luis, Garcia-Florez, Otero-Díez, Jorge L., Virginia Ramos Pérez, Nuria Aguado Suárez (Hospital Universitario San Agustín), Javier Minguez García, Sara Corral Moreno, Maria Vicenta Collado, Virginia Jiménez Carneros, Javier García Septiem (Hospital Universitario de Getafe), Mariana, Gonzalez, Antonio, Picardo, Enrique, Esteban, Esther, Ferrero, Irene Ortega (Infanta Sofía University Hospital), Eloy, Espin-Basany, Ruth, Blanco-Colino, Valeria Andriola (Hospital Valle De Hebron), Elisa, Contreras, Carmen García Bernardo, Sandra, Sanz, Alberto Miyar de León, Asnel, Dorismé, Joseluis, Rodicio, Aida, Suarez, Jessica, Stuva, Tamara Diaz Vico (Central University Hospital Of Asturias), Laura, Fernandez-Vega, Carla, Soldevila-Verdeguer, Fatima, Sena-Ruiz, Natalia, Pujol-Cano, Paula, Diaz-Jover, José Maria Garcia-Perez, Juan Jose Segura-Sampedro, Cristina, Pineño-Flores, David, Ambrona-Zafra, Andrea, Craus-Miguel, Patricia, Jimenez-Morillas, Angela Mazzella (Hospital Universitario Son Espases), B Jayathilake, Sri Lanka: A., Thalgaspitiya, S. P. B., Wijayarathna, L. S., Wimalge (University Surgical Unit, P. M. S. N., Teaching Hospital Anuradhapura), Kitts And Nevis: Hakeem Ayomi Sanni, St., Aliyu, Ndajiwo, Ogheneochuko Okenabirhie (Joseph, N France Hospital) Sudan: Anmar Homeida, Abobaker, Younis, Omer Abdelbagi Omer, Mustafa, Abdulaziz, Ali, Mussad, Ali Adam (University of Gezira), Sweden: Yucel Cengiz, Ida, Björklund, Sandra Ahlqvist (Sundsvall Hospital), Anders Thorell, Fredrik Wogensen (Ersta Hospital), Arestis Sokratous, Michaela Breistrand (Mora Hospital), Hildur Thorarinsdottir (Helsingborgs Lasarett), Johanna, Sigurdadottir, Maziar, Nikberg, Abbas Chabok (Västmanlands Hospital Västerås), Maria Hjertberg (Department Of Surgery And Department Of Clinical And Experimental Medicine, Linköping, University, Norrköping, Sweden), Peter, Elbe, Deborah, Saraste, Wiktor, Rutkowski, Louise Forlin (Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Solna), Karoliina, Niska, Malin Sund (Umea University Hospital) Switzerland: Dennis Oswald, Georgios, Peros, Rafael, Bluelle, Katharina, Reinisch, Daniel, Frey, Adrian Palma (Gzo Spital Wetzikon), Lucius, Zumbühl, Markus Zuber (Kantonsspital Olten), Roger Schmid, Gabriela Werder (Buergerspital Solothurn), Antonio, Nocito, Silke Mahanty (Kantonsspital Baden), Lukas Werner Widmer, Julia, Müller, Alissa Gübeli (Hospital Davos), Grzegorz Zuk (Gzo Spital Wetzikon), Turkey: Osman Bilgin Gulcicek, Yuksel, Altinel, Talar Vartanoglu (Bagcilar Research And Training Hospital), Emin, Kose, Servet Rustu Karahan, Mehmet Can Aydin (Okmeydanı Training And Research Hospital), Nuri Alper Sahbaz, Ilkay, Halicioglu, Sadi Konuk Training And Research Hospital), Halil Alis (Bakirkoy Dr., Ipek, Sapci, Can, Adıyaman, Ahmet Murat Pektaş, Turgut Bora Cengiz, Ilkan, Tansoker, Vedatcan, Işler, Muazzez, Cevik, Deniz, Mutlu, Volkan, Ozben, Berk Baris Ozmen, Sefa, Bayram, Sinem, Yolcu, Berna Buse Kobal, Ömer Faruk Toto, Haluk Cem Çakaloğlu (Acibadem University School of Medicine, Atakent, Hospital), Kagan, Karabulut, Vahit, Mutlu, Bahar Busra Ozkan (Ondokuz Mayis University Medical Faculty), Saban, Celik, Anil, Semiz, Selim, Bodur, Enisburak, Gül, Busra, Murutoglu, Reyyan, Yildirim, Bahadir Emre Baki, Ekin, Arslan, Mehmet, Ulusahin, Ali Guner (Karadeniz Technical University Faculty Of Medicine), United Kingdom: Nathan Walker, Nikhita, Shrimanker, Simon Cole (Royal United Hospital Bath), Ryan Breslin, Ravi Srinivasan (Blackpool Victoria Hospital), Kristina, Hunter, Ahmed Al-Bahrani (Watford General Hospital), Nora Grace Mairs, Alistair, Rocke, Lachlan, Dick, Mobeen Qureshi (Inverclyde Royal Hospital), Debkumar Chowdhury (University Hospital Ayr), Naomi, Wright, Clare, Skerritt, Thomas' Hospitals), Dorothy Kufeji (Guy's And St., Adrienne, Ho, Tharindra, Dissanayake, Athula, Tennakoon, Wadah Ali (Pilgrim Hospital, United Lincolnshire Hospitals NHS Trust), Charlene, Tan, Catrin Jones (Victoria Hospital Kirkcaldy), Stephen, Knight, Dima, Nassif, Abhishek Sharma (Perth Royal Infirmary), Oliver, Warren, Rebecca, White, Aia, Mehdi, Nathan, Post, Eliana, Kalakouti, Enkhbat, Dashnyam, Frederick Stourton (Chelsea And Westminster Hospital), Ioannis Mykoniatis, Chelise Currow (Northampton General Hospital), Francisca, Wong, Ashish, Gupta, Veeranna Shatkar (Queen's Hospital, BHR University Hospitals NHS Trust), Suraj, Kadiwar, Alexander Smedley (North Middlesex University Hospital), Rebecca, Wakefield, Philip, Herrod, James, Blackwell, Jonathan Lund (Royal Derby Hospital), Fraser, Cohen, Ashwath, Bandi, Stefano Giuliani (St George's Hospital), Giles, Bond-Smith, Neda, Farhangmehr, Miklos Perenyei (John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford), Philip, Ireland, Kirk, Bowling, David Bunting (Gloucestershire Royal Hospital), Lydia, Longstaff, Kenneth Keogh (Royal Devon &amp, Exeter, Hospital), Hyunjin, Jeon, Muhammad Rafaih Iqbal, Shivun, Khosla, Anna, Jeffery, James Perera (Maidstone &amp, Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust), Ella Teasdale (Western Isles Hospital), Tariq, Alhammali, Yahya Salama (Kettering General Hospital NHS Trust), Rakan Kabariti, Shaun Oram (Nevill Hall Hospital), Thomas, Kidd, Fraser, Cullen, Christopher, Owen, Michael, Wilson, Seehui, Chiu, Hannah Sarafilovic (Ninewells Hospital), Jennifer, Ploski, Elizabeth, Evans, Athar, Abbas, Sylvia, Kamya, Norzawani, Ishak, Carly, Bisset, Cedar, Andress, Ye Ru Chin (Royal Alexandra Hospital, Paisley), Priya, Patel, David Evans (University Hospital, Wales), Anna Jeffery, James Perera (Maistone and Tunbridge Wells NHS Trust), Aidan, Haslegrave, Adam, Boggon, Kirsten, Laurie, Thomas Mann (Borders General Hospital), Anahita, Mansuri, Rachel, Davies, Ewen Griffiths (University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Trust), Aized Raza Shahbaz, Calvin, Eng, Farhat, Din, Ariadne, L'Heveder, Park, Esther H. G., Ramanish, Ravishankar, Kirsten, Mcintosh, Jih Dar Yau, Luke, Chan, Susan McGarvie (Western General Hospital, Edinburgh), Lingshan, Tang, Hui, Lim, Suhhuey, Yap, Jay, Park, Zhan Herr Ng, Shahrukh, Mirza, Yun Lin Ang, Luke, Walls, Chloe, Roy, Simon, Paterson-Brown, Julian, Camilleri-Brennan, Kenneth, Mclean, Michelle, S D'Souza, Savva, Pronin, David Ewart Henshall, Eunice Zuling Ter (Royal Infirmary Of Edinburgh), Dina Fouad, Ashish Minocha (Norfolk And Norwich University Hospital), William, English, Catrin, Morgan, Dominic, Townsend, Laura, Maciejec, Shareef, Mahdi, Onyinye, Akpenyi, Elisabeth, Hall, Hanaan, Caydiid, Zakaria, Rob, Tom, Abbott, Hew, D Torrance (The Royal London Hospital), Gareth Irwin, Robin Johnston (Ulster Hospital Dundonald), Mohammed Akil Gani, Gianpiero Gravante (Leicester Royal Infirmary), Shivanchan, Rajmohan, Kiran, Majid, Christopher Smith (West Middlesex University Hospital), Madanmohan, Palliyil, Sanjay, Patel, Luke, Nicholson, Neil, Harvey, Katie, Baillie, Sam, Shillito, Suzanne, Kershaw, Rebecca, Bamford, Peter Orton (Stockport NHS Foundation Trust), Elke, Reunis, Wai Cheong Soon (Good Hope Hospital), Jama, Guled M., Dharminder, Dhillon, Khyati Patel (Walsall Manor Hospital, Walsall), Shayanthan, Nanthakumaran, Rachel, Heard, Kar Yan Chen (Aberdeen Royal Infirmary), Behrad, Barmayehvar, Uttaran, Datta, Sivesh, K Kamarajah, Sharad Karandikar (Heartlands Hospital), Sobhana Iftekhar Tani (Nottingham University Hospital NHS Trust), Philippa, Donnelly, Michael Walker (Raigmore Hospital), Jehangirshaw, Parakh, Sarah, Blacker, Anil Kaul (Whiston Hospital), Arjun Paramasivan (Darlington Memorial Hospital), Sameh, Farag, Ashrafun, Nessa, Salwa Awadallah (Worthing Hospital, Western Sussex Hospital NHS Foundation Trust), Jieqi, Lim, James Chean Khun Ng (Queen Elizabeth University Hospital, Glasgow), United States: Katherine Gash, Kiran, Ravi P., Alice Murray (New York Presbyterian Hospital, / Columbia University Medical Center), Mohini, Dasari, Juan Puyana (University Of Pittsburgh Medical Center, - Presbyterian), Nadeem, Haddad, Martin, Zielinski, Asad Choudhry (Mayo Clinic), Celeste, Caliman, Mieshia, Beamon, Therese Duane (John Peter Smith Hospital), Ragavan Narayanan, Mamta Swaroop (Northwestern Memorial Hospital / Northwestern University), Jonathan, Myers, Rebecca, Deal, Erik Schadde (Rush University Medical Centre), Mark, Hemmila, Kathleen To (University Of Michigan Medical Center) Zambia: Alex Makupe, Joseph, Musowoya, Mayaba Maimbo (Ndola Central Hospital), Niels Van Der Naald, Dayson, Kumwenda, Alex, Reece-Smith, Kars, Otten, Anna, Verbeek, Marloes Prins (St Francis Mission Hospital) Data validators (GlobalSurg-2) Argentina: Alibeth Andres Baquero Suarez (Simplemente Evita), Ruben Balmaceda (Hospital Lagomaggiore), Barbados: Chelsea Deane (Queen Elizabeth Hospital), Croatia: Emilio Dijan (Zadar General Hospital), Egypt: Mahmoud Elfiky (Kasr Al Ainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University), Finland: Laura Koskenvuo (Helsinki University Hospital), France: Aurore Thollot (CHU Poitiers), Bernard Limoges (CHU Limoges), Carmen Capito (Hopital Necker Enfants Malades, Challine Alexandre (Hopital Cochin, Henri Kotobi (Trousseau Hospital, Julien Leroux (CHU Rouen), Kalitha Pinnagoda (CHU Toulouse), Nicolas Henric (CHU Angers), Olivier Azzis (CHU Rennes), Olivier Rosello (CHU Nice), Poddevin Francois (GHICL), Sara Etienne (CHU Saint Etienne), Philippe Buisson (CHU Amiens Picardie), Sophian Hmila (Hopital Robert Ballanger, Ghana: Joe-Nat Clegg-Lamptey (Korle Bu Teaching Hospital), Osman Imoro (Baptist Medical Centre), Owusu Emmanuel Abem (Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital), Paul Wondoh (Upper West Regional Hospital), Greece: Dimitrios Papageorgiou (Naval And Veterans Hospital Of Athens), Vasiliki Soulou (Anticancer Hospital Of Athens Agios Savvas), Guatemala: Sabrina Asturias (Hospital Herrera Llerandi Amedesgua), Lenin Peña (Hospital General San Juan De Dios), India: Basant Kumar (Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute Of Medical College Lucknow), Ireland: Donal B O’Connor (Tallaght Hospital, Trinity College Dublin), Italy: Alberto Realis Luc (Santa Rita Clinic, Alfio Alessandro Russo (Treviglio Hospital), Andrea Ruzzenente (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata di Verona), Antonio Taddei (Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi), Camilla Cona (IOV, - Istituto Oncologico Veneto), Corrado Bottini (Sant'Antonio Abate Hospital, Giovanni Pascale (Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Ferrara), Giuseppe Rotunno (Nicola Giannettasio Hospital, Leonardo Solaini (University Of Brescia, Spedali Civili Di Brescia, ), Marco Maria Pascale (Fondazione Policlinico Universitario 'Agostino Gemelli', ), Margherita Notarnicola (University Of Bari 'Aldo Moro'), Mario Corbellino (Ospedale Luigi Sacco Milano), Michele Sacco (Federico II University of Naples), 5 'Friuli Occidentale', Paolo Ubiali (Azienda per L'Assistenza Sanitaria N., Pordenone), Roberto Cautiero (Second University Of Naples), Tommaso Bocchetti (Sant’Andrea Hospital, Andrea Hospital, Elena Muzio (S., Vania Guglielmo (Policlinico Umberto I, Emergency Surgery Department), Eugenio Morandi (Ospedale di Rho, – ASST Rhodense), Patrizio Mao (San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano), Emilia De Luca (Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Jordan: Farah Mahmoud Ali (Jordan University Hospital), Margherita Notarnicola (Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Consorziale Policlinico Di Bari)., Lithuania: Justas Žilinskas (Klaipeda Republic), Kestutis Strupas (Vilnius University Hospital), Paulius Kondrotas (Taurage County Hospital), Robertas Baltrunas (Rokiskis District Municipality Hospital), Juozas Kutkevicius (Department Of General Surgery, Lithuanian University Of Health Sciences), Povilas Ignatavicius (Hospital Of Lithuanian University Of Health Sciences Kaunas Clinics), Malaysia: Choy Ling Tan (Hospital Sultanah Aminah), Jia Yng Siaw (Hospital Sibu), Sir Young Yam (Penang Medical College), Ling Wilson (Sarawak General Hospital), Mohamed Rezal Abdul Aziz (University Malaya Medical Centre), Malta: John Bondin (Mater Dei Hospital), Mexico: Carmina Diaz Zorrilla (Hospital Espanol De Veracruz), Morocco: Anass Majbar (Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina Rabat), Nigeria: Danjuma Sale (Barau Dikko Teaching Hospital), Lawal Abdullahi (Aminu KanoTeaching Hospital), Olabisi Osagie (University Of Abuja Teaching Hospital), Omolara Faboya (Lagos State Teaching Hospital), Adedeji Fatuga (Lagos University Teaching Hospital), Agboola Taiwo (Babcock University Teaching Hospital), Emeka Nwabuoku (Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital), Norway: Marte Bliksøen (Oslo University Hospital), Pakistan: Zain Ali Khan (Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur), Paraguay: Jazmin Coronel (Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad Nacional de Asunción) Peru: Cesar Miranda (Hospital Nacional Cayetano Heredia), Idelso Vasquez (Lima Almenara), Helguero-Santin (Hospital Regional III Jose Cayetano Heredia – Piura), Luis M., Rwanda: Jennifer Rickard (Centre Hospitalier Universitaire De Kigali), Romania: Aurel Mironescu (Spitalul Clinic De Copii Brasov), Saint Kitts and Nevis: Adesina Adedeji (Joseph, N France Hospital), Saudi Arabia: Saleh Alqahtani (King Fahad General Hospital), South Africa: Max Rath (Groote Schuur Hospital), Michael Van Niekerk (New Somerset Hospital), Modise Zacharia Koto (Dr George Mukhari Academic Hospital), Roel Matos-Puig (Stanger Hospital), Sweden: Leif Israelsson (Sundsvall), Switzerland: Tobias Schuetz (Kantonsspital Olten), Turkey: Mahmut Arif Yuksek (Ondokuz Mayis University), Meric Mericliler (Acibadem University School of Medicine, Mehmet Uluşahin (Karadeniz Technical University Farabi Hospital), United Kingdom: Bernhard Wolf (Raigmore Hospital Inverness), Cameron Fairfield (Royal Infirmary Of Edinburgh), Guo Liang Yong (Perth Royal Infirmary), Katharine Whitehurst (Royal Devon And Exeter), Michael Wilson (Ninewells Hospital And Medical School), Natalie Redgrave (John Radcliffe Hospital, Caroluce, K Musyoka (Royal Alexandra Hospital), James Olivier (Royal United Hospital Bath), Kathryn Lee (Queen Elizabeth Birmingham), Michael Cox (Royal Derby Hospital), Muhamed M, H Farhan-Alanie (Inverclyde Royal Hospital), Rory Callan (North Middlesex University Hospital) Zambia: Chali Chibuye (Ndola Central Hospital) Protocol translators (GlobalSurg-2) Arabic, Tebian Hassanein Ahmed Ali, Syrine, Rekhis, Muna, Rommaneh, Oday, Halhouli, Chinese, Zi Hao Sam, Jacky Hong Chieh Chen, French, Dylan, Roi, Greek, Vasileios Kalles, Italian, Gabriela Elisa Nita, Portuguese, Thays Brunelli Pugliesi, Gabriel, Pardo, Spanish, Ruth, Blanco, Eugenio Grasset, Escobar., Gallo, Gaetano, Adisa, A. O., Costas-Chavarri, A., Allen-Ingabire, J. C., Lilford, R. J., Harrison, E. M., Pinkney, T. D., Verjee, A., Runigamugabo, E., Altamini, A., Borda-Luque, G., Cornick, J., Fitzgerald, J. E., Kirby, A., Mihaljevic, A. L., Morton, D., Ntirenganya, F., Ots, R., Shaw, C. A., Khatri, C., Gobin, N., Freitas, A. V., Hall, N., Kim, S. -H., Negida, A., Jaffry, Z., Chapman, S. J., Arnaud, A. P., Tabiri, S., Recinos, G., Manipal, C. E., Mohan, M., Amandito, R., Shawki, M., Hanrahan, M., Zilinskas, J., Roslani, A. C., Goh, C. C., Ademuyiwa, A. O., Irwin, G., Shu, S., Luque, L., Shiwani, H., Altamimi, A., Alsaggaf, M. U., Spence, R., Rayne, S., Jeyakumar, J., Raptis, D. A., Glasbey, J. C., Modolo, M. M., Iyer, D., King, S., Arthur, T., Nahar, S. N., Waterman, A., Walsh, M., Agarwal, A., Zani, A., Firdouse, M., Rouse, T., Liu, Q., Correa, J. C., Salem, H. K., Talving, P., Worku, M., Kalles, V., Kumar, B., Kumar, S., Quek, R., Pata, F., Ansaloni, L., Altibi, A., Venskutonis, D., Poskus, T., Whitaker, J., Msosa, V., Tew, Y. Y., Farrugia, A., Borg, E., Ramos-De