1. Body size and composition and risk of site-specific cancers in the UK Biobank and large international consortia: A mendelian randomisation study
- Author
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Susanna C. Larsson, Paul Carter, Amy M. Mason, Mathew Vithayathil, Siddhartha Kar, Stephen Burgess, Vithayathil, Mathew [0000-0002-1457-4385], Carter, Paul [0000-0002-9146-7540], Kar, Siddhartha [0000-0002-2314-1426], Mason, Amy M [0000-0002-8019-0777], Larsson, Susanna C [0000-0003-0118-0341], Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository, Mason, Amy M. [0000-0002-8019-0777], and Larsson, Susanna C. [0000-0003-0118-0341]
- Subjects
Male ,Epidemiology ,Lung and Intrathoracic Tumors ,Body Mass Index ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neoplasms ,Breast Tumors ,Medicine ,Body Size ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Composition (language) ,Prostate Cancer ,Cancer Risk Factors ,Prostate Diseases ,General Medicine ,Middle Aged ,Biobank ,Oncology ,Nephrology ,Renal Cancer ,030220 oncology & carcinogenesis ,symbols ,Body Composition ,Female ,Research Article ,Urology ,MEDLINE ,Single-nucleotide polymorphism ,Body size ,03 medical and health sciences ,symbols.namesake ,Uterine Cancer ,Environmental health ,Breast Cancer ,Genetics ,Humans ,Obesity ,Aged ,Colorectal Cancer ,Medicine and health sciences ,Cancer och onkologi ,Biology and life sciences ,business.industry ,Cancers and Neoplasms ,Mendelian Randomization Analysis ,United Kingdom ,Genitourinary Tract Tumors ,Medical Risk Factors ,Cancer and Oncology ,Mendelian inheritance ,Observational study ,business ,Gynecological Tumors - Abstract
Background Evidence for the impact of body size and composition on cancer risk is limited. This mendelian randomisation (MR) study investigates evidence supporting causal relationships of body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and height with cancer risk. Methods and findings Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used as instrumental variables for BMI (312 SNPs), FMI (577 SNPs), FFMI (577 SNPs), and height (293 SNPs). Associations of the genetic variants with 22 site-specific cancers and overall cancer were estimated in 367,561 individuals from the UK Biobank (UKBB) and with lung, breast, ovarian, uterine, and prostate cancer in large international consortia. In the UKBB, genetically predicted BMI was positively associated with overall cancer (odds ratio [OR] per 1 kg/m2 increase 1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00–1.02; p = 0.043); several digestive system cancers: stomach (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.06–1.21; p < 0.001), esophagus (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03, 1.17; p = 0.003), liver (OR 1.13, 95% CI 1.03–1.25; p = 0.012), and pancreas (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01–1.12; p = 0.016); and lung cancer (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04–1.12; p < 0.001). For sex-specific cancers, genetically predicted elevated BMI was associated with an increased risk of uterine cancer (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.05–1.15; p < 0.001) and with a lower risk of prostate cancer (OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.94–0.99; p = 0.009). When dividing cancers into digestive system versus non-digestive system, genetically predicted BMI was positively associated with digestive system cancers (OR 1.04, 95% CI 1.02–1.06; p < 0.001) but not with non-digestive system cancers (OR 1.01, 95% CI 0.99–1.02; p = 0.369). Genetically predicted FMI was positively associated with liver, pancreatic, and lung cancer and inversely associated with melanoma and prostate cancer. Genetically predicted FFMI was positively associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and melanoma. Genetically predicted height was associated with increased risk of overall cancer (OR per 1 standard deviation increase 1.09; 95% CI 1.05–1.12; p < 0.001) and multiple site-specific cancers. Similar results were observed in analyses using the weighted median and MR–Egger methods. Results based on consortium data confirmed the positive associations between BMI and lung and uterine cancer risk as well as the inverse association between BMI and prostate cancer, and, additionally, showed an inverse association between genetically predicted BMI and breast cancer. The main limitations are the assumption that genetic associations with cancer outcomes are mediated via the proposed risk factors and that estimates for some lower frequency cancer types are subject to low precision. Conclusions Our results show that the evidence for BMI as a causal risk factor for cancer is mixed. We find that BMI has a consistent causal role in increasing risk of digestive system cancers and a role for sex-specific cancers with inconsistent directions of effect. In contrast, increased height appears to have a consistent risk-increasing effect on overall and site-specific cancers., Mathew Vithayathil and colleagues study associations of body mass index and other measures with incidence of specific cancers., Author summary Why was this study done? The causal relevance of body size and composition as risk factors for specific cancers is unclear based on traditional observational studies. By considering the relationships between genetically predicted values of body size and composition with cancer risk, our estimates are less influenced by confounding variables, and, hence, more reliably reflect the underlying causal relationships between these measures and cancer risk. What did the researchers do and find? We assessed the associations between genetically predicted body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), and height with 22 specific cancers in the UK Biobank (UKBB), a population-based sample of the United Kingdom residents. Although genetically predicted height was consistently associated with increased risk of site-specific cancers, genetically predicted BMI was associated with an increased risk of certain digestive system cancers (esophageal, stomach, liver, and pancreas), plus lung and uterine cancer, but a decreased risk of breast and prostate cancer. When dividing cancers into digestive system cancers versus non-digestive system cancers, genetically predicted BMI was associated with increased risk of digestive system cancers, but not associated with non-digestive system cancers. What do these findings mean? Our findings suggest that BMI is a causal risk factor for some cancers, but is not a generic risk factor for all cancers. Body fat may play a role in development of specific cancers and should be studied further to identify future targets to prevent cancer. Public health strategies should focus on reducing obesity as a risk factor for cancer, but should be clear that benefit may be limited to certain cancers.
- Published
- 2021
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