106 results on '"Martin French"'
Search Results
2. Establishing the temporal stability of machine learning models that detect online gambling-related harms
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W. Spencer Murch, Sylvia Kairouz, and Martin French
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Artificial intelligence ,Machine learning ,Problem gambling ,Online gambling ,Behavioral addiction ,Prevention ,Electronic computers. Computer science ,QA75.5-76.95 ,Psychology ,BF1-990 - Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) models can detect at-risk online gamblers by analyzing patterns in their betting behaviour, but their performance over time has not been assessed. Linking online gamblers’ self-reported gambling problems to their transactional gambling data, we investigated the temporal stability of online gambling behaviours at two timepoints (2019–2022). We then assessed the impacts of shifting gambling behaviours on the performance of two previously-validated AI harm detection models.Adult users of a Canadian online gambling website (n2019 = 9,145, n2022 = 11,258) completed the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), a validated questionnaire examining past-year gambling problems. Population Stability Index assessed the temporal stability of 10 previously-validated indicators of problematic online gambling. Two AI models were then revalidated using overall and threshold-dependent performance metrics.All measured indicators of problematic online gambling behaviour shifted significantly from 2019 to 2022 (all p
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- 2024
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3. Interpassive Gambling
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Pauline Hoebanx and Martin French
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Gambling-related media ,Slot machines ,YouTube ,User generated content ,Interpassivity ,gamblification ,Recreation. Leisure ,GV1-1860 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Slot machines are recognized as a particularly risky form of gambling. However, there is a form of slot machine consumption that seems to have largely escaped the notice of regulators and scholars: the streaming of slot machine play on YouTube and other platforms. In this article, we present the results of our qualitative study of 21 slot machine videos. Our study examines how these videos portray gambling and how they align with the norms of YouTube’s platform economy. Our analysis underscores the representation of slot machine gambling in this under-regulated media, emphasizing different tactics of viewer manipulation. We introduce the concept of interpassive gambling to reflect the ways that user-generated videos are a form of diffusion of gambling mechanics beyond traditional gambling venues. We conclude by calling for more scholarly and regulatory attention to this gamblified site of media consumption.
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- 2023
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4. The GameBling Game Jam
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Pauline Hoebanx, Idun Isdrake, Sylvia Kairouz, Bart Simon, and Martin French
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Recreation. Leisure ,GV1-1860 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Gambling scholars may be unfamiliar with the research methods used by their colleagues in game studies. Yet, as gambling becomes gamified, and gaming becomes gamblified, the intersection between our two fields continues to grow. The GameBling game jam, which took place in 2022 at Concordia University, proposed to explore this growing intersection by applying a game making and game studies method—the game jam (see, for instance, Kultima 2015; Meriläinen et al., 2020; Ruberg & Shaw, 2017)—to a gambling object—the slot machine. This post argues that game jams can be used in gambling studies to learn more about public perceptions of slot machines, to reverse-engineer black-boxed gambling algorithms, or even to help new research interests emerge through the process of game creation. We ultimately propose that the practice of creating games from scratch in a limited time frame, or "game jamming," is an innovative research method that can help uncover new ways to think about and question social science concepts.
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- 2023
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5. The Meaningful Involvement of People with HIV/AIDS (MIPA): The Participatory Praxis Approach to Community Engagement on HIV Surveillance
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Andrew Spieldenner, Martin French, Venita Ray, Brian Minalga, Cristine Sardina, Robert Suttle, Marco Castro-Bojorquez, Octavia Lewis, and Laurel Sprague
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Education ,Communities. Classes. Races ,HT51-1595 - Abstract
The Meaningful Involvement of People with HIV/AIDS (MIPA) has been at the core of the HIV response since the beginning of the HIV epidemic. In this study, we compare two community engagement activities concerned with molecular HIV surveillance (MHS) in the United States: one governmental and one community-led. We examine the consultative aspects of each one, especially as they relate to people living with HIV. We point to the community-based effort—which used a participatory praxis approach—as an example of MIPA. We derive two best practice principles from this research from the field.
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- 2022
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6. Material Properties of Saturn’s Interior from Ab Initio Simulations
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Martin Preising, Martin French, Christopher Mankovich, François Soubiran, and Ronald Redmer
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Saturn ,Planetary structure ,Planetary science ,Solar system gas giant planets ,Quantum-chemical calculations ,Chemical thermodynamics ,Astrophysics ,QB460-466 - Abstract
We investigate the material properties of a mixture of hydrogen, helium, and oxygen representative of Saturn’s interior at pressure–temperature conditions of a recent Saturn model (see Mankovich & Fortney) with molecular dynamics simulations based on density functional theory. Their model considers the demixing of hydrogen and helium and predicts a He-rich layer above a diluted core. We calculate the thermodynamic and transport properties and discuss the impact on Saturn’s evolution and interior structure. We find a significant impact of the He-rich layer on the specific heat capacity, speed of sound, viscosity, diffusion coefficients, thermal and electrical conductivity, Lorenz number, and magnetic and thermal diffusivities.
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- 2023
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7. 'It’s Actually Part of Clinical Care'. Mediating Biobanking Assets in the Entrepreneurial Hospital
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Martin French, Fiona A. Miller, and Renata Axler
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biobanks ,public participation ,biosociality ,personalized health ,genomic research ,healthcare ,Science ,Science (General) ,Q1-390 - Abstract
A core aspect of the entrepreneurial hospital is the mobilisation of the means of care beyond care itself. In previous work, we showed how the entrepreneurial hospital uses its unique access to patient populations, whose health needs make them available, in order to facilitate research into therapeutic, diagnostic, or service delivery innovation. It ‘entrepreneurialises’ care, we argued, to meet research needs. What may be less obvious in this process, however, is that research, too, is entrepreneurialised to meet care needs. That is, the entrepreneurial hospital not only constitutes its patient populations and care infrastructure as distinctive assets that serve its entrepreneurial aims, but also positions its entrepreneurial aims as a decisive element in the service of care. This article develops the concept of the entrepreneurial hospital to help theorise biobanking. It foregrounds the views of biobankers – drawing from our ethnographic research and especially our interviews with key-informants (2008-2009) who work in some relation to biobanking in a Canadian province – thereby providing a window onto an important, yet under-examined, set of rationales motivating the entrepreneurial integration of care and research through biobanks.
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- 2019
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8. Responsible Gambling: A Scoping Review
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Jennifer Reynolds, Sylvia Kairouz, Samantha Ilacqua, and Martin French
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gambling, public health, scoping review, responsible gambling ,Recreation. Leisure ,GV1-1860 ,Social Sciences - Abstract
Gambling markets have drastically expanded over the past 35 years. Pacing this expansion has been the articulation of a governance framework that largely places responsibility for regulating gambling-related harms upon individuals. This framework, often defined with reference to the concept of responsible gambling (RG), has faced significant criticism, emphasizing public health and consumer protection issues. To study both the articulation and critique of the concept of responsible gambling, we conducted a ‘scoping review’ of the literature (Arksey & O’Malley 2005). Literature was identified through searches on academic databases using a combination of search terms. Articles were independently reviewed by two researchers. Findings indicate 142 publications with a primary focus on responsible gambling, with a high volume of publications coming from the disciplinary backgrounds of the first authors representing the fields of psychology, business, and psychiatric medicine. Further, publication key themes address topics such as responsible gambling tools and interventions, corporate social responsibility and accountability, responsible gambling concepts and descriptions, and to a lesser extent, critiques of responsible gambling. The scoping review of the literature related to responsible gambling suggests the need to foster research conditions to invite more critical and interdisciplinary scholarship in an effort to improve public health and consumer protection.
