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In order to increase the service life of critical products made of refractory metals, the most effective is the use of protective coatings based on oxidation-resistant ceramic materials. Using an electrode/target made of heterophase HfSi2–MoSi2–HfB2 ceramics by electrospark deposition (ESD), high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS) technologies, as well as the combined ESD + HIPIMS technology, coatings were deposited onto molybdenum substrate (MCh-1 brand). Electrode materials and coatings were studied by the X-ray diffraction, the glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, the X-ray spectral microanalysis, and the scanning electron microscopy. Combined ESD + HIPIMS technology made it possible to create a hard layer of oxidation-resistant ceramics on the surface of the substrate, which does not produce through cracks inherent in ESD coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dense (Ti0.2Zr0.2Hf0.2Nb0.2Ta0.2)C with up to 10 wt % SiC whisker were prepared by spark plasma sintering. The influence of SiCw on the microstructure development, mechanical and tribological properties has been investigated. Nanohardness of HEC and SiCw phases varied between 38 GPa and 40 GPa, and indentation modulus of elasticity was ∼605 GPa. The hardness of the composites increased from 22 GPa to 27 GPa and indentation fracture resistance from 3.55 MPa m1/2 to 4.59 MPa m1/2 with increasing SiCw content. The main toughening mechanisms were crack deflection, crack branching, and crack bridging. The system HEC +5 wt% of SiCw was found to possess the highest bending strength of 623 ± 25 MPa. The composites exhibited similar coefficients of frictions with around 0.3 and wear rates approximately 1.50 × 10−6 mm3/N⋅m at 5 N and 2.66 × 10−6 mm3/N⋅m at 25 N with positive influence of SiC phase on the wear mechanisms.

The Zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) is the commonly used cutting tool material as it has superior mechanical properties. However, the poor tribological properties made it not suitable for dry machining. Various researchers added many additives to ZTA base tool to machine different workpiece materials for use in various applications. Still, it experiences many difficulties at various cutting speeds during machining. To overcome this, a novel composite tool was fabricated in the present study by adding the following self-lubricating elements such as, NiCr, Ag, Mo, SrSO4, and CaF2. The cutting performance was investigated by comparing the self-lubricating cutting tools (SLTs) with the base tool regarding cutting force, coefficient of friction, and surface roughness. The results showed that the addition of SrSO4 and Mo at 10 wt.% and CaF2 at 5 wt.% obtained superior mechanical and tribological characteristics. The generation of the following phase, viz., MoO3, Mo4O11, and Ag2MoO4, CaMoO4, and CaSO4, are responsible for the better performance. The additives restrained the transformation of t-ZrO2 to m-ZrO2 resulting in improved hardness and wear characteristics leading to strong protection of the self-lubricating layer formed on the tool flank surface, causes for performance improvement. The wear of the SLTs is primarily dominated by abrasion and adhesion, whereas the base tool is dominated by abrasion, adhesion, chipping, and cracking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A set of novel (AlTiCrVTa)N x coatings are synthesized by DC magnetron sputtering to methodically investigate the effect of nitrogen content on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties and oxidation behavior of the coatings for the first time. As the nitrogen content increases, the coating structure transitions from amorphous to a simple fcc structure, accompanied by a change of preferred orientation from (200) to (111) and an enhancement in crystallinity. The coating morphology changes from featureless glassy to columnar crystals. The highest nanohardness of 38.1 GPa and the best wear rate of 4.9 × 10−7 mm3/Nm are achieved at 43.3 at.% nitrogen content. The friction coefficient exhibits a downward trend with rising nitrogen content, reaching the lowest value of 0.47 at 49.8 at.% nitrogen content. The oxidation tests reveal that the oxidation resistance deteriorates with increasing nitrogen content, caused by the looser structure and large-sized grain boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly natural mineral, cryptocrystalline graphite (CG) is applied in rubber materials and its performance has been evaluated. In this work, the filler dispersion and mechanical and tribological properties of carboxylated acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR)/CG composites by different preparation methods were studied. XNBR/CG composites prepared by latex blending (XNBR/CG‐L) exhibited better mechanical and tribological performance, higher toughness, and lower heat build‐up than those prepared by mechanical blending (XNBR/CG‐M). These differences were ascribed to the filler dispersion degree, filler amount and dispersed size, and also filler–rubber interfacial interaction. Adding CG was conducive to improving the stability of the friction coefficient and reduced the wear rate via the formation of graphite lubricant and transfer films. The tribological performance of XNBR/CG‐L was superior to that of XNBR/CG‐M because of the improved tensile strength, tear resistance, and toughness as well as lower temperature rise. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and optical microscope observation showed a smoother worn surface, less and smaller wear debris of XNBR/CG‐L, and a more uniform transfer film on the steel counterpart surface. The relevant results provided new insight into the performance and structural design of CG/rubber composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Processing of Materials / Elektronnaya Obrabotka Materialov is the property of Institute of Applied Physics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Using the method of high-frequency ion-plasma sputtering (magnetron high-frequency deposition under conditions of ion-plasma assisted using a gas (argon) plasma generator «PINK») on the surface of a high-entropy CoFeCrMnNi alloy of non-equiatomic composition. Boron-containing coatings of the elemental composition Al – Mg – B and Mg – Ti – B with a thickness of 3 μm are formed. Using transmission electron diffraction microscopy, it was found that the coatings are amorphous-crystalline, i.e. contain nanosized 1.5-2 nm islands of the crystalline phase located in an amorphous matrix. It is shown that the coating deposition is accompanied by the formation in the substrate layer (high-entropy alloy) adjacent to the coating of a nanocrystalline structure with a crystallite size of 25-40 nm. At the boundaries of the crystallites, particles of iron boride of the FeB and Fe3B compositions are revealed, which indicate the penetration of boron into the substrate. The particle size of iron boride is 5-8 nm.

