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1. Increased Extra-axial Cerebrospinal Fluid in High-Risk Infants Who Later Develop Autism.

Author

Emerson, Robert, Shaw, Dennis, Elison, Jed, Swanson, Meghan, Fonov, Vladimir, Gerig, Guido, Dager, Stephen, Botteron, Kelly, Paterson, Sarah, Schultz, Robert, Evans, Alan, Estes, Annette, Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Styner, Martin, Amaral, David, Piven, J, Hazlett, H, Chappell, C, Dager, S, Estes, A, Shaw, D, Botteron, K, McKinstry, R, Constantino, J, Pruett, J, Schultz, R, Zwaigenbaum, L, Elison, J, Evans, A, Collins, D, Pike, G, Fonov, V, Kostopoulos, P, Das, S, Gerig, G, Styner, M, Gu, H, Piven, Joseph, Shen, Mark, Kim, Sun, McKinstry, Robert, Gu, Hongbin, Hazlett, Heather, and Nordahl, Christine

Subjects
Autism, Brain development, CSF, Extra-axial fluid, Infancy, MRI, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Axis, Cervical Vertebra, Cerebral Ventricles, Cerebrospinal Fluid, Child, Preschool, Female, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Motor Skills, Organ Size, Pattern Recognition, Automated, Prodromal Symptoms, Prognosis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Severity of Illness Index, Siblings, Subarachnoid Space
Abstract

BACKGROUND: We previously reported that infants who developed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) had increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space (i.e., extra-axial CSF) from 6 to 24 months of age. We attempted to confirm and extend this finding in a larger independent sample. METHODS: A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of infants at risk for ASD was carried out on 343 infants, who underwent neuroimaging at 6, 12, and 24 months. Of these infants, 221 were at high risk for ASD because of an older sibling with ASD, and 122 were at low risk with no family history of ASD. A total of 47 infants were diagnosed with ASD at 24 months and were compared with 174 high-risk and 122 low-risk infants without ASD. RESULTS: Infants who developed ASD had significantly greater extra-axial CSF volume at 6 months compared with both comparison groups without ASD (18% greater than high-risk infants without ASD; Cohens d = 0.54). Extra-axial CSF volume remained elevated through 24 months (d = 0.46). Infants with more severe autism symptoms had an even greater volume of extra-axial CSF from 6 to 24 months (24% greater at 6 months, d = 0.70; 15% greater at 24 months, d = 0.70). Extra-axial CSF volume at 6 months predicted which high-risk infants would be diagnosed with ASD at 24 months with an overall accuracy of 69% and corresponding 66% sensitivity and 68% specificity, which was fully cross-validated in a separate sample. CONCLUSIONS: This study confirms and extends previous findings that increased extra-axial CSF is detectable at 6 months in high-risk infants who develop ASD. Future studies will address whether this anomaly is a contributing factor to the etiology of ASD or an early risk marker for ASD.

Published
2017

2. The Importance of Temperament for Understanding Early Manifestations of Autism Spectrum Disorder in High-Risk Infants

Author

Paterson, Sarah J., Wolff, Jason J., Elison, Jed T., Winder-Patel, Breanna, Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Estes, Annette, Pandey, Juhi, Schultz, Robert T., Botteron, Kelly, Dager, Stephen R., Hazlett, Heather C., Piven, Joseph, Piven, J., Hazlett, H. C., Chappell, C., Dager, S., Estes, A., Shaw, D., Botteron, K. N., McKinstry, R. C., Constantino, J., Pruett, J., Schultz, R. T., Paterson, S., Zwaigenbaum, L., Elison, J., Evans, A. C., Collins, D. L., Pike, G. B., Fonov, V., Kostopoulos, P., Das, S., Gerig, G., Styner, M., and Gu, H.