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- 2020
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9. The HIV self-testing debate: where do we stand?
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Marilou Gagnon, Martin French, and Yamilee Hébert
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AIDS ,Arguments ,Debate ,HIV ,Self-testing ,Self-test ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Emphasis on HIV testing as a gateway to prevention, treatment and care has grown tremendously over the past decade. In turn, this emphasis on testing has created a demand for new policies, programs, and technologies that can potentially increase access to and uptake of HIV testing. HIV self-testing (HST) technologies have gained important momentum following the approval of the over-the-counter self-tests in the United States, the UK, and France. While the renewed interest in HST has given rise to a number of high quality reviews of empirical studies conducted on this topic, we have yet to find an article that captures the extent of the debate on HST. Mapping the debate A critical review of the literature on HST was conducted and organized into three categories based on the focus of the article: 1) Empirical research, 2) Arguments, and 3) Context. We focused exclusively on the second category which included ethical analyses, policy analyses, editorials, opinion pieces, commentaries, letters to the editor and so forth. 10 lines of argument on HST were identified in the literature: 1) Individual – Public Health, 2) Strengths – Limits, 3) Benefits – Harms, 4) Screening – Testing, 5) Target – Market, 6) Health Care – Industry, 7) Regulation – Restriction, 8) Resource-Rich Settings – Resource-Limited Settings, 9) Ethical – Unethical, and 10) Exceptionalism – Normalization. Each line of argument is presented and discussed in the paper. Conclusion We conclude by providing examples of critical questions that should be raised in order to take the debate to another level and generate new ways of thinking about HST.
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- 2018
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10. Thermal conductivity of dissociating water—an ab initio study
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Martin French
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thermal conductivity ,ab initio simulations ,water ,Science ,Physics ,QC1-999 - Abstract
The thermal conductivity of partially dissociated and ionised water is calculated in a large-scale study using density functional theory (DFT)-based molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. In doing so, the required heat current of the nuclei is calculated by mapping the effective particle interactions from the DFT-MD simulations onto classical pair potentials. It is demonstrated that experimental and theoretical thermal conductivity data for liquid heavy water and for ice VII are well reproduced with this efficient procedure. Moreover, the approach also allows for an illustrative interpretation of the characteristics of the thermal conductivity in the dense chemically reacting fluid. The thermodynamic conditions investigated here range from densities between 0.2 and 6 g cm ^−3 and temperatures between 600 and 50 000 K, which includes states highly relevant for understanding the interiors of water-rich planets like Uranus and Neptune and exoplanets of similar composition.
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- 2019
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11. Betting on DOTA 2's Battle Pass: Gamblification and productivity in play.
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Andrei Zanescu, Martin French, and Marc J. Lajeunesse
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- 2021
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12. 30-Month revalidation to determine the temporal stability of machine learning models for detecting online gambling-related harms
- Author
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W. Spencer Murch, Sylvia Kairouz, and Martin French
- Abstract
Background and Aims: Machine learning algorithms can detect at-risk online gamblers by analyzing patterns in betting behaviour. Example models have been tested in several jurisdictions, but their performance over time has not been assessed. We investigated the temporal stability of two existing models after 30-months (2019 – 2022). We further aimed to identify potential sources of model degradation, and strategies to restore prior classification performance.Design: Revalidation of a large-scale study linking participants’ self-reported gambling problems to their online gambling behaviours.Setting: Online gambling website operated by a Canadian provincial gambling operator.Participants: Adults aged 18+ (N = 11,258) who completed a survey and participated in online gambling. Measurements: Two binary dependent variables based on validated risk thresholds for the Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI) identified participants who reported a high- (PGSI 8+) or moderate-to-high (PGSI 5+) risk of past-year gambling problems. Previously-developed machine learning models made predictions about these dependent variables based on 10 inputs derived from participants’ deposits, betting behaviour and account-level data on the site.Findings: Significant changes between the prior validation study and current revalidation analysis were evident in threshold-dependent metrics (sensitivity and specificity), as well as the models’ Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve (AUPRC; PGSI 5+ ΔAUPRC = +2.87%; t(20401) = 2.83, p = .004, 95% CI [60.59, 61.57]; PGSI 8+ ΔAUPRC = +7.06%; t(20401) = 7.21, p < .001, 95% CI [44.47, 45.62]). These changes may be attributable to observed drifts in the distributions of the input and dependent variables. Redeveloping the models’ decision thresholds restored previously-observed levels of classification performance for threshold-dependent metrics only.Conclusion: Machine learning models predicting PGSI risk categories via indicators of online gambling behaviour may continue to function adequately 30 months after validation. These results provide preliminary support for their utility in real-world detection tasks, and speak to the temporal stability of the behavioural profile of problematic gambling.
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- 2023
13. Ab initio calculation of the reflectivity of molecular fluids under shock compression
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Martin French, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Alessandra Ravasio, and Jean-Alexis Hernandez
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- 2023
14. Using machine learning to retrospectively predict self‐reported gambling problems in Quebec
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W. Spencer Murch, Sylvia Kairouz, Sophie Dauphinais, Elyse Picard, Jean‐Michel Costes, and Martin French
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Psychiatry and Mental health ,Medicine (miscellaneous) - Published
- 2023
15. Electrical and thermal conductivity of fcc and hcp iron under conditions of the Earth's core from ab initio simulations
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Uwe Kleinschmidt, Martin French, Gerd Steinle-Neumann, and Ronald Redmer
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- 2023
16. Diamond formation kinetics in shock-compressed C─H─O samples recorded by small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray diffraction
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Zhiyu He, Melanie Rödel, Julian Lütgert, Armin Bergermann, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Deniza Chekrygina, Thomas E. Cowan, Adrien Descamps, Martin French, Eric Galtier, Arianna E. Gleason, Griffin D. Glenn, Siegfried H. Glenzer, Yuichi Inubushi, Nicholas J. Hartley, Jean-Alexis Hernandez, Benjamin Heuser, Oliver S. Humphries, Nobuki Kamimura, Kento Katagiri, Dimitri Khaghani, Hae Ja Lee, Emma E. McBride, Kohei Miyanishi, Bob Nagler, Benjamin Ofori-Okai, Norimasa Ozaki, Silvia Pandolfi, Chongbing Qu, Divyanshu Ranjan, Ronald Redmer, Christopher Schoenwaelder, Anja K. Schuster, Michael G. Stevenson, Keiichi Sueda, Tadashi Togashi, Tommaso Vinci, Katja Voigt, Jan Vorberger, Makina Yabashi, Toshinori Yabuuchi, Lisa M. V. Zinta, Alessandra Ravasio, and Dominik Kraus
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Multidisciplinary - Abstract
Extreme conditions inside ice giants such as Uranus and Neptune can result in peculiar chemistry and structural transitions, e.g., the precipitation of diamonds or superionic water, as so far experimentally observed only for pure C─H and H 2 O systems, respectively. Here, we investigate a stoichiometric mixture of C and H 2 O by shock-compressing polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastics and performing in situ x-ray probing. We observe diamond formation at pressures between 72 ± 7 and 125 ± 13 GPa at temperatures ranging from ~3500 to ~6000 K. Combining x-ray diffraction and small-angle x-ray scattering, we access the kinetics of this exotic reaction. The observed demixing of C and H 2 O suggests that diamond precipitation inside the ice giants is enhanced by oxygen, which can lead to isolated water and thus the formation of superionic structures relevant to the planets’ magnetic fields. Moreover, our measurements indicate a way of producing nanodiamonds by simple laser-driven shock compression of cheap PET plastics.