The incorporation of rare earth oxides and nano-silica has been found to significantly enhance the mechanical and tribological characteristics of phenolic-based hybrid nanocomposites. In this work, the impact of these additives was investigated through single-factor experiments. The study revealed that cerium oxide and yttrium oxide were the primary factors influencing changes in the impact strength, shear strength, coefficient of friction, and wear rate. Additionally, the content of nano-silica exerted the most substantial influence on the hardness and compressive strength of the specimens. Furthermore, the material ratios of the phenolic-based hybrid nanocomposites were optimized using an orthogonal experimental design and a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. The optimal material ratio for these nanocomposites was determined to be 2% cerium oxide, 2.5% yttrium oxide, and 3% nano-silica, based on their mechanical, frictional, and wear properties. This research provides valuable insights for the development of new brake friction materials with low friction and high wear resistance and contributes to meeting the demand for polymer composites with superior mechanical performance in diverse applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using plasma surfacing in a nitrogen environment with a PP-R18U non-current-carrying flux-cored wire, the layers up to 10 mm thick were formed on a 30HGSA steel, followed by an additional high-temperature tempering (at 580°C for 1 hour in 4 tempers). It is shown that the deposited layer has a frame-type structure formed by α-iron grains with extended layers of the Fe3W3C (M6C) carbide phase located along the boundaries. Nanosized particles of carbides of the V4C3, Cr7C3, Fe3C, Cr23C6 and WC1–x types are identified in the grain volume. It is found out that high tempering increases the microhardness of the deposited PP-R18U layer by 13% (up to 5.3 GPa) and decreases its wear resistance by 12.3% the friction coefficient by 7.7%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Egg shells and fish scales are two abundantly available by-products from food industries which can be used as filler materials to reinforce polymer composites. The bulk of discarded chicken eggshells and fish scales are disposed of in landfills, which cause environmental issues. The present research work focuses on the water absorption, mechanical and tribological properties of epoxy composites reinforced with chicken eggshells and catla fish scale particles. Hybrid composites incorporating both fillers were also made and evaluated. Results from the water absorption tests showed that the addition of fillers decreased the water absorption of the composites than neat epoxy. Tensile and impact tests revealed that the inclusion of fillers reduced the tensile and impact strength of the composites compared to neat epoxy, but improved the tensile modulus. The hybrid composite (EFREC) showed improvement in both flexural strength and modulus in comparison to neat epoxy. Also, the results from the wear tests revealed that the addition of fillers improved the wear resistance of the composites. Among all the mechanical and wear tested composite specimens, the hybrid composite (EFREC) showed the best performance. This was also validated from the SEM images of the fracture and wear surfaces of the composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mechanical behavior of Al–Fe–Cr aluminum matrix composites strengthened by nanoquasicrystalline and/or crystalline phases was studied in the temperature range of 77–573 K. The strength characteristics and elongation to fracture during tensile tests of Al94Fe2.5Сr2.5Ti1, Al94Fe2Cr2Ti2, Al94Fe2.5Сr2.5Ti0.7Zr0.3 alloys were determined. It was established that the Al94Fe2Cr2Ti2 composite alloy has the highest strength (σb ≥ 3.87 GPa) among wrought aluminum alloys with satisfactory plasticity (elongation to fracture δ ≥ 5% at 293 K) at the temperature of 573 K. Tribological tests have shown that the wear resistance of Al–Fe–Cr aluminum matrix composites is significantly higher in the case of lubrication than when dry friction occurs. In lubrication, the friction force is almost 5 times less as well. The Al94Fe2Cr2Ti2 composite is optimal by the combination of mechanical and tribological properties among the studied alloys due to the strengthening of the aluminum matrix by nanoparticles with both crystalline and quasicrystalline structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deposition of (Ti-Al)N/MoN multilayered coatings was carried out through a cathodic ion-plating system in an argon and then nitrogen atmosphere. Bilayer thickness (Λ) of all the samples were achieved, from 22 to 104 nm, by organizing substrate holder rotational speed (SRS). To obtain the optimum properties of the (Ti-Al)N/MoN coatings, the Ti and Al ratio was maintained at a level of 1:1. X-ray diffraction (XRD), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy were utilized to analyze the crystal structure and morphology of the coatings. Mechanical and tribological properties were examined by nanohardness and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The preferred orientation of the (Ti-Al)N/MoN nanoscale multilayer films was TiAlN (200) and MoN (200), which had face centered cubic (fcc) and hexagonal structures, respectively. The hardness increased with the decrease in Λ (104 nm to 26 nm), and then it increased. The highest hardness of 37 GPa was revealed at Λ = 26 nm, whereas the least wear rate of 8.09 × 10−7 mm3/N.m was attained at Λ = 22 nm. Wear rate, roughness, and coefficient of friction were decreased with decreasing bilayer period. EDS results showed that Al and Ti contents were almost the same in all samples, as per design of the experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, morphological and tribological analyses (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy as well as friction and wear tests) were used to investigate the properties of newly developed, non-toxic organic brakepads. The green automotive brake pads were developed from wastes Thais Coronata seashell reinforcement materials. The energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDX) was used to determine the chemical composition of the developed samples. Similar analyses were conducted on two commercial (control) samples for comparative purposes. EDX analysis showed the presence of toxic heavy metals (7 - 40%Sb, 6.44 -12.88%Ti) in the