Abstract

The present study investigated the relationship between infant temperament characteristics and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk status. Temperament was examined at 6, 12, and 24 months in 282 infants at high familial risk for ASD and 114 low-risk controls using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised and Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire. Infants were divided into three groups at 24 months: High-Risk Positive--classified as ASD (HR Pos), High-Risk Negative (HR Neg), and Low-Risk Negative (LR Neg). At 6 and 12 months HR Pos infants exhibited lower Surgency and Regulatory Capacity than LR Neg infants. By 12 months they also demonstrated increased Negative Affect. Group differences remained, when early signs of ASD were controlled for, suggesting that temperament differences could be useful targets for understanding the development of ASD.

Published
2019
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3. Parent Support of Preschool Peer Relationships in Younger Siblings of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Author

Estes, Annette, Munson, Jeffrey, St. John, Tanya, Dager, Stephen R., Rodda, Amy, Botteron, Kelly, Hazlett, Heather, Schultz, Robert T., Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Piven, Joseph, Guralnick, Michael J., Chappell, J. C., Dager, S., Shaw, D, McKinstry, R., Constantino, J., Pruett, J., Schultz, R., Paterson, S., Evans, A. C., Collins, D. L., Pike, G. B., Kostopolous, P., Das, S., Gerig, G., Styner, M., Gu, H., Sullivan, P., and Wright, G.

Abstract

Preschool-aged siblings of children with ASD are at high-risk (HR) for ASD and related challenges, but little is known about their emerging peer competence and friendships. Parents are the main providers of peer-relationship opportunities during preschool. Understanding parental challenges supporting early peer relationships is needed for optimal peer competence and friendships in children with ASD. We describe differences in peer relationships among three groups of preschool-aged children (15 HR-ASD, 53 HR-NonASD, 40 low-risk, LR), and examine parent support activities at home and arranging community-based peer activities. Children with ASD demonstrated precursors to poor peer competence and friendship outcomes. Parents in the HR group showed resilience in many areas, but providing peer opportunities for preschool-age children with ASD demanded significant adaptations. [Article co-written with the Infant Brain Imaging Study (IBIS) Network.]

Published
2018
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4. Infants who develop autism show smaller inventories of deictic and symbolic gestures at 12 months of age.

Author

Wu, Dennis, Wolff, Jason J., Ravi, Shruthi, Elison, Jed T., Estes, Annette, Paterson, Sarah, St. John, Tanya, Abdi, Hervé, Moraglia, Luke E., Piven, Joseph, Swanson, Meghan R., Hazlett, H. C., Chappell, C., Dager, S., Estes, A., Shaw, D., Botteron, K., McKinstry, R., Constantino, J., and Pruett, J.

Abstract

Gestures are an important social communication skill that infants and toddlers use to convey their thoughts, ideas, and intentions. Research suggests that early gesture use has important downstream impacts on developmental processes, such as language learning. However, autistic children are more likely to have challenges in their gestural development. The current study expands upon previous literature on the differences in gesture use between young autistic and non‐autistic toddlers by collecting data using a parent‐report questionnaire called the MCDI–Words and Gestures at three time points, 12, 18, and 24 months of age. Results (N = 467) showed that high‐likelihood infants who later met diagnostic criteria for ASD (n = 73 HL‐ASD) have attenuated gesture growth from 12 to 24 months for both deictic gestures and symbolic gestures when compared to high‐likelihood infants who later did not meet criteria for ASD (n = 249 HL‐Neg) and low‐likelihood infants who did not meet criteria for ASD (n = 145 LL‐Neg). Other social communicative skills, like play behaviors and imitation, were also found to be impacted in young autistic children when compared to their non‐autistic peers. Understanding early differences in social communication growth before a formal autism diagnosis can provide important insights for early intervention. Lay Summary: As infants learn to talk, they use gestures to communicate. In this study, we used a parent‐report questionnaire to look at the group level differences of gestures in the first 2 years of life by comparing infants who later developed autism to infants who did not develop autism. We found that infants who later developed autism have fewer gestures and a slower rate of gesture growth compared to infants who did not develop autism. Play behaviors and imitation skills were also impacted in young autistic children when compared to their non‐autistic peers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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5. Subcortical Brain and Behavior Phenotypes Differentiate Infants With Autism Versus Language Delay

