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From a sociological and economic perspective, odour pollution is one of the most complex problems in the field of air quality. Therefore, various approaches and odour impact criteria are particularly relevant when assessing odour exposure in the areas of different land use. The number of odour assessment methods is limited, and the lack of analytical techniques to determine odour concentration makes odour assessment even more complex. It is essential to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of odour concentrations in order to assess odour nuisance in the ambient air. Since sampling of odorous air in the field for subsequent determination of odour concentrations in a laboratory by dynamic olfactometry is time-consuming, two approaches are used to assess odour concentrations in ambient air: estimating odour concentration by field inspection and calculation of odour concentrations using atmospheric dispersion models. The latter is the most commonly used technique. Our study aimed to provide fundamentals for an odour regulatory framework in Slovenia. While a multitude of approaches is presently applied to establish odour regulation framework, a broader approach remains lacking. Various odour emission sources were identified to evaluate available methods and techniques to assess odour impact. The impact area was selected to analyse and compare the impact of different odour sources in terms of odour concentration, odour frequency, odour offensiveness, land use, and receptor location. Finally, odour impact criteria were set according to odour offensiveness and concentration, percentile compliance level and land use.From a sociological and economic perspective, odour pollution is one of the most complex problems in the field of air quality. Therefore, various approaches and odour impact criteria are particularly relevant when assessing odour exposure in the areas of different land use. The number of odour assessment methods is limited, and the lack of analytical techniques to determine odour concentration makes odour assessment even more complex. It is essential to analyse the spatial and temporal distribution of odour concentrations in order to assess odour nuisance in the ambient air. Since sampling of odorous air in the field for subsequent determination of odour concentrations in a laboratory by dynamic olfactometry is time-consuming, two approaches are used to assess odour concentrations in ambient air: estimating odour concentration by field inspection and calculation of odour concentrations using atmospheric dispersion models. The latter is the most commonly used technique. Our study aimed to provide fundamentals for an odour regulatory framework in Slovenia. While a multitude of approaches is presently applied to establish odour regulation framework, a broader approach remains lacking. Various odour emission sources were identified to evaluate available methods and techniques to assess odour impact. The impact area was selected to analyse and compare the impact of different odour sources in terms of odour concentration, odour frequency, odour offensiveness, land use, and receptor location. Finally, odour impact criteria were set according to odour offensiveness and concentration, percentile compliance level and land use.