- Published
- 2022
17. A Governmentality of Online Gambling: Quebec’s Contested Internet Gambling Website Blocking Provisions
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Martin French, Sylvia Kairouz, Annie-Claude Savard, and Dani Tardif
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Sociology and Political Science ,Blocking (radio) ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Internet privacy ,Online gambling ,Internet gambling ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Political science ,050501 criminology ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Law ,0505 law ,Governmentality - Abstract
This article examines Canada’s first internet gambling website blocking scheme, which was enacted in Quebec as part of the implementation of the province’s 2015 budget. Using qualitative research methods, the article illustrates the complexities of regulating online gambling. Influenced by critical sociological and anthropological studies of gambling, and taking a socio-legal, governmentality perspective, it shows how socio-legal studies can illuminate research on the regulation of gambling, and how the study of online gambling can, as a sentinel site for the regulation of online consumption, contribute to the development of socio-legal studies. Our analysis shows that the governmentality of online gambling is framed so as to exclude 1) a range of risks (e.g., related to consumer profiling and the capacity to stimulate “addictive consumption”), 2) the heterogeneity of everyday experience that connects online gambling with online addictive consumption more generally, and 3) a range of possibilities for governing online gambling otherwise.
- Published
- 2021
18. Speculating on Steam: Consumption in the gamblified platform ecosystem
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Andrei Zanescu, Marc J. Lajeunesse, and Martin French
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Marketing ,Consumption (economics) ,Economics and Econometrics ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,Distribution (economics) ,050801 communication & media studies ,Business model ,Environmental economics ,0508 media and communications ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,0502 economics and business ,Value (economics) ,Economics ,Game studies ,050211 marketing ,Ecosystem ,Business and International Management ,business - Abstract
The rise of platforms as the premier model of videogame distribution has led to a number of changes in the business models of producers and distributors. Consumers are constantly hailed by games platforms through freemium business models that offer cosmetic items contained in loot boxes or recurring subscriptions. Thus far, game studies and consumer studies have been unable to account for the totality of how these new and dynamic platforms circumvent legal barriers and attract potential consumers. This paper argues that a hybrid research model combining platform studies, socio-cultural critique of gamblification, and political economy is required in order to theorize and explicate how these platforms operate. The platformized and gamblified model for game distribution seeks to regulate and configure networks of association between consumers and producers with the ultimate aim of eliciting participation on platforms.
- Published
- 2021
19. Productive play: The shift from responsible consumption to responsible production
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Martin French and Jennifer R. Whitson
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Marketing ,Consumption (economics) ,Economics and Econometrics ,Sociology and Political Science ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,ComputingMilieux_PERSONALCOMPUTING ,050801 communication & media studies ,0508 media and communications ,Market economy ,Arts and Humanities (miscellaneous) ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,Production (economics) ,Business and International Management ,050212 sport, leisure & tourism - Abstract
Regulatory approaches to games are organized by boundaries between game/not-game, game/gambling game, skilled/unskilled play, consumption/production. Perhaps more importantly, moral justifications for regulating gambling (and condemning digital games) are rooted in the idea that they consume our time and wages but give little in return. This article uses two case studies to show how these boundaries and justifications are now perforated and reconfigured by digital mediation. The case study of Daily Fantasy Sports (DFS) illustrates a contemporary challenge to rigid dichotomies between game/not game, skilled/unskilled play, and game/gambling game, demonstrating how regulation becomes deterritorialized as gambling moves out of state-regulated physical casinos and takes the form of networked, digital games. Our second case study of Pokémon Go approaches regulation from a different direction, complicating the rigid dichotomy between production/consumption in online networked play. We show how play is increasingly realized as productive in economic, social, physical, subjective and analytic registers, while at the same time, it is driven by gambling design imperatives, such as extending time-on-device. Pokémon Go exemplifies analytic productivity, a term we use to refer to the production of data flows that can be leveraged for a wide variety of purposes, including to predict, shape, and channel the behaviour of player populations, thereby generating multiple streams of revenue. Ultimately, both cases illustrate how digital games and gambling increasingly blur into each other, complicating the regulatory landscape.
- Published
- 2021
20. Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of H2–H2O mixtures
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Martin French, Ronald Redmer, and Armin Bergermann
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Canonical ensemble ,Materials science ,Spinodal decomposition ,Monte Carlo method ,Uranus ,Ab initio ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Thermodynamics ,01 natural sciences ,Neptune ,Planet ,0103 physical sciences ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Physical and Theoretical Chemistry ,010306 general physics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Ice giant - Abstract
The miscibility gap in hydrogen-water mixtures is investigated by conducting Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulations with analytical two-body interaction potentials between the molecular species. We calculate several demixing curves at pressures below 150 kbar and temperatures of 1000 K ≤ T ≤ 2000 K. Despite the approximations introduced by the two-body interaction potentials, our results predict a large miscibility gap in hydrogen-water mixtures at similar conditions as found in experiments. Our findings are in contrast to those from ab initio simulations and provide a renewed indication that hydrogen-water immiscibility regions may have a significant impact on the structure and evolution of ice giant planets like Uranus and Neptune.
- Published
- 2021
21. Electronic transport coefficients from density functional theory across the plasma plane
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Martin French, Gerd Röpke, Maximilian Schörner, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Michael P. Desjarlais, and Ronald Redmer
- Abstract
We investigate the thermopower and Lorenz number of hydrogen with Kohn-Sham density functional theory (DFT) across the plasma plane toward the near-classical limit, i.e., weakly degenerate and weakly coupled states. Our results are in concordance with certain limiting values for the Lorentz plasma, a model system which only considers electron-ion scattering. Thereby, we clearly show that the widely used method of calculating transport properties via the Kubo-Greenwood (KG) formalism does not capture electron-electron scattering processes. Our discussion also addresses the inadequateness of assuming a Drude-like frequency behavior for the conductivity of nondegenerate plasmas by revisiting the relaxation time approximation within kinetic theory.
- Published
- 2022
22. Betting on DOTA 2’s Battle Pass: Gamblification and productivity in play
- Author
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Andrei Zanescu, Marc J. Lajeunesse, and Martin French
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Consumption (economics) ,Battle ,Sociology and Political Science ,business.industry ,Communication ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050801 communication & media studies ,Corporation ,Distribution system ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,0508 media and communications ,Commerce ,chemistry ,0502 economics and business ,Game studies ,DOTA ,050211 marketing ,Business ,Productivity ,media_common ,Agile software development - Abstract
The transformation of games with the advent of platformized distribution systems continues to produce new and agile forms of consumption and exploitation. Valve Corporation’s DOTA 2 is a key example of a gaming space that is constantly atomized and rebuilt with the aim of optimizing player participation. This participatory form is ever-more gamblified and framed by systems designed to habituate players to a new form of consumption. This article explores how DOTA 2 transforms every year with the advent of a yearly Battle Pass, brimming with gambling systems aimed at eliciting specific forms of user participation. We catalog and schematize these systems with the aim of shedding light on the inner workings of DOTA 2 during this season. The purpose of our work is to move the discussion beyond a regulatory focus on symptomatic loot boxes and toward a deeper understanding of the rhetorical systems hiding beneath game systems.
- Published
- 2020
23. A touch of luck and a 'real taste of Vegas': a sensory ethnography of the Montreal Casino
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David Howes, Martin French, and Erin E. Lynch
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Cultural Studies ,060106 history of social sciences ,Communication ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Taste (sociology) ,Sensory system ,06 humanities and the arts ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,040401 food science ,0404 agricultural biotechnology ,Luck ,Aesthetics ,Ethnography ,0601 history and archaeology ,Psychology ,media_common - Abstract
In recent years, there has been an explosion of “experiential design” in casinos, driven in part by research suggesting that curating gambling sensescapes can lure patrons to spend more time – and ...