commercial (control) samples, unlike the green brake pad samples. The friction coefficient of the developed sample was obtained to be 0.584 while the commercial samples were 0.106 and 0.196. The tribological results show that the developed samples can maintain a superior frictional performance compared to the control samples and can be installed on heavy-duty automobiles. Optical microscopy results for samples of different particle sizes show that the wear depth increases with increase in the particle size of the reinforcement materials. Also, the presence of wear debris, friction films, and plateaus was more evident on the deformed surfaces of the commercial samples than on the deformed surfaces of the developed brake pad samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Powder bed fusion laser beam, as one of the most promising forming technologies, offers unmatched benefits over traditional processing, particularly in the production of Ti–6Al–4V. The influence of laser line energy density (LLED) on the forming surface, phase composition, micro-hardness, tensile characteristics and wear resistance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy were explored to disclose the evolution of mechanical and tribological properties. According to the findings, the LLED causes 'depressions' and 'highlands' between nearby scanning tracks. The phase composition did not alter appreciably as LLED increased. Micro-hardness and tensile characteristics increased initially, then declined, and the value of maximum micro-hardness and ultimate tensile strength were 388.17 HV0.2 and 1197.5 MPa, respectively. Furthermore, when the LLED is 0.24 J mm–1, the wear resistance is optimal under the aviation lubricant medium, with an average friction coefficient of 0.1505 and volume wear rate of 6.95∗10−8 mm2∗N−1, and a wear mechanism of mild furrow wear and adhesion wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The characteristics of multi-impurities and high-flow velocity in the marine environment can easily cause wear and tear of the surface coating of marine equipment, affecting the reliability and service life of the equipment. In this paper, silicon dioxide (SiO2) hybrid multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) composites were obtained by sol-gel method, and SiO2-MWCNTs acrylic silicone resin composite coatings were prepared. The results showed that SiO2-MWCNTs had good dispersion in acrylic silicone resin, and the lower surface energy could be found in the composite coating with 1.0wt.% hybrid material, with an average contact angle of 107.68°, the impact resistance reached 70 cm·2000 g and the interfacial bonding strength reached 3.29 MPa. The hardness and tribological properties of the composite coating with 2.0wt.% hybrid material were the highest, with the hardness reached 17.7 HV0.05, the wear volume and wear rate were 2.99 × 10− 3 mm3 and 0.12 mm3 N− 1 m− 1 respectively, which were 77.1% and 77.8% higher than those of pure acrylic silicone resin coating. This was mainly attributed to the effect of hybrid MWCNTs bridging to change the direction of crack, uniform distribution of reinforcement phase could formed a larger area of lubrication layer and reduced the friction coefficient and wear rate. In conclusion, the use of SiO2-MWCNTs could effectively improve the mechanical and tribological properties of silicone acrylate resin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research work, fabrication of Al alloy metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with electroless Ni-P-coated Al2O3 is carried out using the stir-squeeze casting method. Scrap Al alloy wheels as matrix materials and Al2O3 particles as reinforcements are used to develop the MMCs. The Ni-P coating on Al2O3 particles is carried out using an electroless process to improve mechanical and tribological properties by increasing the bonding strength between the ceramic particles and the matrix material. A pre-treatment process on Al2O3 particles is done before the electroless Ni-P coating. To analyse the properties, the composites are fabricated in three different variations, i.e. as-cast scrap Al alloy, scrap Al alloy with uncoated Al2O3 (5 wt%), and scrap Al alloy with coated Al2O3 (5 wt%). Metallurgical properties are analysed using an optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The test results show that the porosity is reduced by 15.45% in a composite reinforced with coated Al2O3 compared to the as-cast scrap Al alloy. Also, the mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, and impact strength are improved significantly by 15.2, 23, and 31.25%, respectively. Reduction of 31.47% in specific wear rate and 7.34% in coefficient of friction are achieved in the composite reinforced with coated Al2O3 particles compared to the as-cast scrap Al alloy. The compressive strength is decreased significantly with the addition of uncoated Al2O3 particles. After the addition of coated Al2O3, the compressive strength of the composite is increased compared with the uncoated Al2O3-reinforced composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) system at room temperature was applied to deposit the Ti/TiN/TiCN films. In order to research the effect of the microstructure of the TiN/TiCN layer on the Ti/TiN/TiCN films, the deposition time ratio of the TiN/TiCN layer ranged from 28.57 to 200%, and the whole deposition time of the films and the deposition time of Ti layer were constant. In this work, the relationship between structure and mechanical properties of films were investigated. The research results showed that the composition and structure of the films only slightly changed, while the crystalline orientation of the TiCN layer was of significant variation with the deposition time of the TiN layer. It is shown that the adhesion strength and internal stresses were 18.6 ± 1.5 N and 140 MPa when the deposition time ratio was 50%. By adjusting the deposition time ratio, the films displayed significant improvement in tribological behaviors. The coefficients of friction (COF) for the films deposited under deposition time ratio of 50% were about only 0.139 when the value of COF was stabilized. This work can provide a good wear-resisting film prepared approach at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present work is to assess the effectiveness of a low-cost and environmentally friendly chemical modification of sisal fibers based on the usage of sodium citrate (SC) and stearic acid (SA) on the thermal, mechanical, tribological and morphological characteristics of sisal fiber reinforced epoxy composites (SREC). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate the morphological properties of the sisal fibers, which demonstrated that the chemical treatment eliminated the contaminants from the fibers' surface. The reduction of hemicellulose and lignin contents of the fiber was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis following both chemical treatments. Thermal stability of the treated fibers showed a slight reduction as revealed by Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Mechanical properties like tensile, flexural and inter-laminar shear strength showed appreciable improvement for the SA treated SREC (8.05%, 8.50% and 29.42%) and SC treated SREC (23.27%, 13.13% and 51.02%) when compared to untreated SREC. Furthermore, the tribological behaviour of the composites reinforced with treated fibers showed improved wear resistance and frictional properties in comparison to untreated composites. To better understand the fiber/matrix adhesion, morphological examinations of fracture and worn surfaces of composite samples were done using SEM. The test results suggest that the sodium citrate treatment is superior to the stearic acid treatment in improving the composites' mechanical and tribological properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few-layered-graphene (FLG)-reinforced Al-4 wt.% Cu matrix composites were produced via the powder metallurgy (PM). FLG was incorporated into the matrix via a mechanical alloying (MA) process conducted for 5, 7 and 9 h in a planetary ball mill. The mechanically alloyed (MA'ed) powders were consolidated by uniaxial pressing and pressureless sintering. Properties of the Al-4Cu-xFLG composites were examined via Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX), Archimedes method, microhardness, compressive and wear tests. According to the mechanical characterization, FLG addition relatively improved the hardness, whereas it caused the decline of compressive strength. However, the specific wear ratio of the same sample increased by two times compared to the Al-4Cu. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the optimization of the process parameters in the development of ecofriendly brakepads from wastes nko-nko (Thais Coronata L.) seashell (NSS) reinforcement materials by central composite face-centered (CCF) design. The brakepad composites were developed by compression moulding. NSS brakepads samples were developed based on 3-levels of 3-factors: curing time Ct, curing temperature CT, and moulding pressure MP. Multivariate quadratic models, signal-to-noise ratio, and ANOVA were used for optimization. The determined optimal process parameters of the developed NSS brakepads were MP = 13MPa, CT = 165°C, and Ct = 3h. The properties of the developed NSS samples were comparable with those of 2 control samples. EDX spectroscopy showed toxic heavy metals (7-40% Sb, 6.44-12.88%Ti) presence in the control samples, unlike the NSS samples. Comparatively, the green NSS samples showed superior mechanical and tribological performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical and tribological properties of nylon 6 and nylon 6/h-BN composites were investigated in this paper. Tensile, hardness, and impact tests were carried out for mechanical properties, while wear tests on pin-on-disc were carried out for tribological properties identification. Abrasion resistance tests were carried out on the TABER apparatus to analyze the abrasive wear of materials. SEM, XRD, and TGA were used to characterize the materials and to understand the distinctive features of nylon 6 and nylon 6/h-BN composites. Experimental results show that the mechanical properties and tribological behavior of nylon 6 got enhanced by the h-BN fillers. Tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were enhanced by 15.2% and 64.5%, respectively, while hardness and impact strength were enhanced by 3.45% and 6%, respectively. COF and wear rate of composites decreased up to 4 wt% filler reinforcement due to smooth transfer film formation. Coefficient of friction (COF) and wear resistance were improved by 10–15% and 8–10%, respectively, at various testing conditions. h-BN reinforcement in the matrix resulted in more weight loss due to abrasion and it reduced the abrasion resistance of nylon 6 by 5.5 times. Thermal stability was slightly increased, and crystallinity was little affected by the h-BN fillers.

Aging, tooth trauma, and pathological infections cause partial or total tooth loss, leading to the usage of dental implants for restoration treatments. As such, mechanical and tribological properties play an important role in the osseointegration and durability of these implants. Metallic and ceramic implants are shown to have mechanical properties much higher than the natural teeth structure, leading to stress shielding-related failure of an implant. Stress shielding occurs due to the difference in the elastic modulus between the implant material and the surrounding teeth structure, leading to bone loss and implant failure. The implant's properties (i.e., mechanical) should be as close as human teeth components. To achieve this, various materials and coatings are being developed and investigated. This review is a comprehensive survey of materials, manufacturing, coating techniques, and mechanical and tribological characterizations of dental implants, with a particular focus on polyetheretherketone (PEEK) as a potential alternative dental implant material. PEEK has mechanical properties similar to natural teeth, which make it a promising material for dental implants. The findings of this review suggest that PEEK offers superior biocompatibility, osseointegration, and wear resistance for implant applications. With the help of bioactive coatings, bone growth on the implant surface can be promoted. In addition, PEEK dental implants made using three-dimensional (3D) printing technology can significantly reduce the cost of implants, making them more affordable and increasing access to dental care, which can improve oral health significantly. In summary, this review highlights the potential of PEEK as a promising alternative dental implant material, and provides an overview of various techniques, testing, and future directions for PEEK dental implants., (Copyright 2023, Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., publishers.)