The aim of this paper was to review current religious slaugtering processes and dillemas in EU. Stunning of animals before slaughter is a legally prescribed requirement in the EU intended to reach animal unconsciousness so that slaughter does not cause anxiety, pain, suffering or distress. In some European Union countries, religious slaughter is exceptionally allowed without stunning. Animals intended for religious slaughter must be healthy and undamaged. In order to meet these requirements, religious slaughtering in the EU is being implemented only in allowed and approved slaughterhouses. Slaughter can only be performed by authorized and educated operators. Regarding religious slaughter, there are many dilemmas in the EU about whether this methods of slaughter causes additional suffering of animals. Insofar as Muslim slaughter in some cases allows some methods of the preslaughter stunning, Jewish slaughter does not allow any stunning. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the fact that in the future, it will be necessary to examine alternative stunning methods which will ensure the integrity of live animals before bleeding. At the same time, it is necessary to harmonize the guidelines for a harmonized procedures of handling animals before and after slaughtering and certifying of the meat originating from religious slaughter in order not to mislead consumers., Cilj ovog rada bio je razmotriti trenutne postupke religijskog klanja i dileme s kojima se suočava Europska unija. Omamljivanje životinja prije klanja zakonski je propisan zahtjev u EU kojemu je cilj izazivanje nesvijesti životinja kako klanje kod njih ne bi izazivalo tjeskobu, bol, patnju, ili stres. U nekim državama EU uvjetno je dozvoljeno religijsko klanje bez predhodnog omamljivanja, ili omaljivanjem odmah nakon iskrvanjenja. Životinje namijenjene religijskom klanju moraju biti zdrave i za vrijeme klanja neozlijeđene. Kako bi se ispunili ti zahtjevi, religijsko klanje provodi se isključivo u odobrenim i ovlaštenim klaonicama. Klanje mogu obavljati samo ovlaštene i posebno educirane osobe. U EU postoji mnogo dilema oko religijskog klanja, primjerice, uzorkuju li ove metode klanja dodatnu patnju kod životinja. Iako muslimansko klanje u nekim slučajevima dopušta prethodno omamljivanje s određenim metodama, židovsko klanje nikada ne dopušta nikakav postupak omamljivanja. Stoga je važno nastaviti s ispitivanjem alternativnih načina omamljivanja koji će osigurati integritet živih životinja prije iskrvarenja. Istodobno je nužno uskladiti smjernice i postupke rukovanja sa životinjama prije i poslije klanja kao i certificiranje mesa iz vjerskog klanja kako bi se izbjeglo dovođenje potrošača u zabludu., Ziel dieser Arbeit war es, die aktuellen Verfahren der religiösen Schlachtung und die Dilemmas in Erwägung zu ziehen, mit welchen die Europäische Union konfrontiert ist. Die Betäubung von Tieren stellt eine in der EU gesetzlich vorgeschriebene Forderung dar, welche sicherstellen sollte, dass das Tier bewusstlos ist, damit die Schlachtung keinen Stress, Schmerzen, Leiden oder Unwohl verursacht. Einige Länder der Europäischen Union lassen ausnahmsweise religiöse Schlachtungen ohne eine vorangehende Betäubung oder die Betäubung unmittelbar nach dem Halsschnitt zu. Die für religiöse Schlachtungen vorgesehenen Tiere müssen gesund und unversehrt sein. Um den Anforderungen gerecht zu werden, dürfen religiöse Schlachtungen ausschließlich in zugelassenen und ermächtigten Schlachthöfen stattfinden und nur durch berechtigte und speziell ausgebildete Personen durchgeführt werden. Die EU setzt sich mit zahlreichen Dilemmas in Zusammenhang mit religiösen Schlachtungen auseinander, z.B. rufen die Verfahren der religiösen Schlachtung ein zusätzliches Leiden bei Tieren hervor. Obwohl religiöse Schlachtungen im Islam den Einsatz bestimmter Betäubungsmethoden in einigen Fällen zulassen, ist im Judentum die Betäubung bei religiösen Schlachtungen keinesfalls zugelassen. Daher müssen alternative Betäubungsverfahren auch weiterhin geprüft werden, um die Integrität der Tiere vor dem Ausbluten sicherzustellen. Zugleich müssen die Richtlinien und Verfahren des Umgangs mit den Tieren vor der Schlachtung und danach sowie das Bescheinigungsverfahren, dass das Fleisch aus religiösen Schlachtungen gewonnen wurde, übereingestimmt werden, damit die Verbraucher nicht irregeführt werden., Lo scopo di quest’articolo consiste nel riflettere sui procedimenti attuali finalizzati alla macellazione rituale e ai dilemmi con i quali si confronta l’Unione europea. Lo stordimento degli animali prima della loro macellazione rappresenta un requisito sancito dalla legge comunitaria il cui scopo è quello di garantire che l’animale, al momento della macellazione, sia privo di sensi affinché la macellazione non provochi in esso stress, dolore, sofferenza o disagio. Alcuni stati dell’Unione europea consentono eccezionalmente la macellazione rituale non preceduta dallo stordimento, oppure con lo stordimento immediatamente successivo allo sgozzamento. Gli animali destinati alla macellazione rituale devono essere sani e privi di ferite. Per soddisfare a detti requisiti, la macellazione rituale viene eseguita soltanto in macellerie abilitate e autorizzate. La macellazione rituale può essere eseguita soltanto da persone autorizzate e all’uopo abilitate. L’UE si confronta con numerosi dilemmi legati alla macellazione rituale, ad esempio se i procedimenti di macellazione rituale causino o meno ulteriore sofferenza negli animali. E mentre la macellazione rituale nella cultura islamica in determinati casi prevede l’utilizzo di alcuni metodi di stordimento preventivo, la macellazione rituale nella cultura giudaica non consente lo stordimento in nessun caso. È perciò importante proseguire nella ricerca di modalità alternative di stordimento che garantiscano l’integrità degli animali vivi prima che muoiano dissanguati. Nel contempo, è necessario armonizzare le direttive e i procedimenti di manipolazione degli animali prima e dopo la macellazione oltre ai certificati che attestano la provenienza della carne da macellazione rituale, al fine di evitare d’indurre il consumatore in errore., El fin de este trabajo fue discutir los procedimientos actuales de la matanza religiosa y los dilemas con los que se enfrenta la Unión Europea. El aturdimiento de los animales antes de la matanza es un requisito prescrito por la ley de la UE y su fin es asegurar que el animal sea inconsciente para que la matanza no le cause la ansiedad, el dolor, el sufrimiento o el malestar. Algunos países de la Unión Europea permiten la excepción de la matanza religiosa sin aturdimiento previo o el aturdimiento inmediatamente después de la degollación. Los animales destinados a la matanza religiosa tienen que ser sanas y sin lesiones. Para cumplir con esos requisitos, las matanzas religiosas tienen lugar solamente en los mataderos autorizados y aprobados. La matanza religiosa pueden llevar a cabo únicamente las personas autorizadas y educadas. UE se está enfrentando con muchos dilemas en relación con la matanza religiosa, por ejemplo, si los procedimientos de la matanza religiosa causan el sufrimiento adicional a los animales. Aunque la matanza religiosa en islam permite en ciertos casos el uso de algunos métodos del aturdimiento previo, la matanza religiosa en judaísmo no permite el aturdimiento bajo ninguna circunstancia. Por eso es importante continuar con las investigaciones de las maneras alternativas del aturdimiento que asegurarían la integridad de los animales vivos antes del sangrado. Al mismo tiempo, es necesario armonizar las pautas y los procedimientos del manejo de los animales antes y después de la matanza y del certificado que la carne es de la matanza religiosa para evitar la desinformación de los consumidores.