La Medina, A., Bentounsi, Z., Soreide, K., Gala, T., Al-Slaibi, I., Tahboub, H., Alser, O. H., Romani, D., Major, P., Mironescu, A., Bratu, M. R., Kourdouli, A., Ndajiwo, A., Altwijri, A., Gudal, A., Jubran, A. F., Seisay, S., Lieske, B., Ortega, I., Senanayake, K. J., Abdulbagi, O., Altinel, Y., Kong, C., Teasdale, E., Stoddart, M., Kabariti, R., Suresh, S., Gash, K., Narayanan, R., Maimbo, M., Fermani, C., Macdermid, E., Chenn, R., Yong, C. O., Edye, M., Jarmin, M., D'Amours, S. K., Youssef, D., Phillips, N., Brown, J., George, R., Koh, C., Warren, O., Hanley, I., Dickfos, M., Nawara, C., Ofner, D., Primavesi, F., Mitul, A. R., Mahmud, K., Hussain, M., Hakim, H., Kumar, T., Oosterkamp, A., Assouto, P. A., Lawani, I., Souaibou, Y. I., Tun, A. K., Chong, C. L., Devadasar, G. H., Qadir, M. R. M., Aung, K. P., Yeo, L. S., Castillo, V. D. P., Munhoz, M. M., Moreira, G., De Castro Segundo, L. C. B., Ferreira, S. A. K., Careta, M. C., Kim, S. B., De Sousa, A. V., Cury, A. D. L., Miguel, G. P. S., De Freitas, A. V. C., Silvestre, B. P., Vianna, J. G. P., Felipe, C. O., Laufer, L. A. V., Altoe, F., Da Silva, L. A., Pimenta, M. L., Giuriato, T. F., Morais, P. A. B., Luiz, J. S., Araujo, R., Menegussi, J., Leal, M., De Lima, C. V. B., Tatagiba, L. S., Leal, A., Dos Santos, D. V., Fraga, G. P., Simoes, R. L., Stock, S., Nigo, S., Kabba, J., Ngwa, T. E., Azzie, G., Kushwaha, S., Bailey, K., Cameron, B., Livingston, M., Horobjowsky, A., Deckelbaum, D. L., Razek, T., Marinkovic, B., Grasset, E., D'Aguzan, N., Jimenez, J., Macchiavello, R., Zhang, Z., Guo, W., Oh, J., Zheng, F., Montes, I., Sierra, S., Mendez, M., Villegas, M. I., Arango, M. C. M., Mendoza, I., Aristizabal, F. A. N., Botero, J. A. M., Riaza, V. M. Q., Restrepo, J., Morales, C., Cruz, H., Munera, A., Karlo, R., Domini, E., Mihanovic, J., Radic, M., Zamarin, K., Pezelj, N., Hache-Marliere, M., Lemaire, S. B., Rivas, R., Khyrallh, A., Hassan, A., Shimy, G., Fahmy, M. A. B., Nabawi, A., Elfil, M., Ghoneem, M., Gohar, M. E. S. A. M., Asal, M., Abdelkader, M., Gomah, M., Rashwan, H., Karkeet, M., Gomaa, A., Hasan, A., Elgebaly, A., Saleh, O., Fattah, A. A., Gouda, A., Elshafay, A. E., Gharib, A., Menshawy, A., Hanafy, M., Al-Mallah, A., Abdulgawad, M., Baheeg, M., Alhendy, M., Fattah, I. A., Kenibar, A., Osman, O., Gemeah, M., Mohammed, A., Adel, A., Sayed, A., Abozaid, M., El-Badri Kotb, A. H., Ata, A. A. A., Nasr, M., Alkammash, A., Saeed, M., El Hamid, N. A., Attia, A. M., El Galeel, A. A., Elbanby, E., El-Dien, K. S., Hantour, U., Alahmady, O., Mansour, B., Elkorashy, A. M., Taha, E. M. S., Lasheen, K. T., Elkolaly, S. S., Abdel-Wahab, N. Y. E., Abozyed, M. A. F., Saeed, A. M., El Sayed, G. S., Youssif, J. H., Ahmed, S. M., El-Shahat, N. S., Khedr, A. E. R. H., Elsebaaye, A. O., Elzayat, M., Abdelraheim, M., Elzayat, I., Warda, M., El Deen, K. N., Elnemr, A. E., Salah, O., Abbas, M., Rashad, M., Elzayyat, I., Hemeda, D., Tawfik, G., Salama, M., Khaled, H., Seisa, M., Elshaer, K., Hussein, A., Elkhadrawi, M., Afifi, A. M., Ebrahim, O. S., Metwally, M. M., Elmelegy, R., Elsawahly, D. M. E., Safa, H., Nofal, E., Elbermawy, M., Ghazy, A. A., Samih, H., Abdelgelil, A., Abdelghany, S., Kholy, A. E., Aboraya, M., Elkady, F., Salma, M., Samy, S., Fakher, R., Aboarab, A., Samir, A., Sakr, A., Haroun, A., Al-Aarag, A. A. R., Elkholy, A., Elshanwany, S., Ghanem, E., Tammam, A., Hammad, A. M., Shoura, Y. E., Ashal, G. E., Antar, S., Mehrez, S., Abdelshafy, M., Hamad, M. G. M., Hosh, M., Abdallah, E., Magdy, B., Alzayat, T., Gamaly, E., Elfeki, H., Abouzahra, A., Elsheikh, S., Elgendy, F. I., El-Salam, F. A., Seifelnasr, O., Ammar, M., Eysa, A., Sadek, A., Toeema, A. G., Nasr, A., Abuseif, M., Zidan, H., Barakat, S. A. E., Elsayed, N., Elrasoul, Y. A., Elkelany, A., Ammar, M. S., Mustafa, M. -A., Hegazy, Y., Etman, M., Saad, S., Alrahawy, M., Raslan, A., Morsi, M., Rslan, A., Sabry, A., Elwakil, H., Shaker, H., Abd-Elrasoul, Y., El-Kashef, H., Shaalan, M., Tarek, A., Elwan, A., Nayel, A. R., Seif, M., Emadeldin, D., Ghonaim, M. A., Almallah, A., Fouad, A., Sayma, E. A., Elbatahgy, A., El-Ma'doul, A. S., Mosad, A., Tolba, H., Elsorogy, D. E. A. A., Mostafa, H. A., Omar, A. A., El Hameed, O. S. A., Lasheen, A., El Salam, Y. A., Morsi, A., Ismail, M., El-Badawy, H. A., Amer, M. A., El-Hamouly, A. S., Attallah, N. A., Mosalum, O., Afandy, A., Mokhtar, A., Abouelnasr, A., Ayad, S., Shaker, R., Sakr, R., Amreia, M., Elsobky, S., Mustafa, M., Magd, A. A. E., Marey, A., Hafez, A. T., Zalabia, M. F., Mohamed, M. M., Fadel, A., Ahmed, E. A., Ali, A., Alwafai, M. G., Dwydar, A., Kharsa, S., Mamdouh, E., El-Sheemy, H., Al Youssef, I., Aly, A. K., Aldalaq, A., Alnawam, E., Alkhabbaz, D., Saad, M., Hussein, S., Elazayem, A. A., Meshref, A., Elashmawy, M., Mousa, M., Nashaat, A., Ghanem, S., Elsayed, Z. M., Elwaey, A., Elkadsh, I., Darweesh, M., Mohameden, A., Hafez, M., Badr, A., Badwy, A., Slam, M. A. E., Elazoul, M., Al-Nahrawi, S., Eldamaty, L., Nada, F., Ameen, M., Hagar, A., Elsehimy, M., Dawoud, H., Mesery, S. E., Gendy, A. E., Abdelkareem, A., Marey, A. S., Allam, M., Shehata, S., Abozeid, K., Elshobary, M., Fahiem, A., Sarsik, S., Hashish, A., Zidan, M., Hashish, M., Aql, S., Elhendawy, A. O. A., Husseini, M., Kasem, E., Gheith, A., Elfouly, Y., Soliman, A. R., Ibrahim, Y., Elfouly, N., Fawzy, A., Rashid, M., Elsherbiny, A. S., Sieda, B., Badwi, N. M., Mohammed, M. M. H., Mohamed, O., Habeeb, M. A., Starr, N., Desta, S., Wondimu, S., Abebe, N. S., Thomas, E., Asele, F. A., Dabessa, D., Zerihun, A. B., Scalabre, A., Frade, F., Irtan, S., Graffeille, V., Gaignard, E., Alimi, Q., Graffieille, V., Abbo, O., Mouttalib, S., Bouali, O., Hervieux, E., Aigrain, Y., Botto, N., Faure, A., Fievet, L., Panait, N., Eyssartier, E., Schmitt, F., Podevin, G., Parent, V., Martin, A., Muller, C., Bonnard, A., Peycelon, M., Abantanga, F., Boakye-Yiadom, K., Bukari, M., Owusu, F., Awuku-Asabre, J., Bray, L. D., Lytras, D., Psarianos, K., Bamicha, A., Kefalidi, E., Gemenetzis, G., Dervenis, C., Gouvas, N., Agalianos, C., Kontos, M., Kouraklis, G., Karousos, D., Germanos, S., Marinos, C., Anthoulakis, C., Nikoloudis, N., Mitroudis, N., Estupinian, S., Forno, W., Azmitia, J. R. A., Cabrera, C. C. R., Guevara, R., Aguilera, M., Mendez, N., Mendizabal, C. A. A., Ramazzini, P., Urquizu, M. C., Tale, F., Soley, R., Barrios, E., Rodriguez, D. E. M., Velasquez, C. I. P., Merida, S. M. C., Regalado, F., Lopez, M., Siguantay, M., Prasad, S. S., Kirishnan, A., Gyanchandani, N., Kumar, B. S., Rangarajan, M., Bhat, S., Sreedharan, A., Kinnera, S. V., Reddy, Y., Venugopal, C., Mittal, A., Nadkarni, S., Lakshmi, H. N., Malik, P., Limaye, N., Pai, S., Jain, P., Khajanchi, M., Satoskar, S., Satoskar, R., Mahamood, A. B., Rahmawati, F. N., Mayasari, M., Al-Hasani, R. K. M. J., Al-Hameedi, H. I. I., Ibraheem, H. I., Al-Azraqi, I. A. A., Sabeeh, L., Kamil, R., Telfah, M. M., Rasendran, A., Sheehan, J., Kerley, R., Normile, C., Gilbert, R. W., Song, J., Dablouk, M., Mauro, L., Dablouk, M. O., Kielty, P., Marks, E., Gosling, S., Mccarthy, M., Mirghani, D., Naqvi, S. A., Wong, C. S., Chung, S., D'Cruz, R., Cahill, R., Gosling, S. G., Fahy, C., Cadogan, D. D., Powell, A., Clifford, C., Driscoll, A., Paul, S., Lee, C., Bowe, R., Hutch, W., Mohan, H., O'Neill, M., Mealy, K., Danelli, P., Bondurri, A., Maffioli, A., Pasini, M., Pata, G., Roncali, S., Silvani, P., Carlucci, M., Faccincani, R., Bonavina, L., Macchitella, Y., Ceriani, C., Tugnoli, G., Saverio, S. D., Khattab, K., Paludi, M. A., Pata, D., Cloro, L. M., Allegri, A., Coccolini, F., Veronese, E., Bortolasi, L., Hasheminia, A., Nastri, G., Canto, M. D., Cucumazzo, S., Benevento, A., Tessera, G., Grandinetti, P. P., Maniscalco, A., Lamanna, G. L., Turati, L., Sgroi, G., Rausa, E., Villa, R., Monteleone, M., Merlini, D., Grassi, V., Cirocchi, R., Cacurri, A., Waleed, H., Diab, A., Elzowawi, F., Jokubauskas, M., Varkalys, K., Pranevicius, R., Ambrozeviciute, V., Juciute, S., Skardziukaite, A., Bradulskis, S., Urbanavicius, L., Austraite, A., Riauka, R., Dambrauskas, Z., Karumnas, P., Rudzenskaite, A., Usaityte, A., Montrimaite, M., Kaselis, N., Strazdas, A., Jokubonis, K., Maceviciute, K., Beisa, V., Strupas, K., Laugzemys, E., Kolosov, A., Jotautas, V., Rakita, I., Mikalauskas, S., Kazanavicius, D., Rackauskas, R., Rakauskas, R., Preckailaite, E., Coomber, R., Johnson, K., Nowers, J., Periasammy, D., Salleh, A., Das, A., Tze, R. G. E., Kumar, M. N., Abdullah, N. A. N., Kosai, N. R., Taher, M., Rajan, R., Chong, H. Y., Agius, M., Bezzina, M., Bugeja, R., Vella-Baldacchino, M., Spina, A., Psaila, J., Francois-Coridon, H., Tolg, C., Colombani, J. -F., Diaz-Zorrilla, C., Gonzalez, S. C. -D., Jacobe, M., Mapasse, D., Snyder, E., Oumer, R., Osman, M., Mohammad, A., Anyanwu, L. -J., Sheshe, A., Adesina, A., Faturoti, O., Taiwo, O., Ibrahim, M. H., Nasir, A. A., Suleiman, S. I., Adeniyi, A., Adesanya, O., Adebanjo, A., Osuoji, R., Atobatele, K., Ogunyemi, A., Williams, O., Oludara, M., Oshodi, O., Lawal, A. O., Alakaloko, F., Elebute, O., Osinowo, A., Bode, C., Adesuyi, A., Tade, A., Adekoya, A., Nwokoro, C., Ayandipo, O. O., Lawal, T. A., Ajao, A. E., Ali, S. S., Odeyemi, B., Olori, S., Popoola, A., Adeyeye, A., Adeniran, J., Lossius, W. J., Havemann, I., Thorsen, K., Narvestad, J. K., Wold, T. B., Nymo, L., Elsiddig, M., Dar, M., Bhopal, K. F., Iftikhar, Z., Furqan, M. M., Nighat, B., Jawaid, M., Khalique, A., Zil-E-Ali, A., Rashid, A., Dharamshi, H. A., Naqvi, T., Faraz, A., Anwar, A. W., Yaseen, T. M., Shamsi, G. S., Anwer, W., Decoud, H. P., Aguilera, O., Alvarez, I. I. Z., Delgado, J. M., Vega, G. M. M., Lohse, H. A. S., Aguilar, W. L. M., Chiong, J. A. C., Bautista, A. C. M., Huaman, E., Zegarra, S., Camacho, R., Celis, J. M. V., Pozo, D. A. R., Hamasaki, J., Temoche, E., Herrera-Matta, J., Torres, C. P. G., Barreda, L. M. A., Ojeda, R. R. B., Garaycochea, O., Mollo, M. C., De Fa Tima Linares Delgado, M. S., Fujii, F., Durand, S. Y. A., Basto, C. A. A., Rojas, N. M. U., Yip, S. B. S., Vergara, A. L. C., Moran, A. E. R., Luque, G. B., Castro, M. R., Jaramillo, R. A., Sila, G. M., Lopez, C. E., De Leon, M. Z. P., Machaca, M., Huaraya, R. C., Arenas, A., Puma, C. M. H., Pino, W., Hinojosa, C., Limache, S., Rodriguez, L. -A. M., Melo, R., Costa-Maia, J., Muralha, N., Sauvat, F., Dan, I., Hogea, M., Eduard, P., Bratu, R. -M., Beuran, M., Diaconescu, I. -B., Martian, B. -V., Iordache, F. -M., Vartic, M., Vida, L. C., Muntean, L. I., Mironescu, A. S., Nsengimana, V. J. P., Niragire, A., De La Croix Allen Ingabire, J., Niyirera, E., Zanini, N., Jovine, E., Landolfo, G., Alomar, I. N., Alnuqaydan, S. A., Altwigry, A. M., Othman, M., Osman, N., Alqahtani, E., Alzahrani, M., Alyami, R., Aljohani, E., Alhabli, I., Mikwar, Z., Almuallem, S., Nawawi, A., Bakhaidar, M., Maghrabi, A. A., Aljiffry, M., Altaf, A., Khoja, A., Habeebullah, A., Akeel, N., Ghandora, N., Almoflihi, A., Huwait, A., Al-Shammari, A., Al-Mousa, M., Alghamdi, M., Adham, W., Albeladi, B., Alfarsi, M. A., Mahdi, A., Awwad, S. A., Nouh, T., Hassanain, M., Aldhafeeri, S., Sadig, N., Algohary, O., Aledrisy, M., Alrifaie, A., Alrowais, M., Althwainy, A., Shabkah, A., Alamoudi, U., Alrajraji, M., Alghamdi, B., Aljohani, S., Daqeeq, A., Al-Faifi, J. J., Jennings, V., Ngayu, N., Moore, R., Kong, V., Kretzmann, H., Connor, K., Nel, D., Sampson, C., Panieri, E., Sishuba, N., Tun, M., Mphatsoe, A. M., Carreira, J. -A., Wagener, M., Botes, S., Plessis, D. 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Richard, Gobin, Neel, Freitas, Ana Vega, Hall, Nigel, Kim, Sung‐Hee, Negida, Ahmed, Khairy, Hosni, Chapman, Stephen J, Arnaud, Alexis P, Manipal, Cutting Edge, Amandito, Radhian, Shawki, Marwan, Hanrahan, Michael, Zilinskas, Justa, Roslani, April Camilla, Goh, Cheng Chun, Irwin, Gareth, Luque, Laura, Shiwani, Hunain, Altamimi, Afnan, Alsaggaf, Mohammed Ubaid, Jeyakumar, Jenifa, Cengiz, Yucel, Raptis, Dmitri A, Modolo, Maria Marta, Iyer, Dushyant, King, Sebastian, Arthur, Tom, Nahar, Sayeda Nazmum, Waterman, Ade, Walsh, Michael, Agarwal, Arnav, Zani, Augusto, Firdouse, Mohammed, Rouse, Tyler, Liu, Qinyang, Correa, Juan Camilo, Talving, Peep, Worku, Mengistu, Arnaud, Alexi, Kalles, Vassili, Kumar, Basant, Kumar, Sunil, Quek, Roy, Ansaloni, Luca, Altibi, Ahmed, Venskutonis, Donata, Poskus, Toma, Whitaker, John, Msosa, Vanessa, Tew, Yong Yong, Farrugia, Alexia, Borg, Elaine, Bentounsi, Zineb, Gala, Tanzeela, Al‐Slaibi, Ibrahim, Tahboub, Haya, Alser, Osaid H., Romani, Diego, Shu, Sebestian, 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Vanessa Dina Palomino, Munhoz, Monique Moron, Moreira, Gisele, De Castro Segundo, Luiz Carlos Barro, Ferreira, Salim Anderson Khouri, Careta, Maíra Cassa, Kim, Stella Binna, De Sousa, Alexandre Venancio, Cury, Alyne Daltri Lazzarini, Miguel, Gustavo Peixoto Soare, De Freitas, Ana Vega Carreiro, Guasti, Barbara Pereira Silvestre Julia, Vianna, Pinto, Felipe, Carolina Oliveira, Laufer, Luis Alberto Valente, Altoe, Fernanda, Da Silva, Luana Ayre, Pimenta, Marina Luiza, Giuriato, Thiago Fernande, Morais, Paulo Alves Bezerra, Araujo, Jessica Souza Luiz Rafael, Menegussi, Juliana, Leal, Marisa, Lima, Caio Vinícius Barroso, Tatagiba, Luiza Sarmento, Leal, Antônio, Santos, Diogo Viniciu, Fraga, Gustavo Pereira, Simoes, Romeo Lage, Stock, Simon, Nigo, Samuel, Kabba, Juana, Ngwa, Tagang Ebogo, Brown, Jame, Azzie, George, Kushwaha, Sameer, Bailey, Karen, Cameron, Brian, Livingston, Michael, Horobjowsky, Alexandre, Deckelbaum, Dan L, Razek, Tarek, Marinkovic, Bori, Grasset, Eugenio, D'aguzan, Nicole, Jimenez, Julio, Macchiavello, Roberto, Zhang, Zhongtao, Guo, Wei, Oh, Junyeong, Zheng, Fei, Montes, Irene, Sierra, Sebastian, Mendez, Manuela, Villegas, Maria Isabel, Arango, Maria Clara Mendoza, Mendoza, Ivan, Naranjo Aristizã¡bal, Fred Alexander, Botero, Jaime Andres Montoya, Riaza, Victor Manuel Quintero, Restrepo, Jakeline, Morales, Carlo, Cruz, Herman, Munera, Alejandro, Karlo, Robert, Domini, Edgar, Mihanovic, Jakov, Radic, Mihael, Zamarin, Kresimir, Pezelj, Nikica, Hache‐Marliere, Manuel, Lemaire, Sylvia Batista, Rivas, Ruben, Khyrallh, Ahmed, Hassan, Ahamed, Shimy, Gamal, Baky Fahmy, Mohamed A, Nabawi, Ayman, Elfil, Mohamed, Ghoneem, Mohamed, Gohar, Muhammad El‐Saied Ahmad Muhammad, Asal, Mohamed, Abdelkader, Mostafa, Gomah, Mahmoud, Rashwan, Hayssam, Karkeet, Mohamed, Gomaa, Ahmed, Hasan, Amr, Elgebaly, Ahmed, Saleh, Omar, Fattah, Ahmad Abdel, Gouda, Abdullah, Elshafay, Abd Elrahman, Gharib, Abdalla, Menshawy, Ahmed, Hanafy, Mohammed, Al‐Mallah, Abdullah, Abdulgawad, Mahmoud, Baheeg, Mohamad, Alhendy, Mohammed, AbdelFattah, Ibrahim, Kenibar, Abdalla, Osman, Omar, Gemeah, Mostafa, Mohammed, Ahmed, Adel, Abdalrahman, Mohammed, Abdelrahman, Sayed, Abdelrahman, Abozaid, Mohamed, Kotb, Ahmed Hafez El‐Badri, Ata, Ali Amin Ahmed, Nasr, Mohammed, Alkammash, Abdelrahman, Saeed, Mohammed, El Hamid, Nader Abd, Attia, Attia Mohamed, El Galeel, Ahmed Abd, Elbanby, Eslam, El‐Dien, Khalid Salah, Hantour, Usama, Alahmady, Omar, Mansour, Billal, Elkorashy, Amr Muhammad, Taha, Emad Mohamed Saeed, Lasheen, Kholod Tarek, Elkolaly, Salma Said, Abdel‐Wahab, Nehal