In order to improve the wear resistance of WNiCoFe alloy for cutting tools, WNiCoFe alloy powder is prepared by multiple metals electrolysis, alloy powder and its sintered morphology is observed and phase is analyzed using X-ray diffractometer and scanning electron microscope (SEM), the effect of sintering temperature on its physical mechanics and friction properties was studied. The results show that the prepared WNiCoFe alloy powder is alloyed to some extent, irregular and finer particle size, the diffraction peaks of Co 3 Fe 7 and Fe 19 Ni are formed in addition to the elemental Fe; the maximum hardness of the sintered is 107.6HRB, the maximum bending strength at three points is 1638.3 mpa, the maximum density is 96.2%, and wear loss is 0.498–0.555 g when WNiCoFe alloy powder is sintered at 800 ∘ C. Diamond tools are made with WNiCoFe alloy powder as the main matrix composition, and cut hard stone, cutting velocity is 8.6 m 2 /h and life is 11.3 m 2 /m, which has a good comprehensive performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) system at room temperature was applied to deposit the Ti/TiN/TiCN films. In order to research the effect of the microstructure of the TiN/TiCN layer on the Ti/TiN/TiCN films, the deposition time ratio of the TiN/TiCN layer ranged from 28.57 to 200%, and the whole deposition time of the films and the deposition time of Ti layer were constant. In this work, the relationship between structure and mechanical properties of films were investigated. The research results showed that the composition and structure of the films only slightly changed, while the crystalline orientation of the TiCN layer was of significant variation with the deposition time of the TiN layer. It is shown that the adhesion strength and internal stresses were 18.6 ± 1.5 N and 140 MPa when the deposition time ratio was 50%. By adjusting the deposition time ratio, the films displayed significant improvement in tribological behaviors. The coefficients of friction (COF) for the films deposited under deposition time ratio of 50% were about only 0.139 when the value of COF was stabilized. This work can provide a good wear-resisting film prepared approach at room temperature.

Al-xNi-yCeO 2 (x = 6, 10, 15, 20 and y = 0, 5, 10 wt%) composites were produced by a powder metallurgical production route. Powder mixtures of Al, Ni and CeO 2 were fabricated via mechanical alloying (MA) for 4 h in a Spex-type high-energy ball mill. Both the mechanically alloyed (MAed) and non-MAed (as-blended mixtures) powders were pre-compacted in a hydraulic press under 650 MPa and then pressurelessly consolidated at 630 °C for 2 h under an inert atmosphere. The effects of MA process and the amounts of Ni and CeO 2 on the microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of the sintered composites were determined. Based on the SEM and XRD investigations, the MAed powders illustrated a homogenous structure, comprising flaky particles with smaller crystallite sizes and greater lattice strain. According to the XRD analysis, Ni formed Al–Ni intermetallic compounds in the matrix of sintered composites that act as secondary reinforcement phases. The SEM observations conducted on the MAed samples demonstrated more uniformly and finely distributed Al 3 Ni and CeO 2 phases in the microstructure of the MAed samples, unlike the non-MAed ones. The hardness values of sintered composites increased due to the MA process and increasing Ni and CeO 2 amounts, and the hardness value of the MAed Al20Ni–10CeO 2 sample reached 179 HV. The ultimate compressive strength and failure strain of the MAed Al6Ni–10CeO 2 sample were 441 MPa and 11.3%. In the Al20Ni–10CeO 2 sample, the compressive strength and failure strain were 391 MPa and 5.5%, respectively. Additionally, the reciprocating wear test results illustrated that both wear resistance and hardness values of the composites increased as the amounts of Ni and CeO 2 increased, and the Al20Ni–10CeO 2 sample exhibited the highest wear resistance as 0.175 × 10-3 mm3/Nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the results of comparative studies of the composition, structure, high-temperature oxidation resistance, mechanical and tribological properties of (MoTaNbZrHf)-Si-B coatings prepared at an identical average power of 1 kW by direct current magnetron sputtering (DCMS) and high-power impulse magnetron sputtering (HIPIMS). Switching from the DCMS to the HIPIMS mode is found to increase adhesion and crack resistance of the coatings and their wear resistance under friction sliding and cyclic impact conditions, as well as reduce the depth of oxidation at 1300 °C threefold. The record-breaking values of high-temperature oxidation resistance at 1500 °C are achieved due to formation of a surface film based on the borosilicate glass (a-Si:B:O) containing crystallites of the t-HfSiO 4 , o-Ta 2 O 5 , m-HfO 2 , and m-ZrO 2 phases. [Display omitted] • A multilayer target with a (MoTaNbZrHf)-Si-B working layer was produced. • DCMS and HIPIMS coatings exhibited a hardness of 13–14 GPa. • The transition from DCMS to HIPIMS improves crack- and wear resistance. • The coatings demonstrated high oxidation resistance at 1100–1500 °C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The WSx/Fe/a-C/Fe multi-layer films with various Fe layer thicknesses were prepared by using magnetron sputtering and alternate deposition of WSx, Fe, and a-C layers on the silicon substrates. The