- Published
- 2020
24. Responsible Gambling: A Scoping Review
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Samantha Ilacqua, Martin French, Sylvia Kairouz, and Jennifer Reynolds
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business.industry ,Corporate governance ,Psychological intervention ,Social Sciences ,General Medicine ,Public relations ,Consumer protection ,gambling, public health, scoping review, responsible gambling ,Recreation. Leisure ,Scholarship ,Accountability ,Criticism ,Corporate social responsibility ,business ,Psychology ,Discipline ,GV1-1860 - Abstract
Gambling markets have drastically expanded over the past 35 years. Pacing this expansion has been the articulation of a governance framework that largely places responsibility for regulating gambling-related harms upon individuals. This framework, often defined with reference to the concept of responsible gambling (RG), has faced significant criticism, emphasizing public health and consumer protection issues. To study both the articulation and critique of the concept of responsible gambling, we conducted a ‘scoping review’ of the literature (Arksey & O’Malley 2005). Literature was identified through searches on academic databases using a combination of search terms. Articles were independently reviewed by two researchers. Findings indicate 142 publications with a primary focus on responsible gambling, with a high volume of publications coming from the disciplinary backgrounds of the first authors representing the fields of psychology, business, and psychiatric medicine. Further, publication key themes address topics such as responsible gambling tools and interventions, corporate social responsibility and accountability, responsible gambling concepts and descriptions, and to a lesser extent, critiques of responsible gambling. The scoping review of the literature related to responsible gambling suggests the need to foster research conditions to invite more critical and interdisciplinary scholarship in an effort to improve public health and consumer protection.
- Published
- 2020
25. Dis-ease Surveillance: How Might Surveillance Studies Address COVID-19?
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Martin French and Torin Monahan
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Disease surveillance ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Internet privacy ,050801 communication & media studies ,Racism ,Urban Studies ,03 medical and health sciences ,0508 media and communications ,0302 clinical medicine ,Framing (social sciences) ,Political science ,Pandemic ,Social media ,Conversation ,030212 general & internal medicine ,business ,Sociocultural evolution ,Safety Research ,Know-how ,media_common - Abstract
We are currently in the midst of a global pandemic with the spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). While we do not know how this situation will unfold or resolve, we do have insight into how it fits within existing patterns and relations, particularly those pertaining to sociocultural constructions of (in)security, vulnerability, and risk. We can see evidence of surveillance dynamics at play with how bodies and pathogens are being measured, tracked, predicted, and regulated. We can grasp how threat is being racialized, how and why institutions are flailing, and how social media might be fueling social divisions. There is, in other words, a lot that our scholarly community could add to the conversation. In this rapid-response editorial, we provide an introduction to the framing devices of disease surveillance and discuss how a surveillance studies orientation could help us think critically about the present crisis and its possible aftermath.
- Published
- 2020
26. Magnetic induction processes in Hot Jupiters, application to KELT-9b
- Author
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Wieland Dietrich, Sandeep Kumar, Anna Julia Poser, Martin French, Nadine Nettelmann, Ronald Redmer, and Johannes Wicht
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planets and satellites: atmospheres ,Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) ,Space and Planetary Science ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,exoplanet ,atmospheres – planets and satellites ,magnetic fields ,plasmas ,planets and satellites: gaseous planets ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
The small semimajor axes of hot Jupiters lead to high atmospheric temperatures of up to several thousand Kelvin. Under these conditions, thermally ionized metals provide a rich source of charged particles and thus build up a sizeable electrical conductivity. Subsequent electromagnetic effects, such as the induction of electric currents, Ohmic heating, magnetic drag, or the weakening of zonal winds have thus far been considered mainly in the framework of a linear, steady-state model of induction. For hot Jupiters with an equilibrium temperature Teq > 1500 K, the induction of atmospheric magnetic fields is a runaway process that can only be stopped by non-linear feedback. For example, the back-reaction of the magnetic field on to the flow via the Lorentz force or the occurrence of magnetic instabilities. Moreover, we discuss the possibility of self-excited atmospheric dynamos. Our results suggest that the induced atmospheric magnetic fields and electric currents become independent of the electrical conductivity and the internal field, but instead are limited by the planetary rotation rate and wind speed. As an explicit example, we characterize the induction process for the hottest exoplanet, KELT-9b, by calculating the electrical conductivity along atmospheric P–T profiles for the dayside and nightside. Despite the temperature varying between 3000 and 4500 K, the resulting electrical conductivity attains an elevated value of roughly 1 S m−1 throughout the atmosphere. The induced magnetic fields are predominately horizontal and might reach up to a saturation field strength of 400 mT, exceeding the internal field by two orders of magnitude.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of H
- Author
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Armin, Bergermann, Martin, French, and Ronald, Redmer
- Abstract
The miscibility gap in hydrogen-water mixtures is investigated by conducting Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulations with analytical two-body interaction potentials between the molecular species. We calculate several demixing curves at pressures below 150 kbar and temperatures of 1000 K ≤T≤ 2000 K. Despite the approximations introduced by the two-body interaction potentials, our results predict a large miscibility gap in hydrogen-water mixtures at similar conditions as found in experiments. Our findings are in contrast to those from ab initio simulations and provide a renewed indication that hydrogen-water immiscibility regions may have a significant impact on the structure and evolution of ice giant planets like Uranus and Neptune.
- Published
- 2021
28. Exploring the deep interior of ice giants with shock-compression experiments and ab initio simulations: The case of metallic ammonia
- Author
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Alessandra Ravasio, Frédéric Datchi, Sandra Ninet, Frederic Lefevre, Martin French, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Tommaso Vinci, M. Guarguaglini, Jean-Alexis Hernandez, Alessandra Benuzzi-Mounaix, and Ronald Redmer
- Subjects
Metal ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Materials science ,chemistry ,visual_art ,Ab initio ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Compression (physics) ,Molecular physics ,Ice giant ,Shock (mechanics) - Abstract
Ammonia is predicted to be one of the major components in the depths of the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune. Their dynamics, evolution, and interior structure are insufficiently understood and models rely imperatively on data for equation of state and transport properties [1,2]. Despite its great significance, the experimentally accessed region of the ammonia phase diagram today is still very limited in pressure and temperature [3, 4].We investigate the equation of state, the optical properties and the electrical conductivity of warm dense ammonia by combining laser-driven shock experiments and state-of-the-art density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) simulations [5]. The equation of state is probed along the Hugoniot of liquid NH3 up to 350 GPa and 40000 K and in very good agreement with earlier DFT-MD results [6]. Our temperature measurements show a subtle slope change at 7000 K and 90 GPa, which coincides with the gradual transition from a liquid dominated by molecules to a plasma state in our new ab initio simulations. The reflectivity data furnish the first experimental evidence of electronic conduction in high pressure ammonia and are in excellent agreement with the reflectivity computed from atomistic simulations. Corresponding electrical conductivity values are found up to one order of magnitude higher than in water in the 100 GPa regime, with possible implications on the generation of magnetic dynamos in large icy planets’ interiors. [1] Scheibe, Nettelmann, Redmer, Astronomy & Astrophysics 632, A70 (2019).[2] Vazan & Helled, Astronomy & Astrophysics 633, A50 (2020).[3] Nellis, Hamilton, Holmes, Radousky, Ree, Mitchell, Nicol, Science 240, 779 (1988).[4] Radousky, Mitchell, Nellis, Journal of Chemical Physics 93, 8235 (1990).[5] Ravasio, Bethkenhagen, Hernandez, Benuzzi-Mounaix, Datchi, French, Guarguaglini, Lefevre, Ninet, Redmer, Vinci, Physical Review Letters 126, 025003 (2021).[6] Bethkenhagen, French, Redmer, Journal of Chemical Physics 138, 234504 (2013).