Yosri Elsayed, Abozyed, Mahmoud Ahmed Fathi, Adel, Ahmed, Saeed, Ahmed Moustafa, El Sayed, Gehad Samir, Youssif, Jehad Hassan, Ahmed, Soliman Magdy, El‐Shahat, Nermeen Soubhy, Khedr, Abd El‐Rahman Hegazy, Elsebaaye, Abdelrhman Osama, Elzayat, Mohamed, Abdelraheim, Mohamed, Elzayat, Ibrahim, Warda, Mahmoud, El Deen, Khaled Naser, Elnemr, Abdelrhman Essam, Salah, Omar, Abbas, Mohamed, Rashad, Mona, Elzayyat, Ibrahim, Hemeda, Dalia, Tawfik, Gehad, Salama, Mai, Khaled, Hazem, Seisa, Mohamed, Elshaer, Kareem, Hussein, Abdelfatah, Elkhadrawi, Mahmoud, Afifi, Ahmed Mohamed, Ebrahim, Osama Saadeldeen, Metwally, Mahmoud Mohamed, Elmelegy, Rowida, Elsawahly, Diaa Moustafa Elbendary, Safa, Hisham, Nofal, Eman, Elbermawy, Mohamed, Ghazy, Ahmed Abdelmotaleb, Samih, Hisham, Abdelgelil, Asmaa, Abdelghany, Sarah, El Kholy, Ahmed, Aboraya, Metwally, Elkady, Fatma, Salma, Mahmoud, Samy, Sarah, Fakher, Reem, Aboarab, Aya, Samir, Ahmed, Sakr, Ahmed, Haroun, Abdelrahman, Al‐Aarag, Asmaa Abdel‐Rahman, Elkholy, Ahmed, Elshanwany, Sally, Ghanem, Esraa, Tammam, Ahmed, Hammad, Ali Mohamed, El Shoura, Yousra, El Ashal, Gehad, Antar, Sarah, Mehrez, Sara, Abdelshafy, Mahmoud, Hamad, Maha Gamal Mohamad, Hosh, Mona, Abdallah, Emad, Magdy, Basma, Alzayat, Thuraya, Gamaly, Elsayed, Elfeki, Hossam, Abouzahra, Amany, Elsheikh, Shereen, Elgendy, Fatimah I, El‐Salam, Fathia Abd, Seifelnasr, Osama, Ammar, Mohamed, Eysa, Athar, Sadek, Aliaa, Toeema, Aliaa Gamal, Nasr, Aly, Abuseif, Mohamed, Zidan, Hagar, Barakat, Sara Abd Elmageed, Elsayed, Nadin, Elrasoul, Yasmin Abd, Elkelany, Ahmed, Ammar, Mohamed Sabry, Mustafa, Mennat‐Allah, Hegazy, Yasmin, Etman, Mohamed, Saad, Samar, Alrahawy, Mahmoud, Raslan, Ahmed, Morsi, Mahmoud, Rslan, Ahmed, Sabry, Ahmed, Elwakil, Hager, Shaker, Heba, Abd‐Elrasoul, Yasmin, El‐Kashef, Hussein, Shaalan, Mohamed, Tarek, Areej, Elwan, Ayman, Nayel, Ahmed Ragab, Seif, Mostafa, Emadeldin, Doaa, Ghonaim, Mohamed Ali, Almallah, Ahmad, Fouad, Ahmed, Sayma, Eman Adel, Elbatahgy, Ahmad, El‐Ma'doul, Angham Solaiman, Mosad, Ahmed, Tolba, Hager, Elsorogy, Diaa Eldin Abdelazeem Amin, Mostafa, Hassan Ali, Omar, Amira Atef, El Hameed, Ola Sherief Abd, Lasheen, Ahmed, El Salam, Yasser Abd, Morsi, Ashraf, Ismail, Mohammed, El‐badawy, Hager Ahmed, Amer, Mohamed A, El‐Hamouly, Ahmed Sabry, Attallah, Noura A., Mosalum, Omnia, Afandy, Ahmed, Mokhtar, Ahmed, Abouelnasr, Alaa, Ayad, Sara, Shaker, Ramdan, Sakr, Rokia, Shaker, Ramadan, Amreia, Mahmoud, Elsobky, Soaad, Mustafa, Mohamed, El Magd, Ahmed Abo, Marey, Abeer, Hafez, Amr Tarek, Zalabia, Mohamed F, Mohamed, Mohamed Moamen, Fadel, Amr, Ahmed, Emad Ali, Ali, Ahmad, Alwafai, Mohammad Ghassan, Dwydar, Abdullah, Kharsa, Sara, Mamdouh, Ehab, El‐Sheemy, Hatem, AlYoussef, Ibrahim, Aly, Abouelatta Khairy, Aldalaq, Ahmad, Alnawam, Ehab, Alkhabbaz, Dalia, Saad, Mahmoud, Hussein, Shady, Elazayem, Ahmed Abo, Meshref, Ahmed, Elashmawy, Marwa, Mousa, Mohammed, Nashaat, Ahmad, Ghanem, Sara, Elsayed, Zaynab M, Elwaey, Aya, Elkadsh, Iman, Darweesh, Mariam, Mohameden, Ahmed, Hafez, Mennaallah, Badr, Ahmed, Badwy, Assmaa, El Slam, Mohamed Abd, Elazoul, Mohamed, Al‐Nahrawi, Safwat, Eldamaty, Lotfy, Nada, Fathee, Ameen, Mohamed, Hagar, Aya, Elsehimy, Mohamed, Aboraya, Mohammad, Dawoud, Hossam, El Mesery, Shorouk, El Gendy, Abeer, Abdelkareem, Ahmed, Marey, Ahmed Safwan, Allam, Mostafa, Shehata, Sherif, Abozeid, Khaled, Elshobary, Marwa, Fahiem, Ahmed, Sarsik, Sameh, Hashish, Amel, Zidan, Mohamed, Hashish, Mohamed, Aql, Shaimaa, Elhendawy, Abdelaziz Osman Abdelaziz, Husseini, Mohamed, Kasem, Esraa, Gheith, Ahmed, Elfouly, Yasmin, Soliman, Ahmed Ragab, Ibrahim, Yasmein, Elfouly, Nesma, Fawzy, Ahmed, Hassan, Ahmed, Rashid, Mohammad, Elsherbiny, Abdallah Salah, Sieda, Basem, Badwi, Nermin M, Mohammed, Mohammed Mustafa Hassan, Mohamed, Osama, Habeeb, Mohammad Abdulkhalek, Starr, Nichole, Desta, Semay, Wondimu, Sahlu, Abebe, Nebyou Seyoum, Thomas, Efeson, Asele, Frehun Ayele, Dabessa, Daniel, Abebe, Nebiyou Seyoum, Zerihun, Abebe Bekele, Mentula, Panu, Leppäniemi, Ari, Sallinen, Ville, Scalabre, Aurelien, Frade, Fernanda, Irtan, Sabine, Graffeille, Vivien, Gaignard, Elodie, Alimi, Quentin, Graffieille, Vivien, Abbo, Olivier, Mouttalib, Sofia, Bouali, Ourdia, Hervieux, Erik, Aigrain, Yve, Botto, Nathalie, Faure, Alice, Fievet, Lucile, Panait, Nicoleta, Eyssartier, Emilie, Schmitt, Francoise, Podevin, Guillaume, Parent, Valentine, Martin, Amandine, Arnaud, Alexis Pierre, Muller, Cecile, Bonnard, Arnaud, Peycelon, Matthieu, Abantanga, Franci, Boakye‐Yiadom, Kwaku, Bukari, Mohammed, Owusu, Frank, Awuku‐Asabre, Joseph, Bray, Lemuel Davie, Lytras, Dimitrio, Psarianos, Kyriako, Bamicha, Anastasia, Kefalidi, Eirini, Gemenetzis, Georgio, Dervenis, Christo, Gouvas, Nikolao, Agalianos, Christo, Kontos, Michail, Kouraklis, Gregory, Karousos, Dimitrio, Germanos, Styliano, Marinos, Constantino, Anthoulakis, Christo, Nikoloudis, Nikolao, Mitroudis, Nikolao, Estupinian, Sergio, Forno, Walter, Azmitia, José René Arévalo, Cabrera, Carla Cecilia Ramãrez, Guevara, Romeo, Aguilera, Maria, Mendez, Napoleon, Mendizabal, Cesar Augusto Azmitia, Ramazzini, Pablo, Urquizu, Mario Contrera, Tale, Fernando, Soley, Rafael, Barrios, Emanuel, Barrios, Emmanuel, Rodríguez, Daniel Estuardo Marroquín, Velásquez, Carlos Iván Pérez, Mérida, Sara María Contrera, Regalado, Francisco, Lopez, Mario, Siguantay, Miguel, Lam, Fong Yee, Szeto, Kylie Joan‐yi, Szeto, Charing Cheuk Ling, Li, Wing Sum, Li, Kieran Ka Kei, Leung, Man Fung, Mak, Tony, Ng, Simon, Prasad, SS, Kirishnan, Anand, Gyanchandani, Nidhi, Kumar, Bylapudi Seshu, Rangarajan, Muthukumaran, Bhat, Sriram, Sreedharan, Anjana, Kinnera, S.V., Reddy, Yella, Venugopal, Caranj, Mittal, Abhishek, Nadkarni, Shravan, Lakshmi, Harish Neelamraju, Malik, Puneet, Limaye, Neel, Pai, Sriniva, Jain, Pratik, Khajanchi, Monty, Satoskar, Savni, Satoskar, Rajeev, Mahamood, Abid Bin, Sutanto, Eldaa Prisca Refianti, Soeselo, Daniel Ardian, Tedjaatmadja, Chintya, Rahmawati, Fitriana Nur, Mayasari, Maria, Al‐Hasani, Ruqaya Kadhim Mohammed Jawad, Al‐Hameedi, Hasan Ismael Ibraheem, Ibraheem, Hasan Ismael, Al‐Azraqi, Israa Abdullah Aziz, Sabeeh, Lubna, Kamil, Rahma, Telfah, Muwaffaq Mezeil, Rasendran, Amoudtha, Sheehan, Jacqueline, Kerley, Robert, Normile, Caoimhe, Gilbert, Richard William, Song, Jiheon, Dablouk, Mohamed, Mauro, Linnea, Dablouk, Mohammed Osman, Kielty, Paul, Marks, Eleanor, Gosling, Simon, Mccarthy, Michelle, Mirghani, Diya, Naqvi, Syed Altaf, Wong, Chee Siong, Chung, Siyi, D'cruz, Reuban, Cahill, Ronan, Gosling, Simon George, Fahy, Ciara, Cadogan, Diana Duarte, Powell, Anna, Gilbert, Richard, Clifford, Caroline, Driscoll, Aoife, Paul, Stassen, Lee, Chri, Bowe, Ro, Hutch, William, Mohan, Helen, O'neill, Maeve, Mealy, Kenneth, Danelli, Piergiorgio, Bondurri, Andrea, Maffioli, Anna, Pasini, Mario, Pata, Giacomo, Roncali, Stefano, Silvani, Paolo, Carlucci, Michele, Faccincani, Roberto, Bonavina, Luigi, Macchitella, Yuri, Ceriani, Chiara, Tugnoli, Gregorio, Di Saverio, Salomone, Khattab, Khaled, Paludi, Miguel Angel, Pata, Domenica, Cloro, Luigi Maria, Allegri, Andrea, Coccolini, Federico, Veronese, Ezio, Bortolasi, Luca, Hasheminia, Alireza, Nastri, Giacomo, Canto, Massimiliano Dal, Cucumazzo, Stefano, Benevento, Angelo, Tessera, Gaetano, Grandinetti, Pier Paolo, Maniscalco, Alessio, Lamanna, Giovanni Luca, Turati, Luca, Sgroi, Giovanni, Rausa, Emanuele, Villa, Roberta, Monteleone, Michela, Merlini, David, Grassi, Veronica, Cirocchi, Roberto, Cacurri, Alban, Waleed, Hamza, Diab, Ahmed, Elzowawi, Fathi, Jokubauskas, Manta, Varkalys, Karoli, Pranevicius, Roberta, Ambrozeviciute, Viktorija, Juciute, Simona, Skardžiukaitė, Austė, Bradulskis, Sauliu, Urbanavicius, Lina, Austraite, Aiste, Riauka, Romualda, Dambrauskas, Zilvina, Karumnas, Pauliu, Urniezius, Zigmanta, Zilinskiene, Reda, Rudzenskaite, Anele, Usaityte, Ausrine, Montrimaite, Margarita, Kaselis, Neriju, Strazdas, Andriu, Jokubonis, Kristijona, Maceviciute, Kornelija, Beisa, Virgiliju, Strupas, Kestuti, Laugzemys, Erika, Kolosov, Andrej, Jotautas, Valdemara, Rakita, Igna, Mikalauskas, Sauliu, Kazanavicius, Dariu, Rackauskas, Roka, Rakauskas, Ritaura, Preckailaite, Egle, Coomber, Ro, Johnson, Kenneth, Nowers, Jennifer, Periasammy, Dineshwary, Salleh, Afizah, Das, Andre, Tze, Reuben Goh Ern, Kumar, Milaksh Nirumal, Abdullah, Nik Azim Nik, Kosai, Nik Ritza, Taher, Mustafa, Rajan, Reynu, Chong, Hoong Yin, Agius, Marija, Bezzina, Maureen, Bugeja, Roberta, Vella‐Baldacchino, Martinique, Spina, Andrew, Psaila, Josephine, Francois‐Coridon, Helene, Tolg, Cecilia, Colombani, Jean‐Francoi, Diaz‐Zorrilla, Carmina, De La Medina, Antonio Ramos‐, Gonzalez, Samantha Corro‐Diaz, Jacobe, Mário, Mapasse, Domingo, Snyder, Elizabeth, Oumer, Ramadan, Osman, Mohammed, Mohammad, Aminu, Anyanwu, Lofty‐John, Sheshe, Abdulrahman, Adesina, Alaba, Faturoti, Olubukola, Taiwo, Ogechukwu, Ibrahim, Muhammad Habib, Nasir, Abdulrasheed A, Suleiman, Siyaka Itopa, Adeniyi, Adewale, Adesanya, Opeoluwa, Adebanjo, Ademola, Osuoji, Roland, Atobatele, Kazeem, Ogunyemi, Ayokunle, Williams, Omolara, Oludara, Mobolaji, Oshodi, Olabode, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji, Lawal, AbdulRazzaq Oluwagbemiga, Alakaloko, Felix, Elebute, Olumide, Osinowo, Adedapo, Bode, Christopher, Adesuyi, Abidemi, Tade, Adesoji, Adekoya, Adeleke, Nwokoro, Collin, Ayandipo, Omobolaji O, Lawal, Taiwo Akeem, Ajao, Akinlabi E, Ali, Samuel Sani, Odeyemi, Babatunde, Olori, Samson, Popoola, Ademola, Adeyeye, Ademola, Adeniran, Jame, Lossius, William J., Havemann, Ingemar, Thorsen, Kenneth, Narvestad, Jon Kristian, Soreide, Kjetil, Wold, Trude Beate, Nymo, Linn, Elsiddig, Mohammed, Dar, Manzoor, Bhopal, Kamran Faisal, Iftikhar, Zainab, Furqan, Muhammad Mohsin, Nighat, Bakhtiar, Jawaid, Masood, Khalique, Abdul, Zil‐E‐Ali, Ahsan, Rashid, Anam, Dharamshi, Hasnain Abba, Naqvi, Tahira, Faraz, Ahmad, Anwar, Abdul Wahid, Yaseen, Tahir Muhammad, Shamsi, Ghina Shamim, Shamsi, Ghina, Yaseen, Tahir, Anwer, Wahid, Decoud, Horacio Parede, Aguilera, Omar, Alvarez, Ismael Isaac Zelada, Delgado, Juan Marcelo, Vega, Gustavo Miguel Machain, Lohse, Helmut Alfredo Segovia, Aguilar, Wendy Leslie Messa, Chiong, Jose Antonio Cabala, Bautista, Ana Cecilia Manchego, Huaman, Eduardo, Zegarra, Sergio, Camacho, Rony, Celis, Jose María Vergara, Pozo, Diego Alonso Romani, Hamasaki, José, Temoche, Edilberto, Herrera‐Matta, Jaime, Torres, Carla Pierina García, Barreda, Luis Miguel Alvarez, Ojeda, Ronald Renato Barrionuevo, Garaycochea, Octavio, Mollo, Melanie Castro, Delgado, Mitchelle Solange De Fã Tima Linare, Fujii, Francisco, Durand, Susana Yrma Aranzabal, Basto, Carlos Alejandro Arroyo, Rojas, Nelson Manuel Urbina, Yip, Sebastian Bernardo Shu, Vergara, Ana Lucia Contrera, Moran, Andrea Echevarria Rosa, Luque, Giuliano Borda, Castro, Manuel Rodriguez, Jaramillo, Ramon Alvarado, Sila, George Manrique, Lopez, Crislee Elizabeth, De Leon, Mardelangel Zapata Ponze, Machaca, Massiell, Huaraya, Ronald Coasaca, Arenas, Andy, López, Crislee, Puma, Clara Milagros Herrera, Pino, Wilfredo, Hinojosa, Christian, De Leon, Melanie Zapata Ponze, Limache, Susan, Sila, George Manrrique, Rodriguez, Layza‐Alejandra Mercado, Melo, Renato, Costa‐Maia, Jose, Muralha, Nuno, Sauvat, Frederique, Dan, Ionasc, Hogea, Mircea, Eduard, Pandi, Bratu, Razvan‐Matei, Beuran, Mircea, Diaconescu, Ionut‐Bogdan, Martian, Bogdan‐Valeriu, Iordache, Florin‐Mihail, Vartic, Mihaela, Vida, Lucian Corneliu, Muntean, Liviu Iuliu, Mironescu, Aurel Sandu, Nsengimana, Vizir Jean Paul, Niragire, Alice, Ingabire, Jean De La Croix Allen, Niyirera, Eugene, Zanini, Nicola, Jovine, Elio, Landolfo, Giovanni, Alomar, Ibrahim N., Alnuqaydan, Saleh A., Altwigry, Abdulrahman M., Othman, Moayad, Osman, Nohad, Alqahtani, Ena, Alzahrani, Mohammed, Alyami, Rifan, Aljohani, Emad, Alhabli, Ibrahim, Mikwar, Zaher, Almuallem, Sultan, Nawawi, Abrar, Bakhaidar, Mohamad, Maghrabi, Ashraf A., Alsaggaf, Mohammed, Aljiffry, Murad, Altaf, Abdulmalik, Khoja, Ahmad, Habeebullah, Alaa, Akeel, Nouf, Ghandora, Nashat, Almoflihi, Abdullah, Huwait, Abdulmalik, Al‐shammari, Abeer, Al‐Mousa, Mashael, Alghamdi, Masood, Adham, Walid, Albeladi, Bandar, Alfarsi, Muayad Ahmed, Mahdi, Atif, Al Awwad, Saad, Nouh, Thamer, Hassanain, Mazen, Aldhafeeri, Salman, Sadig, Nawal, Algohary, Osama, Aledrisy, Mohannad, Alrifaie, Ahmad, AlRowais, Mohammed, Althwainy, Amani, Shabkah, Alaa, Alamoudi, Uthman, Alrajraji, Mawaddah, Alghamdi, Basim, Aljohani, Saud, Daqeeq, Abdullah, Al‐Faifi, Jubran J, Jennings, Vicky, Ngayu, Nyawira, Moore, Rachel, Kong, Victor, Kretzmann, Hayden, Connor, Katie, Nel, Daniel, Sampson, Colleen, Panieri, Eugenio, Sishuba, Nosisa, Tun, Myint, Mphatsoe, Albert Mohale, Carreira, Jo‐Anne, Wagener, Mark, Botes, Stefan, Du Plessis, Danelo, Fernandez‐Bueno, Fernando, Aguilar‐Jimenez, Jose, Garcia‐Marin, Jose Andre, García, Lorena Solar, Florez, Luis Joaquín García, Pacheco, Rubén Darío Aria, Pagnozzi, Janet, Quezada, Jimy Harold Jara, Rodicio, Jose Lui, Minguez, German, Rodríguez‐Uría, Raquel, Ugalde, Paul, Lopez‐Arevalo, Camilo, Barneo, Lui, Stuva, Jessica Patricia Gonzale, Ortega‐Vazquez, Irene, Rodriguez, Lorena, Herrera, Norberto, Arachchi, Prasad Pitigala, Senanayake, Wanigasekara, Senanayake, Mudiyanselage Kithsiri Janakantha, Arachchige, Lalith Asanka Jayasooriya Jayasoori, Sivaganesh, Sivasuriya, Samaraweera, Dulan Irusha, Thanusan, Vimalakanthan, Musa, Ahmed Elgaili Khalid, Balila, Reem Mohammed Hassan, Mohamed, Mohamed Awad Elkarim Hamad, Ali, Hussein, Elabdin, Hagir Zain, Hassan, Alaa, Mahdi, Sefeldin, Ahmed, Hala, Idris, Sahar Abdoun Ishag, Elsayed, Makki, Elsayed, Mohammed, Mahmoud, Mohamed, Boijsen, Magnu, Lundgren, Per‐Olof, Gustafsson, Ulf, Kiasat, Ali, Wogensen, Fredrik, Jurdell, Emma, Thorell, Ander, Thorarinsdottir, Hildur, Utter, Maria, Sundstrom, Sami Martin, Wredberg, Cecilia, Kjellin, Ann, Nyberg, Johanna, Frisk, Bjorn, Sund, Malin, Andersson, Linda, Gunnarsson, Ulf, Cengiz, Yücel, Ahlqvist, Sandra, Björklund, Ida, Royson, Hanna, Weber, Per, Pahlsson, Hans‐Ivar, Borin, Eva, Hjertberg, Maria, Schmid, Roger, Schivo, Debora, Despotidis, Vasileio, Breitenstein, Stefan, Staerkle, Ralph F, Schadde, Erik, Deichsel, Fabian, Gerosa, Alexandra, Nocito, Antonio, Raptis, Dimitri Aristotle, Mijuskovic, Barbara, Zuber, Marku, Eisner, Luka, Kruspi, Swantje, Reinisch, Katharina Beate, Schoewe, Christin, Novak, Allan, Palma, Adrian F., Teufelberger, Gerfried, Kimaro, Msafiri, King, Rachel, Balkan, Ali Zeynel Abidin, Gumar, Mehmet, Yavuz, Mehmet Ali, Karabacak, Ufuk, Lap, Gokhan, Ozkan, Bahar Busra, Karakahya, Murat, Adams, Ryan, Morton, Robert, Henderson, Liam, Gratton, Ruth, Clement, Keiran David, Chang, Kate Yu‐Ching, Mcnish, David, Mcintosh, Ryan, Milligan, William, Skelly, Brendan, Anderson‐Knight, Hannah, Lawther, Roger, Onimowo, Jemina, Shatkar, Veereanna, Tharmalingam, Shivanee, Woin, Evelina, Fautz, Tessa, Ziff, Oliver, Dindyal, Shiva, Arman, Sam, Talukder, Shagorika, Gadhvi, Vijay, Chew, Luen Shaun, Heath, Jonathan, Blencowe, Natalie, Hallam, Sally, Mannu, Gurdeep Singh, Zachariades, Dimitris‐Christo, Snaith, Ailsa Claire, Hettiarachchi, Thusitha Sampath, Nesaratnam, Arjun, Wheeler, Jame, McCullagh, Darragh, Clements, Joshua Michael, Khan, Ata, Koumpa, Foteini, Neophytou, Christina, Roth, Jessica, Soon, Wai Cheong, Deputy, Mohammed, Ahmed, Ahmed, Ashton, Annelisse, Vincent, Joe, Almy, Jack, Khan, Taufiq, 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G, Chowdhury, Abeed, Hossaini, Sina, Watson, Nicholas