Möglichkeiten der Anwendung von Kaltplasma im Bereich der Lebensmittelsicherheit Übersichtsarbeit Kaltplasma ist im Bereich der Hygiene und Lebensmittelverpackungen immer gefragter. Sie ist insbesondere interessant, weil sie ein Trockendesinfizierungsverfahren umfasst, das keine Rückstände in der Umwelt hinterlässt und zugleich die Desinfizierung von Lebensmitteln ohne bedeutende Nebenerscheinungen ermöglicht. Die Behandlung und Verpackung von Lebensmitteln durch Anwendung von Kaltplasma könnte nicht nur eine höhere Lebensmittelsicherheit sondern wahrscheinlich auch eine längere Haltbarkeitsdauer sicherstellen. In Anbetracht der diversen hygienischen Anforderungen von unterschiedlichen Lebensmitteln gibt es verschiedene Herstellungsverfahren von Plasma, was zusätzlich zur praktischen Anwendbarkeit von Kaltplasma beiträgt. Trotz der versprechenden Forschungsergebnisse in Bezug auf Kaltplasma im Bereich der Lebensmittelhygiene, ist es immer noch erforderlich, seine Auswirkungen auf die Qualität und die organoleptischen Parameter von Lebensmitteln zu prüfen.

In the food processing industry disinfectants should ensure the quality and microbiological safety of food without the risks for the human health or environment. One of the potential and alternative less toxic disinfectants is the ozone. It is highly effective and environmentally acceptable disinfectant applicable on several places of food production premises, e.g. on equipment and directly on food products.