Author

Piven, J., Hazlett, H.C., Chappell, C., Dager, S., Estes, A.M., Shaw, D., Botteron, K., McKinstry, R., Constantino, J., Pruett, J., Schultz, R.T., Pandey, J., Paterson, S., Zwaigenbaum, L., Elison, J.T., Wolff, J.J., Evans, A.C., Collins, D.L., Pike, G.B., Fonov, V., Kostopoulos, P., Das, S., Gerig, G., Styner, M., Gu, H., Swanson, Meghan R., Shen, Mark D., Wolff, Jason J., Elison, Jed T., Emerson, Robert W., Styner, Martin A., Hazlett, Heather C., Truong, Kinh, Watson, Linda R., Paterson, Sarah, Marrus, Natasha, Botteron, Kelly N., Pandey, Juhi, Schultz, Robert T., Dager, Stephen R., Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Estes, Annette M., and Piven, Joseph

Published
2017
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6. Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder

Author

Hazlett, Heather Cody, Gu, Hongbin, Munsell, Brent C., Kim, Sun Hyung, Styner, Martin, Wolff, Jason J., Elison, Jed T., Swanson, Meghan R., Zhu, Hongtu, Botteron, Kelly N., Collins, D. Louis, Constantino, John N., Dager, Stephen R., Estes, Annette M., Evans, Alan C., Fonov, Vladimir S., Gerig, Guido, Kostopoulos, Penelope, McKinstry, Robert C., Pandey, Juhi, Paterson, Sarah, Pruett, John R., Schultz, Robert T., Shaw, Dennis W., Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Piven, Joseph, Piven, J., Hazlett, H. C., Chappell, C., Dager, S. R., Estes, A. M., Shaw, D. W., Botteron, K. N., McKinstry, R. C., Constantino, J. N., Pruett Jr, J. R., Schultz, R. T., Paterson, S., Zwaigenbaum, L., Elison, J. T., Wolff, J. J., Evans, A. C., Collins, D. L., Pike, G. B., Fonov, V. S., Kostopoulos, P., Das, S., Gerig, G., Styner, M., and Gu, Core H.

Subjects
Autism -- Risk factors, Infant development -- Health aspects, Environmental issues, Science and technology, Zoology and wildlife conservation
Abstract

Author(s): Heather Cody Hazlett (corresponding author) [1, 2]; Hongbin Gu [1]; Brent C. Munsell [3]; Sun Hyung Kim [1]; Martin Styner [1]; Jason J. Wolff [4]; Jed T. Elison [5]; [...]

Published
2017
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10. Examining the factor structure and discriminative utility of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised in infant siblings of autistic children.

Author

Sung, Sooyeon, Fenoglio, Angela, Wolff, Jason J., Schultz, Robert T., Botteron, Kelly N., Dager, Stephen R., Estes, Annette M., Hazlett, Heather C., Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Piven, Joseph, Elison, Jed T., Piven, J., Hazlett, H. C., Chappell, C., Dager, S., Estes, A., Shaw, D., Botteron, K., McKinstry, R., and Constantino, J.

Subjects
AUTISM risk factors, SIBLINGS, QUESTIONNAIRES, AUTISTIC children, TEMPERAMENT in infants, TEST validity, EMOTIONS
Abstract

Using the Infant Behavior Questionnaire–Revised in a longitudinal sample of infant siblings of autistic children (HR; n = 427, 171 female, 83.4% White) and a comparison group of low‐risk controls (LR, n = 200, 86 female, 81.5% White), collected between 2007 and 2017, this study identified an invariant factor structure of temperament traits across groups at 6 and 12 months. Second, after partitioning the groups by familial risk and diagnostic outcome at 24 months, results reveal an endophenotypic pattern of Positive Emotionality at both 6 and 12 months, (HR‐autism spectrum disorder [ASD] < HR‐no‐ASD < LR). Third, increased 'Duration of Orienting' at 12 months was associated with lower scores on the 24‐month developmental outcomes in HR infants. These findings may augment efforts for early identification of ASD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2022
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17. Resting-state fMRI in sleeping infants more closely resembles adult sleep than adult wakefulness

