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Background: Cutaneous and mucocutaneous histiocytosis (group C) comprise a wide variety of entities affecting skin and/or mucosae. Although they are considered as reactive proliferations, their exact pathophysiology remains unknown and, therefore, they lack a specific treatment. Aims: The aim of this study is to review the evidence on cases of histiocytosis treated with UVB and/or UVA and to report a new case of relapsing group C histiocytosis that has been successfully treated with PUVA therapy. Materials & Methods: We have conducted a review of the literature published over the last 40 years on the treatment of histiocytosis with phototherapy in the online PubMed database. We also describe a new case of successful treatment of histiocytosis with PUVA therapy. Results: Our patient was a 27‐year‐old man with persistent outbreaks of cutaneous histiocytosis over the previous 8 years. He responded successfully to PUVA therapy, and no relapse has been detected after one year of follow‐up. Discussion: Self‐involution is usual in group C histiocytosis, so conservative management is usually the first approach. Relapsing cases pose a therapeutic challenge. Reported treatment options for these patients include isotretinoin, cryotherapy, immunosuppressants, low‐dose chemotherapy, CO2 laser, radiotherapy, and surgery. Phototherapy and photochemotherapy have been used in a small number of patients with considerable success. The main limitation to provide firm recommendations on histiocytosis therapy is the absence of solid evidence, as the articles published are mainly case reports with a short follow‐up. In our patient, despite the short follow‐up we have considered photochemotherapy to be effective since no spontaneous remission had been achieved in the previous 8 years. Conclusion: PUVA therapy could be a safe and effective option to treat persistent cutaneous manifestations in patients with histiocytosis, although more evidence is required to support this statement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acceleration techniques for Rendering in general, and Ray-Casting in particular, have been the subject of much research in Computer Graphics. Most efforts have been focused on new data structures for efficient ray/scene traversal and intersection. In this paper, we propose an acceleration technique that approximates rendering and that is built around a new feature-based clustering approach. The technique starts preprocessing the scene by grouping elements according to their features using a set of channels based on an information theory-based approach. Then, at run-time, a rendering strategy uses that clustering information to reconstruct the final image, by deciding which areas could take advantage of the coherence in the features and thus, could be interpolated; and which areas require more involved calculations. This process starts with a low-resolution render that is iteratively refined up to the desired resolution by reusing previously computed pixels. Our experimental results show a significant speedup of an order of magnitude, depending on the complexity of the per-pixel calculations, the screen size of the objects, and the number of clusters. Rendering quality and speed directly depend on the number of clusters and the number of steps performed during the reconstruction procedure, and both can easily be set by the user. Our findings show that feature-based clustering can significantly impact rendering speed if samples are chosen to enable interpolation of smooth regions. Our technique, thus, accelerates a range of popular and costly techniques, ranging from texture mapping up to complex ambient occlusion, soft and hard shadow calculations, and it can even be used in conjunction with more traditional acceleration methods. [Display omitted] • Mesh-clustering based Information Theory tools to exploit feature similarity. • User-definable parameters, decoupling them from the actual rendering process. • Multi-pass rendering based on reuse and interpolation of previous results. • Controlling mechanism to guarantee Ray-casting as a lower bound to rendering speed. • Our technique can accommodate both static and animated scenes as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most critical and complex steps, in mining, is selecting the appropriate production method, based on multiple parameters. This makes it difficult and therefore the importance of developing and 27 sub-criteria, to evaluate 6 methods of extraction of lithium from brine (alternatives). A hierarchical structure with three levels is proposed for the analysis. The best alternative was obtains based on a tool that facilitates this task. The objective of this work is to use the Fuzzy Analysis Hierarchical Process (FAHP) to develop a model for decision making with multiple criteria that allow selecting appropriate lithium brine mining methods in Northwest Argentina. The model developed considers 5 criteria global evaluation. The best alternative was obtained based on global evaluation. This tool can be applied for decision-making by new mining companies in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on heretofore seemed to be a transitional passage in De anima 2.2 is key to explicating the causal priority of the soul as actuality of the body. Topics include the soul is prior not only to matter and the activities of life but also to its powers and to any other actuality of the body, and the substantial, and not just temporal, priority is articulated in the contrast soul and knowledge in De anima.