Cold plasma is becoming ever more appealing for use in food hygiene and packaging. It is especially interesting because it involves a dry disinfection process which does not leave any residue in the environment, but at the same time enables the disinfection of food in a way that does not seem to cause significant side effects. The processing of food involving cold plasma and packaging materials treated with cold plasma may improve food safety and prolong shelf life. The fact that various foods have different needs for hygiene and that it is possible to use various forms of plasma generation, further contributes to the convenience of using cold plasma in food processing. Despite promising results of cold plasma applications in food hygiene, it is still necessary to verify the effect of cold plasma on the quality and organoleptic properties of foods., Hladna plazma postaje sve privlačnija za uporabu u području higijene i pakiranja hrane. Posebice je zanimljiva jer podrazumijeva postupak suhe dezinfekcije koji ne ostavlja ostatke u okolišu, a omogućava dezinfekciju hrane bez uzrokovanja značajnijih nuspojava. Obrada i pakiranje hrane primjenom hladne plazme mogli bi omogućiti veću sigurnost hrane, a vjerojatno i dulji rok trajanja. S obzirom na različite higijenske potrebe različitih vrsta hrane, postoji mogućnost uporabe različitih oblika proizvodnje plazme, što dodatno pridonosi praktičnosti uporabe hladne plazme. Unatoč obećavajućim rezultatima istraživanja hladne plazme u higijeni hrane, još je uvijek potrebno provjeriti njene učinke na kvalitetu i organoleptička svojstva hrane., Kaltplasma ist im Bereich der Hygiene und Lebensmittelverpackungen immer gefragter. Sie ist insbesondere interessant, weil sie ein Trockendesinfizierungsverfahren umfasst, das keine Rückstände in der Umwelt hinterlässt und zugleich die Desinfizierung von Lebensmitteln ohne bedeutende Nebenerscheinungen ermöglicht. Die Behandlung und Verpackung von Lebensmitteln durch Anwendung von Kaltplasma könnte nicht nur eine höhere Lebensmittelsicherheit sondern wahrscheinlich auch eine längere Haltbarkeitsdauer sicherstellen. In Anbetracht der diversen hygienischen Anforderungen von unterschiedlichen Lebensmitteln gibt es verschiedene Herstellungsverfahren von Plasma, was zusätzlich zur praktischen Anwendbarkeit von Kaltplasma beiträgt. Trotz der versprechenden Forschungsergebnisse in Bezug auf Kaltplasma im Bereich der Lebensmittelhygiene, ist es immer noch erforderlich, seine Auswirkungen auf die Qualität und die organoleptischen Parameter von Lebensmitteln zu prüfen., Il trattamento al plasma freddo acquisisce sempre maggior appeal per le sue possibilità applicative nel campo dell’igiene e del confezionamento alimentare. È particolarmente interessante perché sottintende il procedimento della disinfezione a secco che non lascia tracce nell’ambiente e consente una disinfezione senza significative controindicazioni. La lavorazione e il confezionamento degli alimenti con l’applicazione del trattamento al plasma freddo potrebbero garantire maggior sicurezza alimentare e, probabilmente, un termine di scadenza più lungo. In considerazione delle differenti esigenze igieniche dei diversi tipi di cibo, esiste la possibilità di impiegare differenti forme di produzione del plasma, il che aumenterebbe le possibilità d’impiego del trattamento al plasma freddo. Nonostante i buoni risultati ottenuti nella ricerca svolta sul plasma freddo nel campo della sicurezza alimentare, è necessario approfondire le verifiche sui suoi effetti riguardo alla qualità e alle proprietà organolettiche del cibo trattato., El plasma frío se está volviendo más atractivo para el uso en la higiene y envasado de la comida. Su característica de desinfección en seco la hace muy interesante porque no perjudica el medio ambiente y en el mismo tiempo facilita la desinfección de comida sin efectos secundarios significativos. La preservación y el envasado de la comida por plasma frío podrían permitir una seguridad más alta de la comida y posiblemente la extensión de las fechas de caducidad. Teniendo en cuenta diferentes requisitos higiénicos de diferentes tipos de comida, existe la posibilidad del uso de diferentes tipos de producción del plasma, lo que añade a la utilidad del uso del plasma frío. A pesar de los resultados prometedores de las investigaciones del plasma frío en el campo de la higiene de la comida, todavía hay que averiguar sus efectos sobre la calidad y sobre las propiedades organolépticas de la comida.

High economic burden is associated with foodborne illnesses. Different disinfection methods are therefore employed in food processing industry; such as use of ultraviolet light or usage of surfaces with copper-containing alloys. However, all the disinfection methods currently in use have some shortcomings. In this work we show that copper doped TiO2 nanotubes deposited on existing surfaces and illuminated with ceiling mounted fluorescent lights can retard the growth of Listeria Innocua by 80% in seven hours of exposure to the fluorescent lights at different places in a food processing plant or in the laboratory conditions with daily reinocuation and washing. The disinfection properties of the surfaces seem to depend mainly on the temperature difference of the surface and the dew point, where for the maximum effectiveness the difference should be about 3 degrees celsius. The TiO2 nanotubes have a potential to be employed for an economical and continuous disinfection of surfaces.