F, Mckechnie, Doug, Farah, Ayaan, Chun, Anita, Koh, Hoey, Lim, Grace, Sunderland, Graham, Gould, Laura, Munipalle, P C, Rooney, H, Browning, D R L, Pereira, Bernadette, Nemeth, Kristof, Decker, Emily, Giuliani, Stefano, Shalaby, Aly, Shaikh, Shafaque, Tan, Chern Yan, Palkhi, Ebrahim Y A, Szczap, Aleksandra, Chidambaram, Swathikan, Chen, Chee Yang, Kulasabanathan, Kavian, Chhabra, Srishti, Kostov, Elisabeth, Harbord, Philippe, Barnacle, Jame, Palliyil, Madan Mohan, Zikry, Mina, Porter, Johnathan, Raslan, Charef, Hafiz, Shazia, Soltani, Niksa, Baillie, Katie, Singh, Priyanka, Sheth, Shailee, Patel, Kishen, Khalili, Mahry, Choi, Jeesoo, Benger, Matthew, Marples, Lucy, Macfarlane, Alastair, Thurairaja, Ramesh, Boyce, Tamsin, Whewell, Harriet, Jones, Elin, Th'ng, Francesca, Robertson, Nichola, Mirza, Ahmad, Saeed, Haroon, Galloway, Simon, Elena, Gia, Afzal, Mohammad, Zakir, Mohamed, Sodde, Peter, Hand, Charle, Sriram, Aiesha, Clark, Tamsyn, Holton, Patrick, Livesey, Amy, Sinha, Yashashwi, Iqbal, Fahad Mujtaba, Bharj, Indervir Singh, Rotundo, Adriana, Jenvey, Cara, Slade, Robert, Golding, David, Haines, Samuel, Ne'ma Abdullah, Ali Adel, Tilston, Thomas W, Loughran, Dafydd, Donoghue, Danielle, Giacci, Lorenzo, Sherif, Mohamed Ashur, Harrison, Peter, Tang, Alethea, Kotecha, Deevia, Elshaer, Mohamed, Urbonas, Toma, Riaz, Amjid, Chapman, Annie, Acharya, Parisha, Shalhoub, Joseph, Grossart, Cathleen, McMorran, David, Mlotshwa, Makhosini, Hawkins, William, Loizides, Sofroni, Krishna, Kandaswamy, Orchard, Melanie, Ho, Chik Wai, Thomson, Peter, Khan, Shahab, Taylor, Fiona, Shukla, Jalak, Howie, Emma Elizabeth, Macdonald, Linda, Komolafe, Olusegun, Mcintyre, Neil, Cragg, Jame, Parker, Jody, Stewart, Duncan, Lintin, Luke, Tracy, Julia, Farooq, Tahir, Molina, George, Kaafarani, Haytham, Beyene, Robel, Sava, Jack, Scott, Mark, Swaroop, Mamta, Kennedy, Raelene, Azodo, Ijeoma A, Heffernan, Daithi, Chun, Tristen, Stephen, Andrew, Sion, Melanie, Weinstein, Michael S., Punja, Viren, Bugaev, Nikolay, Goodstein, Monica, Razmdjou, Shadi, Etchill, Eric, Puyana, Juan Carlo, Kesinger, Matthew, Napolitano, Lena, To, Kathleen, Hemmila, Mark, Todd, Oliver, Jenner, Edward, Hoogakker, Ellen, Grizhja, Besmir, Ymeri, Shpetim, Galiqi, Gezim, Klappenbach, Roberto, Antezana, Diego, Beleño, Alvaro Enrique Mendoza, Costa, Cecilia, Sanchez, Belen, Aviles, Susan, Fermani, Claudio Gabriel, Balmaceda, Rubén, Villalobos, Santiago, Carmona, Juan Manuel, Hamill, Daniel, Deutschmann, Peter, Sandler, Simone, Cox, Daniel, Nataraja, Ram, Sharpin, Claire, Ljuhar, Damir, Gray, Demi, Haines, Morgan, Iyer, Dush, Niranjan, Nithya, D'Amours, Scott, Ashtari, Morvarid, Franco, Helena, Karim, Sabbir, Aman, Nowrin F., Estee, Mahnuma Mahfuz, Salma, Umme, Razzaque, Joyeta, Kanta, Tasnia Hamid, Tori, Sayeeda Aktar, Alamin, Shadid, Roy, Swapnil, Al Amin, Shadid, Karim, Rezaul, Haque, Muhtarima, Faruq, Amreen, Iftekhar, Farhana, O'Shea, Margaret, Padmore, Greg, Jonnalagadda, Ramesh, Litvin, Andrey, Filatau, Aliaksandr, Paulouski, Dzmitry, Shubianok, Maryna, Shachykava, Tatsiana, Khokha, Dziani, Khokha, Vladimir, Djivoh, Fernande, Dossou, Franci, Seto, Djifid Morel, Gbessi, Dansou Gaspard, Noukpozounkou, Bruno, Keke, Kpèmahouton René, Hodonou, Fred, Ahounou, Ernest Yemalin Stephane, Alihonou, Thierry, Dénakpo, Max, Ahlonsou, Germain, Bedada, Alemayehu Ginbo, Nsengiyumva, Carlo, Kwizera, Sandrine, Barendegere, Venerand, Choi, Philip, Jamal, Luai, Chen, Tzu‐Ling, Yip, Chingwan, Zapata, Felipe, Lanau, Maria Isabel Villega, Restrepo, Ivan Mendoza, Giraldo, Ruben Santiago Restrepo, Youssef, Mohamed, Thabet, Waleed, Sanad, Aly, Zaki, Ahmed, Abdel‐Hameed, Noran, Mostafa, Mohamed, Omar, Muhammad Fathi Waleed, Ghanem, Ahmed, Denewar, Adel, Emara, Eman, Rashad, Eman, Sakr, Ahmad, Elashry, Rehab, Emile, Sameh, Khafagy, Toqa, Elhamouly, Sara, Elfarargy, Arwa, Mohamed, Amna Mamdouh, Nagy, Ghada Saied, Esam, Abeer, Elwy, Eman, Hammad, Aya, Khallaf, Salwa, Ibrahim, Eman, Saidbadr, Ahmed, Moustafa, Ahmed, Mohammed, Amany Eldosouky, Elgheriany, Mohammed, Abdelmageed, Eman, Al Raouf, Eman Abd, Elbanby, Esraa Samir, Elmasry, Maha, Farahat, Mahitab Morsy, Mansor, Eman Yahya, Hegazy, Eman Magdy, Gamal, Esraa, Gamal, Heba, Kandil, Hend, Abdelrouf, Doaa Maher, Moaty, Mohamed, Gamal, Dina, El‐Sagheer, Nada, Salah, Mohamed, Magdy, Salma, Salah, Asmaa, Essam, Ahmed, Ali, Ahmed, Badawy, Mahmoud, Ahmed, Sara, Mohamed, Mazed, Assal, Abdelrahman, Sleem, Mohamed, Ebidy, Mai, Elrazek, Aly Abd, Zahran, Diaaaldin, Adam, Nourhan, Nazir, Mohamed, Hassanein, Adel B, Ismail, Ahmed, Elsawy, Amira, Mamdouh, Rana, Mabrouk, Mohamed, Ahmed, Lopna Ahmed Mohamed, Alnaby, Mohamed Hassab, Magdy, Eman, Abd‐Elmawla, Manar, Fahim, Marwan, Mowafy, Bassant, Mahmoud, Moustafa Ibrahim, Allam, Meran, Alkelani, Muhammad, El Gendy, Noran Halim, Aboul‐Naga, Mariam Saad, El‐Din, Reham Alaa, Elgendy, Alyaa Halim, Ismail, Mohamed, Shalaby, Mahmoud, Elsharkawy, Aya Adel, Moghazy, Mahmoud Elsayed, Elbisomy, Khaled Hesham, Shakshouk, Hend Adel Gawad, Hamed, Mohamed Fouad, Ebidy, Mai Mohamed, Ahmed, Hayam, Adel, Israa, Omar, Mohammad Elsayed, Ibrahim, Mohamed, Ghoneim, Omar, Hesham, Omar, Gamal, Shimaa, Hilal, Karim, Arafa, Omar, Awad, Sawsan Adel, Salem, Menatalla, Elsherif, Fawzia Abdellatif, Elsabbagh, Nourhan, Aboelsoud, Moustafa R., Rida, Ahmed Hossam Eldin Fouad, Hossameldin, Amr, Hany, Ethar, Asar, Yomna Hosny, Anwar, Nourhan, Gadelkarim, Mohamed, Abdelhady, Samar, Morshedy, Eman Mohamed, Saad, Reham, Soliman, Nourhan, Salama, Mahmoud, Ezzat, Eslam, Mohamed, Arwa, Ibrahim, Arwa, Fergany, Alaa, Mohammed, Sara, Reda, Aya, Allam, Yomna, Saad, Hanan Adel, Abdelfatah, Afnan, Fathy, Aya Mohamed, El‐Sehily, Ahmed, Kasem, Esraa Abdalmageed, Hassan, Ahmed Tarek Abdelbaset, Mohammed, Ahmed Rabeih, Saad, Abdalla Gamal, Ibrahim, Arij, Hassaan, Amr, Mohammed, Mohammed Mustafa, Elhoseny, Ghada, Magdy, Mohamed, Elkhalek, Esraa Abd, Zakaria, Yehia, Ezzat, Tarek, El Dahab, Ali Abo, Kelany, Mohamed, Arafa, Sara, Hassan, Osama Mokhtar Mohamed, Badwi, Nermin Mohamed, Sleem, Ahmad Saber, Ahmed, Hussien, Abdelbadeai, Kholoud, Abdullah, Mohamed Abozed, Lokman, Muhammad Amsyar Auni, Bahar, Suraya, Abdelazeam, Anan Rady, Adelshone, Abdelrahman, Hasnan, Muhammad Bin, Zulkifli, Athirah, Kamarulzamil, Siti Nur Alia, Elhendawy, Abdelaziz, Latif, Aliang, Adnan, Ahmad Bin, Shaharuddin, Shahadatul, Majid, Aminah Hanum Haji Abdul, Al‐Marakby, Dina, Ismail, Mohamad Jeffrey Bin, Basir, Elissa Rifhan Mohd, Ali, Citra Dewi Mohd, Ata, Aya Yehia, Nasr, Maha, Rezq, Asmaa, Sheta, Ahmed, Tariq, Sherif, Sallam, Abd Elkhalek, Darwish, Abdelrhman KZ, Elmihy, Sohaila, Elhadry, Shady, Farag, Ahmed, Hajeh, Haidar, Abdelaal, Abdelaziz, Aglan, Amro, Zohair, Ahmed, Essam, Mahitab, Moussa, Omar, El‐Gizawy, Esraa, Samy, Mostafa, Ali, Safia, Elhalawany, Esraa, Ata, Ahmed, El Halawany, Mohamed, Nashat, Mohamed, Soliman, Samar, Elazab, Alaa, Samy, Mostada, Abdelaziz, Mohamed A, Ibrahim, Khaled, Ibrahim, Ahmed mohamed, Gado, Ammar, Eldeen, Esraa Alm, loaloa, Mohamed Reda, Abouzaid, Arwa, Eldin, Mostafa Ahmed Bahaa, Hashad, Eman, Sroor, Fathy, Gamil, Doaa, Abdulhakeem, Eman Mahmoud, Zakaria, Mahmoud, Mohamed, Fawzy, Abubakr, Marwan, Ali, Elsayed, Magdy, Hesham, Ramadan, Menna Tallah, Mohamed, Mohamed Abdelaty, Mansour, Salma, Amin, Hager Abdul Aziz, Mohamed, Ahmed Rabie, Saami, Mahmoud, Elsayed, Nada Ahmed Reda, Tarek, Adham, Mahmoud, Sabry Mohy Eldeen, El Sayed, Islam Magdy, Reda, Amira, Shawky, Martina Yusuf, Salem, Mohammed Mousa, El‐Din, Shahinaz Alaa, Soliman, Noha Abdullah, Talaat, Muhammed, Alaael‐Dein, Shahinaz, Elhusseiny, Ahmed Abd Elmoen, Abdullah, Noha, Elshaar, Mohammed, Ibraheem, Aya AbdelFatah, Abdulaziz, Hager, Ismail, Mohammed Kamal, Madkor, Mona Hamdy, Abdelaty, Mohamed, Abdel‐Kader, Sara Mahmoud, Salah, Osama Mohamed, Eldafrawy, Mahmoud, Eldeeb, Ahmed Zaki, Eid, Mostafa Mahmoud, Attia, Attia, Shwky, Ayman, Badenjki, Mohamed Adel, Soliman, Abdelrahman, Al Attar, Samaa Mahmoud, Sayed, Farrag, Sabour, Fahd Abdel, Azizeldine, Mohammed G., Shawqi, Muhammad, Hashim, Abdullah, Aamer, Ahmed, Abdelraouf, Ahmed Mahmoud, Abdelshakour, Mahmoud, Ibrahim, Amal, Mahmoud, Basma, Mahmoud, Mohamed Ali, Qenawy, Mostafa, Rashed, Ahmed M., Dahy, Ahmed, Sayed, Marwa, Shamsedine, Ahmed W., Mohamed, Bakeer, Hasan, Ahmad, Saad, Mahmoud M., Bassit, Khalil Abdul, El‐Latif, Nadia Khalid Abd, Elzahed, Nada, El Kashash, Ahmed, Bekhet, Nada Mohamed, Hafez, Sarah, Gad, Ahmed, Maher, Mahmoud Elkhadragy, Elsameea, Ahmed Abd, Hafez, Mohamed, Sabe, Ahmad, Ahmed, Ataa, Shahine, Ahmed, Dawood, Khaled, Gaafar, Shireen, Husseiny, Reem, Aboelmagd, Omnia, Soliman, Ahmed, Mesbah, Nourhan, Emadeldin, Hossam, Al Meligy, Amgad, Bekhet, Amira Hassan, Hasan, Doaa, Alhady, Khaled, Sabe, Ahmad Khaled, Elnajjar, Mahmoud A., Aboelella, Majed, Hamsho, Ward, Hassan, Ihab, Saad, Hala, Abdelazim, Galaleldin, Mahmoud, Hend, Wael, Noha, Kandil, Ahmedali M, Magdy, Ahmed, Elkholy, Shimaa Said, Adel, Badr Eldin, Dabbour, Kareem, Elsherbiney, Saged, Mattar, Omar, Abdrabou, Abdulshafi Khaled, Aly, Mohammed Yahia Mohamed, Geuoshy, Abdelrahman, Elnagar, Ahmedglal, Ahmed, Saraibrahim, Abdelmotaleb, Ibrahem, Saleh, Amr Ahmed, Saeed, Manar, Mahmoud, Shady, Tawfik, Badreldin Adel, Ismail, Samar Adel, Zakaria, Esraay, Gad, Mariam O., Elhelbawy, Mohamed Salah, Bassem, Monica, Maraie, Noha, Elhadary, Nourhan Medhat, Semeda, Nourhan, Mohamed, Shaza Rabie, Bakry, Hesham Mohammed, Essam, AA, Tarek, Dina, Ashour, Khlood, Elhadad, Alaa, Abdel‐Aty, Abdulrahman, Rakha, Ibrahim, Matter, Sara Mamdouh, Abdelhamed, Rasha, Abdelkader, Omar, Hassaan, Ayat, Soliman, Yasmin, Mohamed, Amna, Farouk, Sara Amr Mohamed, Ibrahim, Eman Mohamed, El‐Taher, Esraa, Mostafa, Merna, Badr, Mohamed Fawzy Mahrou, Elsemelawy, Rofida, El‐Sawy, Aya, Bakr, Ahmad, Al Rafati, Ahmad Abdel Razaq, Saar, Sten, Reinsoo, Arvo, Seyoum, Nebyou, Worku, Tewodro, Fitsum, Agazi, Tolonen, Matti, Parmentier, Benoît, Dardenne, Sabrina, Robert, Elsa, Maillot, Betty, Courboin, Etienne, Hascoet, Juliette, Kaci, Amir Ait, Prudhomme, Thoma, Ballouhey, Quentin, Grosos, Céline, Fourcade, Laurent, Cecilia, Tolg, Jean‐Francois, Colombani, Helene, Francois‐Coridon, Delforge, Xavier, Haraux, Elodie, Dousset, Bertrand, Schiavone, Roberto, Gaujoux, Sebastien, Marret, Jean‐Baptiste, Haffreingue, Aurore, Rod, Julien, Renaux‐Petel, Mariette, Lecompte, Jean‐Françoi, Bréaud, Jean, Gastaldi, Pauline, Taieb, Chouikh, Claire, Raquillet, Anis, Echaieb, Bustangi, Nasir, Lopez, Manuel, Grella, Maria Giovanna, Mariani, Aurora, Schmitt, Françoise, Broch, Aline, Bandoh, Dickson, Kyereh, Martin, Asumah, Hamza, Appiah, Eric Kofi, Wondoh, Paul, Gyedu, Adam, Dally, Charle, Agbedinu, Kwabena, Amoah, Michael, Yifieyeh, Abiboye, Amoako‐Boateng, Mabel, Dayie, Makafui, Hagan, Richmond, Debrah, Sam, Ohene‐Yeboah, Micheal, Clegg‐Lampety, Joe‐Nat, Etwire, Victor, Dakubo, Jonathan, Essoun, Samuel, Bonney, William, Glover‐Addy, Hope, Osei‐Nketiah, Samuel, Amoako, Joachim, Adu‐Aryee, Niiarmah, Appeadu‐Mensah, William, Bediako‐Bowan, Antoinette, Dedey, Florence, Ekow, Mattew, Akatibo, Emmanuel, Yakubu, Musah, Kordorwu, Hope Edem Kofi, Asare‐Bediako, Kwasi, Tackie, Enoch, Aaniana, Kenneth, Acquah, Emmanuel, Opoku‐Agyeman, Richard, Avoka, Anthony, Kusi, Kwasi, Maison, Kwame, Gyamfi, Frank Enoch, Barnabas, Gandau Naa, Abdul‐Latif, Saiba, Amoako, Philip Taah, Davor, Anthony, Dassah, Victor, Dagoe, Enoch, Kwakyeafriyie, Prince, Akoto, Elliot, Ackom, Eric, Mensah, Ekow, Atkins, Ebenezer Takyi, Coompson, Christian Lari, Ivros, Nikolao, Ferousis, Christoforo, Kalles, Vasileio, Kyriazanos, Ioanni, Barkolias, Christo, Tselos, Angelo, Tzikos, Georgio, Voulgaris, Evangelo, Bamicha, Athanasia, Stefanopoulos, Anastasio, Patoulias, Ioanni, Sfougaris, Dimitrio, Valioulis, Ioanni, Balalis, Dimitrio, Korkolis, Dimitrio, Manatakis, Dimitrios K, Kyrou, Georgio, Karabelias, Georgio, Papaskarlatos, Iason‐Antonio, Konstantina, Kolonia, Zampitis, Nikolao, Papailia, Aspasia, Theodosopoulos, Theodosio, Gkiokas, Georgio, Mitroudi, Magdalini, Panteli, Christina, Feidantsis, Thoma, Farmakis, Konstantino, Kyziridis, Dimitrio, Ioannidis, Oresti, Parpoudi, Styliani, Parasyris, Stavro, Margaritis, Michail, Aguilera‐Arevalo, Maria‐Lorena, Coyoy‐Gaitan, Otto, Rosales, Javier, Tale, Lui, Rodriguez, Servio Tulio Torre, Galvez, Carlos Paz, Cruz, Danilo Herrera, Rosenberg, Guillermo Sanchez, Matheu, Alejandro, Cohen, David Monterroso, Paul, Marie, Charles, Angeline, Lam, Justin Chak Yiu, Yeung, Man Hon Andrew, Fok, Chi Ying Jacquelyn, Li, Ka Hin Gabriel, Lai, Anthony Chuk‐Him, Cheung, Yuk Hong Eric, Wong, Hong Yee, Leung, Ka Wai, Lee, Tien Seng Bryan, Lam, Wai Him, Dao, Weihei, Kwok, Stephanie Hiu‐wai, Chan, Tsz‐Yan Katie, Ng, Yung Kok, Mak, TWC, Foo, Chi Chung, Yang, Jame, Bhatnagar, Ankur, Upadhyaya, Vijaid, Muddebihal, Uday, Dar, Wasim, Janardha, KC, Aruldas, Neerav, Adella, Fidelis Jacklyn, Rulie, Anthonius Santoso, Iskandar, Ferdy, Setiawan, Jonny, Evajelista, Cicilia Viany, Natalie, Hani, Suyadi, Arlindawati, Gunawan, Rudy, Karismaningtyas, Herlin, Mata, Lusi Padma Sulistianingsih, Andika, Ferry Fitriya Ayu, Hasanah, Afifatun, Widiastini, T Ariani, Purwaningsih, Nurlaila Ayu, Mukin, Annisa Dewi Fitriana, Rahmah, Dina Faizatur, Nurqistan, Hazmi Dwinanda, Arsyad, Hasbi Maulana, Adhitama, Novia, Jeo, Wifanto Saditya, Sutandi, Nathania, Clarissa, Audrey, Gultom, Phebe Anggita, Billy, Matthew, Haloho, Andrea, Johanna, Nadya, Lee, Felix, Dorani, Radin Mohd Nurrahman Radin, Glynn, Martha, Alherz, Mohammad, Goh, Wennweoi, Shiwani, Haaris A., Sproule, Lorraine, Conlon, Kevin C., Bala, Miklosh, Kedar, Asaf, Bianco, Federica, Steccanella, Francesca, Gallo, Gaetano, Trompetto, Mario, Clerico, Giuseppe, Papandrea, Matteo, Sammarco, Giuseppe, Sacco, Rosario, Giavarini, Luisa, Giglio, Mariano Cesare, Bucci, Luigi, Pagano, Gianluca, Sollazzo, Viviana, Peltrini, Roberto, Luglio, Gaetano, Birindelli, Arianna, Mingrone, Pietro, Selvaggi, Francesco, Selvaggi, Lucio, Pellino, Gianluca, Di Martino, Natale, Curletti, Gianluca, Aonzo, Paolo, Galleano, Raffaele, Berti, Stefano, Francone, Elisa, Boni, Silvia, Lorenzon, Laura, lo Conte, Annalisa, Balducci, Genoveffa, Confalonieri, Gianmaria, Pesenti, Giovanni, Gavagna, Laura, Vasquez, Giorgio, Targa, Simone, Occhionorelli, Savino, Andreotti, Dario, Armellini, Andrea, Chiesa, Deborah, Aquilino, Fabrizio, Chetta, Nicola, Picciariello, Arcangelo, Abdelkhalek, Mohamed, Belli, Andrea, De Franciscis, Silvia, Bigaran, Annamaria, Favero, Alessandro, Basso, Stefano M.M, Salusso, Paola, Perino, Martina, Mochet, Sylvie, Sasia, Diego, Riente, Francesco, Migliore, Marco, Basilicò, Silvia, Corbellini, Carlo, Lazzari, Veronica, Angelieri, Daniele, Coletta, Diego, Falaschi, Federica, Catani, Marco, Reali, Claudia, Malavenda, Mariastella, Del Basso, Celeste, Ribaldi, Sergio, Coletti, Massimo, Natili, Andrea, Depalma, Norma, Iannone, Immacolata, Antoniozzi, Angelo, Rossi, Davide, Gui, Daniele, Perrotta, Gerardo, Ripa, Matteo, Giardino, Francesco Ruben, Foco, Maurizio, Vicario, Erika, Nita, Gabriela Elisa, Leone, Nicoletta, Simioni, Andrea, De Boni, Davide, Pasquali, Sandro, Goldin, Elena, Vendramin, Elena, Ciccioli, Eleonora, Tedeschi, Umberto, Violi, Paola, Campagnaro, Tommaso, Conci, Simone, Lazzari, Giovanni, Iacono, Calogero, Gulielmi, Alfredo, Manfreda, Serena, Rinaldi, Anna, Ringressi, Maria Novella, Brunoni, Beatrice, Salamone, Giuseppe, Mangiapane, Mirko, De Marco, Paolino, La