Ancient cities and castles are ubiquitous cultural heritage structures all over Europe, and countless digital creations (e.g. movies and games) use them for storytelling. However, they got little or no attention in the computer graphics literature. This paper aims to close the gap between historical and geometrical modelling, by presenting a framework that allows the forward and inverse design of ancient city (e.g. castles and walled cities) evolution along history. The main component is an interactive loop that cycles over a number of years simulating the evolution of a city. The user can define events, such as battles, city growth, wall creations or expansions, or any other historical event. Firstly, cities (or castles) and their walls are created, and, later on, expanded to encompass civil or strategic facilities to protect. In our framework, battle simulations are used to detect weaknesses and strengthen them, evolving to accommodate to developments in offensive weaponry. We conducted both forward and inverse design tests on three different scenarios: the city of Carcassone (France), the city of Gerunda (Spain) and the Ciutadella in ancient Barcelona. All the results have been validated by historians who helped fine‐tune the different parameters involved in the simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• We propose a ruleset-rewriting formalism for automatic modification of existing or new buildings. • Our system starts from an initial ruleset, without requiring further user intervention. • Users only specify transformation guidelines; the system automatically applies it to any ruleset provided as input. • The process results in new rulesets ready to be used to generate new buildings. • Our main contribution is a full formalism for ruleset-based operations in procedural modeling. Procedural modeling techniques have emerged as a fundamental tool for automatic design and reconstruction of buildings and urban landscapes. In recent years, we have witnessed an impressive increase in the expressive capabilities of such techniques, being its main strength the possibility of generating large urban scenes with a small ruleset. In this paper, we propose what we consider the next stage in this process, where generic graph-rewriting techniques are used to transform input rulesets into new ones, thus allowing the automatic reuse, transformation and generation of rulesets. We showcase our system with an application to a high-level procedural language (based on the well-known CGA grammars) for facades. We demonstrate the practicality of this new approach by transforming the style of the input facade previously created to different styles. User studies confirm this result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are two different notions of seed (sperma) at work in the Generation of Animals: seed as the spermatic residue (perittôma), which concerns only the male and the female generative contributions, and seed as the kuêma and first mixture of the two generative contributions. The latter is a notion of seed common to plants and animals. The passage in GA I.18, 724b12–22 where Aristotle distinguishes between these two notions of seed has been mistakenly discredited as inauthentic or simply as irrelevant for understanding the seeds of animals. On the other hand, recent studies have rather focused on the seed as spermatic residue (in particular, the female contribution as seed), paying little attention to the notion of seed as kuêma. In this paper I defend the authenticity and relevance of this passage and show how understanding the notion of seed as kuêma is essential to have a complete picture of Aristotle's account of seed. This common notion of seed makes sense of Aristotle's otherwise puzzling use of the word "sperma" to designate the seeds of plants, the kuêma, the fertilized eggs, and the first mixture of the two generative contributions. It also proves helpful in determining what the word 'sperma' stands for in key passages, such as Metaph. IX.7. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neurofibromatosis type 1 is a rare medical condition that raises the probability of having distinct types of malignant and benign neoplasms. Nevertheless, the association with breast cancer is rare, and metachronic neoplasia with a distinct histologic subtype is an association that has never been reported before. Here we describe a case of a primary breast tumor, with posterior development of basal cell carcinoma of the skin, and a low-grade peripheral nerve sheath sarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions on Aristotle's account of homonymy in natural philosophy have not paid attention to its distinct use in the Generation of animals. I show that Aristotle's use of homonymy in this treatise is relevant to the question of how to name living substances in the process of generation. In the GA, Aristotle uses homonymy to argue that embryos must have soul. These embryos, when the heart has been distinctly set apart, satisfy the criterion set in Metaph. IX.7 to be an animal in dunamis. In the GA, Aristotle refers to this embryo as an animal—albeit incomplete, because it cannot yet carry out all the functions signified by the name—and not as a homonym. The phenomenon of generation thus calls for a refinement of the principle of Functional Determination, according to which something is what its names signifies only if it can carry out the functions signified by the name. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to Aristotle's homonymy principle, when we use a common name to refer to wholes and parts that lack the capacity to carry out the function (ergon) signified by the name, we are using the name in a homonymous way. For example, pictures and statues of a man, or a dead eye, are called "man" and "eye" only homonymously because they cannot carry out their proper function, i.e., to live and to see. This principle serves well Aristotle's purposes in natural philosophy, for it avoids a reduction of the essence of living bodies and their parts to their material composition and shape. This principle, however, leaves unexplained why we still use those names in common language, despite their homonymy. Using Aristotle's own comments on homonymy, I will examine the role played by external figure (schêma), for it explains why such homonyms are not accidental. In fact, they are correct forms of linguistic usage in non-philosophical contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gastrointestinal bleeding in HIV patients secondary to coinfection by HHV8 and development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a rare complication even if no skin lesions are detected on physical examination. This article indicates which patients might develop this type of clinical sign and also tries to recall that absence of skin lesions never rules out the presence of KS, especially if gastrointestinal involvement is documented. Gastrointestinal bleeding in terms of hematemesis has rarely been reported in the literature. We review some important clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment approach. We present the case of an HIV patient who presented to the emergency department with hematemesis and gastrointestinal signs of KS on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy without any dermatological involvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To compare the microbiome of healthy (H) and diseased (P) peri-implant sites and determine the core peri-implant microbiome. Materials and Methods Submucosal biofilms from 32 H and 35 P sites were analysed using 16S rRNA sequencing (MiSeq, Illumina), QIIME and HOMI NGS. Differences between groups were determined using principal coordinate analysis ( PCoA), t tests and Wilcoxon rank sum test and FDR-adjusted. The peri-implant core microbiome was determined. Results PCoA showed partitioning between H and P at all taxonomic levels. Bacteroidetes, Spirochetes and Synergistetes were higher in P, while Actinobacteria prevailed in H ( p < .05). Porphyromonas and Treponema were more abundant in P while Rothia and Neisseria were higher in H ( p < .05). The core peri-implant microbiome contained Fusobacterium, Parvimonas and Campylobacter sp. T. denticola, and P. gingivalis levels were higher in P, as well as F. alocis, F. fastidiosum and T. maltophilum ( p < .05). Conclusion The peri-implantitis microbiome is commensal-depleted and pathogen-enriched, harbouring traditional and new pathogens. The core peri-implant microbiome harbours taxa from genera often associated with periodontal inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Telangiectasias are the clinical manifestation of diverse processes affecting blood vessels. Herein we report the case of a 60-year-old man presenting long-standing asymptomatic annular telangiectatic lesions with whitish centers. The histopathologic examination revealed thickened blood dermal vessel walls in the superficial dermis showing reduplication of the basement membrane resembling cutaneous collagenous vasculopathy ( CCV). We suggest that this atypical clinicopathological presentation may represent either a localized annular variant of CCV or a previously unreported clinical form of multiple cutaneous telangiectasias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To study the healing of peri-implant tissues around implants with a triangular coronal third (test) or cylindrical (control). Materials and Methods In eight beagle dogs, immediate and delayed implants were placed. Test and control implants were randomly assigned and the hard and soft tissue healing was evaluated with histology and micro- CT analysis at 4 and 12 weeks. The soft tissue contour changes were assessed by image analysis software. Results When measured at the implant shoulder level, the buccal crestal width (primary outcome assessed in mm) attained similar values in test and control implants. More apically (3 mm) test implants had greater buccal crestal width in delayed and immediate sites. For vertical soft and hard tissue measurements, no significant differences were found between Test and Control. Micro- CT evaluation of the buccal volume of interest showed less volume of implant component in T implants in all sites, although bone volume was not significantly different between T/C. Soft tissue contours were similar around T/C implants. Conclusion Triangular implants showed similar percentage of osseointegration, buccal