High economic burden is associated with foodborne illnesses. Different disinfection methods are therefore employed in food processing industry; such as use of ultraviolet light or usage of surfaces with copper-containing alloys. However, all the disinfection methods currently in use have some shortcomings. Here we show that copper doped TiO2nanotubes deposited on existing surfaces and illuminated with ceiling mounted fluorescent lights or additional low power light emitting diodes can be employed for an economical and permanent disinfection of surfaces.We deposited the nanotubes on various surfaces: polyethylene terephatlate, polystyrene, and aluminum oxide, where they could withstand repeated washings with neutral, alkaline or acidic medium. Here we show that the polymer surfaces coated with the nanotubes and innoculated with 107bacteria, illuminated with ceiling mounted fluorescent lights retard the growth ofListeria Innocuaby up to 99% in seven hours of exposure to the fluorescent lights, compared to a control surface. The disinfection properties of the surfaces depend mainly on the temperature difference of the surface and the dew point, where for maximum effectiveness of the photocatalytic effect the difference should be at least 2.5 degrees celsius.Usage of one dimensional nanomaterials, such as TiO2nanotubes, offers a promising low cost alternative to current disinfection methods, since illumination of surfaces with common fluorescent lights is sufficient to photo-excite the nanotubes, which sequentially produce microbicidal hydroxyl radicals. Future use of such surfaces with antibacterial nano-coating and resulting sterilizing effect holds promise for such materials to be used in different environments or in better control of critical control points in food production as well as an improved biosecurity during the food manufacturing process.

In the food processing industry disinfectants should ensure the quality and microbiological safety of food without the risks for the human health or environment. One of the potential and alternative less toxic disinfectants is the ozone. It is highly effective and environmentally acceptable disinfectant applicable on several places of food production premises, e.g. on equipment and directly on food products., U prehrambenoj industriji dezinficijensi trebaju osigurati kvalitetu i mikrobiološku sigurnost hrane bez rizika za ljudsko zdravlje ili okoliš. Jedan od mogućih alternativnih i manje toksičnih dezinficijensa je ozon. Ozon je vrlo učinkovit dezinficijens i ekološki prihvatljiv na mnogim mjestima proizvodnje hrane, npr. na opremi i direktno na prehrambenim proizvodima, Die Aufgabe eines Desinfektionsmittels in der Lebensmittelindustrie besteht darin, die Qualität und mikrobiologische Sicherheit der Nahrung ohne Risiken für die menschliche Gesundheit und Umwelt sicherzustellen. Ozon zählt zu alternativen, weniger toxischen Desinfektionsmitteln. Es gilt als sehr effektiv, zeichnet sich durch eine geringe Toxizität aus und eignet sich ökologisch für zahlreiche Bereiche wie zum Beispiel offene (Reinigung offener Flächen) und geschlossene Flächen (Reinigung geschlossener Flächen), für Zubehör, unmittelbar an Lebensmitteln bei der Wasserdesinfizierung, für die Beseitigung von Gerüchen und Neutralisierung von Pestiziden., Nell’industria alimentare i disinfettanti devono garantire la qualità e la sicurezza microbiologica dei cibi senza alcun rischio per la salute umana e per l’ambiente. Uno dei disinfettanti alternativi e meno tossici è senz’altro l’ozono. L’ozono è un disinfettante molto efficace con un basso grado di tossicità e un basso impatto ecologico. È utilizzabile non solo sulle superfici aperte (trattamento igienico-sanitario delle superfici aperte COP) e sulle superfici chiuse (trattamento igienico-sanitario delle superfici chiuse CIP), ma anche sull’attrezzatura, direttamente sui prodotti alimentari, nel trattamento igienico-sanitario dell’acqua, nell’eliminazione dei cattivi odori e nella neutralizzazione dei pesticidi., En la industria alimentaria los desinfectantes deben asegurar la calidad y la seguridad microbiológica de la comida sin el riesgo para la salud humana y para el medio ambiente. El ozono es una de las posibles soluciónes alternativas y un desinfectante menos tóxico. El ozono es un desinfectante muy eficaz, de la toxicidad baja y ecológicamente aceptable en muchos campos como las superficies abiertas (saneamiento COP ) e interiores (saneamiento CIP) del equipo, directamente en los productos alimenticios durante el saneamiento del agua, en la eliminación del olor y en la neutralización de los pesticidas.