Brocca, Antonella, Tutino, Roberta, Silvestri, Vania, Licari, Leo, Fontana, Tommaso, Falco, Nicolò, Cocorullo, Gianfranco, Shalaby, Mostafa, Sileri, Pierpaolo, Arcudi, Claudio, Bsisu, Isam, Aljboor, Khaled, Abusalem, Lana, Alnusairat, Aseel, Qaissieh, Ahmad, Al‐Dakka, Emad, Ababneh, Ali, Halhouli, Oday, Yusufali, Taha, Mohammed, Hussein, Lando, Justu, Parker, Robert, Ndegwa, Wairimu, Gribauskaite, Jolanta, Kuliavas, Justa, Dulskas, Audriu, Samalavicius, Narimantas E., Jasaitis, Kristijona, Parseliunas, Audriu, Nevieraite, Viktorija, Slapelyte, Evelina, Dainius, Edvina, Subocius, Andreju, Venclauskas, Lina, Gulbinas, Antana, Kasputyte, Simona, Mikuckyte, Deimante, Kiudelis, Mindauga, Jankus, Toma, Petrikenas, Stepona, Pažuskis, Mata, Urniežius, Zigmanta, Vilčinskas, Manta, Banaitis, Vincas Jona, Gaižauskas, Vytauta, Grisin, Edvard, Mazrimas, Povila, Drungilas, Manta, Lagunavicius, Karoli, Lipnickas, Vytauta, Majauskyté, Dovilè, Abaliksta, Toma, Uščinas, Laimona, Simutis, Gintara, Ladukas, Adoma, Danys, Donata, Sruogiene, Elena Zdanyte, Višinskas, Petra, Žilinskienė, Reda, Dragatas, Deivida, Burmistrovas, Andriu, Tverskis, Zygimanta, Vaicius, Artura, Mazelyte, Ruta, Zadoroznas, Antana, Žiubrytė, Greta, Rahantasoa, Finaritra Casimir Fleur Prudence, Samison, Luc Hervé, Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Fanjandrainy, Tolotra, Todisoa Emmanuella Christina, Mukuzunga, Corneliu, Kwatiwani, Chimwemwe, Msiska, Nelson, Chai, Feng Yih, Asilah, Siti Mohd Desa, Syibrah, Khuzaimah Zahid, Chin, Pui Xin, Riswan, Nur Zulaika, Chong, Hoong‐Yin, Aziz, Nora Abdul, Poh, Keat‐Seong, Chai, Chu‐Ann, Kumar, Sandip, Taher, Mustafa Mohammed, Aziz, Dayang Nita Abdul, Julaihi, Rokayah, Jethwani, Durvesh Lacthman, Yahaya, Muhammad Taqiyuddin, Mathew, Susan Wndy, Chung, Kuet Jun, Nirumal, Milaksh Kumar, Tze, R. Goh Ern, Ali, Syed Abdul Wahhab Eusoffee Wan, Gan, Yiing Yee, Ting, Jesse Ron Swire, Sii, Samuel S. Y., Koay, Kean Leong, Tan, Yi Koon, Cheah, Alvin Ee Zhiun, Wong, Chui Yee, Nur'Azmah Tuan Mat, Tuan, Chow, Crystal Yern Nee, Har, Prisca A.L., Der, Yishan, Henry, Fitjerald, Low, Xinwei, Neo, Ya Theng, Heng, Hian Ee, Kong, Shu Ning, Gan, Cheewei, Mok, Yi Ting, Tan, Yee Wen, Palayan, Kandasami, Tata, Mahadevan Deva, Cheong, Yih Jeng, Gunaseelan, Kuhaendran, 'Ain Wan Mohd Nasir, Wan Nurul, Yoganathan, Pigeneswaren, Lee, Eu Xian, Saw, Jian Er, Yeang, Li Jing, Koh, Pei Ying, Lim, Shyang Yee, Teo, Shuang Yi, Grech, Nicole, Magri, Daniela, Cassar, Kristina, Mizzi, Christine, Falzon, Malcolm, Shaikh, Nihaal, Scicluna, Ruth, Zammit, Stefan, Mizzi, Sean, Brincat, Svetlana Dori, Tembo, Thelma, Le, Vu Thanh Hien, Grima, Tara, Sammut, Keith, Carabott, Kurt, Zarb, Ciskje, Navarro, Andre, Dimech, Thea, Camilleri, Georgette Marie, Bertuello, Isaac, Dalli, Jeffrey, Bonavia, Karl, Corro‐Diaz, Samantha, Manriquez‐Reyes, Marisol, Abdelhamid, Amina, Hrora, Abdelmalek, Benammi, Sarah, Bachri, Houda, Abbouch, Meryem, Boukhal, Khaoula, Bennai, Redouane Mammar, Belkouchi, Abdelkader, Jabal, Mohamed Sobhi, Benyaiche, Chaymae, Vermaas, Maarten, Duinhouwer, Lucia, Pastora, Javier, Wood, Greta, Merlo, Maria Soledad, Ajao, Akinlabi, Ayandipo, Omobolaji, Lawal, Taiwo, Abdurrazzaaq, Abdussemiu, Alada, Muslimat, Nasir, Abdulrasheed, Habeeb, Olufemi, Mendel, Henry, Bello, Bashir, Muktar, Umar, Olajide, Thomas Olagboyega, Oshati, Oyindamola, Ihediwa, George, Adenekan, Babajide, Nwinee, Victor, Lawal, Abdulrazzaq, Bode, Chri, Olugbemi, Mojolaoluwa, Odutola, Oluwatomi, Adebola, Oluwaseyi, Onuoha, Clement, Balogun, Fatai, Ajai, Olalekan, Njokanma, Iloba, Kache, Stephen, Ajah, Jonathan, Makama, Jerry, Adamu, Ahmed, Baba, Suleiman, Aliyu, Mohammad, Aliyu, Shamsudeen, Ukwenya, Yahaya, Aliyu, Halima, Sholadoye, Tunde, Daniyan, Muhammad, Ogunsua, Oluseyi, Sheshe, Abdurrahaman, Mshelbwala, Philip, Samson, Garba, Timothy, Oyediran Kehinde, Samuel, Sani Ali, Ajiboye, Anthony, Amole, Isaac, Abiola, Olajide, Olaolorun, Akin, Veen, Torhild, Kanani, Arezo, Styles, Kristian, Herikstad, Ragnar, Larsen, Johannes Wiik, Søreide, Jon Arne, Jensen, Elisabeth, Gran, Mad, Aahlin, Eirik Kju, Gaarder, Tina, Monrad‐Hansen, Peter Wiel, Næss, Pål Aksel, Lauzikas, Giedriu, Wiborg, Joachim, Holte, Silje, Augestad, Knut Magne, Banipal, Gurpreet Singh, Moe, Thomas Teten, Schultz, Johannes Kurt, Al‐taher, Taher, Hamdan, Ayah, Salman, Ayman, Saadeh, Rana, Musleh, Aseel, Jaradat, Dana, Abushamleh, Soha, Hanoun, Sakhaa, Qumbos, Amjad Abu, Hamarshi, Aseel, Taher, Ayman And, Qawasmi, Israa, Qurie, Khalid, Altarayra, Marwa, Ghannam, Mohammad, Shaheen, Alaa, Herebat, Azher, Abdelhaq, Aram, Shalabi, Ahmad, Abu‐toyour, Maram, Asi, Fatema, Shamasneh, Ala, Atiyeh, Anwar, Mustafa, Mousa, Zaa'treh, Rula, Dabboor, Majd, Alaloul, Ena, Baraka, Heba, Meqbil, Jehad, Al‐Buhaisi, Alaa, Elshami, Mohamedraed, Afana, Samah, Jaber, Sahar, Alyacoubi, Said, Abuowda, Yousef, Idress, Tasneem, Abuqwaider, Eman, Al‐saqqa, Sara, 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Britta, Nashidengo, Puyearashid, Hampton, Mark Ian, Joosten, Johanna, Sobnach, Sanju, Roodt, Liana, Sander, Anthony, Pape, Jame, Maistry, Niveshni, Ndwambi, Phumudzo, Kinandu, Kamau, Du Toit, Frederick, Ellison, Quinn, Burger, Sule, Grobler, DC, Khulu, Lawrence Bongani, Leusink, Astrid, Kariem, Nazmie, Gouws, Juan, Chu, Kathryn, Bougard, Heather, Noor, Fazlin, Dell, Angela, Van Straten, Stephanie, Khamajeet, Arvin, Tshisola, Serge Kapenda, Kabongo, Kalangu, Moodley, Yoshan, Anderson, Frank, Madiba, Thandinkosi, Plooy, Flip, Hartford, Leila, Chilton, Gareth, Karjiker, Parveen, Mabitsela, Matlou Ernest, Ndlovu, Sibongile Ruth, Badicel, Maria, Jaich, Robert, Ruiz‐Tovar, Jaime, Garcia‐Florez, Lui, Otero‐Díez, Jorge L., Pérez, Virginia Ramo, Suárez, Nuria Aguado, García, Javier Minguez, Moreno, Sara Corral, Collado, Maria Vicenta, Carneros, Virginia Jiménez, Septiem, Javier García, Gonzalez, Mariana, Picardo, Antonio, Esteban, Enrique, Ferrero, Esther, Espin‐Basany, Eloy, Blanco‐Colino, Ruth, Andriola, Valeria, Contreras, Elisa, Bernardo, Carmen García, Sanz, Sandra, León, Alberto Miyar, Dorismé, Asnel, Rodicio, Joselui, Suarez, Aida, Stuva, Jessica, Vico, Tamara Diaz, Fernandez‐Vega, Laura, Soldevila‐Verdeguer, Carla, Sena‐Ruiz, Fatima, Pujol‐Cano, Natalia, Diaz‐Jover, Paula, Garcia‐Perez, José Maria, Segura‐Sampedro, Juan Jose, Pineño‐Flores, Cristina, Ambrona‐Zafra, David, Craus‐Miguel, Andrea, Jimenez‐Morillas, Patricia, Mazzella, Angela, Jayathilake, A.B, Thalgaspitiya, S.P.B, Wijayarathna, L.S., Wimalge, P.M.S.N., Sanni, Hakeem Ayomi, Okenabirhie, Ogheneochuko, Homeida, Anmar, Younis, Abobaker, Omer, Omer Abdelbagi, Abdulaziz, Mustafa, Mussad, Ali, Adam, Ali, Sokratous, Aresti, Breistrand, Michaela, Sigurdadottir, Johanna, Nikberg, Maziar, Chabok, Abba, Elbe, Peter, Saraste, Deborah, Rutkowski, Wiktor, Forlin, Louise, Niska, Karoliina, Oswald, Denni, Peros, Georgio, Bluelle, Rafael, Reinisch, Katharina, Frey, Daniel, Palma, Adrian, Zumbühl, Luciu, Werder, Gabriela, Mahanty, Silke, Widmer, Lukas Werner, Müller, Julia, Gübeli, Alissa, Zuk, Grzegorz, Gulcicek, Osman Bilgin, Vartanoglu, Talar, Kose, Emin, Karahan, Servet Rustu, Aydin, Mehmet Can, Sahbaz, Nuri Alper, Halicioglu, Ilkay, Alis, Halil, Sapci, Ipek, Adıyaman, Can, Pektaş, Ahmet Murat, Cengiz, Turgut Bora, Tansoker, Ilkan, Işler, Vedatcan, Cevik, Muazzez, Mutlu, Deniz, Ozben, Volkan, Ozmen, Berk Bari, Bayram, Sefa, Yolcu, Sinem, Kobal, Berna Buse, Toto, Ömer Faruk, Çakaloğlu, Haluk Cem, Karabulut, Kagan, Mutlu, Vahit, Celik, Saban, Semiz, Anil, Bodur, Selim, Gül, Enisburak, Murutoglu, Busra, Yildirim, Reyyan, Baki, Bahadir Emre, Arslan, Ekin, Ulusahin, Mehmet, Guner, Ali, Walker, Nathan, Shrimanker, Nikhita, Cole, Simon, Breslin, Ryan, Srinivasan, Ravi, Hunter, Kristina, Al‐Bahrani, Ahmed, Mairs, Nora Grace, Rocke, Alistair, Dick, Lachlan, Qureshi, Mobeen, Chowdhury, Debkumar, Wright, Naomi, Skerritt, Clare, Kufeji, Dorothy, Ho, Adrienne, Dissanayake, Tharindra, Tennakoon, Athula, Ali, Wadah, Tan, Charlene, O'Neill, Stephen, Knight, Stephen, Nassif, Dima, Sharma, Abhishek, White, Rebecca, Mehdi, Aia, Post, Nathan, Kalakouti, Eliana, Dashnyam, Enkhbat, Stourton, Frederick, Mykoniatis, Ioanni, Wong, Francisca, Gupta, Ashish, Shatkar, Veeranna, Kadiwar, Suraj, Smedley, Alexander, Wakefield, Rebecca, Herrod, Philip, Blackwell, Jame, Cohen, Fraser, Bandi, Ashwath, Bond‐Smith, Gile, Farhangmehr, Neda, Perenyei, Miklo, Ireland, Philip, Bowling, Kirk, Bunting, David, Longstaff, Lydia, Keogh, Kenneth, Jeon, Hyunjin, Iqbal, Muhammad Rafaih, Khosla, Shivun, Jeffery, Anna, Perera, Jame, Alhammali, Tariq, Oram, Shaun, Kidd, Thoma, Cullen, Fraser, Owen, Christopher, Wilson, Michael, Chiu, Seehui, Sarafilovic, Hannah, Ploski, Jennifer, Evans, Elizabeth, Abbas, Athar, Kamya, Sylvia, Ishak, Norzawani, Bisset, Carly, Andress, Cedar, Chin, Ye Ru, Patel, Priya, Evans, David, Haslegrave, Aidan, Boggon, Adam, Laurie, Kirsten, Mann, Thoma, Mansuri, Anahita, Davies, Rachel, Shahbaz, Aized Raza, Eng, Calvin, Din, Farhat, L'Heveder, Ariadne, Park, Esther H.G., Ravishankar, Ramanish, McIntosh, Kirsten, Yau, Jih Dar, Chan, Luke, McGarvie, Susan, Tang, Lingshan, Lim, Hui, Yap, Suhhuey, Park, Jay, Ng, Zhan Herr, Mirza, Shahrukh, Ang, Yun Lin, Walls, Luke, Roy, Chloe, Paterson‐Brown, Simon, Mclean, Kenneth, D'Souza, Michelle S, Pronin, Savva, Henshall, David Ewart, Ter, Eunice Zuling, English, William, Morgan, Catrin, Townsend, Dominic, Maciejec, Laura, Mahdi, Shareef, Akpenyi, Onyinye, Hall, Elisabeth, Caydiid, Hanaan, Rob, Zakaria, Abbott, Tom, Torrance, Hew D, Johnston, Robin, Gani, Mohammed Akil, Rajmohan, Shivanchan, Majid, Kiran, Smith, Christopher, Palliyil, Madanmohan, Patel, Sanjay, Nicholson, Luke, Harvey, Neil, Shillito, Sam, Kershaw, Suzanne, Bamford, Rebecca, Orton, Peter, Reunis, Elke, Jama, Guled M., Dhillon, Dharminder, Patel, Khyati, Nanthakumaran, Shayanthan, Heard, Rachel, Chen, Kar Yan, Barmayehvar, Behrad, Datta, Uttaran, Kamarajah, Sivesh K, Tani, Sobhana Iftekhar, Donnelly, Philippa, Walker, Michael, Blacker, Sarah, Kaul, Anil, Paramasivan, Arjun, Farag, Sameh, Nessa, Ashrafun, Awadallah, Salwa, Lim, Jieqi, Ng, James Chean Khun, Kiran, Ravi P., Murray, Alice, Dasari, Mohini, Puyana, Juan, Haddad, Nadeem, Zielinski, Martin, Choudhry, Asad, Caliman, Celeste, Beamon, Mieshia, Duane, Therese, Myers, Jonathan, Deal, Rebecca, Makupe, Alex, Musowoya, Joseph, Van Der Naald, Niel, Kumwenda, Dayson, Reece‐Smith, Alex, Otten, Kar, Verbeek, Anna, Prins, Marloe, Suarez, Alibeth Andres Baquero, Deane, Chelsea, Dijan, Emilio, Elfiky, Mahmoud, Koskenvuo, Laura, Thollot, Aurore, Limoges, Bernard, Capito, Carmen, Alexandre, Challine, Kotobi, Henri, Leroux, Julien, Pinnagoda, Kalitha, Henric, Nicola, Azzis, Olivier, Rosello, Olivier, Francois, Poddevin, Etienne, Sara, Buisson, Philippe, Hmila, Sophian, Clegg‐Lamptey, Joe‐Nat, Imoro, Osman, Abem, Owusu Emmanuel, Papageorgiou, Dimitrio, Soulou, Vasiliki, Asturias, Sabrina, Peña, Lenin, O'Connor, Donal B, Luc, Alberto Reali, Russo, Alfio Alessandro, Ruzzenente, Andrea, Taddei, Antonio, Cona, Camilla, Bottini, Corrado, Pascale, Giovanni, Rotunno, Giuseppe, Solaini, Leonardo, Pascale, Marco Maria, Notarnicola, Margherita, Corbellino, Mario, Sacco, Michele, Ubiali, Paolo, Cautiero, Roberto, Bocchetti, Tommaso, Muzio, Elena, Guglielmo, Vania, Morandi, Eugenio, Mao, Patrizio, De Luca, Emilia, Ali, Farah Mahmoud, Žilinskas, Justa, Kondrotas, Pauliu, Baltrunas, Roberta, Kutkevicius, Juoza, Ignatavicius, Povila, Tan, Choy Ling, Siaw, Jia Yng, Yam, Sir Young, Wilson, Ling, Aziz, Mohamed Rezal Abdul, Bondin, John, Zorrilla, Carmina Diaz, Majbar, Ana, Sale, Danjuma, Abdullahi, Lawal, Osagie, Olabisi, Faboya, Omolara, Fatuga, Adedeji, Taiwo, Agboola, Nwabuoku, Emeka, Bliksøen, Marte, Khan, Zain Ali, Coronel, Jazmin, Miranda, Cesar, Vasquez, Idelso, Helguero‐Santin, Luis M., Rickard, Jennifer, Adedeji, Adesina, Alqahtani, Saleh, Rath, Max, Van Niekerk, Michael, Koto, Modise Zacharia, Matos‐Puig, Roel, Israelsson, Leif, Schuetz, Tobia, Yuksek, Mahmut Arif, Mericliler, Meric, Uluşahin, Mehmet, Yong, Guo Liang, Whitehurst, Katharine, Redgrave, Natalie, Musyoka, Caroluce K, Olivier, Jame, Lee, Kathryn, Cox, Michael, Farhan‐Alanie, Muhamed M H, Callan, Rory, Chibuye, Chali, Ali, Tebian Hassanein Ahmed, Rekhis, Syrine, Rommaneh, Muna, Sam, Zi Hao, Chen, Jacky Hong Chieh, Roi, Dylan, Pugliesi, Thays Brunelli, Pardo, Gabriel, Blanco, Ruth, Escobar, Eugenio Grasset, GlobSurg Collaboration, Group, and Sileri, P
Subjects: Male, modelos logísticos, medicine.medical_treatment, humanos, surgial care, Colorectal Neoplasm, países desarrollados, Logistic regression, outcomes, Global Health, urgencias médicas, 0302 clinical medicine, países en desarrollo, Surgical, estudios prospectivos, Colostomy, 80 and over, globalsurg, 030212 general & internal medicine, Prospective Studies, Prospective cohort study, Multivariate Analysi, mediana edad, Cancer, Aged, 80 and over, Emergencie, anciano, Anastomosis, colorectal resection, colostomy, Anastomosis, Surgical, General Medicine, Middle Aged, adulto, colostomy, colorectal cancer, human developlment index, 3. Good health, Colo-Rectal Cancer, traditional healers, Elective Surgical Procedures, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Female, Colorectal Neoplasms, 6.4 Surgery, low income, Cohort study, Human, Developed Countrie, Adult, Aged, Emergencies, Humans, Logistic Models, Multivariate Analysis, Developed Countries, Developing Countries, medicine.medical_specialty, neoplasias colorrectales, Logistic Model, cancer, anastomosis, surgical, income, stomas, colostomy procedure, colorectal resection, end colostomy, emergency surgical procedure, human development index, delay, Anastomosis, Perforation (oil well), lcsh:Surgery, GlobalSurg Collaborative, NO, 03 medical and health sciences, Case mix index, Clinical Research, medicine, cancer, análisis multifactorial, emergency abdominal surgery, low income, surgial care, traditional healers, cancer, mortality, outcomes, delay, Elective Surgical Procedure, business.industry, Kirurgi, left colon resection, anastomosis, end colostomy, Evaluation of treatments and therapeutic interventions, lcsh:RD1-811, Odds ratio, mortality, Surgery, Prospective Studie, business, Digestive Diseases, colostomía, emergency abdominal surgery
Abstract: Background: End colostomy rates following colorectal resection vary across institutions in high-income settings, being influenced by patient, disease, surgeon and system factors. This study aimed to assess global variation in end colostomy rates after left-sided colorectal resection. Methods: This study comprised an analysis of GlobalSurg-1 and -2 international, prospective, observational cohort studies (2014, 2016), including consecutive adult patients undergoing elective or emergency left-sided colorectal resection within discrete 2-week windows. Countries were grouped into high-, middle- and low-income tertiles according to the United Nations Human Development Index (HDI). Factors associated with colostomy formation versus primary anastomosis were explored using a multilevel, multivariable logistic regression model. Results: In total, 1635 patients from 242 hospitals in 57 countries undergoing left-sided colorectal resection were included: 113 (6.9 per cent) from low-HDI, 254 (15.5 per cent) from middle-HDI and 1268 (77.6 per cent) from high-HDI countries. There was a higher proportion of patients with perforated disease (57.5, 40.9 and 35.4 per cent; P, Medical Research Council, MR/N022114/1; National Institute for Health Research, 16/136/79
Published: 2019

