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Since the COVID‐19 pandemic, ongoing reports have highlighted the urgency of addressing anti‐Black racism within Canada's healthcare system. The paucity of research within a Canadian context has created growing concerns among Millennials and Generation Zs for healthcare to address growing health disparities and health inequities that are attributed to institutional and structural racism. Recognizing the paradigm shift that has occurred because of the pandemic and the sleuth of racial killings, the nursing classroom has witnessed a change and a need for nursing education to be relevant for the cohort of nursing students who are seeking answers. The scarcity of nursing literature addressing diverse forms of learning demonstrates the need for nursing education to explore new ways of being diverse, inclusive and innovative when teaching intergenerationally. In this paper, the author challenges nurse educators to revisit the student–educator relationship by introducing critical digital pedagogy to dismantle anti‐Black racism and promote student–educator engagement for transformative learning to occur. As an educator, the author implements the use of digital illustration as a tool of resistance for students and educators to assess, engage, act and reflect on creating change within nursing education. Using Black feminist thought and culturally responsive learning, the author introduces an arts‐based approach through the innovative design of an illustration, titled, 'Ain't I a Nurse. Combining historical stories with contemporary socio‐political experiences, the author demonstrates how students and educators can enter a cognitive learning experience where they can connect mentally and emotionally, and in so doing re‐envision and recreate a new world that centralizes equity, diversity and inclusivity through critical discourses. Through the illustration anti‐Black racism is challenged and anti‐Black racism resistance is discovered as an antidote in dismantling anti‐Black racism within nursing education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical illustrations represent a precious resource for learning surgical anatomy and surgical techniques, allowing preoperative and postoperative reviews. As traditional hand-drawn illustrations are difficult to use and expressing the area of neurointerventional surgery is time-consuming, we proposed methods for neurointerventional surgeons to create digital illustrations (DIs) for neurointerventional surgery using the iPad-exclusive Procreate application (Savage Interactive, Hobart, Australia). Dedicated "digital pens" were created and used for each endovascular device, creating straightforward representations of neurointerventional procedures and changes over time. DIs in neurointervention easily depict changes to highlighted surgical scenes for various devices with complex configurations and structures. DIs are also versatile, allowing easy intrainstitutional and interinstitutional sharing and discussion of technical tips on the manipulation of medical devices (coils, catheters, stents, etc.) among neurointerventional surgeons worldwide. DIs can be applied as educational tools not only in neurointerventional surgery, but also in craniotomy surgery and for surgical records from other specialties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Picture stimuli are essential materials for language research and clinical practice. Here, we generated a modern, full-color set of 310 illustrations representing a carefully designed, culturally sensitive list of imageable nouns. We normed the images in a diverse sample of healthy adults, so the images can be used in various populations, including older adults. Method: We recruited a diverse online sample of 200 adults ages 19-76 years. Participants typed a name for each picture and reported how familiar they were with the item (familiarity) and how well the illustration matched their mental image of the item (image agreement). We assessed relationships among these three measures, between these measures and word features (e.g., frequency, length), and between these measures and demographic characteristics of our sample. Results: Two hundred ninety-seven of 310 items had 70% or higher name agreement among participants. Most items had good to excellent image agreement and familiarity. The image measures showed expected relationships with relevant word features (e.g., frequency, length). Older age was associated with higher image agreement and familiarity but not written naming accuracy. As a group, Black participants demonstrated lower written naming accuracy than White and mixed race participants. Education, sex, and self-reported multilingualism were not significantly related to image measures. Conclusions: We generated a novel set of illustrations with strong name agreement, familiarity, and image agreement, which are suitable for a variety of uses in research and clinical settings. Our normative data suggest a future need for item-level analysis to explore variability in performance across different racial groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While many studies have demonstrated a positive correlation between learning in the arts and students' critical thinking disposition, few studies have investigated the influence of an interdisciplinary art-related teaching approach and its correlation with academic student behavior confidence in anatomy and physiology (A&P). Therefore, this study aims to demonstrate the impact of an interdisciplinary approach - reading, discussion, and drawing on students' academic confidence in undergraduate A&P. The investigation utilized a self-reported pre- and post-survey design to explore the change in confidence in A&P between course entry and exit. Sixty undergraduate students completed surveys while taking an elective course called Medical Literature, Anatomy, and the Arts, at a public state university in Southwest Florida. Results indicate a statistically significant difference in student-reported confidence levels in knowledge and experience of A&P. Additionally, the students' perceptions of the course were positive, citing more engagement and better support