bone volume and soft tissue contours, although attaining greater buccal crestal bone width. No differences were found in regard to soft tissue dimensions and the position of the first bone-to-implant contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the volumetric changes occurring from prosthesis insertion to the 1-year follow-up (FU) using one- and two-piece dental implants. Methods Sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive one-piece or two-piece implants. Casts were obtained at baseline (insertion of final reconstruction) and at 1 year of loading. Finally, 33 pairs of casts ( BRA = 18, STM = 15) were deemed appropriate for volumetric analysis of the peri-implant tissues. If the patients had more than one implant, one was randomly selected for analysis. Casts were scanned to obtain stereolithography ( STL) files. Baseline and 1-year FU digital models were superimposed with an image analysis program. Linear and volumetric measurements were performed including (i) crown height changes (CHCs), (ii) volumetric changes, and (iii) changes in tissue thickness at three levels below the mucosal margin on the buccal side of the implants (at 1,3, and 5 mm). The Mann-Whitney U-test and the paired t-test were used to analyze the data between the two groups using the patient as the unit of analysis. Results No significant baseline differences were observed between the one- and two-piece groups for the linear measurements. The mean CHCs in the two-piece group amounted to 0.02 mm ( SD ± 0.32), whereas the one-piece group exhibited a change of −0.17 mm (±0.57). The mean volume changes (VCs) were −0.12 mm (±0.27) (two-piece group) and −0.03 mm (±0.29) (one-piece group). With regard to the changes in tissue thickness, the two-piece group presented a change of −0.15 mm (±0.20) at 1 mm, −0.06 mm (±0.20) at 3 mm, and −0.2 mm (±0.51) at 5 mm. The respective values for the one-piece group were −0.03 mm (±0.35), 0.01 mm (±0.28), and −0.01 mm (±0.51) at the three levels. None of the differences in linear measurements between baseline and the 1-year FU reached significance. Positive correlations were seen for tissue thickness changes at 1 and 3 mm for both groups ( P < 0.05). Significant positive correlations were found for VCs and tissue thickness at 1 mm for the two-piece group and for VCs and tissue thickness at 1,3, and 5 mm for the one-piece group ( P < 0.05). Conclusion Within the first year of loading, minimal changes occur with regard to tissue thickness, crown height, and facial volume for both implant types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To compare the clinical and radiographic outcomes of implants and implant-supported reconstructions using a 1-piece ( STM) and a 2-piece ( BRA) dental implant system. Material and methods Sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive STM or BRA implants. The implants restored with fixed or removable prostheses. Baseline measurements (day of loading) and 1-year measurements included demographic and radiological parameters with details of the surgical procedures, type of prosthesis, survival of implants, and marginal bone-level changes. The Mann-Whitney U-test and the paired t-test were used to analyze the data between the two groups and within the groups within 1 year on an implant- and patient-based level. Results In all 60 patients, implants were placed and supported 65 final reconstructions (33 BRA, 32 STM). One implant was lost in the STM group at 9 months (98.5% survival rate), none were lost in the BRA group (100%). On the implant level, the median marginal bone levels were −1.02 mm (interquartile range ( IQR) 0.41 mm) at baseline and −1.08 mm (0.59 mm) 1 year later ( BRA) and −0.51 mm (0.93 mm) and −0.75 mm (1.14 mm) ( STM). The patient level values were −0.98 mm (0.47 mm) at baseline and −1.10 mm (0.71 mm) 1 year later ( BRA) and −0.43 mm (0.59 mm) and −0.71 mm (0.97 mm) ( STM). The differences between the two groups at both time-points were statistically significant in the patient-level analysis with higher bone levels for the STM group ( P < 0.05). The changes in mean marginal bone levels on the implant level amounted to −0.05 mm ( SD±0.32 mm) ( BRA) and to −0.27 mm (±0.52 mm) ( STM). Patient-level values were −0.06 mm (± 0.37 mm) ( BRA) and −0.25 mm (±0.35 mm) ( STM). These differences between the groups reached statistical significance on the patient level with less bone loss in the BRA group ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Within the first year of functional loading, high survival rates and minimal changes of marginal bone levels were found for both implant systems used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim was to systematically search the dental literature for pre-clinical models assessing implant integration in locally compromised sites (part 1) and systemically compromised animals (part 2), and to evaluate the quality of reporting of included publications. Methods A Medline search (1966-2011) was performed, complimented by additional hand searching. The quality of reporting of the included publications was evaluated using the 20 items of the ARRIVE (Animals in Research In Vivo Experiments) guidelines. Results One-hundred and seventy-six (part 1; mean ARRIVE score = 15.6 ± 2.4) and 104 (part 2; 16.2 ± 1.9) studies met the inclusion criteria. The overall mean score for all included studies amounted to 15.8 ± 2.2. Housing (38.3%), allocation of animals (37.9%), numbers analysed (50%) and adverse events (51.4%) of the ARRIVE guidelines were the least reported. Statistically significant differences in mean ARRIVE scores were found depending on the publication date ( p < 0.05), with the highest score of 16.7 ± 1.6 for studies published within the last 2 years. Conclusions A large number of studies met the inclusion criteria. The ARRIVE scores revealed heterogeneity and missing information for selected items in more than 50% of the publications. The quality of reporting shifted towards better-reported pre-clinical trials within recent years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality and adequacy of housing confer a fundamental requirement for older people. An increased influence on the independence, health and social dynamics experienced by the elderly it is performed by these conditions. Nevertheless, countries such as Portugal present a lack of effort and targeted policies that encourage the adoption of the "aging in place" paradigm. This paper presents a brief review of scientific literature, discussed the current Portuguese conjecture on this problem and presents an analysis based on the best practices in Europe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Lightweight tire derived aggregate (TDA) fills are a proven recycling outlet for waste tires, requiring relatively low cost waste processing and being competitively priced against other lightweight fill alternatives. However its value has been marred as several TDA fills have self-combusted during the early applications of this technique. An empirical review of these cases led to prescriptive guidelines from the ASTM aimed at avoiding this problem. This approach has been successful in avoiding further incidents of self-combustion. However, at present there remains no rational method available to quantify self-combustion risk in TDA fills. This means that it is not clear which aspects of the ASTM guidelines are essential and which are accessory. This hinders the practical use of TDA fills despite their inherent advantages as lightweight fill. Here a quantitative approach to self-combustion risk evaluation is developed and illustrated with a parametric analysis of an embankment case. This is later particularized to model a reported field self-combustion case. The approach is based on the available experimental observations and incorporates well-tested methodological (ISO corrosion evaluation) and theoretical tools (finite element analysis of coupled heat and mass flow). The results obtained offer clear insights into the critical aspects of the problem, allowing already some meaningful recommendations for guideline revision. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The affordability of houses has become one of the main problems for Spanish families in recent decades. The government has been actively involved in designing policies to solve this problem. Theoretically, the characteristics of the housing stock and population always determine the type of public intervention. In the Spanish case, there are some features that give rise to a particular approach which is slightly different from that of the rest of Europe. The following elements, among other things, have been taken into account when designing housing policies in Spain: the cultural importance of home-ownership, the evolution of prices, the distinct condition of large cities such as Barcelona and Madrid, the high proportion of mortgage burdens in relation to family income and the role played by the several levels of government. In present Spanish housing policy, it is possible to identify at least two main trends. Both the 1992-95 scheme and the 1996-99 scheme seek to provide financial support, basically to the demand side, in order to promote ownership and reactivate the building sector as a way to expand the whole economy. The housing market in Spain is strongly influenced by government intervention: a varied set of instruments has been applied in housing policy for the period 1996-99. The government also formulated a plan of action that followed the trends established by the former programme (Plan de Vivienda 1992-95). The aim of this paper is to examine in detail the objectives of the scheme and the instruments implemented to achieve them. In addition, we will analyse the involvement of the banks and the savings bank system and their role in the funding of the scheme. We will conclude with an evaluation of the extent to which the objectives of the first scheme have been met. We will also make some predictions and mention the special details concerning the second scheme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

States that the large number of processing elements in current parallel systems necessitates the development of more comprehensive and realistic tools for the scalability analysis of algorithms on those architectures. Presentation of a simple analytical tool with which to study the scalability of parallel algorithm-architecture combinations.