- Published
- 2021
29. Ionization and transport in partially ionized multicomponent plasmas: Application to atmospheres of hot Jupiters
- Author
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Wieland Dietrich, Uwe Kleinschmidt, Sandeep Kumar, Johannes Wicht, Anna Julia Poser, Ronald Redmer, Manuel Schöttler, and Martin French
- Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) ,Materials science ,Hydrogen ,FOS: Physical sciences ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Plasma ,Conductivity ,01 natural sciences ,Physics - Plasma Physics ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,Thermal conductivity ,chemistry ,Ionization ,0103 physical sciences ,Hot Jupiter ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,Joule heating ,Helium ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
We study ionization and transport processes in partially ionized multicomponent plasmas. The plasma composition is calculated via a system of coupled mass-action laws. The electronic transport properties are determined by the electron-ion and electron-neutral transport cross sections. The influence of electron-electron scattering is considered via a correction factor to the electron-ion contribution. Based on these data, the electrical and thermal conductivities as well as the Lorenz number are calculated. For the thermal conductivity, we consider also the contributions of the translational motion of neutral particles and of the dissociation, ionization, and recombination reactions. We apply our approach to a partially ionized plasma composed of hydrogen, helium, and a small fraction of metals (Li, Na, Ca, Fe, K, Rb, and Cs) as typical for atmospheres of hot Jupiters. We present results for the plasma composition and the transport properties as a function of density and temperature and then along typical $P\text{\ensuremath{-}}T$ profiles for the outer part of the hot Jupiter HD 209458b. The electrical conductivity profile allows revising the Ohmic heating power related to the fierce winds in the planet's atmosphere. We show that the higher temperatures suggested by recent interior models could boost the conductivity and thus the Ohmic heating power to values large enough to explain the observed inflation of HD 209458b.
- Published
- 2021
30. Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of H2−He mixtures
- Author
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Manuel Schöttler, Martin French, Armin Bergermann, and Ronald Redmer
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Physics ,Canonical ensemble ,Spinodal decomposition ,Monte Carlo method ,Diagram ,Ab initio ,Thermodynamics ,Electronic structure ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,Ionization ,0103 physical sciences ,010306 general physics ,Phase diagram - Abstract
We explore the performance of the Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulation technique by calculating the miscibility gap of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{He}$ mixtures with analytical exponential-six potentials. We calculate several demixing curves for pressures up to 500 kbar and for temperatures up to $1800\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and predict a ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{He}$ miscibility diagram for the solar He abundance for temperatures up to $1500\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and determine the demixing region. Our results are in good agreement with ab initio simulations in the nondissociated region of the phase diagram. However, the particle number necessary to converge the Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo method is yet too large to offer a feasible combination with ab initio electronic structure calculation techniques, which would be necessary at conditions where dissociation or ionization occurs.
- Published
- 2021
31. Metallization of Shock-Compressed Liquid Ammonia
- Author
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M. Guarguaglini, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Ronald Redmer, F. Lefevre, Alessandra Ravasio, Tommaso Vinci, Martin French, Frédéric Datchi, S. Ninet, J.-A. Hernandez, Alessandra Benuzzi-Mounaix, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement (LGL-TPE), École normale supérieure de Lyon (ENS de Lyon)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Jean Monnet - Saint-Étienne (UJM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Rostock, University of Oslo (UiO), Institut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux et de cosmochimie (IMPMC), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de recherche pour le développement [IRD] : UR206-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), ANR POMPEI (Grant No. ANR-16-CE31-0008)ANR SUPER-ICES (Grant No. ANR-15-CE30-008-01), ANR-16-CE31-0008,POMPEI,Propriétés de Mélanges de H2ONH3CH4 d'interet pour les intérieurs planétaires et les exoplanètes.(2016), Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planètes, Environnement [Lyon] (LGL-TPE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-École normale supérieure - Lyon (ENS Lyon)
- Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) ,Chemical Physics (physics.chem-ph) ,Equation of state ,Materials science ,Condensed matter physics ,Shock (fluid dynamics) ,[SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph] ,Compressed fluid ,Uranus ,General Physics and Astronomy ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Thermal conduction ,01 natural sciences ,Physics - Plasma Physics ,3. Good health ,Plasma Physics (physics.plasm-ph) ,[PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-PLASM-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Plasma Physics [physics.plasm-ph] ,Physics - Chemical Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,[PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat] ,010306 general physics ,Order of magnitude ,Ice giant ,Phase diagram ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
Ammonia is predicted to be one of the major components in the depths of the ice giant planets Uranus and Neptune. Their dynamics, evolution, and interior structure are insufficiently understood and models rely imperatively on data for equation of state and transport properties. Despite its great significance, the experimentally accessed region of the ammonia phase diagram today is still very limited in pressure and temperature. Here we push the probed regime to unprecedented conditions, up to $\sim$350 GPa and $\sim$40000 K. Along the Hugoniot, the temperature measured as a function of pressure shows a subtle change in slope at $\sim$7000 K and $\sim$90 GPa, in agreement with ab initio simulations we have performed. This feature coincides with the gradual transition from a molecular liquid to a plasma state. Additionally, we performed reflectivity measurements, providing the first experimental evidence of electronic conduction in high-pressure ammonia. Shock reflectance continuously rises with pressure above 50 GPa and reaches saturation values above 120 GPa. Corresponding electrical conductivity values are up to 1 order of magnitude higher than in water in the 100 GPa regime, with possible significant contributions of the predicted ammonia-rich layers to the generation of magnetic dynamos in ice giant interiors., Please visit publisher's website for supplementary information
- Published
- 2021
32. Exploring the deep interior of ice giants with shock-compressionexperiments and ab initio simulations:The case of metallic ammonia
- Author
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Frederic Lefevre, Alessandra Ravasio, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Sandra Ninet, Alessandra Benuzzi-Mounaix, Tommaso Vinci, Frédéric Datchi, M. Guarguaglini, Ronald Redmer, Jean-Alexis Hernandez, and Martin French
- Subjects
Metal ,Ammonia ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Materials science ,chemistry ,visual_art ,Ab initio ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Molecular physics ,Ice giant ,Shock (mechanics) - Published
- 2021
33. COVID‐19, public health, and the politics of prevention
- Author
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Eric Mykhalovskiy and Martin French
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,SARS-CoV-2 ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Public health ,Health Policy ,Politics ,MEDLINE ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,COVID-19 ,Health(social science) ,Family medicine ,Political science ,medicine ,Humans ,Public Health ,Health policy - Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Corporate contact tracing as a pandemic response
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Stephen L. Roberts, Adrian Guta, Marilou Gagnon, Fenwick McKelvey, Martin French, Su Goh, Eric Mykhalovskiy, and Alexander McClelland
- Subjects
2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,030505 public health ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Computer security ,computer.software_genre ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Geography ,ComputerApplications_GENERAL ,Pandemic ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0305 other medical science ,computer ,Contact tracing - Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, a steady stream of propositions from tech giants and start-ups alike has furnished us with the idea that GPS- or Bluetooth-enabled contact tracing apps are...