Author

Mitra, Anish, Snyder, Abraham Z., Tagliazucchi, Enzo Rodolfo, Laufs, Helmut, Elison, Jed, Emerson, Robert W., Shen, Mark D., Wolff, Jason J., Botteron, Kelly N., Dager, Stephen, Estes, Annette M., Evans, A.C., Gerig, Guido, Hazlett, Heather C., Paterson, Sarah J., Schultz, Robert T., Styner, Martin A., Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Chappell, C., Estes, A., Shaw, D., Botteron, K., McKinstry, R., Constantino, J., Pruett, J., Schultz, R., Paterson, S., Collins, D.L., Pike, G.B., Fonov, V., Kostopoulos, P., Dasso, Sergio Alberto, Styner, M., Gu, H., Schlaggar, Bradley L., Piven, Joseph, Pruett, John R., and Raichle, Marcus

Subjects
Physiology, Ciencias Físicas, lcsh:Medicine, Audiology, Electroencephalography, Pediatrics, Diagnostic Radiology, purl.org/becyt/ford/1 [https], Families, 0302 clinical medicine, Mathematical and Statistical Techniques, Thalamus, Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Medicine and Health Sciences, lcsh:Science, Children, Default mode network, Brain Mapping, Principal Component Analysis, Multidisciplinary, medicine.diagnostic_test, Radiology and Imaging, 05 social sciences, Brain, Software Engineering, Sleep in non-human animals, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 3. Good health, Child, Preschool, Physical Sciences, Engineering and Technology, Wakefulness, Anatomy, Psychology, Infants, psychological phenomena and processes, Statistics (Mathematics), CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, Research Article, Adult, medicine.medical_specialty, Computer and Information Sciences, Imaging Techniques, NEUROIMAGING, Otras Ciencias Biológicas, Neuroimaging, Research and Analysis Methods, Non-rapid eye movement sleep, 050105 experimental psychology, Ciencias Biológicas, 03 medical and health sciences, DEVELOPMENT, Diagnostic Medicine, medicine, Connectome, Humans, 0501 psychology and cognitive sciences, Statistical Methods, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.6 [https], Preprocessing, Resting state fMRI, lcsh:R, Biology and Life Sciences, Infant, purl.org/becyt/ford/1.3 [https], SLEEP, Astronomía, Age Groups, People and Places, Multivariate Analysis, lcsh:Q, Population Groupings, Functional magnetic resonance imaging, Physiological Processes, Sleep, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Mathematics, Neuroscience
Abstract

Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in infants enables important studies of functional brain organization early in human development. However, rs-fMRI in infants has universally been obtained during sleep to reduce participant motion artifact, raising the question of whether differences in functional organization between awake adults and sleeping infants that are commonly attributed to development may instead derive, at least in part, from sleep. This question is especially important as rs-fMRI differences in adult wake vs. sleep are well documented. To investigate this question, we compared functional connectivity and BOLD signal propagation patterns in 6, 12, and 24 month old sleeping infants with patterns in adult wakefulness and non-REM sleep. We find that important functional connectivity features seen during infant sleep closely resemble those seen during adult sleep, including reduced default mode network functional connectivity. However, we also find differences between infant and adult sleep, especially in thalamic BOLD signal propagation patterns. These findings highlight the importance of considering sleep state when drawing developmental inferences in infant rs-fMRI. Fil: Mitra, Anish. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Snyder, Abraham Z.. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Tagliazucchi, Enzo Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Laufs, Helmut. Christian-albrechts-universitat Zu Kiel; Alemania Fil: Elison, Jed. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos Fil: Emerson, Robert W.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Shen, Mark D.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Wolff, Jason J.. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos Fil: Botteron, Kelly N.. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Dager, Stephen. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Estes, Annette M.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Evans, A.C.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Gerig, Guido. University of New York; Estados Unidos Fil: Hazlett, Heather C.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Paterson, Sarah J.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos Fil: Schultz, Robert T.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos Fil: Styner, Martin A.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie. University of Alberta; Canadá Fil: Chappell, C.. Ibis Network Pi; Estados Unidos Fil: Estes, A.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Shaw, D.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Botteron, K.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: McKinstry, R.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Constantino, J.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Pruett, J.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Schultz, R.. The Children?s Hospital Of Philadelphia; Estados Unidos Fil: Paterson, S.. The Children?s Hospital Of Philadelphia; Estados Unidos Fil: Collins, D.L.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Pike, G.B.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Fonov, V.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Kostopoulos, P.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Dasso, Sergio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Styner, M.. The University Of North Carolina System; Estados Unidos Fil: Gu, H.. Statistical Analysis Core; Estados Unidos Fil: Schlaggar, Bradley L.. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Piven, Joseph. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Pruett, John R.. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Raichle, Marcus. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos

Published
2017

18. Increased Extra-axial Cerebrospinal Fluid in High-Risk Infants Who Later Develop Autism

Author

McKinstry, R.C., Constantino, J., Schultz, R.T., Styner, M.A., Kostopoulos, P., Emerson, R.W., Zwaigenbaum, L., Botteron, K., Dager, S.R., Gu, H., Styner, M., Swanson, M.R., Kim, S.H., Nordahl, C.W., Schultz, R., Infant Brain Imaging Study Network, Pike, G.B., Collins, D.L., Fonov, V.S., Shaw, D., Das, S., Gerig, G., Paterson, S., Amaral, D.G., Shen, M.D., Piven, J., Elison, J.T., Hazlett, H.C., Chappell, C., Estes, A.M., McKinstry, R., Elison, J., Pruett, J., Evans, A.C., and Botteron, K.N.

Subjects
mental disorders, behavioral disciplines and activities
Abstract

Background We previously reported that infants who developed autism spectrum disorder (ASD) had increased cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the subarachnoid space (i.e., extra-axial CSF) from 6 to 24 months of age. We attempted to confirm and extend this finding in a larger independent sample. Methods A longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging study of infants at risk for ASD was carried out on 343 infants, who underwent neuroimaging at 6, 12, and 24 months. Of these infants, 221 were at high risk for ASD because of an older sibling with ASD, and 122 were at low risk with no family history of ASD. A total of 47 infants were diagnosed with ASD at 24 months and were compared with 174 high-risk and 122 low-risk infants without ASD. Results Infants who developed ASD had significantly greater extra-axial CSF volume at 6 months compared with both comparison groups without ASD (18% greater than high-risk infants without ASD; Cohen's d = 0.54). Extra-axial CSF volume remained elevated through 24 months (d = 0.46). Infants with more severe autism symptoms had an even greater volume of extra-axial CSF from 6 to 24 months (24% greater at 6 months, d = 0.70; 15% greater at 24 months, d = 0.70). Extra-axial CSF volume at 6 months predicted which high-risk infants would be diagnosed with ASD at 24 months with an overall accuracy of 69% and corresponding 66% sensitivity and 68% specificity, which was fully cross-validated in a separate sample. Conclusions This study confirms and extends previous findings that increased extra-axial CSF is detectable at 6 months in high-risk infants who develop ASD. Future studies will address whether this anomaly is a contributing factor to the etiology of ASD or an early risk marker for ASD.