morphology, micro-structure, and composition of the films were characterized by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, electron probe micro-analyzer, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The mechanical and tribological properties of the fabricated films were evaluated by using nano-indenter, film stress tester, scratch tester, and ball-on-disk tribotester. According to the obtained results, all the multi-layer films revealed a featureless micro-structure with a smooth and dense surface. As the thickness of Fe layer increased, the S/W ratio of the films was decreased from 1.38 to 1.16, the hardness, elastic modulus, and adhesion of the films were gradually improved. Both the steady-state friction coefficient and wear rate were declined first and, then, enhanced. The film with the Fe-layer thickness of 4 nm exhibited the highest hardness (10.6 GPa) and adhesion (38.0 N); whereas, film with the Fe-layer thickness of 2 nm showed the best tribological performance with a steady-state friction coefficient of 0.218 and wear rate of 1.63 × 10−15m3 N−1 m−1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work was performed to investigate the mechanical and tribological properties of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)-based bone cement strengthened by nano-alumina (Al2O3) and nano-hydroxyapatite (HA) particles. Seven cement groups with different amounts of Al2O3 (3 and 5 wt. %) and HA (5 and 10 wt. %) nano-particles were prepared and the nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests were employed to obtain the results. Substantial improvement/reduction in mechanical properties was observed for the addition of 3 wt. % of Al2O3 /5 wt. % of Al2O3 plus 10 wt. % of HA into the PMMA matrix. The additives had almost no obvious effects on the friction of PMMA (~0.3). This research revealed that only the specific weight percent of Al2O3 (here 3 wt. %), compared to other PMMA/Al2O3 and PMMA/HA/Al2O3 cement nanocomposites, had great potential as an added component in PMMA bone cement to provide a significant increase in the mechanical properties of the cement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fluorographene (FG) with layer numbers of 3–4 was successfully prepared through facile microwave‐assisted liquid phase exfoliation of raw graphite fluoride (GrF). The raw GrF and the as‐prepared FG were then directly incorporated into polyamide 66 (PA66) by melt processing without using any surfactants. Microstructural, mechanical and tribological properties of the prepared PA66 composites were investigated. Various characterization results showed that both GrF and FG, as novel solid lubricants, can effectively improve the mechanical and anti‐wear performances of the PA66 matrix. It was also found that FG is better at improving mechanical properties and reducing the friction of PA66 than GrF at low concentrations owing to the large surface–volume ratio. The addition of 0.5 wt% FG into PA66 exhibits a ca 13% increase in tensile modulus, ca 5% increase in tensile strength, ca 18% reduction in coefficient of friction (COF) and ca 43% reduction in wear rate. However, at relatively high concentrations, such as 1.0 wt%, GrF shows a better reinforcement effect than FG owing to a uniform dispersion of GrF in the PA66 matrix. The addition of 1.0 wt% GrF into PA66 exhibits a ca 18% increase in tensile modulus, ca 5% increase in tensile strength, ca 37% reduction in COF and ca 46% reduction in wear rate. Wear tests also show that the excellent wear resistance of the PA66 composites is due to the improved mechanical properties and the lubrication of GrF and FG between the worn surfaces. Our current work demonstrates the tremendous potentials of fluorinated carbon materials for enhancing mechanical and anti‐wear properties of polymeric materials. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing interest for industrial use of thermally sprayed coatings leads to development in most thermal spraying technologies, including atmospheric plasma spraying (APS). The latest cascaded torch SinplexPro from Oerlikon Metco incorporates the efficiency advantages of cascaded arc technology into a single-cathode spray gun. It leads to more stable plasma arc across a wide range of gas flows, mixtures and pressures and also highly increases powder throughput. Thermal sprayed molybdenum coatings are widely used for improving wear resistance and sliding properties in many mechanical applications. Results of pure molybdenum coatings sprayed with cascaded plasma torch are not yet fully investigated. In this paper, mechanical properties of atmospheric plasma sprayed molybdenum coatings on steel (S235) substrate are evaluated. Optimization of spraying parameters for spherical Mo powder sprayed by cascaded plasma torch SinplexPro is carried out and the influence on final microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of molybdenum coatings is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, two copper metal matrix composites (MMCs) reinforced with 20 wt.% of Ti(C,N) or Ti2AlN particles were studied. The reinforcement particles were synthesized by flash sintering under 2 bar nitrogen atmosphere causing an SHS reaction ignited by electrical current. This reaction led to produce TiC0.7N0.3 solid solution for the MMC1 reinforcement and Ti2AlN, TiN, and Ti3Al titanium aluminide for the MMC2 reinforcement. Both MMCs were densified by liquid phase sintering. The structural characterization was performed by XRD analysis while the morphology and chemical element distribution of both MMCs were analyzed by SEM and EDS. The structure of the two MMCs was relatively dense and showed good wettability. The mechanical and tribological behavior of MMCs evaluated by nanoindentation and wear testing reveals that the addition of 20 wt.