Bacterial infections acquired in healthcare facilities including hospitals, the so called healthcare acquired or nosocomial infections, are still of great concern worldwide and represent a significant economical burden. One of the major causes of morbidity is infection with Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), which has been reported to survive on surfaces for several months. Bactericidal activity of copper-TiO2 thin films, which release copper ions and are deposited on glass surfaces and heated to high temperatures, is well known even when illuminated with very weak UVA light of about 10 μW/cm2. Lately, there is an increased intrerest for one-dimensional TiO2 nanomaterials, due to their unique properties, low cost, and high thermal and photochemical stability. Here we show that copper doped TiO2 nanotubes produce about five times more ·OH radicals as compared to undoped TiO2 nanotubes and that effective surface disinfection, determined by a modified ISO 22196:2011 test, can be achieved even at low intensity UVA light of 30 μW/cm2. The nanotubes can be deposited on a preformed surface at room temperature, resulting in a stable deposition resistant to multiple washings. Up to 103 microorganisms per cm2 can be inactivated in 24 hours, including resistant strains such as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase Escherichia coli (E. coli ESBL). This disinfection method could provide a valuable alternative to the current surface disinfection methods.

Lasalocid is a veterinary ionophore antibiotic used for prevention and treatment of coccidiosis in poultry. It is excreted from the treated animals mostly in its active form and enters the environment with the use of contaminated manure on agricultural land. To properly assess the risk that lasalocid poses to the environment, it is necessary to know its environmental concentrations as well as the rates of its degradation in manure and dissipation in soil. These values are still largely unknown. A research was undertaken to ascertain the rate of lasalocid degradation in manure under different storage conditions (aging in a pile or composting) and on agricultural soil after using lasalocid-contaminated manure. The results have shown that there is considerable difference in lasalocid degradation between aging manure with no treatment (t1/2=61.8±1.7 d) and composting (t1/2=17.5±0.8 d). Half-lives in soil are much shorter (on average 3.1±0.4 d). On the basis of the measured concentrations of lasalocid in soil after manure application, we can conclude that it can potentially be harmful to soil organisms (PEC/PNEC ratio of 1.18), but only in a worst-case scenario of using the maximum permissible amount of manure and immediately after application. To make certain that no harmful effects occur, composting is recommended.

Listeria monocytogenes i druge bakterijske vrste roda Listeria su koje ukoliko se nalaze u mesu i mesnim proizvodima mogu izrazito štetno djelovati na zdravlje potrošača. Zanimala nas je mogućnost aerogene kontaminacije mesa i mesnih proizvoda ovim mikroorganizmima koji čine bioaerosol. Ovaj rad proučava prisutnost bakterije Listeria monocytogenes i Listeria spp u bioaerosolu u zraku mesno-prerađivačkih objekata te važnost izbora između impakcijske ili ciklonske metode uzorkovanja zraka. Ciklonska metoda pokazuje veću osjetljivost za otkrivanje bakterije L. monocytogenes i drugih vrsta Listeria spp u uzorcima bioaerosola u zraku mesnih industrija. Ciklonskim načinom uzorkovanja bioaerosola pronašli smo prisutnost Listeria spp u 41% uzorka od čega je u 24% potvrđena prisutnost L. monocytogenes. Rezultati ukazuju na značajnu mogućnost aerogene kontaminacije mesa i mesnih proizvoda bakterijom L. monocytogenes putem bioaerosola u mesnoj industriji. Ciklonska metoda uzorkovanja zraka za otkrivanje prisutnosti L. monocytogenes u bioaerosolima pokazala se pouzdanijom od impakcijske metode., Listeria monocytogenes and other Listeria species are microorganisms which can significantly affect the health of consumers transferring by meat and meat products. Special interest was emphasized due to the possibility of aerogene contamination of meat and products with microorganisms forming bioaerosol. In this paper the presence of Listeria monocytogenes and Listeria spp and in bioaerosol in air of meat processing plants and the importance of selecting the methods of air sampling as impaction or cyclone method were studied. In experiment the cyclone method shows higher sensitivity for the detection of sampling L. monocytogenes and other Listeria spp in bioaerosols of the air in meat industry. With cyclone bioaerosol sampling method, we found the presence of Listeria spp in 41% of the sample, of which 24% of the sample confirmed on the presence of L. monocytogenes. The results show a significant potential for aerogene contamination of meat and meat products with L. monocytogenes via bioaerosol in the meat industry. Cyclonic method indicated more reliable air sampling in detecting the presence of L monocytogenes in bioaerosols compared with the impact method., Listeria monocytogenes und andere Listeriasorten sind Mikroorganismen, die mit Fleisch und Fleischerzeugnissen eingetragen werden, können äußerst negativ auf die Gesundheit der Verbraucher wirken. Wir interessierten uns für die Möglichkeit der aerogenen Kontamination von Fleisch und Fleischerzeugnissen durch Mikroorganismen aus Bioaerosol. Die Arbeit untersucht die Anwesenheit von Mikroorganismen Listeria monocytogenes und anderen Listeriasorten in Bioaerosol in der Luft der Fleischverarbeitungsobjekte sowie die Wichtigkeit der Impaktionswahl oder der Zyklonmethode der Luftmusterung. Die Zyklonmethode zeigt eine höhere Empfindsamkeit für die Entdeckung von Listeria monocytogenes und anderen Listeriasorten in den Mustern von Bioaerosol in der Luft der Fleischindustrie. Durch die Zyklonart der Luftmusterung fanden wir die Anwesenheit von Listeria in 41 % der Muster, wovon bei 24 % die Anwesenheit von Listeria monocytogenes bestätigt wurde. Die Resultate weisen auf die bedeutende Möglichkeit der aerogenen Kontamination von Fleisch und Fleischerzeugnissen mit Bakterie Listeria monocytogenes durch Bioaerosol in der Fleischindustrie hin. Die Zyklonart der Luftmusterabnahme zeigte sich verläßlicher als die Impaktionsmethode für die Entdeckung der Anwesenheit von Listeria monocytogenes in Bioaerosol., Listeria monocytogenes y otros tipos de Listerias son microorganismos que se ingestionan por los productos cárnicos y tienen una influencia fuerte y negativa sobre la salud de los consumidores. Nos interesó la posibilidad de la contaminación aerógena de la carne y los productos cárnicos por los microorganismos del bioaerosol. Este trabajo estudia la presencia del microorganismo Listerie monocytogenes y otros tipos de Listeria en las muestras del bioaerosol del aire de las plantas de procesamiento de carne y la importancia del método de muestreo de impacto o del método ciclónico del muestreo del aire. El método ciclónico muestra una mayor susceptibilidad a la detección del Listerie monocytogenes y otros tipos de Listeria en las muestras de bioaerosol en el aire de las industrias cárnicas. Usando el método ciclónico del muestreo del bioaerosol detectamos la presencia de Listeria en 41% de las muestras, de lo cual la presencia de Listerie monocytogenes fue confirmada en el 24% de muestras. Los resultados indican la posibilidad de significante contaminación aerógena de la carne y de productos cárnicos por la bacteria Listerie monocytogenes a trevés del bioaerosol en la industria cárnica. El método ciclónico del muestreo se mostró más seguro que el método de muestreo de impacto para detectar la presencia de Listerie monocytogenes en bioaerosoles.