Published
2017
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20. Subcortical Brain and Behavior Phenotypes Differentiate Infants With Autism Versus Language Delay

Author

Swanson, Meghan R., primary, Shen, Mark D., additional, Wolff, Jason J., additional, Elison, Jed T., additional, Emerson, Robert W., additional, Styner, Martin A., additional, Hazlett, Heather C., additional, Truong, Kinh, additional, Watson, Linda R., additional, Paterson, Sarah, additional, Marrus, Natasha, additional, Botteron, Kelly N., additional, Pandey, Juhi, additional, Schultz, Robert T., additional, Dager, Stephen R., additional, Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, additional, Estes, Annette M., additional, Piven, Joseph, additional, Piven, J., additional, Hazlett, H.C., additional, Chappell, C., additional, Dager, S., additional, Estes, A.M., additional, Shaw, D., additional, Botteron, K., additional, McKinstry, R., additional, Constantino, J., additional, Pruett, J., additional, Schultz, R.T., additional, Pandey, J., additional, Paterson, S., additional, Zwaigenbaum, L., additional, Elison, J.T., additional, Wolff, J.J., additional, Evans, A.C., additional, Collins, D.L., additional, Pike, G.B., additional, Fonov, V., additional, Kostopoulos, P., additional, Das, S., additional, Gerig, G., additional, Styner, M., additional, and Gu, H., additional

Published
2017
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21. Increased Extra-axial Cerebrospinal Fluid in High-Risk Infants Who Later Develop Autism

Author

Shen, Mark D., primary, Kim, Sun Hyung, additional, McKinstry, Robert C., additional, Gu, Hongbin, additional, Hazlett, Heather C., additional, Nordahl, Christine W., additional, Emerson, Robert W., additional, Shaw, Dennis, additional, Elison, Jed T., additional, Swanson, Meghan R., additional, Fonov, Vladimir S., additional, Gerig, Guido, additional, Dager, Stephen R., additional, Botteron, Kelly N., additional, Paterson, Sarah, additional, Schultz, Robert T., additional, Evans, Alan C., additional, Estes, Annette M., additional, Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, additional, Styner, Martin A., additional, Amaral, David G., additional, Piven, Joseph, additional, Piven, J., additional, Hazlett, H.C., additional, Chappell, C., additional, Dager, S., additional, Estes, A., additional, Shaw, D., additional, Botteron, K., additional, McKinstry, R., additional, Constantino, J., additional, Pruett, J., additional, Schultz, R., additional, Zwaigenbaum, L., additional, Elison, J., additional, Evans, A.C., additional, Collins, D.L., additional, Pike, G.B., additional, Fonov, V., additional, Kostopoulos, P., additional, Das, S., additional, Gerig, G., additional, Styner, M., additional, and Gu, H., additional

Published
2017
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22. A longitudinal study of parent‐reported sensory responsiveness in toddlers at‐risk for autism.

Author

Wolff, Jason J., Dimian, Adele F., Botteron, Kelly N., Dager, Stephen R., Elison, Jed T., Estes, Annette M., Hazlett, Heather C., Schultz, Robert T., Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie, Piven, Joseph, Chappell, C., Shaw, D., McKinstry, R., Constantino, J., Pruett, J., Pandey, J., Paterson, S., Elison, J., Evans, A.C., and Collins, D.L.

Subjects
AUTISM risk factors, INFANT psychology, LONGITUDINAL method, QUESTIONNAIRES, SENSES
Abstract

Background: Atypical sensory responsivity and sensory interests are now included in the DSM 5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) under the broad domain of restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB). However, relatively little is known about the emergence of sensory‐related features and their relation to conventionally defined RRB in the first years of life. Methods: Prospective, longitudinal parent‐report data using the Sensory Experiences Questionnaire (SEQ) were collected for 331 high‐risk toddlers (74 of whom met diagnostic criteria for ASD at age 2) and 135 low‐risk controls. Longitudinal profiles for SEQ scores were compared between groups across ages 12–24 months. Associations between SEQ measures and measures of RRB subtypes (based on the Repetitive Behavior Scale, Revised) were also examined. Results: Longitudinal profiles for all SEQ scores significantly differed between groups. SEQ scores were elevated for the ASD group from age 12 months, with differences becoming more pronounced across the 12–24 month interval. At both 12 and 24 months, most measures derived from the SEQ were significantly associated with all subtypes of RRB. Conclusions: These findings suggest that differences in sensory responsivity may be evident in high‐risk infants later diagnosed with ASD in early toddlerhood, and that the magnitude of these differences increases over the second year of life. The high degree of association between SEQ scores and RRB supports the conceptual alignment of these features but also raises questions as to explanatory mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2019
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25. Software engineering of a navigation and guidance system for commercial aircraft

