Search

Neste artigo, descrevemos tres camadas de ruinas relacionadas a tecnologia dos jogos de computador: em uma camada de superficie, destacamos as ferramentas de design utilizadas para produzir ruinas nos mundos audiovisuais dos jogos; em seguida, abordamos a politica industrial da obsolescencia tecnologica, enquanto uma camada infraestrutural que demanda a producao de espacos provisorios para a decadencia material; por fim, atraves de uma camada de sucata, exploramos a dimensao geopolitica da obsolescencia programada, destacando os fluxos transfronteiricos de lixo eletronico, que demarcam tambem um estagio geologico de arruinamento. Com isso, relacionamos formas contemporâneas distintas de arruinamento, questionando como o game design se relaciona com processos complexos de deterioracao das midias na atualidade.

Agent-based semiology is a powerful simulation and prediction environment for pedestrian simulation that allows for accurate balancing of complexity. Here, we describe a framework to simulate increasing behavioural interactivity between agents via agent-based modeling, together with a statistical approach to make the results amenable to a quantitative and automated analysis. That approach borrows ideas from crowd simulation and spatial statistics, notably fitting of Poisson processes, and computer graphics. The described process can simply be thought of as that of approaching an observed pattern by an overlay or additive mixture of grey-scale images each of which are distance transforms of physical objects. Thus, we describe the observed pattern in terms of interactions of spatial features which are akin to traditional BIM tags. We thus arrive at a remarkably concise prediction of the simulation outcome. The benefits of this simulation speedup is, on the one hand, to allow for higher optimization throughput, and on the other hand, to provide designers with quantitative feedback about the impact of their design on the simulation outcome.

Game structures and rule-systems for games are the formal backbone of activities that can be described as play. Even though the understanding of what a game is, differs amongst narratologists, ludologists, game theorists, economists, performing arts scholars and philosophers, there is some common ground: Rules and structures are as essential for ludic interaction as is the permanent deconstruction of the systems of rules. It is essential for the viral qualities of play and for the social processes constituted by play, that the rules are changing and that structures can be skewed, inverted, distorted or dissolved. When we speak about games here, we are not thinking of board games or computer games only, we rather extend the field following „family resemblances“ (German: “Familienähnlichkeiten”) as Wittgenstein called the relation of activities, rule systems, modes of usage and aesthetic form, that can not be captured under one overarching structural bracket. (Wittgenstein 2001) Entire fields of human endeavour have been subsumed under the term “game”; art in the case of Marcel Duchamp, social performance in the case of Pierre Bourdieu and language in the case of Ludwig Wittgenstein. Game structures – recurrent, interactional procedures with semi-predictable results –have appeared in many forms: as methods of communication (inter-species play), as cognitive practices (koans, riddles), as creative procedures (frottage, exquisite corpse), as sensorial titillation (seduction), as a military strategy (game theory), as a form of resistance (culture jamming). The scope of what we consider a “game” today seems to have widened not only because of our world has become more playful – if it has -, but also driven by cultural dynamics that Joost Raessens calls “ludification” (Raessens 2006) and by the demands of industry and global markets that ask for the gamification of work, health, politics wellness (McGonigal 2012) , education (Zichermann & Lindner 2013) and governance (Cordis 2012) . Whether we like it or not, gamification takes place. That is why the issues of game structures become central to the understanding of society, and not for the understanding of games only.

We consider the mean prediction error of a classification or regression procedure as well as its cross-validation estimates, and investigate the variance of this estimate as a function of an arbitrary cross-validation design. We decompose this variance into a scalar product of coefficients and certain covariance expressions, such that the coefficients depend solely on the resampling design, and the covariances depend solely on the data’s probability distribution. We rewrite this scalar product in such a form that the initially large number of summands can gradually be decreased down to three under the validity of a quadratic approximation to the core covariances. We show an analytical example in which this quadratic approximation holds true exactly. Moreover, in this example, we show that the leave-p-out estimator of the error depends on p only by means of a constant and can, therefore, be written in a much simpler form. Furthermore, there is an unbiased estimator of the variance of K-fold cross-v...