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulation of H_{2}-He mixtures
- Author
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Armin, Bergermann, Martin, French, Manuel, Schöttler, and Ronald, Redmer
- Abstract
We explore the performance of the Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo simulation technique by calculating the miscibility gap of H_{2}-He mixtures with analytical exponential-six potentials. We calculate several demixing curves for pressures up to 500 kbar and for temperatures up to 1800K and predict a H_{2}-He miscibility diagram for the solar He abundance for temperatures up to 1500K and determine the demixing region. Our results are in good agreement with ab initio simulations in the nondissociated region of the phase diagram. However, the particle number necessary to converge the Gibbs-ensemble Monte Carlo method is yet too large to offer a feasible combination with ab initio electronic structure calculation techniques, which would be necessary at conditions where dissociation or ionization occurs.
- Published
- 2020
36. We Are People, Not Clusters!
- Author
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Devin Hursey, Alexander McClelland, Martin French, Naina Khanna, Andrew Spieldenner, Sean Strub, Barb Cardell, Edwin J Bernard, Cecilia Chung, Marco Castro-Bojorquez, and Mx Brian Minalga
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,2019-20 coronavirus outbreak ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Antecedent (logic) ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) ,Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) ,MEDLINE ,virus diseases ,06 humanities and the arts ,0603 philosophy, ethics and religion ,medicine.disease_cause ,humanities ,Issues, ethics and legal aspects ,Suicide ,medicine ,Humans ,060301 applied ethics ,Psychiatry ,business ,Hiv surveillance - Abstract
As advocates and scholars, including people living with HIV, we have been engaged in a critical debate over molecular HIV surveillance (MHS), as well as its antecedent and future practices. We have...
- Published
- 2020
37. Seropolitics and the Criminal Accusation of HIV Non-Disclosure in Canada
- Author
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Amy Swiffen and Martin French
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Criminalization ,Communicable disease ,Harm ,Public health ,Political science ,Corporate governance ,medicine ,Criminal law ,Criminology ,Law ,False accusation ,Biopower - Abstract
This paper examines the criminalization of HIV non-disclosure in Canada as a public health legal response. The analysis begins outside the public health framework to relate the criminalization of HIV to broader shifts in the relationship between life and law in contemporary forms of governance. It does this by drawing on the concepts of biopower and biopolitics to explain how the intersection of medical and legal knowledge creates an accusatorial framework that has made HIV criminalization possible. This idea is explored by tracing the historical development of the legal principle out of which the phenomenon has emerged (“fraud capable of vitiating consent to sexual relations”) and looking at how it has been applied in two contemporary HIV prosecution cases: R v. Aziga (2007) and R v. Ngeruka (2015). The second half of the paper examines the effectiveness of the criminal accusation of HIV non-disclosure as a public health legal response, focusing on its effect on advancing traditional public health goals. The discussion also points out how criminalization of HIV non-disclosure manifests broader tensions that have been recognized in public health legal responses to communicable disease, particularly the challenges of protecting the public while respecting individual rights. The paper concludes by arguing that control over blood blurs medical and legal forms of knowledge and power. This reflects a “seropolitical” landscape characterized by a criminal law accusatorial framework shaped by medical determinations of risk and harm.
- Published
- 2018
38. The HIV self-testing debate: where do we stand?
- Author
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Yamilée V. Hébert, Martin French, and Marilou Gagnon
- Subjects
Counseling ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Debate ,Home test ,HIV Infections ,Context (language use) ,Self-testing ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Empirical research ,Argument ,Political science ,Health care ,medicine ,Humans ,Mass Screening ,Normalization (sociology) ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Mass screening ,Arguments ,030505 public health ,business.industry ,Public health ,lcsh:Public aspects of medicine ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,HIV ,lcsh:RA1-1270 ,Public relations ,Self Care ,AIDS ,Exceptionalism ,Self-test ,Reagent Kits, Diagnostic ,0305 other medical science ,business - Abstract
Background Emphasis on HIV testing as a gateway to prevention, treatment and care has grown tremendously over the past decade. In turn, this emphasis on testing has created a demand for new policies, programs, and technologies that can potentially increase access to and uptake of HIV testing. HIV self-testing (HST) technologies have gained important momentum following the approval of the over-the-counter self-tests in the United States, the UK, and France. While the renewed interest in HST has given rise to a number of high quality reviews of empirical studies conducted on this topic, we have yet to find an article that captures the extent of the debate on HST. Mapping the debate A critical review of the literature on HST was conducted and organized into three categories based on the focus of the article: 1) Empirical research, 2) Arguments, and 3) Context. We focused exclusively on the second category which included ethical analyses, policy analyses, editorials, opinion pieces, commentaries, letters to the editor and so forth. 10 lines of argument on HST were identified in the literature: 1) Individual – Public Health, 2) Strengths – Limits, 3) Benefits – Harms, 4) Screening – Testing, 5) Target – Market, 6) Health Care – Industry, 7) Regulation – Restriction, 8) Resource-Rich Settings – Resource-Limited Settings, 9) Ethical – Unethical, and 10) Exceptionalism – Normalization. Each line of argument is presented and discussed in the paper. Conclusion We conclude by providing examples of critical questions that should be raised in order to take the debate to another level and generate new ways of thinking about HST.
- Published
- 2018
39. Observation of a highly conductive warm dense state of water with ultrafast pump–probe free-electron-laser measurements
- Author
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Chandra Curry, J. B. Kim, Zhijiang Chen, S. Liang, Ronald Redmer, Maximilian Schörner, S. Skruszewicz, Motoaki Nakatsutsumi, Adrien Descamps, S. H. Glenzer, X. Na, C. Roedel, Mianzhen Mo, Sven Toleikis, S. Lebovitz, Martin French, Daniel P. DePonte, P. Sperling, Benjamin K. Ofori-Okai, and Jake Koralek
- Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics ,Electron density ,02 engineering and technology ,Electron ,Photoionization ,QC770-798 ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,01 natural sciences ,Optical conductivity ,Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics ,Nuclear Energy and Engineering ,13. Climate action ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Excited state ,Nuclear and particle physics. Atomic energy. Radioactivity ,0103 physical sciences ,Charge carrier ,ddc:530 ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,0210 nano-technology ,Refractive index - Abstract
The electrical conductivity of water under extreme temperatures and densities plays a central role in modeling planetary magnetic fields. Experimental data are vital to test theories of high-energy-density water and assess the possible development and presence of extraterrestrial life. These states are also important in biology and chemistry studies when specimens in water are confined and excited using ultrafast optical or free-electron lasers (FELs). Here we utilize femtosecond optical lasers to measure the transient reflection and transmission of ultrathin water sheet samples uniformly heated by a 13.6 nm FEL approaching a highly conducting state at electron temperatures exceeding 20 000 K. The experiment probes the trajectory of water through the high-energy-density phase space and provides insights into changes in the index of refraction, charge carrier densities, and AC electrical conductivity at optical frequencies. At excitation energy densities exceeding 10 MJ/kg, the index of refraction falls to n = 0.7, and the thermally excited free-carrier density reaches n$_e$ = 5 × 10$^{27}$ m$^{−3}$, which is over an order of magnitude higher than that of the electron carriers produced by direct photoionization. Significant specular reflection is observed owing to critical electron density shielding of electromagnetic waves. The measured optical conductivity reaches 2 × 10$^4$ S/m, a value that is one to two orders of magnitude lower than those of simple metals in a liquid state. At electron temperatures below 15 000 K, the experimental results agree well with the theoretical calculations using density-functional theory/molecular-dynamics simulations. With increasing temperature, the electron density increases and the system approaches a Fermi distribution. In this regime, the conductivities agree better with predictions from the Ziman theory of liquid metals.