Author

Lachmann, S. G and Mckinstry, R. G

Subjects
Aircraft Instrumentation
Abstract

The avionics experimental configuration of the considered system is briefly reviewed, taking into account the concept of an advanced air traffic management system, flight critical and noncritical functions, and display system characteristics. Cockpit displays and the navigation computer are examined. Attention is given to the functions performed in the navigation computer, major programs in the navigation computer, and questions of software development.

Published
1975

33. Proton NMR imaging of cerebral blood flow using H217O

Author

Kwong, K. K., primary, Hopkins, A. L., additional, Belliveau, J. W., additional, Chesler, D. A., additional, Porkka, L. M., additional, McKinstry, R. C., additional, Finelli, D. A., additional, Hunter, G. J., additional, Moore, J. B., additional, Barr, R. G., additional, and Rosen, B. R., additional

Published
1991
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40. B.C.G

Author

McKinstry, R. N.

Subjects
Correspondence
Published
1953

41. Diffusion-weighted imaging of acute corticospinal tract injury preceding Wallerian degeneration in the maturing human brain

Author

Mazumdar, A., Pratik Mukherjee, Miller, J. H., Malde, H., and Mckinstry, R. C.

Subjects
Male, Neurologic Examination, Infant, Newborn, Pyramidal Tracts, Brain, Infant, Brain Edema, Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery, Prognosis, Brain Ischemia, Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Brain Injuries, Acute Disease, Brain Injury, Chronic, Humans, Female, Prospective Studies, Atrophy, Wallerian Degeneration, Infarction, Anterior Cerebral Artery, Retrospective Studies
Abstract

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Wallerian degeneration, the secondary degeneration of axons from cortical and subcortical injury, is associated with poor neurologic outcome. Since diffusion-weighted (DW) imaging is sensitive to early changes of cytotoxic edema, DW imaging may depict the acute injury to descending white matter tracts that precedes Wallerian degeneration; this injury is not visible on conventional CT or MR images in the maturing human brain. METHODS: Two neuroradiologists retrospectively analyzed clinical MR images in six children (aged 3 days to 5 months) with DW findings consistent with acute injury of the descending white matter tract due to territorial anterior or middle cerebral artery infarction. In five patients, images were obtained as a part of routine clinical evaluation. The remaining patient was a part of a prospective study of brain injury. Imaging findings were correlated with clinical outcomes. RESULTS: In all six patients, DW imaging performed 2–8 days after the onset of ischemia depicted injury to the descending white matter tract ipsilateral to the territorial infarct. Conventional MR images of the ipsilateral descending white matter tracts were abnormal in three patients. In all five patients for which follow-up results were available, the presence of DW changes was correlated with persistent neurologic disability. CONCLUSION: As shown in this retrospective analysis, DW imaging can depict acute injury to the descending white matter tract in neonates and infants, when conventional MR imaging may show normal findings. These DW findings likely precede the development of Wallerian degeneration, and they may portend a poor clinical outcome.

46. Network inefficiencies in autism spectrum disorder at 24 months

Author

Kostopoulos, P, Evans, A C, Hazlett, H, Dager, S, Lewis, J D, Pruett, J R, Botteron, K, Estes, A, Zwaigenbaum, L, McKinstry, R, Collins, L, Schultz, R T, Paterson, S, Styner, M, Piven, J, and Gerig, G