Intensive poultry farms are frequently the subject of odour complaints and are also known emitters of ammonia. In this paper an experiment is described which compared the effectiveness of two abatement compounds, clinoptilolite and De-Odorase®, when used in broiler production. Two sites were used which had almost identical buildings, each with two rooms, and the same strain of bird. Clinoptilolite was used on one site and De-Odorase® on the other. Once a week ventilation rate, ammonia concentration and odour concentration were measured, to determine the effects of the additives. We also measured temperature, relative humidity and carbon dioxide concentration to confirm that the control and test rooms had similar micro-climates. In the room treated with clinoptilolite the ammonia concentration was statistically significantly higher than in the control and the total mass of ammonia emitted was 50% greater. In the De-Odorase® experiment the mean ammonia concentration in the treated room in the final week was 38% lower than in the control and the total mass of ammonia emitted from the treated room was 50% lower. There was no statistically significant reduction in the odour concentration or odour emission rate for either of the additives used.

Pigeon circovirus (PiCV) was detected by real-time PCR in cloacal swabs, pharyngeal swabs, and serum samples taken from 74 feral pigeons (Columba livia var. domestica) that were caught at various locations in the city of Ljubljana, Slovenia. PiCV infections were detected in the majority of the tested birds. The highest (74.3%) detection rate was observed in the cloacal swabs and the lowest (31.1%) in serum samples. PiCV DNA was more readily detected in the cloacal swabs, pharyngeal swabs, and serum samples of birds younger than 1 yr. Molecular analysis of partial open reading frame V1 sequences showed that PiCV strains detected in feral pigeons share high nucleotide and amino acid sequence identities with PiCV strains detected in ornamental, racing, meat, and feral pigeons.