33. Circulating Serum ST2 as a Biomarker of Disease Severity and Survival in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension

Author: Jun Yang, Melanie Nies, Megan Griffiths, Eric D. Austin, Catherine E. Simpson, Rachel L. Damico, Allen D. Everett, Dhananjay Vaidya, D. Dunbar Ivy, Michael W. Pauciulo, W.C. Nichols, Stephanie Brandal, and Paul M. Hassoun
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Disease severity, business.industry, Internal medicine, medicine, Biomarker (medicine), business, Gastroenterology
Published: 2019

34. Identification of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-2 (IGFBP2) as a Novel Biomarker for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension Severity and Survival

Author: Megan Griffiths, Jun Yang, D. Dunbar Ivy, Melanie Nies, William C. Nichols, Rachel L. Damico, Michael W. Pauciulo, Dhananjay Vaidya, Allen D. Everett, and Eric D. Austin
Subjects: biology, business.industry, biology.protein, Cancer research, Medicine, Biomarker (medicine), Identification (biology), business, Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein
Published: 2019

35. Do you get us? A multi-experiment, meta-analytic test of the effect of felt understanding in intergroup relations

Author: Jung-Ching Wu, Charlotte Walters, Andrew G. Livingstone, Heidi Wilson, Emily Boswell, Weiting Tan, Ben Fleming, Helen Mallinson King, Selina Hamilton, Anna Sharpe, Isabella Fisk, Laura Nesbitt, Weronika Kwak, Max Ferguson, Stacey Windeatt, Jack Oades, Sophia Accion Barr, Judith Kerry, Hannah Bibby, Rebecca Ayers, Jessica-Anne Shaw, Emil Kimber, Helena Inwood, Natascha Ingle, Jonathan White, Luke Ashman, Harry Douglas, Lara Durber, Josefine Nissen, Georgina Hurford, Emma Meehan, Lauren Mathews, Maija Morton, Isabella Plumbly, Megan Griffiths, Megan Ferreira, Caitlyn Ransom, Marta Szlajter, Man Chiu, Emma Harman, Louie Murphy, Eleanor Cowie, Georgia Price-Bish, Jessica Brown, Eleanor Doherr, and Gemma Windeatt
Subjects: Sociology and Political Science, Social Psychology, Feeling, media_common.quotation_subject, Outgroup, Psychology, Social psychology, Competence (human resources), media_common
Abstract: Felt understanding is a key determinant of positive inter-personal relations, but its role and potential benefits in intergroup relations have been neglected. In the first multi-study, pre-registered test of its intergroup effects, we manipulated intergroup felt understanding (understood vs. misunderstood by an outgroup) in six studies (N = 1195) and meta-analyzed its effects. The results in most intergroup contexts supported the prediction that feeling understood (vs. misunderstood) would lead to more positive intergroup orientations (r = 0.25) and action intentions (r = 0.12). These effects were distinct from the effects of feeling liked by an outgroup, which was also manipulated in each study. An important caveat was that the felt understanding manipulation's effect reversed when the outgroup was stereotypically low in competence, but high in warmth (older adults). Overall, the findings indicate the value of incorporating felt understanding into models of intergroup relations and how those relations can be improved.
Published: 2020