Subjects
mental disorders, 10. No inequality
Abstract

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder defined by behavioral symptoms that emerge during the first years of life. Associated with these symptoms are differences in the structure of a wide array of brain regions, and in the connectivity between these regions. However, the use of cohorts with large age variability and participants past the generally recognized age of onset of the defining behaviors means that many of the reported abnormalities may be a result of cascade effects of developmentally earlier deviations. This study assessed differences in connectivity in ASD at the age at which the defining behaviors first become clear. There were 113 24-month-old participants at high risk for ASD, 31 of whom were classified as ASD, and 23 typically developing 24-month-old participants at low risk for ASD. Utilizing diffusion data to obtain measures of the length and strength of connections between anatomical regions, we performed an analysis of network efficiency. Our results showed significantly decreased local and global efficiency over temporal, parietal and occipital lobes in high-risk infants classified as ASD, relative to both low- and high-risk infants not classified as ASD. The frontal lobes showed only a reduction in global efficiency in Broca's area. In addition, these same regions showed an inverse relation between efficiency and symptom severity across the high-risk infants. The results suggest delay or deficits in infants with ASD in the optimization of both local and global aspects of network structure in regions involved in processing auditory and visual stimuli, language and nonlinguistic social stimuli.

47. Drill-to-mill: efficient drilling and blasting resulting in increased mill throughput at Barrick Goldstrike.

Author

Rantapaa M., Bolles T., Mckinstry R., Rantapaa M., Bolles T., and Mckinstry R.

Abstract

A decrease in throughput at the autoclave was identified in 2002 at the Barrick Goldstrike, Nevada, open pit operation due to increasingly hard ore. Tests were conducted to determine if adjustments to drilling and blasting could positively affect throughput. Better fragmentation and a subsequent increase in mill throughput were achieved through the use of electronic caps for more precision and flexibility, as well as for allowing extremely fast shots, the use of explosives with a higher velocity of detonation leading to improved shock energy, and improved explosives distribution by decreasing pattern spacing. Total process throughput, including hard and soft ore, was expected to increase by 6 tph in 2003 due to the improved fragmentation of the hard ore., A decrease in throughput at the autoclave was identified in 2002 at the Barrick Goldstrike, Nevada, open pit operation due to increasingly hard ore. Tests were conducted to determine if adjustments to drilling and blasting could positively affect throughput. Better fragmentation and a subsequent increase in mill throughput were achieved through the use of electronic caps for more precision and flexibility, as well as for allowing extremely fast shots, the use of explosives with a higher velocity of detonation leading to improved shock energy, and improved explosives distribution by decreasing pattern spacing. Total process throughput, including hard and soft ore, was expected to increase by 6 tph in 2003 due to the improved fragmentation of the hard ore.

48. Drill-to mill: increased mill throughput at Barrick Goldstrike from efficient drilling and blasting.

Author

Bolles T., Proceedings 36th annual meeting of the Canadian Mineral Processors held in Ottawa, Canada 20-Jan-0422-Jan-04, McKinstry R., Rantapaa M., Bolles T., Proceedings 36th annual meeting of the Canadian Mineral Processors held in Ottawa, Canada 20-Jan-0422-Jan-04, McKinstry R., and Rantapaa M.

Abstract

More efficient drilling and blasting techniques have resulted in improvements in throughput at the Barrick Goldstrike wet grinding mill, Nevada. In 2001 it was clear that amounts of hard ore were going to continue to increase, and would decrease mill throughput at the autoclave, its grinding throughput being limited by SAG milling capacity. A strategy to improve fragmentation through optimised drilling and blasting was developed, using electronic detonators, a high velocity of detonation explosive, and improved distribution of explosives by decreased pattern spacing. Mill throughput improved, at a additional cost of, More efficient drilling and blasting techniques have resulted in improvements in throughput at the Barrick Goldstrike wet grinding mill, Nevada. In 2001 it was clear that amounts of hard ore were going to continue to increase, and would decrease mill throughput at the autoclave, its grinding throughput being limited by SAG milling capacity. A strategy to improve fragmentation through optimised drilling and blasting was developed, using electronic detonators, a high velocity of detonation explosive, and improved distribution of explosives by decreased pattern spacing. Mill throughput improved, at a additional cost of

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