Resting-state fMRI in sleeping infants more closely resembles adult sleep than adult wakefulness

Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in infants enables important studies of functional brain organization early in human development. However, rs-fMRI in infants has universally been obtained during sleep to reduce participant motion artifact, raising the question of whether differences in functional organization between awake adults and sleeping infants that are commonly attributed to development may instead derive, at least in part, from sleep. This question is especially important as rs-fMRI differences in adult wake vs. sleep are well documented. To investigate this question, we compared functional connectivity and BOLD signal propagation patterns in 6, 12, and 24 month old sleeping infants with patterns in adult wakefulness and non-REM sleep. We find that important functional connectivity features seen during infant sleep closely resemble those seen during adult sleep, including reduced default mode network functional connectivity. However, we also find differences between infant and adult sleep, especially in thalamic BOLD signal propagation patterns. These findings highlight the importance of considering sleep state when drawing developmental inferences in infant rs-fMRI. Fil: Mitra, Anish. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Snyder, Abraham Z.. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Tagliazucchi, Enzo Rodolfo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Laufs, Helmut. Christian-albrechts-universitat Zu Kiel; Alemania Fil: Elison, Jed. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos Fil: Emerson, Robert W.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Shen, Mark D.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Wolff, Jason J.. University of Minnesota; Estados Unidos Fil: Botteron, Kelly N.. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Dager, Stephen. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Estes, Annette M.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Evans, A.C.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Gerig, Guido. University of New York; Estados Unidos Fil: Hazlett, Heather C.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Paterson, Sarah J.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos Fil: Schultz, Robert T.. University of Pennsylvania; Estados Unidos Fil: Styner, Martin A.. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Zwaigenbaum, Lonnie. University of Alberta; Canadá Fil: Chappell, C.. Ibis Network Pi; Estados Unidos Fil: Estes, A.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Shaw, D.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Botteron, K.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: McKinstry, R.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Constantino, J.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Pruett, J.. University Of Washington, Seattle; Estados Unidos Fil: Schultz, R.. The Children?s Hospital Of Philadelphia; Estados Unidos Fil: Paterson, S.. The Children?s Hospital Of Philadelphia; Estados Unidos Fil: Collins, D.L.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Pike, G.B.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Fonov, V.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Kostopoulos, P.. McGill University. Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital; Canadá Fil: Dasso, Sergio Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Styner, M.. The University Of North Carolina System; Estados Unidos Fil: Gu, H.. Statistical Analysis Core; Estados Unidos Fil: Schlaggar, Bradley L.. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Piven, Joseph. University of North Carolina; Estados Unidos Fil: Pruett, John R.. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos Fil: Raichle, Marcus. Washington University School Of Medicine In St. Louis; Estados Unidos