% of reinforcement considerably improves the properties of copper matrix. Indeed, the MMC1 proved to be 3 times harder and 10 times more wear-resistant than the MMC2 composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-entropy bulk metallic glasses (HE-BMGs) with desired thermal stability often exhibit limited plasticity due to the occurrence of shear localization avalanches. The present study reports the fabrication of a novel composite TiZrHfNb 0.5 Cu 0.5 Be 0.5 , consisting of a high entropy crystalline phase (TiZrHfNb) and an amorphous matrix (TiZrHfCuBe). The composite exhibits a distinctive combination of strength and ductility, surpassing that of traditional BMG composites, along with a notable capacity for work-hardening. Furthermore, it demonstrates exceptional wear resistance under varying normal loads or frequencies. The deformation and wear mechanisms are attributed to the solid-solution strengthening and stress-induced β → α " martensitic transformation in the high entropy crystalline phase, as well as the deformation-induced crystallization in HE-BMG matrix. These findings would provide a new strategy for preparing advanced HE-BMGs composite with unique properties. • A composite TiZrHfNb 0.5 Cu 0.5 Be 0.5 , consisting of a high-entropy phase TiZrHfNb and an amorphous matrix TiZrHfCuBe is fabricated. • The composite has excellent strength-ductility combination, along with a notable work-hardening capacity. • The composite demonstrates exceptional wear resistance under varying normal loads or frequencies. • Deformation-induced crystallization nearby the crystal/amorphous interface is found during the deformation or wear process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of the present investigation is to examine the effects of air annealing on the mechanical, tribological, and structural properties of multilayer CrN/CrTiSiN coatings. The deposition of CrN/CrTiSiN multilayer coatings on a Ti6Al4V substrate was carried out using CAE-PVD technique. Subsequently, the as-deposited coatings were subjected to annealing in ambient air environment at a temperature of 600 °C for 1 h. The characterizaion purposes were achieved by XPS, XRD, FESEM, nanoindentation, Rockwell-C adhesion tests, and pin-on-disk wear tests. The results suggest that the annealing process led to the development of new Cr 2 N, Cr 2 O 3 , and SiO 2 phases. The coating hardness increased from 21.5 GPa to 25.3 GPa by annealing process. The findings from the pin-on-disc experiment indicate that the wear resistance of the annealed coating exhibited superior performance when compared to both the as-deposited coating and the substrate. The improvment could be attributed to the annihilation of the residual stress and the formation of new phases on the surface. • Annealing transforms CrN/CrTiSiN coating to Cr 2 N, Cr 2 O 3 , and SiO 2. • Hardness increases to 21.65 GPa, elastic modulus decreases to 334 GPa. • Post-annealing improves wear resistance due to reduced residual stress and formation of new phases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coatings ZrB2 and Zr-B-N were deposited by magnetron sputtering of ZrB2 target in Ar and Ar–15%N2 atmospheres. The structure and properties of the coatings were investigated via scanning and transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersion analysis, optical profilometry, glowing discharge optical emission spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. Mechanical and tribological properties of the coatings were investigated using nanoindentation, “pin-on-disc” tribological testing and “ball-on-plate” impact testing. Free corrosion potential and corrosion current density were measured by electrochemical testing in 1 N H2SO4 and 3.5%NaCl solutions. The oxidation resistance of the coatings was investigated in the 600–800 °C temperature interval. The coatings deposited in Ar contained 4–11 nm grains of the h-ZrB2 phase along with free boron. Nitrogen-containing coatings consisted of finer crystals (1–4 nm) of h-ZrB2, separated by interlayers of amorphous a-BN. Both types of coatings featured hardness of 22–23 GPa; however, the introduction of nitrogen decreased the coating’s elastic modulus from 342 to 266 GPa and increased the elastic recovery from 62 to 72%, which enhanced the wear resistance of the coatings. N-doped coatings demonstrated a relatively low friction coefficient of 0.4 and a specific wear rate of ~1.3 × 10−6 mm3N−1m−1. Electrochemical investigations revealed that the introduction of nitrogen into the coatings resulted in the decrease of corrosion current density in 3.5% NaCl and 1 N H2SO4 solution up to 3.5 and 5 times, correspondingly. The superior corrosion resistance of Zr-B-N coatings was related to the finer grains size and increased volume of the BN phase. The samples ZrB2 and Zr-B-N resisted oxidation at 600 °C. N-free coatings resisted oxidation (up to 800 °C) and the diffusion of metallic elements from the substrate better. In contrast, Zr-B-N coatings experienced total oxidation and formed loose oxide layers, which could be easily removed from the substrate.