36. Megan Griffiths biocommentary

Author: Megan Griffiths
Subjects: Colorado, Hypertension, Pulmonary, Mentors, Cardiology, MEDLINE, Library science, Heart, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century, Pediatrics, South Africa, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Humans, Fellowships and Scholarships, Child, Psychology, Lung
Published: 2020

37. Correction: Endostatin and ST2 are predictors of pulmonary hypertension disease course in infants

Author: Jun Yang, Joseph M. Collaco, Jacky M. Jennings, Melanie Nies, Sharon A. McGrath-Morrow, Allen D. Everett, Grace Freire, Monica Williams, and Megan Griffiths
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Internal medicine, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, medicine, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Endostatin, medicine.disease, business, Pulmonary hypertension, Disease course
Published: 2020

38. Association of Neurodevelopmental Outcomes With Environmental Exposure to Cyclohexanone During Neonatal Congenital Cardiac Operations

Author: Megan Griffiths, Greg Ellis, Allen D. Everett, Melania M. Bembea, Jessie P. Buckley, Jun Yang, David R. Graham, and Eric M. Graham
Subjects: Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, General Medicine, Perioperative, Environmental exposure, Single Center, Bayley Scales of Infant Development, law.invention, Randomized controlled trial, Interquartile range, law, Cohort, medicine, Toddler, business
Abstract: Importance Cyclohexanone is an industrial solvent used as a coupling agent in medical plastics. Perioperative exposure to cyclohexanone could play a role in lower scores on measures of neurodevelopmental outcomes after neonatal cardiac operations. Objective To examine the presence and association of serum cyclohexanone level with neonatal cardiac operations and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants This ad hoc secondary analysis used data from the Corticosteroid Therapy in Neonates Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass randomized clinical trial. The cohort included neonates younger than 31 days and with at least 37 weeks postgestational age at surgical treatment who were enrolled at a single center between June 1, 2012, and October 31, 2016, and who had completed a neurodevelopmental assessment at age 12 months. Data were analyzed from July 8 to August 20, 2019. Exposures Serum cyclohexanone and its metabolites were measured preoperatively (prior to skin incision), postoperatively (immediately after the surgical procedure was completed), and 12 hours postoperatively. Cyclohexanone and the molar sum of its metabolites were examined at each point and as a geometric mean of all 3 points. Main Outcomes and Measures Neurodevelopment was assessed at age 12 months with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III, assessing cognitive, language, and motor function composite scores standardized to a population mean (SD) of 100 (15). Linear regression models were used to determine covariate-adjusted differences in 12-month cognitive, language, and motor composite scores per interquartile range increase in cyclohexanone level or summed metabolite molar concentrations. Results Among 85 included neonates, mean (SD) age at surgical treatment was 9.7 (5.3) days, 49 (58%) were boys, and 54 (64%) underwent corrective repair. Mean (SD) Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III composite scores were 108.2 (12.2) for cognitive function, 104.7 (11.0) for language function, and 94.7 (15.7) for motor function. Median (interquartile range) cyclohexanone levels increased approximately 3-fold from immediately prior to surgical treatment to immediately after surgical treatment (572 [389-974] vs 1744 [1469-2291] μg/L;P = .001). In adjusted analyses, higher geometric mean cyclohexanone levels were associated with significantly lower composite scores for cognitive (−4.23; 95% CI, −7.39 to −1.06;P = .01) and language (−3.65; 95% CI, −6.41 to −0.88;P = .01) function. The difference in composite scores for motor function among infants with higher geometric mean cyclohexanone levels was not statistically significant(−3.93, 95% CI: −8.19 to 0.33,P = .07). Conclusions and Relevance The findings of this secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial suggest that infants who underwent neonatal cardiac surgical treatment with cardiopulmonary bypass had substantial cyclohexanone levels, which were associated with adverse neurodevelopmental function at age 12 months. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier:NCT01579513
Published: 2020

39. Cellular sources of interleukin-6 and associations with clinical phenotypes and outcomes in pulmonary arterial hypertension

Author: D. Dunbar Ivy, Rachel L. Damico, Stephanie Brandal, Jun Yang, Eric D. Austin, Catherine E. Simpson, Katie A. Lutz, Anna W. Coleman, Paul M. Hassoun, Allen D. Everett, Jenny Y. Chen, R. Dhananjay Vaidya, Lisa J. Martin, Michael W. Pauciulo, Megan Griffiths, Melanie Nies, and William C. Nichols
Subjects: Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.medical_treatment, Myocytes, Smooth Muscle, Pulmonary Artery, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Gastroenterology, Article, Vascular remodelling in the embryo, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.artery, Internal medicine, medicine, Humans, Interleukin 6, Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension, biology, Interleukin-6, business.industry, Hazard ratio, Endothelial Cells, Interleukin, medicine.disease, Phenotype, Cytokine, 030228 respiratory system, Pulmonary artery, biology.protein, Biomarker (medicine), Portal hypertension, business
Abstract: The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 has been associated with outcomes in small pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) cohorts composed largely of patients with severe idiopathic PAH (IPAH). It is unclear whether IL-6 is a marker of critical illness or a mechanistic biomarker of pulmonary vascular remodelling. We hypothesised that IL-6 is produced by pulmonary vascular cells and sought to explore IL-6 associations with phenotypes and outcomes across diverse subtypes in a large PAH cohort.IL-6 protein and gene expression levels were measured in cultured pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and endothelial cells (PAECs) from PAH patients and healthy controls. Serum IL-6 was measured in 2017 well-characterised PAH subjects representing each PAH subgroup. Relationships between IL-6 levels, clinical variables, and mortality were analysed using regression models.Significantly higher IL-6 protein and gene expression levels were produced by PASMCs than by PAECs in PAH (pIL-6 is released from PASMCs, and circulating IL-6 is associated with specific clinical phenotypes and outcomes in various PAH subgroups, including subjects with less severe disease. IL-6 is a mechanistic biomarker, and thus a potential therapeutic target, in certain PAH subgroups.
Published: 2020

40. Effectiveness of a national quality improvement programme to improve survival after emergency abdominal surgery (EPOCH): a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial

Author: Carol J Peden, Tim Stephens, Graham Martin, Brennan C Kahan, Ann Thomson, Kate Rivett, Duncan Wells, Gerry Richardson, Sally Kerry, Julian Bion, Rupert M Pearse, Rupert Pearse, Carol Peden, Brennan Kahan, Stephen Brett, Gareth Ackland, Mike Grocott, Peter Holt, Glenn Robert, Obioha Ukoumunne, Justin Waring, Kirsty Everingham, Mandeep Phull, David Cromwell, Rachel Evley, Richard Lilford, David Kocman, Miqdad Asaria, Carolyn Tarrant, Fan Yang, Ajit Abraham, Pieter Bothma, Daniel Conway, Clare Stapleton, Mark Edwards, Gary Minto, David Saunders, Tom Owen, Carl Waldmann, Paul Hayden, Michael Gillies, Sean Tighe, Neil Smith, Monty Mythen, David Murray, Dileep Lobo, Martin Leuwer, Justin Kirk-Bayley, Simon Howell, Anthony Gordon, Iain Anderson, Jose Lourtie, Simon Walker, Sharon Drake, Dave Murray, Nick Watson, Tamas Szakmany, Robert Sutcliffe, Ravi Mahajan, Alan Girling, Gordon Forbes, Omar Faiz, Mark Blunt, Surjait Singh, Alistair Steel, Kate Wong, Leilani Cabreros, Vivek Chitre, Ayodele Obideyi, Dhiraj Ali, Karl Blenk, Dan Broad, Andreas Brodbeck, Rajesh Dumpala, Arnth Engel, Ranjit Ganepola, Sudha Garg, Mike Gay, Michael Karlikowsk, Edward Lams, Dean Millican, Inga Misane, Ajaya Mull, Veena Naik, Nathan Pushpa, Chris Nutt, Saravanna Sagadai, Hazel Stuart, Paul Noble, Niko Van De Velde, Liam Hudson, Raoul Benlloch, Satish Singh, Karan Verma, Damian Laba, Jack Carmichael, Peter Richardson, Graham Wilson, Ricky Lewis, Karthik Surendran, Essam El-Damatty, Sarada Gurung, Ilona Raulusaite, Nabua Gerstina, Chloe Rochester, Rai Kuldip, Andrew Lindner, Therese Murray, Chitre Vivek, Roshan Lal, Sarah Downey, Vamsi Velchuru, Kamal Aryal, Raman Guruswamy, Kirosh Shankar, Helen Porter, Matthew Tutton, Helen Agostini, Simon Fletcher, Richard Wharton, Steve Hutchinson, Bala Maiya, Richard Howard-Griffin, Michael Crabtree, Vlad Kushakovsky, Abdel Omer, Senthil Nadarajavan, Stephanie Bell, Vishal Patil, Asif Jah, Razeen Mahroof, Nicholas Watson, John Tansley, Gareth Moncaster, Neil Flint, Andrew Miller, Marcus Wood, Andreou Prematie, Sally Roth, Sarah Bowery, Dawn Hales, Tanuja Shah, Gill Tierney, Craig Morris, Syed Iftikhar, Amit Shukla, Grainne O'Dwyer, Adam Wolverson, Ferdinand Adams, Laura Perrin-Brown, Tim White, Sarah Beavis, Victoria Banks, John Abercrombie, Jonathon Mole, Avninder Chana, Ayan Banerjea, David Humes, Rajpal Dhingsa, John Wells, Stephanie Brown, Kenneth Adegoke, Barclay Tofte, Ana Alegria, Nat Natarajan, Mansoor Akhtar, Samer Doughan, John Mackinnon, Biju Aravind, Esther Cook, Mark Snazelle, Matt Gardner, Lee Baldwin, Simon Bailey, Greg Lawton, Nandita Divekar, Neil Kukreja, Mansoor Sange, Mark Watson, Mallikarjunappa Satisha, Michael Protopapas, Zakaulla Belagodu, Shameem Sarfi, Pasupathy Raju, Brenda Stacey, Tim Campbell-Smith, Simon Parrington, Somi Desikan, Andrew Brennan, John Griffith, Steve Fletcher, Catherine Farrow, Stewart Prestwich, Laura Graham, Martin Northey, Jay Gokhale, Frances Mosley, Peter Alexander, Abhiram Sharma, Will Brady, John Hopper, Oliver Hill, Sandeep Varma, Christopher Macklin, Alastair Rose, Harjeet Narula, Sarah Buckley, Karen Simeson, Kevin Sim, Michael Chadwick, Preeti Kuduvalli, Susan Dowling, Amanda McCairn, Lawrence Wilson, Dale Vimalchandran, Anita Jhamatt, Nicole Robin, David Monk, David Bottomley, Oliver Zuzan, Ingeborg Welters, Davina Ross-Anderson, Charles Knowles, Nick Bunker, Ying Hu, Marta Januszewska, Phoebe Bodger, Edyta Niebrzegowska, Carmen Correia, Richard Haslop, Tom Abbott, Tabitha Tanqueray, Sanjay Wijeykoon, Susan Jain, Jens Full, Tamzin Cuming, Flora Bailey, Stelios Chatzimichail, Pedro Cunha, Almas Rehman, Manab Mohanty, Nicola Radford, Otto Mohr, Hitesh Patel, Dolores Mateo, Ashok Raj, Michael Machesney, Nazar Abdul, Kim Jemmet, Marta Campbell, David Inglis, Thomas Parker, Thomas Medici, Peter Chan, Nathan Borgeaud, Dipankar Mukherjee, Oluremi Odejinmi, Tomas Jovaisa, Elizabeth Harwood, Ramani Moonesinghe, Jonathan Mccullough, Jigna Modha, Sanjiv Patel, James Limb, Sheshagiri Bengeri, Amir Rafi, Elizabeth Hall, James Brown, Bruce Gibson, Una McNelis, Mike Bradburn, Maria Lawson, Sara Pick, Matthew Gaughan, David Browell, Vanessa Linnett, Jenny Ritzema, Paul O'Loughlin, Sean Cope, John Corson, Alistair Roy, Julie Furneval, Anitha Holtham, Sophie Noblett, Chris Dawson, Fiona McMenemie, Stefan Pulsa, Ian Clement, Verity Calder, Katherine Allen, Catherine Rimmer, Helen Reed, Christine Boyd, Diane Monkhouse, Peter Davies, Jost Mullenheim, Emanuel Cirstea, Martyn Cain, Kirsty Baillie, Arnab Bhowmick, Keiarash Jovestani, Sean Mcmullan, Emma Durant, Alexandra Williams, Donna Doyle, Jason Cupitt, Jonathon Barker, Nick Harper, Emma Brennan, Daren Subar, Robert Shawcross, Dominic Sebastian, Panna Patel, Gillian O'Connell, Jyrki Karvonen, Maitra Ishaan, Alison Hool, Karen Burns, Carol Mcarthur, Tezas Stergios, Singh Gursevak, Makvana Sonia, Heather Pratt, Kaighan Lynne, Sean McAfee, Chris Lewis, Wael Khalaf, Chris Coldwell, Christine Bronder, Mark Wilkinson, Emma Davis, Glenn Arnold, Paul Ziprin, Rachel Bartlett, Martin Stotz, Rovan D'souza, Phillippa Pemberton, Banwari Agarwal, Anita Sugavanam, Melanie Tan, Massimo Varcada, Craig Lyness, Andrew Thorniley, Ash Prabhudesai, Ruth Griffin, Shubha Vashisht, James Harris, Julie Wakeford, Sergei Vaganov, Yasser Mohsen, Alister Myers, Qamar Iqbal, Simon Harris, Sami Ijaz, James Burrow, Francesca Rubulotta, Nabil El-Masry, Nicola Stranix, Tamsin Rope, Lampros Liasis, Tariq Husain, Josef Watfah, Megan Griffiths, Janindra Warusavitarne, Charles Cartwright, Linden Baxter, Rakhee Visavadia, Malcolm Sim, Chris Wilson, Paul Harrison, Dewi Williams, Maria Bews-Hair, Wayne Wrathall, Catherine Jardine, Paul Mclaren, Fanus Dreyer, Paddy Collins, Jennifer Edwards, Susan Moug, Kevin Rooney, Erin Mcilveen, Steven Henderson, Linda Graham, Gail Stark, Lynn Taylor, Mark Munro, Lynn Stewart, Natalie Dickinson, Laura Rooney, Lindsay Bailey, Diane Murray, Tim Geary, Simon Gibson, Colin Pow, Kerwei Tan, Richard Stevenson, Ewen Harrison, Peter Lamb, Kate Carey, Laura Fitton, Fabian Cook, Magen Schwarz, Alan Morrison, Gavin Bryce, Khaled Razouk, Kathryn Cain, Gudrun Kunst, Savvas Papagrigoriadis, Phil Hopkins, Adrian Fawcet, Britta O'Carroll-Kuehn, Amira Girgis, Stas Janokowski, Sami Farhat, Stella Vig, Nada Hadi, Anthony Parsons, Maurizio Cecconi, David Melville, Richard Hartopp, Justin Woods, Isabella Karat, David Gerrard, Edward Curtis, Krishnamurthy Somasekar, Tom Morgan-Jones, Michael Martin, Mark Henwood, Gordon Milne, Ajit Sivasankaranand, Alexandra Scott, Xavier Escofet, Piroska Toth-Tarsoly, Majed Al Shama, Valerie Hilton, Huw Davis, Gail Williams, Tim Harvard, Peter Fitzgerald, Dom Hurford, Babu Muthuswamy, Gethin Williams, Jack Parry Jones, Nick Mason, Ramesh Rajagopal, Shrisha Shenoy, Magdy Khater, Richard Morgan, Nikolaos Makris, Anil Hermandes, Andrew White, Guy Finch, Matt Outram, Jonny Wilkinson, Jennifer Spimpolo, Debbie Shaw, Marion Obichere, Giovanni Brescia, Flavia Menezes, Helena Stafford, Malcolm Watters, Chris Thorn, Julian Stone, Sam Andrews, Nicola Lythell, Helen Langton, Stephen Baxter, Roy Fernandes, Rame Sunthareswaran, Alastair Ankers, Kumar Panikkar, Simon Sleight, Belinda Cornforth, Louise Bell, Phil Dodd, Fenella Welsh, Geoff Watson, Frankie Dorman, Guy Nash, James Bromilow, Fran Haigh, David Pogson, Stuart Mercer, Vanessa Tucker, Carolyn Way, James Kirby-Bott, Jenny McLachan, Rob Chambers, Rachael Craven, Jane Blazeby, Dan Freshwater-Turner, Lorna Burrows, Helen Howes, Iain Christie, Mark Coleman, Sam Waddy, Grant Sanders, Abigail Patrick, Catherine Pitman, Susan Tyson, Hannah Smith, Guy Rousseau, Mark Cartmell, Jan Hanousek, Nigel Hollister, Lynsey Kightly, Mark Pulletz, Anjay Talwar, Susie Baker, Ruth Thomas, Richard Gibbs, Hamish Noble, Joseph Silsby, Helen Black, Thomas Evans, Robert DeBrunner, Nicola Cook, Stacy Hodges, Amanda Stevens, Rowena Felipe, Jonathan Paddle, Denzil May, Alison Pickford, Sid Riddington, Olga Tucker, Simon Smart, Jeremy Marwick, Nigel Suggett, Ewen Griffiths, David Riddington, Kathryn Gill, Neil Cruickshank, Jay Susarla, Emma Leno, Julie Colley, Andrew Burtenshaw, Stephen Lake, Jamie Greenwood, Sian Bhardwaj, Jessica Thrush, Julie Wollaston, Julian Sonksen, Rajan Patel, Adrian Jennings, David Stanley, Jenny Wright, Chris Horner, Faisal Baig, Katie Cooke, Jagdeep Singh, Andrew Claxton, Nazzia Mirza, Simon Hester, Georgia Knight, Peeyush Kumar, Taj Saran, Gabriele Marangoni, Roger Townsend, Andy Thacker, Anne Scase, Meghna Sharma, and Beth Hale
Subjects: Program evaluation, Male, medicine.medical_specialty, Quality management, Enhanced Peri-Operative Care for High-risk patients (EPOCH) trial group, medicine.medical_treatment, MEDLINE, Audit, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Disease cluster, State Medicine, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Randomized controlled trial, law, Laparotomy, General & Internal Medicine, medicine, Cluster Analysis, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Emergency Treatment, Digestive System Surgical Procedures, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, business.industry, General Medicine, Middle Aged, Quality Improvement, Survival Analysis, United Kingdom, Emergency medicine, Critical Pathways, Female, business, Abdominal surgery, Program Evaluation
Abstract: Summary Background Emergency abdominal surgery is associated with poor patient outcomes. We studied the effectiveness of a national quality improvement (QI) programme to implement a care pathway to improve survival for these patients. Methods We did a stepped-wedge cluster-randomised trial of patients aged 40 years or older undergoing emergency open major abdominal surgery. Eligible UK National Health Service (NHS) hospitals (those that had an emergency general surgical service, a substantial volume of emergency abdominal surgery cases, and contributed data to the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit) were organised into 15 geographical clusters and commenced the QI programme in a random order, based on a computer-generated random sequence, over an 85-week period with one geographical cluster commencing the intervention every 5 weeks from the second to the 16th time period. Patients were masked to the study group, but it was not possible to mask hospital staff or investigators. The primary outcome measure was mortality within 90 days of surgery. Analyses were done on an intention-to-treat basis. This study is registered with the ISRCTN registry, number ISRCTN80682973. Findings Treatment took place between March 3, 2014, and Oct 19, 2015. 22 754 patients were assessed for elegibility. Of 15 873 eligible patients from 93 NHS hospitals, primary outcome data were analysed for 8482 patients in the usual care group and 7374 in the QI group. Eight patients in the usual care group and nine patients in the QI group were not included in the analysis because of missing primary outcome data. The primary outcome of 90-day mortality occurred in 1210 (16%) patients in the QI group compared with 1393 (16%) patients in the usual care group (HR 1·11, 0·96–1·28). Interpretation No survival benefit was observed from this QI programme to implement a care pathway for patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery. Future QI programmes should ensure that teams have both the time and resources needed to improve patient care. Funding National Institute for Health Research Health Services and Delivery Research Programme.
Published: 2018