(1) Background: To investigate the effect of a xenogeneic collagen matrix (CMX) seeded with autologous gingiva-derived mesenchymal cells (GMSCs) when combined with a coronally advanced flap (CAF) in the treatment of localized gingival recession type 1 (RT1). (2) Methods: Dehiscence-type defects were created in seven dogs. GMSCs were isolated, transfected with a vector carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) and expanded. Once chronified, the defects were randomly treated with (1) CAF plus the combination of CMX and GFP+ GMSCs, (2) CAF plus CMX with autologous fibroblasts, (3) CAF plus CMX and (4) CAF alone. Histological and clinical outcomes at 2- and 6-week healing periods were analyzed and compared among groups. (3) Results: Histologically, the addition of autologous cells to the CMX resulted in reduced inflammation and a variable degree of new cementum/bone formation. CMX plus GMSCs resulted in greater mean recession reduction (1.42; SD = 1.88 mm) and percentage of teeth with recession reduction of ≥2 mm (57%) when compared to the other groups, although these differences were not statistically significant. (4) Conclusions: The histometric and clinical results indicated a positive trend favouring the combination of CMX and GMSCs with the CAF when compared to the groups without cells, although these differences were not statistically significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To assess the contour and volumetric changes of hard and soft tissues after guided bone regeneration (GBR) using two types of barrier membranes together with a xenogeneic bone substitute in dehiscence-type defects around dental implants. Material and methods: In 8 Beagle dogs, after tooth extraction, two-wall chronified bone defects were developed. Then, implants were placed with a buccal dehiscence defect that was treated with GBR using randomly: (i) deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) covered by a synthetic polylactic membrane (test group), (ii) DBBM plus a porcine natural collagen membrane (positive control) and (iii) defect only covered by the synthetic membrane (negative control group). Outcomes were evaluated at 4 and 12 weeks. Micro-CT was used to evaluate the hard tissue volumetric changes and STL files from digitized cast models were used to measure the soft tissues contour linear changes. Results: Test and positive control groups were superior in terms of volume gain and contour changes when compared with the negative control. Soft tissue changes showed at 4 weeks statistically significant superiority for test and positive control groups compared with negative control. After 12 weeks, the results were superior for test and positive control groups but not statistically significant, although, with a lesser magnitude, the negative control group exhibited gains in both, soft and hard tissues. Conclusions: Both types of membranes (collagen and synthetic) attained similar outcomes, in terms of hard tissue volume gain and soft tissue contours when used in combination with DBBM Clinical relevance: Synthetic membranes were a valid alternative to the "gold standard" natural collagen membrane for treating dehiscence-type defects around dental implants when used with a xenogeneic bone substitute scaffold [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cover image, by Ignacio Sanz‐Martin et al., is based on the Animal Experiment Hard and soft tissue integration of immediate and delayed implants with a modified coronal macrodesign: Histological, micro‐CT and volumetric soft tissue changes from a pre‐clinical in vivo study, DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12747. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To compare the soft tissue stability (STA) around single implants previously augmented with either subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) from the lateral palate (LP) or from the tuberosity area (TA). Material and Methods: Twenty‐nine patients showing 33 implants with buccal volume deficiency randomly received SCTG from LP (control group/CG) or TA (test group/TG). At 4 months (FU‐4) the definitive crown was installed and an intra‐oral scan performed. At 12 months (FU‐12), a new scan was registered. Between FU‐4 and FU‐12 STA was evaluated by STL image superimposition. Clinical parameters and the modified pink aesthetic score (PES) (Fürhauser et al. 2005) were recorded. Results: After FU‐4 both tissues demonstrated a similar STA without statistically significant differences (SSD). The mean soft tissue changes were 0.03 ± 0.22 mm for CG and 0.04 ± 0.23 mm for TG (p =.870). SSD were observed for changes in keratinized tissue (KT) with greater stability for TG (0 ± 0.32 mm) compared with CG (−0.3 ± 0.33 mm) (p =.002). PES resulted in mean values of 8.37 ± 2.46 for CG and 8.54 ± 2.43 for TG (p=.59). Conclusions: Both groups demonstrated similar STA between the definitive crown placement and 12 months, while greater stability of the KT gained was observed in TG. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: There is a need of more studies on whether low primary implant stability would negatively influence the success of implant therapy. Therefore, this retrospective study analyses outcomes of implants placed with low primary stability and factors that may be related to implant failures. Material and methods: This retrospective study included 156 patients, restored with 169 implants that presented manual rotation within an observed follow‐up time of a minimum of 34 days and a maximum of 9.28 years. Descriptive statistics, survival analyses (life tables and Kaplan–Meier estimates) and radiographic assessment based on marginal bone level measurements were performed. This original study was adherent to STROBE guidelines. Results: Seven implants failed in seven patients, rendering cumulative survival rates of 94.74% (95% CI: 89.11–97.50) and 94.33% (95% CI: 88.30–97.30) at implant and patient levels, respectively. Kaplan–Meier estimates showed implant loss was found only in advanced surgery group (7 implant loss in 82 implants) when compared with simple surgery group (no implant loss in 87 implants; p = 0.005). Conclusions: Within the limitations of this retrospective study, implant placement with low primary stability might not negatively affect either the survival rates or marginal bone level changes of implants provided that a protected and unloaded healing is guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traffic demand in access networks has grown in recent years, and service providers need to upgrade their infrastructure to the latest access standards. While fiber has become the preferred technology of choice in access networks, there are many fibre access technologies available in the market. This poses challenging questions to operators that are not always easy to answer: How to upgrade? What technology and for how long wil it cope with the demands? In this article we model the traffic forecast in access networks for the next decade and analyze possible upgrade scenarios of fibre access networks, concluding which of the NG-PON flavors could better fit the demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the early and late bone healing around implants placed according to a flapless immediate (test) or flapped delayed (control) implant surgical protocol. Materials and methods: In eight beagle dogs, immediate and delayed implants were placed. Test and control implants were randomly assigned, and horizontal and vertical bone remodelling, as well as bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC), were assessed with histology at 2 and 8 weeks. Teeth were used as negative controls. Results: Similar results were attained in the two groups when the vertical resorption of the buccal bone crest was evaluated (approximately 0.5 mm). On the other hand, a marked horizontal buccal bone resorption was observed. Immediate implants attained a thinner buccal bone crest as compared to the delayed implant and the tooth. De novo bone formation on the implant surface appeared to be more pronounced at delayed sites at 2 weeks, whereas at 8 weeks, no difference in BIC was observed. Conclusions: Ridge alterations occurred at both implant placement protocols, with similar limited amounts of vertical buccal bone reduction and a pronounced horizontal bone reduction. The process of horizontal bone remodelling differed between the two surgical protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aplysterol, several didehydroaplysterols, and their acetylated derivatives were isolated from samples of the marine sponge Aplysina aerophoba, which had been collected on the coast of the Canary Islands, and were identified by chromatography and ¹H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. A quantitative analysis was done, based on the relative intensities of the signals corresponding to the olefinic quaternary carbons from the 13C-NMR spectrum at 125 MHz. Finally, the results described were confirmed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Alveolar ridge preservation (ARP) is a well‐defined treatment performed to reduce bone dimensional changes occurring during the healing of post‐extraction sockets to allow for adequate implant placement. Leukocyte and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) has been showing to potentially promote bone and tissue regeneration during wound healing. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate its efficacy for ARP when applied to fresh extraction sockets, in comparison with spontaneous healing. Materials and Methods: Twenty‐seven patients with hopeless non‐molar teeth were treated. After randomization, fresh extraction sockets were either filled with L‐PRF or allowed to heal spontaneously. CBCTs and intraoral scans were obtained immediately after extraction and at 4 months. Through superimposition of the obtained images, changes in the horizontal ridge width, height, buccal volume, and ridge contour changes were measured, as well as patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM's). Results: The ridge dimensions changed similarly in both groups. Although less reduction occurred in the test group at 1 mm from the bone crest, differences were not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Application of L‐PRF did not prevent reductions of ridge contours, neither in the linear vertical aspect nor in volumetric changes. There were no differences between groups in the need for bone regeneration when placing implants. Patients in both groups reported similar outcomes in terms of bleeding, pain, inflammation, and function at 1 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Conclusion: Alveolar preservation with L‐PRF neither minimized bone resorption occurring after tooth extraction in non‐molar sites nor reduced the need for bone regeneration when placing implants. Furthermore, its use did not improve PROM's. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents information on a study about cost optimization of building structure. Definition of optimization; Important factor in the optimization of concrete structures. INSET: Closure, by Hojjat Adeli and Kamal C. Sarma.