Coatings formed on steel 40Kh by electrospark alloying (ESA) using TiC–NiCr and TiC–NiCr–Eu2O3 electrodes are investigated. The coatings are deposited using an Alier-Metal 303 installation in argon under a normal pressure in the direct and opposite polarity modes. The structure, elemental composition, and phase composition of electrodes and coatings are investigated using X-ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion spectroscopy, glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy, and optical profilometry. Mechanical and tribological properties of coatings are determined by nanoindentation and testing according to the "pin–disc" scheme, including elevated temperature in a range of 20–500°C. The tests for abrasive wear are performed using a Calowear tester, the impact resistance is studied using a CemeCon impact tester, and gas and electrochemical corrosion resistance are studied. The results show that the electrodes contain titanium carbide, the solid solution of nickel in chromium, and europium oxide in the case of a doped sample. Coating also included these phases, but the solid solution is formed based on iron. Coatings with the Eu2O3 additive are not substantially different in regards to structural characteristics, hardness, and friction coefficient, but exceed base coatings by abrasive resistance, cyclic impact resistance, and heat and corrosion resistance. An increase in impact resistance by a factor of 1.2–2.0, a decrease in the corrosion current more than 20-fold, and an almost twofold decrease in the oxidation index are observed upon the passage to doped coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purposes of the work are to fabricate novel environment-friendly water-based polyamide-imide (PAI)-graphite-LaF 3 bonded solid-lubricating coatings (BSLCs), and investigate the corresponding tribological properties and mechanisms. The experimental results reveal that the preparation of the water-based PAI-graphite-LaF 3 BSLCs has significantly reduced the usage of organic solvent. When the mass percent of nano-LaF 3 is 5 wt%, the water-based PAI-graphite-LaF 3 BSLCs exhibit superior mechanical and tribological properties, which are comparable to those of the reported organic-solvent-based BSLCs. The tribological mechanisms were systematically investigated concerning the failure mechanism, the tribological reactions and structural fluctuations of graphite. Unlabelled Image • Water-based PAI-graphite-LaF 3 coatings are green lubricating materials. • Tribological properties of water-based coatings are comparable to those of the reported organic-solvent coatings. • Tribological mechanisms of water-based coatings are systematically investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By theory calculation, a new orthorhombic form of diamond has been proved to exist. In this work, the orthorhombic diamond is clearly observed in the multiarc ion-plated varying-C VN films and the effect of C content on the microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of varying-C VN films were studied in detail. The C doping results in the mechanical and tribological properties' improvement, together with the decrease of surface roughness and residual stress, and with the increase of C content, the scratch-resistance and wear-resistance capacities increase. The orthorhombic diamond phase only appears in VCN film with 10.97 at.% C, leading to that this VCN film has a relative low room-temperature friction coefficient (~0.56) compared with other films (~0.70), due to the easy-shear layered atomic structure. The VCN film containing 19.14 at.% C with the highest H / E and H 3/ E 2 ratios of 0.052 and 0.091 GPa has the minimum wear rate (0.53 × 10−14 m3 N−1 m−1), 82% lower than that of VN film (2.89 × 10−14 m3 N−1 m−1), due to the valid assembly of VN, VC and amorphous C phase with perfect balance of hardness and toughness. However, against Al 2 O 3 grinding ball, the main wear mechanisms of all varying-C VN films are adhesive wear and oxidative wear. Unlabelled Image • A new orthorhombic form of diamond was synthesized successfully in experiment. • The orthorhombic diamond phase only appeared in the film with 10.97 at.% C. • Easy-shear layered atomic structure of orthorhombic diamond leads to the lowest COF. • The film with 19.14 at.% C has the best mechanical and tribological properties. • The main wear mechanisms of all films are adhesive wear and oxidative wear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Waterborne PAI-graphite coatings are green lubricating materials. • Waterborne PAI-graphite coatings exhibit superior mechanical and tribological properties. • Tribological mechanisms of waterborne coatings were systematically investigated. • Tribological properties of waterborne coatings under different experimental conditions were explored. The purpose of this work is to fabricate novel green waterborne PAI-graphite bonded solid-lubricating coatings (BSLCs) with superior mechanical and tribological properties so as to replace the reported organic-solvent BSLCs to some extent, and further investigate the lubricating mechanisms. The work indicates that, the preparation of the waterborne PAI-graphite BSLCs have greatly reduced the utilization rate of organic solvents (without the usage of organic solvent). The basic physicochemical properties of the coatings have reached the corresponding level of the organic-solvent BSLCs. When the mass ratio of waterborne PAI resin and graphite is 1.2, the waterborne graphite-based BSLCs exhibit superior mechanical and tribological properties, which are comparable to those of the reported organic-solvent BSLCs. The variation of tribological properties of the waterborne PAI-graphite coatings under diversified applied loads and reciprocating frequencies were explored systematically for the sake of the better understanding of environmental adaptability of the waterborne PAI-graphite BSLCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single-component coatings of Cu and C and coatings in the Cu–C system with different carbon contents have been obtained by the magnetron sputtering method. The structure of coatings was investigated by the following techniques: scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive and X-ray diffraction analysis, Raman spectroscopy, and radio-frequency glow-discharge spectroscopy. The mechanical and tribological properties have been determined using the nanoindentation and testing by the "rod–disk" scheme. It has been established that the introduction of carbon into the composition of copper-based coatings is accompanied by an increase in the density of the structure and by the reduction of the crystallite size from 35 to 21 nm. It has been revealed that the characteristics of the Cu–C coatings exceeded those of the Cu coatings. The Cu‒C coatings obtained using the best regimes had a hardness of more than 1.5 GPa and coefficient of friction ~0.19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alloy strengthening via introducing Ni atoms into Cu monolayer of Cu/Ta nano multilayer materials (NMMs) is used to enhance mechanical and tribological properties. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the introduction of solid-solution Ni atoms suppresses the dislocation multiplication and glide, leading to higher hardness, better tribological performances, and stronger deformation resistance for Cu x Ni 100−x /Ta NMMs. The deformation resistance in nanoindentation is mainly determined by hardness and interlayer interface, where the interface acts as dislocation barrier and emission source to restrain main compression stress within about three monolayers. The resistance against friction-induced deformation relies on the comprehensive properties of strengthening monolayers and alloying interfaces, which induces further removal of Ta atoms. The atom-scale insights on the NMMs strengthening and the corresponding deformation mechanism are helpful for designing new wear-resistant materials. [Display omitted] • Alloying strengthening toward enhancing mechanical and tribological properties of Cu/Ta NMM is studied by MD simulation. • Improved hardness, friction and wear properties of Cu x Ni 100−x /Ta NMMs are achieved by adding Ni into Cu layer. • The deformation behavior and mechanism during nanoindentation and nanoscratch are presented. • Deformation resistance is explored by analyzing dislocation evolution and interlayer interface action. • The wear rate of different elements changes with the Ni content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]