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The Iran–United States relationship is often described by U.S. leaders as an intractable, zero-sum problem. In this view, the solution is to collapse the Islamic Republic by military threats and unyielding economic pressure. Since 1979, presidents of both parties have pursued this two-tool campaign with similar results. This research explores the prospects for breaking the characterization of United States–Iran relations as an intractable conflict and seeks more likely avenues for ending adversarial hostility. What makes the hostility between Iran and the United States seem intractable? The investigation of other seemingly intractable relationships (United States–Libya, United States–China, The Troubles, Pre-JCPOA) enables a greater appreciation for the flaws of zero-sum assessments and the gathering of relevant relation-building characteristics. As an alternative, this thesis offers 1) a broad outline of why Iran–United States relations should not be seen as a zero-sum problem and 2) an examination of other perceived intractably hostile relations and how they were solved, with relevant insights gleaned from prior successful endeavors. Diplomacy is undervalued in the current and previous approaches toward Iran over the past 40+ years; U.S. leaders must reinvigorate diplomacy among the elements of national power. History serves as a font of ideas, illuminating considerations for the development of a concerted effort aimed at advancing long-term relations with Iran.The Iran–United States relationship is often described by U.S. leaders as an intractable, zero-sum problem. In this view, the solution is to collapse the Islamic Republic by military threats and unyielding economic pressure. Since 1979, presidents of both parties have pursued this two-tool campaign with similar results. This research explores the prospects for breaking the characterization of United States–Iran relations as an intractable conflict and seeks more likely avenues for ending adversarial hostility. What makes the hostility between Iran and the United States seem intractable? The investigation of other seemingly intractable relationships (United States–Libya, United States–China, The Troubles, Pre-JCPOA) enables a greater appreciation for the flaws of zero-sum assessments and the gathering of relevant relation-building characteristics. As an alternative, this thesis offers 1) a broad outline of why Iran–United States relations should not be seen as a zero-sum problem and 2) an examination of other perceived intractably hostile relations and how they were solved, with relevant insights gleaned from prior successful endeavors. Diplomacy is undervalued in the current and previous approaches toward Iran over the past 40+ years; U.S. leaders must reinvigorate diplomacy among the elements of national power. History serves as a font of ideas, illuminating considerations for the development of a concerted effort aimed at advancing long-term relations with Iran.The Iran–United States relationship is often described by U.S. leaders as an intractable, zero-sum problem. In this view, the solution is to collapse the Islamic Republic by military threats and unyielding economic pressure. Since 1979, presidents of both parties have pursued this two-tool campaign with similar results. This research explores the prospects for breaking the characterization of United States–Iran relations as an intractable conflict and seeks more likely avenues for ending adversarial hostility. What makes the hostility between Iran and the United States seem intractable? The investigation of other seemingly intractable relationships (United States–Libya, United States–China, The Troubles, Pre-JCPOA) enables a greater appreciation for the flaws of zero-sum assessments and the gathering of relevant relation-building characteristics. As an alternative, this thesis offers 1) a broad outline of why Iran–United States relations should not be seen as a zero-sum problem and 2) an examination of other perceived intractably hostile relations and how they were solved, with relevant insights gleaned from prior successful endeavors. Diplomacy is undervalued in the current and previous approaches toward Iran over the past 40+ years; U.S. leaders must reinvigorate diplomacy among the elements of national power. History serves as a font of ideas, illuminating considerations for the development of a concerted effort aimed at advancing long-term relations with Iran. http://archive.org/details/endinganenemyuni1094563482 Major, United States Army Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

THE limiting factor in the successful surgical management of many intra-abdominal pathologic processes is the presence of hepatic involvement. Extirpation of solitary, superficial lesions of the liver is carried out occasionally, but extensive resections are as yet uncommon. Too often, the criterion of inoperability is hepatic involvement per se, rather than the extent of the process within the liver. The functional reserve and regenerative capacity of the liver cells are often disregarded in this decision. This negative attitude has been engendered by the extreme vascularity and friability of hepatic tissue. Efforts to reduce the hazards of hemorrhage in hepatic surgery . . .

1. 1. Coronary blood flow and cardiac output determinations were carried out in sixteen patients in hypovolemic shock. 2. 2. Young patients with open bleeding wounds showed an increased coronary blood flow and cardiac output in hypovolemic shock shortly after the fluid replacement was initiated. Middle aged patients with closed wounds did not show significant deviation from normal under similar conditions. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed. 3. 3. A regulatory mechanism between coronary blood flow and cardiac output may exist. 4. 4. Additional investigations and application of various technics for further verification of the present findings appear timely.

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