- Published
- 2021
40. Comment on 'Isochoric, isobaric, and ultrafast conductivities of aluminum, lithium, and carbon in the warm dense matter regime'
- Author
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Paul Neumayer, P. Sperling, Martin French, B. B. L. Witte, Siegfried Glenzer, V. Recoules, Gerd Röpke, and Ronald Redmer
- Subjects
Materials science ,Thomson scattering ,Isochoric process ,Scattering ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Non-equilibrium thermodynamics ,Warm dense matter ,Conductivity ,01 natural sciences ,010305 fluids & plasmas ,chemistry ,0103 physical sciences ,Lithium ,Atomic physics ,010306 general physics ,Structure factor - Abstract
Dharma-wardana et al. [M. W. C. Dharma-wardana et al., Phys. Rev. E 96, 053206 (2017)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.96.053206] recently calculated dynamic electrical conductivities for warm dense matter as well as for nonequilibrium two-temperature states termed "ultrafast matter" (UFM) [M. W. C. Dharma-wardana, Phys. Rev. E 93, 063205 (2016)2470-004510.1103/PhysRevE.93.063205]. In this Comment we present two evident reasons why these UFM calculations are neither suited to calculate dynamic conductivities nor x-ray Thomson scattering spectra in isochorically heated warm dense aluminum. First, the ion-ion structure factor, a major input into the conductivity and scattering spectra calculations, deviates strongly from that of isochorically heated aluminum. Second, the dynamic conductivity does not show a non-Drude behavior which is an essential prerequisite for a correct description of the absorption behavior in aluminum. Additionally, we clarify misinterpretations by Dharma-wardana et al. concerning the conductivity measurements of Gathers [G. R. Gathers, Int. J. Thermophys. 4, 209 (1983)IJTHDY0195-928X10.1007/BF00502353].
- Published
- 2019
41. Consent and criminalisation concerns over phylogenetic analysis of surveillance data
- Author
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Andrew Spieldenner, Sean Strub, Marilou Gagnon, Naina Khanna, Martin French, Cecilia Chung, Adrian Guta, Alexander McClelland, and Barb Cardell
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Surveillance data ,Informed Consent ,Phylogenetic tree ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Immunology ,MEDLINE ,HIV Infections ,Los Angeles ,Transgender Persons ,Infectious Diseases ,Informed consent ,Virology ,Family medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,Female ,Transgender Person ,business ,Phylogeny - Published
- 2019
42. Laser-driven shock compression of 'synthetic planetary mixtures' of water, ethanol, and ammonia
- Author
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Ryosuke Kodama, Alessandra Ravasio, J.-A. Hernandez, Norimasa Ozaki, Kohei Miyanishi, M. Koenig, Alessandra Benuzzi-Mounaix, Martin French, Takayoshi Sano, Erik Brambrink, Yasunori Fujimoto, R. Bolis, Yuhei Umeda, F. Lefevre, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Takuo Okuchi, P. Barroso, Tommaso Vinci, Ronald Redmer, M. Guarguaglini, Laboratoire pour l'utilisation des lasers intenses (LULI), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut Polytechnique de Paris (IP Paris), Okayama University, Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Universität Rostock, Institut für Physik [Rostock], Osaka University [Osaka], ANR POMPEI (Grant No. ANR-16-CE31-0008), and ANR-16-CE31-0008,POMPEI,Propriétés de Mélanges de H2ONH3CH4 d'interet pour les intérieurs planétaires et les exoplanètes.(2016)
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Materials science ,Thermodynamic state ,Chemical physics ,Science ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Neptune ,Planet ,Giant planets ,[PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat] ,Adiabatic process ,Multidisciplinary ,[SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph] ,Exoplanets ,Uranus ,Laser-produced plasmas ,Computational physics ,Shock (mechanics) ,Boundary layer ,030104 developmental biology ,13. Climate action ,Medicine ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Ice giant - Abstract
Water, methane, and ammonia are commonly considered to be the key components of the interiors of Uranus and Neptune. Modelling the planets’ internal structure, evolution, and dynamo heavily relies on the properties of the complex mixtures with uncertain exact composition in their deep interiors. Therefore, characterising icy mixtures with varying composition at planetary conditions of several hundred gigapascal and a few thousand Kelvin is crucial to improve our understanding of the ice giants. In this work, pure water, a water-ethanol mixture, and a water-ethanol-ammonia “synthetic planetary mixture” (SPM) have been compressed through laser-driven decaying shocks along their principal Hugoniot curves up to 270, 280, and 260 GPa, respectively. Measured temperatures spanned from 4000 to 25000 K, just above the coldest predicted adiabatic Uranus and Neptune profiles (3000–4000 K) but more similar to those predicted by more recent models including a thermal boundary layer (7000–14000 K). The experiments were performed at the GEKKO XII and LULI2000 laser facilities using standard optical diagnostics (Doppler velocimetry and optical pyrometry) to measure the thermodynamic state and the shock-front reflectivity at two different wavelengths. The results show that water and the mixtures undergo a similar compression path under single shock loading in agreement with Density Functional Theory Molecular Dynamics (DFT-MD) calculations using the Linear Mixing Approximation (LMA). On the contrary, their shock-front reflectivities behave differently by what concerns both the onset pressures and the saturation values, with possible impact on planetary dynamos.
- Published
- 2019
43. Paramagnetic-to-Diamagnetic Transition in Dense Liquid Iron and Its Influence on Electronic Transport Properties
- Author
-
Jean-Alexander Korell, Gerd Steinle-Neumann, Martin French, and Ronald Redmer
- Subjects
Physics ,Condensed matter physics ,General Physics and Astronomy ,Sigma ,Atmospheric temperature range ,Lambda ,01 natural sciences ,Paramagnetism ,Thermal conductivity ,0103 physical sciences ,Diamagnetism ,010306 general physics ,Ambient pressure ,Dynamo - Abstract
The electrical $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and thermal conductivity $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ of liquid iron are calculated with spin-polarized density-functional-theory-based simulations over a significant pressure and temperature range using the Kubo-Greenwood formalism. We show that a paramagnetic state is stable in the liquid up to high temperatures at ambient pressure and that the discrepancy between experimental results and spin-degenerate simulations for $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ of more than 30% are reduced to within 10% with lower values resulting from the spin-polarized simulations. Along the 3700 K isotherm, we explore the persistence of magnetic fluctuations toward high densities, and beyond 20--50 GPa the liquid becomes diamagnetic, which suggests the existence of a continuous paramagnetic-to-diamagnetic transition. This transition exerts a significant influence on the physical properties of liquid iron, especially on $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and $\ensuremath{\lambda}$, and is potentially of high relevance for dynamo processes in Mercury and Mars.