from peers and instructor as a result of this interdisciplinary approach. These outcomes suggest that teaching undergraduate students in A&P using medical arts enhances student academic confidence. This study provides encouraging support to existing scholarly work on higher education course design and instructional methods relative to improving student confidence and class engagement in A&P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Core concepts in occupational therapy have often developed over time with contributions from multiple clinicians and scholars. This makes it difficult to determine exactly from where, or from whom, ideas originated. Without original sources, we cannot chart the historical development of ideas and honor those whose scholarship made it possible. This article documents the process undertaken to properly cite one such common concept in occupational therapy, the just-right challenge; illustrates the value of doing so; and advocates for the importance of thorough historical scholarship. The authors discuss the process of properly citing the just-right challenge, a core concept in occupational therapy, and highlight the importance of thorough historical scholarship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research suggests that underrepresentation in medical curricula perpetuates inequities in healthcare. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence of human phenotypic diversity (e.g., skin tone, sex, body size, and age) across 11 commonly used anatomy atlases and textbooks in pre‐clerkship medical education, published from 2015 to 2020. A systematic visual content analysis was conducted on 5001 images in which at least one phenotypic attribute was quantifiable. Anatomy images most prevalently portrayed light skin tones, males, persons with intermediate body sizes, and young to middle‐aged adults. Of the 3883 images in which there was a codable skin tone, 81.2% (n = 3154) depicted light, 14.3% (n = 554) depicted intermediate, and 4.5% (n = 175) depicted dark skin tones. Of the 2384 images that could be categorized into a sex binary, 38.4% (n = 915) depicted females and 61.6% (n = 1469) depicted males. A male bias persisted across all whole‐body and regional‐body images, including those showing sex organs or those showing characteristics commonly associated with a specific sex (e.g. for males, facial hair and/or muscle hypertrophy). Within sex‐specific contexts, darker skin was underrepresented, but male depictions displayed greater overall skin tone variation. Although most images could not be assigned to a body size or age category, when codable, these images overwhelmingly depicted adults (85.0%; 482 of 567) with smaller (34.7%; 93 of 268) or intermediate (64.6%; 173 of 268) body sizes. Ultimately, these outcomes provide reference metrics for monitoring ongoing and future efforts to address representation inequalities portrayed in anatomical imagery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diego Rivera, an acclaimed Mexican painter active during the first half of the 20th century, painted multiple frescoes in Mexico and the United States. Some include depictions of bacteria, their interactions with human hosts, and processes related to microbiology and public health, including the microbial origin of life, diagnosis of infection, vaccine production, and immunization. Microbiological subjects in Rivera's murals at the Mexican Ministry of Health in Mexico City; the Detroit Institute of Art, Detroit; Rockefeller Center, New York/Palacio de Bellas Artes, Mexico City; Chapultepec Park, Mexico City; and the Institute of Social Security, Mexico City, span almost 25 years, from 1929 to 1953. Illustrating the successes of the application of microbiological discoveries and methods to public health and the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases, they benefited from Rivera's creativity in melding microbiology's unique technological and scientific aspects and public health elements with industrial and political components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This illustration depicts important biomedical advancements generated by nonhuman primate (NHP) research. NHPs' value in human-centered research is their unique evolutionary proximity to humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grafik tasarım alanının en önemli dallarından biri olan illüstrasyonlar teknolojik gelişmelere paralel olarak bilgisayar ortamında dijital teknikler kullanılarak yapılabilmektedir. Geleneksel yöntemlerle uzun zamanda ve zahmetli bir şekilde üretilen illüstrasyonlar, bilgisayarın kullanımı ile görece daha kısa zamanda ve kolay bir şekilde yapılabilmektedir. Çeşitli bilgisayar programları yardımıyla yapılan dijital çizimler, sanatçıların tarzını özgün bir şekilde yansıtabilmesine olanak sağlamaktadır. Bu sayede dijital teknikleri kullanan illüstrasyon sanatçılarının sayısının arttığını görmekteyiz. Özellikle eğitim alanı için yapılan dijital illüstrasyonlar oldukça fazladır. Eğitim alanında kullanılan ders kitaplarındaki illüstrasyonların öğretime önemli katkılar sağladığı bilinmektedir. Eğitimde görsel kullanımının vazgeçilmez olduğu alanlardan biri olan tıp eğitiminde kullanılan ders kitaplarındaki illüstrasyonlar, bilimsel illüstrasyon dalında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Tıbbi illüstrasyonlar öğretici ve tanımlayıcı amaçlarla yapılan ayrıntılı resim niteliğindedirler. Tıp öğrencilerinin akademik başarılarına dolaylı olarak katkı sağlayan tıbbi illüstrasyonların, öğretimdeki etkisinin ne derecede olduğunun tespit edilmesi önem arz etmektedir. Yapılan bu araştırmada, anatomi ders kitaplarında yer alan klasik tıbbi illüstrasyonlar ile dijital ortamda üç boyutlu olarak yapılmış tıbbi illüstrasyon modellerinin akademik başarıya olan etkisi karşılaştırılmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Araştırmada ilk olarak illüstrasyonun tanımından ve türlerinden bahsedilerek tıbbi illüstrasyonların önemi başlıklar halinde verilmiştir. Daha sonra araştırmanın amacından ve yönteminden bahsedilerek araştırma kapsamında yapılan uygulama çalışmaları sonucunda elde edilen veriler ortaya koyularak sonuca gidilmiş ve çeşitli önerilerde bulunulmuştur.