41. Patient selection for high sensitivity cardiac troponin testing and diagnosis of myocardial infarction: prospective cohort study

Author: Anoop S V, Shah, Yader, Sandoval, Ala, Noaman, Anne, Sexter, Amar, Vaswani, Stephen W, Smith, Mathew, Gibbins, Megan, Griffiths, Andrew R, Chapman, Fiona E, Strachan, Atul, Anand, Martin A, Denvir, Philip D, Adamson, Michelle S, D'Souza, Alasdair J, Gray, David A, McAllister, David E, Newby, Fred S, Apple, and Nicholas L, Mills
Subjects: Male, Research, Patient Selection, Troponin I, Myocardial Infarction, Middle Aged, Corrections, Sensitivity and Specificity, United Kingdom, United States, Predictive Value of Tests, Prevalence, Humans, Female, Prospective Studies, Emergency Service, Hospital
Abstract: Objective To evaluate how selection of patients for high sensitivity cardiac troponin testing affects the diagnosis of myocardial infarction across different healthcare settings. Design Prospective study of three independent consecutive patient populations presenting to emergency departments. Setting Secondary and tertiary care hospitals in the United Kingdom and United States. Participants High sensitivity cardiac troponin I concentrations were measured in 8500 consecutive patients presenting to emergency departments: unselected patients in the UK (n=1054) and two selected populations of patients in whom troponin testing was requested by the attending clinician in the UK (n=5815) and the US (n=1631). The final diagnosis of type 1 or type 2 myocardial infarction or myocardial injury was independently adjudicated. Main outcome measures Positive predictive value of an elevated cardiac troponin concentration for a diagnosis of type 1 myocardial infarction. Results Cardiac troponin concentrations were elevated in 13.7% (144/1054) of unselected patients, with a prevalence of 1.6% (17/1054) for type 1 myocardial infarction and a positive predictive value of 11.8% (95% confidence interval 7.0% to 18.2%). In selected patients, in whom troponin testing was guided by the attending clinician, the prevalence and positive predictive value were 14.5% (843/5815) and 59.7% (57.0% to 62.2%) in the UK and 4.2% (68/1631) and 16.4% (13.0% to 20.3%) in the US. Across both selected patient populations, the positive predictive value was highest in patients with chest pain, with ischaemia on the electrocardiogram, and with a history of ischaemic heart disease. Conclusions When high sensitivity cardiac troponin testing is performed widely or without previous clinical assessment, elevated troponin concentrations are common and predominantly reflect myocardial injury rather than myocardial infarction. These observations highlight how selection of patients for cardiac troponin testing varies across healthcare settings and markedly influences the positive predictive value for a diagnosis of myocardial infarction.
Published: 2017

42. Heritage Lost:The cultural impact of wildlife crime in South Africa

Author: Megan Griffiths
Subjects: Economic growth, Wildlife tourism, Wildlife, Cultural impact, Poaching, General Medicine, Victimisation, rhino, Big Five, heritage, culture, illegal trade in wildlife, Wildlife crime, Political science, poaching, cultural victimisation, Wildlife conservation
Abstract: Crimes against wildlife have been in the spotlight in South Africa in the past decade – largely due to the escalation of rhino poaching. As a custodian of iconic species, South Africa is at the heart of the illicit and licit wildlife economy. Since the country’s economy relies on wildlife tourism as one of its sources of income, poaching has economic consequences. The negative impact, however, extends into the cultural sphere too. Some fear that extinction will rob future generations of the chance to experience wildlife, thus depriving them of their rightful cultural heritage. This commentary piece suggests that wildlife crime may be a form of cultural victimisation for people who feel that wildlife is part of their identity. It does so while acknowledging that poverty and other structural limitations prevent many South Africans from experiencing wildlife in this way, and that some may feel indifferent or resentful towards conservation initiatives if their basic needs are not met.
Published: 2017

43. Enhanced Meaning in Work Through Efficient and Effective Discharge Summaries

Author: Karen Rubin, Kalpana Shenoy, Megan Griffiths, Christopher Grindle, Christine Skurkis, Christine Pulice, and Edwin L. Zalneraitis
Subjects: Work (electrical), Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Meaning (existential), Psychology, Linguistics
Published: 2018

44. T-Cell Receptor Excision Circles in Newborns with Congenital Heart Disease

Author: Zhu Wang, Olga H. Toro-Salazar, Nicholas Bennett, Tam Doan, Neha Ahluwalia, Michelle M. Cloutier, Ji Hyun Lee, Brooke T. Davey, Adrienne Manning, Robert W. Elder, María Honrubia Pérez, and Megan Griffiths
Subjects: Heart Defects, Congenital, Male, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, Heart disease, Population, Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, Immune Dysfunction, Sensitivity and Specificity, 03 medical and health sciences, Neonatal Screening, 0302 clinical medicine, 030225 pediatrics, Chart review, medicine, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, 030212 general & internal medicine, education, Newborn screening, education.field_of_study, T-cell receptor excision circles, business.industry, Infant, Newborn, Outcome measures, medicine.disease, Hospitalization, Connecticut, Case-Control Studies, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, business
Abstract: To determine if children with congenital heart disease (CHD) have lower newborn T-cell receptor excision circles (TREC) levels than the general population and to evaluate if low TREC levels in newborns with CHD are associated with clinical complications such as hospitalization for infection.The Connecticut Newborn Screening Program reported TREC levels for newborns with CHD delivered between October 2011 and September 2016 at 2 major Connecticut children's hospitals. TREC levels for children with CHD were compared with the general population. TREC levels and outcome measures, including hospitalization for infection, were compared.We enrolled 575 participants with CHD in the study. The median TREC level for newborns with CHD was lower than the general population (180.1 copies/μL vs 312.5 copies/μL; P .01). patients with CHD requiring hospitalization for infection had lower median TREC levels than their counterparts (143.0 copies/μL vs 186.7 copies/μL; P .01). The combination of prematurity and low TREC level had a strong relationship to hospitalization for infection (area under the receiver operative characteristic curve of 0.89). There was no association between TREC level and CHD severity.Newborns with CHD demonstrated lower TREC levels than the general population. Low TREC levels were associated with hospitalization for infection in preterm children with CHD. Study limitations include that this was a retrospective chart review. These findings may help to identify newborns with CHD at highest risk for infection, allowing for potential opportunities for intervention.
Published: 2019

45. Continuing need for and provision of a service for non-standard implant removal

Author: Mary Pillai, A Caroline Gazet, and Megan Griffiths
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Forceps, Program activities, Obstetrics and Gynecology, General Medicine, Implant removal, Surgery, Under local anaesthesia, Reproductive Medicine, Surgical equipment, medicine, Outpatient clinic, Implant, Contraceptive implant, business
Abstract: Background and methodology Information is presented on the management of women referred to a sexual health service during a 1-year period for management of a non-palpable contraceptive implant or of a palpable implant considered unsuitable for routine removal. Results Fifty-two women were referred. Thirty-four implants were non-palpable and their depth on ultrasound ranged from 2.7 to 12 mm. Seventeen were fully or partly palpable and their depth ranged from 3 mm or less (16 cases) to 5.6 mm (one case). Nine had had previous failed attempts at removal, including three with two previous failed attempts. Three implants were located at sites other than the medial aspect of the arm, and were associated with long localisation times. Forty-seven implants were removed at a one-stop clinic appointment through a 2–3 mm incision using ring forceps. The mean time for removal from making the incision to complete extraction was 4.8 minutes. Three cases judged to be of higher risk were removed under local anaesthesia in theatre through a 15 mm incision. These included the only case where removal was attempted unsuccessfully in the outpatient clinic. Seven of the implants were Nexplanon ® , including four cases seen during the last month of data collection. Conclusions Removal with the technique described is rapid, with an average time of 4–5 minutes, and less than 10 minutes in >90% of cases. Preliminary indications suggest that the introduction of Nexplanon has not resolved the problem of deep implant insertion. Based on our experience we suggest criteria for centres providing removal of deep implants.
Published: 2013

46. Crash Course Gastrointestinal System Updated Edition - E-Book : Crash Course Gastrointestinal System Updated Edition - E-Book

Author: Megan Griffiths and Megan Griffiths
Subjects: Digestive organs, Gastrointestinal system
Abstract: Crash Course – your effective every day study companion PLUS the perfect antidote for exam stress! Save time and be assured you have all the core information you need in one place to excel on your course and achieve exam success. A winning formula now for over 15 years, each series volume has been fine tuned and fully updated, with an improved layout tailored to make your life easier. Especially written by senior medical students or recent graduates – those who have just been in the exam situation – with all information thoroughly checked and quality assured by expert faculty advisers, the result are books which exactly meet your needs and you know you can trust. Each provides an integrated approach to the subject by linking together topics such as anatomy, development, histology, physiology and pharmacology. This new edition also incorporates enhanced clinical coverage, with additional material on common diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and their management, clinical assessment and examination, common skills and further investigations. Commencing with clear'Learning Objectives', every chapter guides you succinctly through the topic, giving full coverage of the curriculum whilst avoiding unnecessary and often confusing detail. A fully revised self-assessment section matching the latest exam formats is also included. - More than 100 illustrations present clinical, diagnostic and practical information in an easy-to-follow manner - Friendly and accessible approach to the subject makes learning especially easy - Written by students for students - authors who understand exam pressures - Contains'Hints and Tips'boxes, and other useful aide-mémoires - Succinct coverage of the subject enables'sharp focus'and efficient use of time during exam preparation - Contains a fully updated self-assessment section - ideal for honing exam skills and self-testing - Self-assessment section fully updated to reflect current exam requirements - Contains'common exam pitfalls'as advised by faculty - Crash Courses also available electronically! - Online self-assessment bank also available - content edited by Dan Horton-Szar!
Published: 2015

47. T-CELL RECEPTOR EXCISION CIRCLES: A NOVEL APPROACH TO IDENTIFY IMMUNODEFICIENCY IN NEWBORNS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE

Author: Neha Ahluwalia, Robyn Bernstein, Michelle M. Cloutier, Rosa Rodrigues, Louis Rigos, Nancy Cross, Robert W. Elder, Megan Griffiths, Adrienne Manning, Ji Hyun Lee, Olga H. Salazar, Tam Doan, Brooke Davey, Nicholas Bennett, and María Honrubia Pérez
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Severe combined immunodeficiency, Heart disease, T-cell receptor excision circles, business.industry, medicine.disease, Internal medicine, medicine, Biomarker (medicine), Lymphopoiesis, Risk factor, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Receptor, business, Immunodeficiency
Abstract: Routine childhood infections in patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) are a risk factor for morbidity and death. T-cell Receptor Excision Circles (TRECs) are an established biomarker of T-cell lymphopoiesis and low TREC levels are a marker for Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID). False
Published: 2018

48. Around 9% of patients with ischaemic stroke are suitable for thrombectomy

Author: Megan Griffiths, Robin Kearney, David Cohen, Rajaram Bathula, and Vinoth Nadesalingam
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Endovascular therapy, Hyperacute stroke, Stroke, Ischaemic stroke, Emergency medicine, Physical therapy, Medicine, Humans, cardiovascular diseases, Cardiology Service, Hospital, business, Thrombectomy
Abstract: As suggested by Apps and colleagues,1 we have already quantified the group of patients with stroke who are eligible for thrombectomy. After publication of the thrombectomy trials, we studied all admissions to our hyperacute stroke unit to see how many would be eligible for endovascular therapy if the trial criteria were applied. The criteria were …
Published: 2015

49. High-sensitivity troponin and novel biomarkers for the early diagnosis of non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in patients with atrial fibrillation

Author: Francisco Ojeda, Nicholas L. Mills, Anoop S V Shah, Tanja Zeller, Stefan Blankenberg, Till Keller, Philipp Peitsmeyer, Karl J. Lackner, Nils A Sörensen, Thomas Münzel, Megan Griffiths, S. S. Johannsen, and Renate B. Schnabel
Subjects: Male, medicine.medical_specialty, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Fatty Acid-Binding Proteins, Sensitivity and Specificity, Biomarkers, Pharmacological, Angina Pectoris, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Copeptin, Troponin T, Internal medicine, Troponin I, Atrial Fibrillation, medicine, ST segment, Humans, 030212 general & internal medicine, Myocardial infarction, Prospective Studies, Non-ST Elevated Myocardial Infarction, Aged, Fibrillation, biology, business.industry, Glycopeptides, Atrial fibrillation, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Troponin, Early Diagnosis, Area Under Curve, biology.protein, Cardiology, Female, medicine.symptom, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, business, Fatty Acid Binding Protein 3
Abstract: To evaluate the diagnostic performance of high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) and other novel biomarkers for diagnosing non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) in patients with atrial fibrillation.In an acute chest pain cohort (N=1673), mean age 61.4±13.6 (34% female), we measured hsTnI and 13 established and novel biomarkers reflecting ischaemia, necrosis, inflammation, myocardial stress, angiogenesis on admission and after three hours in order to investigate their diagnostic accuracy for NSTEMI.In atrial fibrillation patients (N=299) hsTnI on admission had the best discriminatory ability for NSTEMI (area under the curve 0.97) with only two novel biomarkers, copeptin and heart-type fatty acid binding protein, having area under the curve0.70. Measured biomarkers showed comparable discriminatory ability in atrial fibrillation and non-atrial fibrillation patients. The combination of hsTnI on admission with additional biomarkers did not clinically significantly improve diagnostic performance. In atrial fibrillation patients, hsTnI concentrations ⩽21.7 ng/L (99th percentile in a healthy German cohort) on admission gave a negative predictive value of ~100% (95% confidence interval 97-100%). The combination of hsTnI on admission and absolute change of hsTnI concentration after three hours of ⩾40 ng/L resulted in a positive predictive value of 81.2% and sensitivity of 88.6%. Diagnostic accuracy was validated in an independent cohort (N=1076).The diagnostic accuracy of hsTnI in patients with acute chest pain and atrial fibrillation is high and comparable to those without atrial fibrillation. Absolute change in hsTnI concentration enhanced diagnostic performance. No clinically relevant improvement was achieved by adding other biomarkers.
Published: 2015

50. 112 High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin, Pre-Test Probability and the Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Cohort Study

Author: Nicholas L. Mills, Mathew Gibbins, Michelle D Souza, Ala Noaman, Gray Alasdair, Megan Griffiths, David E. Newby, Fiona E. Strachan, Anoop S V Shah, Atul Anand, Andrew R. Chapman, Amar Vaswani, and David A. McAllister
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Acute coronary syndrome, business.industry, Hazard ratio, Emergency department, medicine.disease, Pre- and post-test probability, Internal medicine, Cohort, cardiovascular system, medicine, Cardiology, Myocardial infarction, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Prospective cohort study, business, Blood sampling
Abstract: Background Cardiac troponin is integral to the diagnosis of myocardial infarction, but is elevated in many patients without acute coronary syndrome. We evaluate the impact of a clinical assessment of pre-test probability on the positive predictive value (PPV) of cardiac troponin for a diagnosis of myocardial infarction. Methods In 1,054 consecutive patients undergoing blood sampling in the Emergency Department, cardiac troponin I was measured in excess serum using a high-sensitivity assay. Patients were classified as type 1 or type 2 myocardial infarction, or myocardial injury, and the prevalence determined in the entire cohort and in those where testing was requested by the attending physician. We determine the predicted PPV for type 1 myocardial infarction across different pre-test probabilities. Results Cardiac troponin was requested in 136 patients identifying 15 (11.3%) with type 1 myocardial infarction. Testing everyone identified 2 further patients with type 1 (17/1,054 [1.7%]), but 127 (12%) patients with type 2 myocardial infarction or myocardial injury. In patients selected for testing the PPV for type 1 myocardial infarction was 50.0% (95% confidence interval [CI] 32.8%-67.2%), falling to 13.6% (95% CI 8.0%-19.7%) when measured across the cohort. The PPV was heavily influenced by the pre-test probability (Figure 1). Irrespective of diagnosis, cardiac troponin was a independent predictor of death (hazard ratio 1.26 per 2-fold increase, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.49) (Figure 2). Conclusions Cardiac troponin concentrations are elevated in one in eight patients in the Emergency Department. If testing is performed without an assessment of pre-test probability, interpretation of cardiac troponin will be challenging and may adversely impact on the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction.
Published: 2016

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