Results and critical standpoints regarding the actions of the feral pigeon (Columba livia) population management in Ljubljana were studied. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of the methods used to manage and control the feral pigeon population in Ljubljana. The effectiveness of progesterone, ultrasound deterrent and artificial dovecots for egg collection was tested in order to evaluate different approaches to feral pigeon population management in Ljubljana. The most effective method of pigeon control was the use of contraceptives, since the number of pigeons in selected locations of the wider centre of Ljubljana decreased by 49.1% (P>0.05) in the period from 1999 to 2004. The method of ultrasound as a pigeon deterrent remains questionable, since no distinctive deterrent effects were established, even though pigeons in our experiment showed signifi cant (P, U ovome su radu prikazani rezultati kao i kritički osvrt na primjenu različitih metoda u uređivanju populacije golubova u Ljubljani. Ujedno, cilj ove studije bio je utvrditi učinkovitost postupaka poduzetih sa svrhom uređivanja populacije golubova u Ljubljani. Radi vrednovanja različitih pristupa u uređivanju populacije golubova provjeravana je djelotvornost progesterona, ultrazvuka i umjetnih golubinjaka. Najdjelotvornijom metodom u kontroli populacije golubova pokazala se upotreba kontraceptiva budući da se broj golubova u Ljubljani smanjio za 49,1% (P>0,05) u razdoblju od godine 1999. do 2004. Metoda zastrašivanja ultrazvukom vrlo je upitna, iako su golubovi u našem istraživanju pokazali određeni strah od letenja u prostoru u kojem je bio uključen ultrazvuk te značajne (P

An experiment was mounted at a large fattening piggery in Slovenia, during which different groups each of 600 weaned pigs were housed and grown in different fattening rooms for 60 days (from age 24 days to age 84 days). All rooms were mechanically ventilated and had fully-slatted floors with slurry channels beneath. De-Odorase® † was added to the diet of the treated groups of pigs at the rates recommended by the suppliers, e.g. for grower feed, 65 g/t. De-Odorase® was also added daily (3·2 g suspended in 10 l of water) to the upstream ends of the slurry channels. Once a week, the ammonia concentration in the air inside each fattening room was measured at each of four positions, using Drager tubes, and the ventilation rate was computed from the cross-sectional area of each fan outlet and the average velocity of the air emerging from each. Also, air samples were taken from immediately outside three of the fans serving each room, and their odour concentrations were measured by olfactometry. Hence, weekly values of emission rates of both ammonia and odour could be calculated. Ammonia concentration was significantly lower (P = 0·001) in the De-Odorase®-treated buildings than in the control buildings. The average reduction in ammonia concentration over a 7 week period was 26%. Ammonia emission rate was also reduced by 26% through the use of the additive. This reduction was significant at P = 0·048. Neither odour concentration nor odour emission rate was significantly reduced through the use of the additive. The additive did not significantly influence the rate of live-weight gain by the pigs.

Legionella pneumophila can cause a potentially fatal form of humane pneumonia (Legionnaires' disease), which is most problematic in immunocompromised and in elderly people. Legionella species is present at low concentrations in soil, natural and artificial aquatic systems and is therefore constantly entering man-made water systems. The environment temperature for it's ideal growth range is between 32 and 42°C, thus hot water pipes represent ideal environment for spread of Legionella. The bacteria are dormant below 20°C and do not survive above 60°C. The primary method used to control the risk from Legionella is therefore water temperature control. There are several other effective treatments to prevent growth of Legionella in water systems, however current disinfection methods can be applied only intermittently thus allowing Legionella to grow in between treatments. Here we present an alternative disinfection method based on antibacterial coatings with Cu-TiO2 nanotubes deposited on preformed surfaces. In the experiment the microbiocidal efficiency of submicron coatings on polystyrene to the bacterium of the genus Legionella pneumophila with a potential use in a water supply system was tested. The treatment thus constantly prevents growth of Legionella pneumophila in presence of water at room temperature. Here we show that 24-hour illumination with low power UVA light source (15 W/m2 UVA illumination) of copper doped TiO2 nanotube coated surfaces is effective in preventing growth of Legionella pneumophila. Microbiocidal effects of Cu-TiO2 nanotube coatings were dependent on the flow of the medium and the intensity of UV-A light. It was determined that tested submicron coatings have microbiocidal effects specially in a non-flow or low-flow conditions, as in higher flow rates, probably to a greater possibility of Legionella pneumophila sedimentation on the coated polystyrene surfaces, meanwhile no significant differences among bacteria reduction was noted regarding to non or low flow of medium.