Artificial Intelligence (AI), particularly AI-Generated Imagery, has the potential to impact medical and patient education. This research explores the use of AI-generated imagery, from text-to-images, in medical education, focusing on congenital heart diseases (CHD). Utilizing ChatGPT's DALL·E 3, the research aims to assess the accuracy and educational value of AI-created images for 20 common CHDs. In this study, we utilized DALL·E 3 to generate a comprehensive set of 110 images, comprising ten images depicting the normal human heart and five images for each of the 20 common CHDs. The generated images were evaluated by a diverse group of 33 healthcare professionals. This cohort included cardiology experts, pediatricians, non-pediatric faculty members, trainees (medical students, interns, pediatric residents), and pediatric nurses. Utilizing a structured framework, these professionals assessed each image for anatomical accuracy, the usefulness of in-picture text, its appeal to medical professionals, and the image's potential applicability in medical presentations. Each item was assessed on a Likert scale of three. The assessments produced a total of 3630 images' assessments. Most AI-generated cardiac images were rated poorly as follows: 80.8% of images were rated as anatomically incorrect or fabricated, 85.2% rated to have incorrect text labels, 78.1% rated as not usable for medical education. The nurses and medical interns were found to have a more positive perception about the AI-generated cardiac images compared to the faculty members, pediatricians, and cardiology experts. Complex congenital anomalies were found to be significantly more predicted to anatomical fabrication compared to simple cardiac anomalies. There were significant challenges identified in image generation. Based on our findings, we recommend a vigilant approach towards the use of AI-generated imagery in medical education at present, underscoring the imperative for thorough validation and the importance of collaboration across disciplines. While we advise against its immediate integration until further validations are conducted, the study advocates for future AI-models to be fine-tuned with accurate medical data, enhancing their reliability and educational utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In September 1804 the French painter Antoine-Jean Gros first exhibited the painting Bonaparte visitant les pestiférés de Jaffa, illustrating Bonaparte touching the bubo of a plague-stricken soldier in Jaffa hospital during the Egyptian campaign. Today, this work is interpreted as blatant propaganda. However, the use of primary sources to reconstruct how people experienced illness in the past is essential. In this work, for the first time we propose a primarily medical interpretation of Gros's painting. According to medicine prior to the "germ theory", fear was considered a moral affection negatively influencing both the contagion and the outcome of plague. Therefore, holding back the fear was the best way to prevent the plague. French medical officers acted accordingly, providing encouraging examples to the soldiers. Especially, the medical officer Desgenettes voluntarily exposed himself to the risk of contagion, inoculating himself with a contaminated lancet. Napoleon's act of touching the bubo depicted by Gros in the painting provided soldiers with another encouraging demonstration of genuine therapeutic value, considering the medicine of the time. It seems, therefore, plausible to conclude that Gros faithfully represented a situation imbued with medical meaning, fully understandable by the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Misconduct in science is often viewed and analyzed through the lenses of normative ethics and moral philosophy. However, notions and methods in the philosophy of science could also provide rather penetrative explanatory insights into the nature and causes of scientific misconduct. A brief illustration in this regard, using as examples the widely popular Popperian falsification and the Kuhnian scientific paradigm, is provided. In multiple areas of scientific research, failure to seek falsification in a Popperian manner constitutes a questionable research practice and could lead to "falsification" in the context of research misconduct. On the other hand, scientific misconduct is often facilitated by its perpetrators using the familiarity, expectations and confines of a Kuhnian paradigm to blend in fabricated data/results. A rudimentary application of these philosophical notions could be useful in our understanding of the nature and cause of research misconduct, and facilitate mitigation of the latter through educational means. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay demonstrates that Nadar's 1860 'Hermaphrodite' series disappeared from the famed French photographer's oeuvre because it does not function as a medical illustration. It explains the relative obscurity of the series and reveals often-overlooked biases and distortions in medical illustrations. By placing the photographs in the context of nineteenth-century European medical theories about the intersex body, and the successful illustrations, often wood engravings, that accompanied those theories in texts, it reveals that Nadar's series contradicted rather than supported existing anatomical teachings in an artistic medium renowned for its fidelity to nature, thus posing a threat to medical authority. Whereas doctors asserted that the hermaphrodite was a biological myth, an aberration obscuring natural male or female bodies that could be easily identified by experts, Nadar's photographs, backed by the medium's inherent claim to indexical truth, showed the intersex body as naturally integrated and complete and thus doomed themselves to obscurity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracranial arteries have a high rate of variation, but a clear schematic overview is lacking. In this pictorial review we classify and depict all the variations and anomalies within the middle cerebral artery (MCA). PubMed was searched with the MeSH-term "Middle Cerebral Artery." Articles were selected based on their description of variants within the MCA. Cross-referencing was used to broaden the range of articles. The anatomical variants were then schematically drawn using the anteroposterior and lateral view during angiography of the internal carotid artery. A total of 29 unique medical illustrations were made, depicting variation in number of vessels; variation in vessel origin; and variation in morphology. The MCA provides vital blood supply to the frontal, parietal, temporal, and central brain structures. An overview of these variations is important to diagnose and treat patients with MCA-related pathology correctly and safely. They can aid in distinguishing pathology from normal anatomical variance; aid neurosurgeons during aneurysmal clipping or arteriovenous malformation resections; and aid interventional radiologists during thrombectomy or coiling. This article provides a summary regarding current knowledge of anatomical variations within the MCA, their prevalence and clinical relevance. A total of 29 unique illustrations were made, depicting currently known variants. We encourage all who diagnose, treat, and study the MCA to use this overview for a uniform and better understanding of its anatomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND Currently, there are limited reviews in the dermatology literature on how to approach reconstruction of nasal lining in full-thickness nasal defects resulting from Mohs micrographic surgery. Given variable training and experience, dermatologic surgeons may seek additional references to help reconstruct certain advanced defects. We sought to synthesize literature from dermatologic surgery, plastic surgery, and otolaryngology to review repair options and considerations for repair of nasal lining defects. OBJECTIVE To present a comprehensive literature review of repair options for nasal lining reconstruction and discuss advantages, disadvantages, specific anatomic considerations, and techniques to execute such options. MATERIALS AND METHODS Articles from several different reconstructive specialties including dermatologic/Mohs surgery, otolaryngology, and plastic and reconstructive surgery were reviewed. Instructive images were compiled to illustrate several techniques, with additional medical illustration recreations included to help showcase important reconstructive approaches. RESULTS A comprehensive descriptive review of nasal lining repair options for the reconstructive surgeon. CONCLUSION Advanced tumors can result in full-thickness nasal defects, and this review describes various reconstructive options for reconstruction based on the extent of the defect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the case of a 60-year old male diagnosed with sebaceous carcinoma of the neck. The patient underwent surgical excision to remove the tumor and recovered well. He was also observed with expansion of the underlying sternocleidomastoic muscle and the subcutaneous adipose tissue into the substrate. The clinical manifestations of sebaceous carcinoma and its differential diagnosis are indicated.

The article describes the case of a four-month-old female with a one-month history of progressive inspiratory stridor, respiratory distress, and feeding problems and was diagnosed with patent ductus arteriosus, on the first day of life. Topics discussed include the two episodes of sepsis suffered by the patient during her hospitalization, the intubation of the patient, and finding on histopathologic examination.