- Published
- 2018
44. Organizing the entrepreneurial hospital: Hybridizing the logics of healthcare and innovation
- Author
-
Fiona A. Miller and Martin French
- Subjects
business.industry ,Strategy and Management ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Context (language use) ,Management Science and Operations Research ,050905 science studies ,Commercialization ,Optimism ,Transformative learning ,Management of Technology and Innovation ,0502 economics and business ,Health care ,Economics ,Position (finance) ,Mandate ,0509 other social sciences ,Marketing ,business ,Futures contract ,050203 business & management ,media_common - Abstract
Contemporary research hospitals occupy a vexed position in the policy landscape. On the one hand, as healthcare providers, they must abide by the logic of healthcare policy, which expects health research to support improved health outcomes and high quality healthcare systems. On the other hand, as research facilities, they are beholden to the logic of innovation policy, which seeks to advance research-driven, science and technology-derived innovations, where industry is the key customer and client. At the intersection of these policy logics, the research hospital must orchestrate a range of interests that may not always coexist harmoniously. Through a detailed case study of a Canadian research hospital, we illustrate organizational efforts to hybridize healthcare and innovation logics. The need to be more ‘business like’ and the expected financial and reputational rewards encourage acceptance of a mandate for technology transfer and commercialization. As well, there is hope that the entrepreneurial turn can serve the hospital's own mission, by prioritizing the needs of patients and the organization itself as a user of its own innovations. Further, insofar as successful technology transfer and commercialization is a transformative force, it is expected to enable the research hospital to achieve its goal of translational and impactful health research. As we illustrate, there is much optimism that these hybridizing efforts will produce a successful cross. Yet the trajectory of change in the context of mixed logics is necessarily uncertain, and other hybrid futures cannot be foreclosed. More sterile or monstrous outcomes remain possible, with potentially significant implications for the intellectual, economic and health benefits that will arise as a result.
- Published
- 2016
45. Surveillance and Embodiment
- Author
-
Gavin J. D. Smith and Martin French
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,050801 communication & media studies ,Affect (psychology) ,Epistemology ,03 medical and health sciences ,0508 media and communications ,0302 clinical medicine ,Intermediation ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,Nexus (standard) - Abstract
This article provides an introduction to a special issue of Body & Society that explores the surveillance--embodiment nexus. It accentuates both the prevalence and consequence of bodies being increasingly converted into ‘objects of information’ by surveillance technologies and systems. We begin by regarding the normalcy of body monitoring in contemporary life, illustrating how a plurality of biometric scanners operate to intermediate the physical surfaces and subjective depths of bodies in accordance with various concerns. We focus on everyday experiences of bodily intermediation by surveillant dispositifs, and consider the broader political, epistemological, and ontological significance of these processes. We then point to the substantive intersections and divergences existing between body and surveillance studies. We conclude with an overview of the five articles appearing in this special issue. We describe how each contribution creates a template for imagining what a body is, and what a body might become, in a culture defined by proliferating data sharing behaviours, systems of codification, and practices of intermediation.
- Published
- 2016
46. Epidemics, Pandemics, and Outbreaks
- Author
-
Carmen Lamothe, Eric Mykhalovskiy, and Martin French
- Subjects
Pandemic ,Outbreak ,Sociology - Published
- 2018
47. Modeling the Interior Dynamics of Gas Planets
- Author
-
Lucia Duarte, Stephan Stellmach, Johannes Wicht, Thomas Gastine, Ronald Redmer, Martin French, and Nadine Nettelmann
- Subjects
Convection ,Physics ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Gas giant ,chemistry.chemical_element ,01 natural sciences ,Computational physics ,Magnetic field ,Amplitude ,chemistry ,Electrical resistivity and conductivity ,Physics::Space Physics ,0103 physical sciences ,Wavenumber ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Helium ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Dynamo - Abstract
With NASA’s Juno mission having arrived at its target and ESA’s JUICE mission in planning, the interest in state-of-the-art models for the interior structure and dynamics of Jupiter is increasing. This chapter reports on the related attempts within the Special Priority Program PlanetMag of the German Science Foundation and provides an up-to-date review of the topic. Refined interior models are discussed that are based on new ab initio calculations for the equations of state for hydrogen and helium. For the first time, the depth-dependent transport properties have also been calculated, most notably an electrical conductivity profile that captures the transition from the molecular outer to the metallic inner hydrogen-rich envelopes. Anelastic simulations of convection show that the strong density stratification causes flow amplitudes to increase with radius while the flow scale decreases. Zonal jet systems very similar to those observed on Jupiter or Saturn are found in simulations of the molecular hydrogen envelope. Dynamo simulations that include the whole gaseous envelope show strikingly Jupiter-like magnetic field configurations when the strong density stratification is combined with an electrical conductivity profile that includes the significant drop in the molecular layer. While the dipole-dominated large-scale field is produced at depth, the equatorial jet can give rise to a secondary dynamo process where it reaches down to regions of sizable electrical conductivity. The magnetic surface signatures of this secondary dynamo are banded but also have more localized wave number m = 1 and m = 2 concentrations at lower latitudes. By detecting these features, the Juno mission should be able to constrain the deep dynamics of the equatorial jet.
- Published
- 2018
48. Talking about Islam and Democracy in Indonesia's Public Schools
- Author
-
Sawyer Martin French
- Subjects
Law ,Political science ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Islam ,Democracy ,media_common - Published
- 2018
49. Counselling anomie: clashing governmentalities of HIV criminalisation and prevention
- Author
-
Martin French
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,030505 public health ,Social stigma ,business.industry ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Public health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,virus diseases ,Stigma (botany) ,Criminology ,16. Peace & justice ,3. Good health ,03 medical and health sciences ,Interpersonal relationship ,0302 clinical medicine ,Anomie ,Institution ,Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,0305 other medical science ,business ,Serostatus ,Psychiatry ,media_common ,Governmentality - Abstract
HIV criminalisation is a term that describes the criminal prosecution of persons in instances of HIV transmission, exposure and so-called non-disclosure of their HIV serostatus. In the United States (US), there have been over 500 reported instances of HIV criminalisation. Over the past decade, several negative consequences of HIV criminalisation have been identified, including its capacity to increase stigma and social injustice. In addition, scholars have built an evidence base demonstrating that HIV criminalisation has the potential to undermine HIV prevention and that it is thus harmful to public health. This article contributes to that evidence base by (1) combining Foucaultian studies of ‘governmentality’ with the sociology of ‘anomie’ to theorise the larger implications of HIV criminalisation for the institution of public health, and (2) presenting interviews with public health service providers working in Tennessee, USA. This state is an important site for studying the public health implications of...
- Published
- 2015
50. Planetary Ices and the Linear Mixing Approximation
- Author
-
Christopher Ticknor, Sebastien Hamel, Lee A. Collins, Martin French, Jonathan J. Fortney, Joel D. Kress, Nadine Nettelmann, Mandy Bethkenhagen, Edmund R. Meyer, Ronald Redmer, and Ludwig Scheibe
- Subjects
Physics ,Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP) ,Equation of state ,Ab initio ,Uranus ,Thermodynamics ,FOS: Physical sciences ,Astronomy and Astrophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Space and Planetary Science ,0103 physical sciences ,Density functional theory ,Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ,Diffusion (business) ,010306 general physics ,Ternary operation ,Adiabatic process ,010303 astronomy & astrophysics ,Mixing (physics) ,Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics - Abstract
The validity of the widely used linear mixing approximation for the equations of state (EOS) of planetary ices is investigated at pressure-temperature conditions typical for the interior of Uranus and Neptune. The basis of this study are ab initio data ranging up to 1000 GPa and 20 000 K calculated via density functional theory molecular dynamics simulations. In particular, we calculate a new EOS for methane and EOS data for the 1:1 binary mixtures of methane, ammonia, and water, as well as their 2:1:4 ternary mixture. Additionally, the self-diffusion coefficients in the ternary mixture are calculated along three different Uranus interior profiles and compared to the values of the pure compounds. We find that deviations of the linear mixing approximation from the results of the real mixture are generally small; for the thermal EOS they amount to 4% or less. The diffusion coefficients in the mixture agree with those of the pure compounds within 20% or better. Finally, a new adiabatic model of Uranus with an inner layer of almost pure ices is developed. The model is consistent with the gravity field data and results in a rather cold interior ($\mathrm{T_{core}} \mathtt{\sim}$ 4000 K).
- Published
- 2017
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