Brain tumors can be a life-threatening condition, and early detection is crucial for effective treatment. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a valuable appliance for identifying the tumor's location, but manual detection is a time-engrossing and flaws-prone process. To overcome these challenges, computer-assisted approaches have been developed, and deep learning (DL) archetypes are now being pre-owned in medical imaging to discover brain tumors maneuver MRI carbon copies. In this, we propose a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) Xception net model for the efficient classification and detection of brain tumor images. We utilized the "Br35H :: Brain Tumor Detection 2020" dataset sourced from Kaggle, which encompasses 3000 MRI images of brain tumors, each with a file size of 88 megabytes. The Xception net is a powerful CNN model that has shown promising results in various systems perceiving exercise, in conjunction with medical illustration scrutiny. We fine-tuned the Xception net model using a dataset of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) images of the brain, which were pre-processed and labeled by medical experts. To reckon the performance of our prototype, we counselled dossier using a variety of interpretation criterion, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score. Our customs view that the urged model achieved high accuracy in classifying brain tumor images. The archetype's strength to accurately and efficiently classify and detect brain tumors using MRI images can significantly improve patient outcomes by enabling early detection and treatment. Overall, our study demonstrates the persuasiveness of using the Xception net flawless for brain tumor ferreting out and alloting using MRI images with 94% of accuracy performance. The proposed model has the potential to revolutionize the department of salutary exemplify and improve patient outcomes for brain tumor treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Art in neurosurgery has been a critical part of the discipline for centuries. Numerous cultures, such as ancient India, China, and Egypt, and more contemporary scientists, such as Leonardo da Vinci, Max Brödel, and Norman Dott, have significantly contributed to medical illustration. Today, advancements in three-dimensional technology have allowed for the creation of detailed neuroanatomy models for surgical planning and education. Medical illustrations are also used for research and outcome documentation as they help visualize anatomy and surgical procedures. Its use in education, surgical planning, and navigation remains integral to the advancement of neurosurgery. This review demonstrates the invaluable contribution of art in neurosurgery and how it has enabled continuous progress in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Buruli ulcer (BU) is a skin infection caused by Mycobacterium ulcerans and a neglected tropical disease of the skin (skin NTD). Antibiotic treatments are available but, to be effective in the absence of surgery, BU must be detected at its earliest stages (an innocuous-looking lump under the skin) and adherence to prescribed drugs must be high. This study aimed to develop multisensory medical illustrations of BU to support communication with at-risk communities. We used a Think Aloud method to explore community health workers' (n = 6) experiences of BU with a focus on the role of their five senses, since these non-medical disease experts are familiar with the day-to-day challenges presented by BU. Thematic analysis of the transcripts identified three key themes relating to 'Detection,' 'Help Seeking,' and 'Adherence' with a transcending theme 'Senses as key facilitators of health care'. New medical illustrations, for which we coin the phrase "5D illustrations" (signifying the contribution of the five senses) were then developed to reflect these themes. The senses therefore facilitated an enriched narrative enabling the production of relevant and useful visuals for health communication. The medical artist community could utilise sensory experiences to create dynamic medical illustrations for use in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The history of marriage and family therapy includes various ways to map families. This pilot case study aimed to fill the gaps in research concerning the use of maps in therapy while also introducing a new concept in Internal Family Systems (IFS) of a structured formalized way to create maps with clients. Using a qualitative method, the researcher presented therapy sessions with one established IFS client using the Internal Relational Illustration (IRI) method. The goal of this case study was to show the effectiveness of IRI in clinical work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mortality data obtained from death certificates have been studied to explore causal associations between diseases. However, these analyses are subject to collider and reporting biases (selection and information biases, respectively). We aimed to assess to what extent associations of causes of death estimated from individual mortality data can be extrapolated as associations of disease states in the general population. Methods: We used a multistate model to generate populations of individuals and simulate their health states up to death from national health statistics and artificially replicate collider bias. Associations between health states can then be estimated from such simulated deaths by logistic regression and the magnitude of collider bias assessed. Reporting bias can be approximated by comparing the estimates obtained from the observed death certificates (subject to collider and reporting biases) with those obtained from the simulated deaths (subject to collider bias only). As an illustrative example, we estimated the association between cancer and suicide in French death certificates and found that cancer was negatively associated with suicide. Collider bias, due to conditioning inclusion in the study population on death, increasingly downwarded the associations with cancer site lethality. Reporting bias was much stronger than collider bias and depended on the cancer site, but not prognosis. Results: The magnitude of the biases ranged from 1.7 to 9.3 for collider bias, and from 4.7 to 64 for reporting bias. Conclusions: These results argue for an assessment of the magnitude of both collider and reporting biases before performing analyses of cause of death associations exclusively from mortality data. If these biases cannot be corrected, results from these analyses should not be extrapolated to the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Introduction: Since the past, art has been used as a tool to elaborate anatomical knowledge and guide surgeons to perform surgeries. Through the eras, art has taken role by conveying the knowledge to people in forms of illustrations and models, including neuroanatomy knowledge for neurosurgical purposes. With the advancement of technology, neurosurgical trainings and care evolve more than before. Research question: How do art and technology play role in tbe education and development of neurosurgery? Materials and methods: A literature search was conducted to find the role of art and technology in forms of illustrations, models, or others in neurosurgery. Results: Illustration was known as one of the tools to understand it in the past. Now, in the modern era, neurosurgical learning, training, and teaching process have integrated both art and technology throughout the process. Not only as two-dimenional drawings, art and technology have gone as far as being developed into three-dimensional models and create specific models for surgical plannings and simulations. Artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and augmented reality have also been used to achieve accurate and efficient learning process and neurosurgical care. Discussion and conclusion: Art does take significant role in the progression of neurosurgery. When combined with technology, art give greater utility and impact through the learning, teaching process, and delivery of care in neurosurgical world.

Objectives: Visual aids (VAs) seem effective to improve doctor-patient communication. The objective was to describe how VAs are used in consultation and what French general practitioners (GPs) expect of them. Methods: Cross-sectional study using a self-administered questionnaire among French GPs in 2019. Descriptive and multinominal logistic regression analyses were performed. Results: Of the 376 respondents, 70% used VAs at least weekly and 34% daily; 94% considered VAs useful/very useful; 77% felt they did not use VAs enough. Sketches were the most used VAs and considered the most useful. Younger age was significantly associated with a higher rate of use of simple digital images. VAs were mainly used to describe anatomy and facilitate patient comprehension. Main reasons for not using VAs more often were time spent searching, lack of habit and poor quality of available VAs. Many GPs requested a database of good quality VAs. Conclusions: GPs use VAs regularly in consultations but would like to use them more often. Informing GPs of the usefulness of VAs, training them to draw adapted sketches and creating a good quality databank are some possible strategies to increase the use of VAs. Innovation: This study described in detail the use of VAs as tool for doctor-patient communication.

Background: Visual imagery has been used to educate healthcare providers, patients, and the lay public on female genital cutting (FGC) typology and reconstructive procedures. However, culturally inclusive, diverse, and anatomically accurate representation of vulvas informed by women possessing lived experience of FGC is lacking. Aim: We sought to apply World Health Organization (WHO) FGC typology to the development of type-specific visual imagery designed by a graphic artist and culturally informed by women with lived experience of FGC alongside a panel of health experts in FGC-related care. Methods: Over a 3-year process, a visual artist created watercolor renderings of vulvas with and without FGC across varying WHO types and subtypes using an iterative community-based approach. Somali women possessing lived experience of FGC were engaged alongside a team of clinician experts in FGC-related care. Women and clinicians provided descriptive input on skin color variation, texture, and skin tone, as well as the visual depiction of actions necessary in conducting a genital examination. Outcomes: A series of vulvar anatomic illustrations depicting WHO FGC typology. Results: FGC types and subtypes are illustrated alongside culturally informed descriptors and clinical pearls to strengthen provider competency in the identification and documentation of FGC WHO typology, as well as facilitate patient education, counseling, shared decision making, and care. Clinical Implications: Ensuring equitable representation of race, gender, age, body type, and ability in medical illustrations may enhance patient education, counseling, and shared decision making in medical and/or surgical care. FGC provides a lens through which the incorporation of patient-informed and culturally relevant imagery and descriptors may enhance provider competency in the care of FGC-affected women and adolescents. Strengths and Limitations: The strengths of this study include the development of visual imagery through an iterative community-based process that engaged women with lived experience of FGC alongside clinicians with expertise in FGC-related care, as well as the representation of historically underrepresented bodies in the anatomical literature. Study limitations include the lack of generalizability to all possible forms or practices of FGC given the focus on one geographically distinct migrant community, as well as the reliance on self-report given the inability to clinically verify FGC status due to the community-based methodology employed. Conclusion: Patient-informed and culturally representative visual imagery of vulvas is essential to the provision of patient-centered sexual health care and education. Illustrations developed through this community-engaged work may inform future development of visual educational content that advances equity in diverse representation of medical illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Museum-based education for health professionals is a rich and expanding field in which educators engage health professions learners in arts-based activities intentionally designed to support transfer of learning from a museum to a clinical context. Museum-based education for health professionals promotes several key learning outcomes including: mastery of core skills such as observation, interpretation, and communication; cultivating personal insight; fostering appreciation for multiple perspectives; opening avenues to explore social advocacy; and promoting wellness. Following a museum-based activity, translational facilitators guide learners through a debriefing process which supports the discovery of real-world connections to clinical teaching, learning, and care delivery. Translational debriefing involves practices such as attending to psychological safety, using reflective listening and open-ended questions, practicing cultural humility, maintaining neutrality, and modeling curiosity. These translational opportunities can also help participants who are themselves health professions educators gain insights into their own teaching practices and provide new tools to incorporate, including bedside teaching strategies and innovative ways to facilitate small group learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Surgical illustration plays a fundamental role in the surgical field, being able to convey imagery in a more comprehensive way. However, its utility has seen a decline and being slowly replaced by photographs and 3D models. Surgeons are in a unique position that is optimum for producing surgical illustrations due to having direct contact and possesses a deep knowledge of the subject being drawn. The process of producing an illustration may also be valuable to the long-term conceptual understanding of that surgeon. This article aims to highlight the field of surgical illustration, its future potential, and act as a guide for surgeons to start illustrating. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why you should read this article: • To understand scientific models and their inherent limitations and strengths when using the Empirical Test for Thematic Analysis • To learn about scientific models developed from qualitative data and their mediating role between theory and data • To discover the epistemological and methodological grounds needed to move thematic analysis beyond thematic maps and colourful illustrations to building and learning from models Background: Models are central to the acquisition and organisation of scientific knowledge. They can be viewed as tools for interpretive description as well as cognitive representations of an empirical phenomenon. However, discussions about how to develop models in qualitative research – particularly in the literature on thematic analysis – are sparse. Aim: To discuss an approach to scientific qualitative modelling that uses the new technique described in the first part of this article (Gildberg and Wilson 2023): the Empirical Test for Thematic Analysis (ETTA). Discussion: The authors discuss scientific models and their inherent limitations and strengths, so that others may assess models and their potential. Conclusion: A limitation of ETTA is the risk that excessive rigour and systematisation could reduce creativity in the construction of models. However, on balance there is a scientific need for qualitative researchers to improve their capability to refine and describe the techniques they use to construct models, adequately explain the reliable generation of models, and improve transparency regarding the epistemological and methodological basis for the construction of models. Implications for practice: By using ETTA on qualitative data obtained from clinical practice it becomes possible to illuminate the interconnections among themes within the data. This approach not only assists in illustrating these connections, it also enables clinicians and researchers to gain a comprehensive understanding of specific clinical phenomena through the use of models. The process of developing and using these models enables the simulation and strategic intervention development based on data that addresses the specific problem being investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The Bulletin of The Royal College of Surgeons of England announces the return of the national surgical skills competition for CT2/ST2 trainees, with regional heats leading to a final in London in 2025. The Surgical Outcome Risk Tool (SORT) celebrates its tenth anniversary, providing a mortality risk assessment for adult inpatients undergoing surgery. The Hunterian Collection seeks new Trustees, and a mentoring scheme is being developed to support surgeons at all career stages. An exhibition on medical illustration at the Hunterian Museum explores the history and importance of visual communication in healthcare. Pump priming grants are available for newly appointed consultants and post-doctoral trainees in surgery. Various webinars and events are scheduled to support and educate members of the surgical profession. [Extracted from the article]

Pachydermodactyly (PDD) is a rare, benign disease associated with progressive swelling of the periarticular soft tissue of phalangeal hand joints typically treated with local steroid injections. We present a case of a 37-year-old man with PDD treated with local steroid injections. He later developed heterotopic ossification and para-articular calcifications in the injection sites. Heterotopic ossification is not associated with PDD nor is it a recognised complication of local steroid injections. This is the first case in literature of heterotopic ossification occurring after local steroid injection and brings to attention a new potential complication of a widely performed procedure.

The article discusses the necessity of professional medical illustration in increasing the value of medical journals. Medical illustrations are visual representations that convey medical information and are commonly used in surgical records, medical journals, and patient instructions. Accurate and intuitive illustrations are effective in conveying information in various medical disciplines. The article suggests that the Korean Pain Society should consider supporting and utilizing professional medical illustrators to enhance the quality and impact of their publications. [Extracted from the article]

Objectives: İlhami Güneral was a Turkish physician and surgeon whose contributions to anatomy education and medical illustration remained under-appreciated until this day. This study aims to outline his achievements throughout his career and acknowledge his unreported contributions to anatomical sciences in Türkiye. Methods: A series of interviews were conducted with his surviving family, relatives, and friends. Additional documents were also collected from various national and international institutions. Results: İlhami Güneral was born in 1914 in Anadolu Kavağı, İstanbul. He attended İstanbul University Faculty of Medicine and graduated in 1942. Upon graduation, he published his first book titled "Diseksiyon Atlası" which he also illustrated himself. His illustrations were later used in Prof. Dr. Zeki Zeren's dissection handbook published in 1953. He visited and worked with renowned neuropathologist Philipp Schwartz between 1958 and 1960 in Warren, Pennsylvania. During his stay, he co-constructed a detachable "Transparent Brain Model" for teaching brain anatomy which was awarded with the Billings Gold Medal at the 109th Annual Meeting of the American Medical Association. After his return to Türkiye, he published his final illustrated anatomy atlas in 1972, the "Atlas Cerebri Humani". He spent the remaining days of his life in his long standing home in Ödemiş, İzmir, as a private physician and surgeon. He was diagnosed with prostate cancer in 1993, and passed away due to his illness in 2006. Conclusion: This interesting and unique dramatis persona is the author and illustrator of the first original dissection manual printed in Turkish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present paper is to contribute to the understanding of the history of the anatomical study of the intra-renal arteries. The vasculature and especially the intra-renal arteries of the kidneys are an intriguing field which was first studied through art and then perfected by medicine. Angiography and microsurgery have resulted in partial nephrectomy techniques for surviving kidneys with adequate functional results. Graves' categorization dating from 1954 opened the way for innovative approaches that have resulted in modern topographical anatomy. Conclusion: Our understanding of the anatomy of intra-renal arteries has played a significant role in surgical anatomy and internal medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the subtle signs of carpal instability and other unique injury patterns in the wrist is a critical skill for radiologists. Proper patient management and outcomes are directly dependent on the accurate interpretation of wrist imaging studies. This review will provide a detailed overview of typical imaging features of carpal trauma and instability, management, and complications, using multimodality imaging and original medical illustrations. A detailed overview of the osseous, ligamentous, arterial anatomy of the wrist, arcs of Gilula, and zones of vulnerability will be provided. Carpal fractures, dislocations, special radiographic views, and imaging pearls will be discussed. Instability patterns and the myriad of associate abbreviations (CID, CIND, CIC, CIA, VISI, DISI, SLD, LTD, MCI, SLAC, SNAC) will be clarified. Expected outcomes, potential complications, and management will be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective communication is a crucial component of patient-centered care and individuals with low health literacy face significant challenges in managing their health, leading to longer hospital stays and worse outcomes. Visual aids, such as medical illustrations and pictograms, can enhance patient understanding and memory retention; however, there is a lack in the medical field of tools for evaluating and improving a physician's ability to draw clinical illustrations for their patient. This article explores an aesthetic scale created in collaboration between Boston University Medical School and the Boston University Fine-Arts department. The scale scores basic design elements that could reasonably be improved in a clinical setting. A pilot study demonstrated interrater reliability between trained artists scoring images of varying concepts and visual quality with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.95. This scale has potential use in medical visual education and clinical evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Andreas Vesalius published his famous anatomy book, De Humani Corporis Fabrica Libri Septum (On the Fabric of the Body in Seven Books), in 1543, with a second edition in 1555. This article explores the importance of this text to contemporary ENT, by demonstrating Vesalius' fresh, precise and hands-on approach to anatomy, and examines how this developed our understanding of ENT. Methods: A second edition of De Humani Corporis Fabrica , held in John Rylands Library, University of Manchester, was examined in its digitised form and supplemented by secondary texts. Results and discussion: Where Vesalius' predecessors were rigid in their interpretation of anatomy, confined to the instruction of the Ancients, Vesalius showed that these teachings could be analysed and built on with careful observation. This is evident in his illustrations of, and annotations on, the skull base, ossicles and thyroid gland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]