Abstract: Aim: To compare the soft tissue volume gain (VG) around single tooth implants with subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) from either the lateral palate (LP) or from the tuberosity area (TA). Methods: Thirty‐two patients with 36 implants with buccal volume deficiencies were randomly assigned to receive SCTG from LP (control group/CG) or TA (test group/TG). Clinical parameters were recorded. VG was evaluated by stereolithography (STL) image superimposition of two intraoral scans (baseline/BL and 3 months after surgery/FU‐3). Descriptive analysis was performed for both groups, and for comparisons, Mann–Whitney U test was used. Results: In terms of VG values, no statistically significant differences were observed except for values at 6 and 7 mm apically to the healing abutment which favoured the TG. Mean values were 0.69 ± 0.23 mm for CG while TG obtained 0.79 ± 0.10 mm (p = .64). Regarding Keratinized tissue (KT) width statistical significant differences were found favouring TG, which obtained a gain of 0.83 ± 0.61 mm compared with 0.22 ± 0.48 mm for CG (p = .009). Pink esthetic scores resulted in mean values of 10.07 ± 2.19 for the CG, while TG obtained 9.15 ± 2.34. Conclusions: Both procedures were effective in increasing soft tissue volume with no statistically significant differences. A longer follow‐up is needed to confirm or refute these results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives To test whether or not a one- (S1) and a two-piece (S2) dental implant systems render the same biological, technical, and esthetic outcomes regarding implants and implant-supported reconstructions over an observation period of 4 to 6 years. Materials and methods Sixty patients were randomly assigned to receive S1 or S2 implants. The implants were restored with either fixed or removable prostheses. The insertion of the final reconstruction was chosen as baseline. One-year and 4- to 6-year ( FU-5) measurements included biological (e.g. marginal bone level, probing pocket depth, peri-implant mucositis, and peri-implantitis), technical (e.g. fracture or loosening of prosthetic screws, fracture or loosening of abutments, fracture of framework, and/or veneering ceramic (minor, major), loss of retention for cemented restorations), and esthetic parameters (visibility of the crown margin, shimmering of the implant through the mucosa, the level of the facial margo mucosae compared to the contralateral tooth or implant site and the modified papilla index) for implants and reconstructions. Survival and success rates of implants and reconstructions were calculated. Because of the asymmetric data distributions, nonparametric statistical methods were applied. Results The implant-based analysis revealed a cumulative implant survival rate of 97.9% (S1: 96.6%; S2: 98.9%) at FU-5. The median marginal bone level for group S1 changed from 0.51 mm at baseline to 0.49 mm at FU-5 and for group S2 from 1.02 mm to 1.35 mm ( P < 0.001). Patient-level analyses demonstrated a frequency of peri-implant mucositis of 7.7% (S1) and 10.0% (S2) and for peri-implantitis of 7.7% (S1) and 13.3% (S2) at FU-5. The patient-based cumulative implant survival rate was 94.6% (S1: 92.3%; S2: 96.7%). The overall patient-based biological complication rate amounted to 15.4% (S1) and to 23.3% (S2) ( P = 0.517), whereas the overall technical complication rates were 30.8% (S1) and 13.3% (S2) ( P = 0.349). The prosthetic survival rates were 93.1% for S1 and 100% for S2 ( P > 0.05). Conclusions Both implant systems reveal high survival rates on the implant and prosthetic level. Apart from marginal bone-level changes, biological and technical outcomes did not reveal significant differences between the two implant systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To test whether guided bone regeneration ( GBR) of peri-implant defects at zirconia (ZrO2) implants differs from GBR at titanium (Ti) implants regarding the bone integration of the implant and of the grafting material. Materials and methods Maxillary premolars and molars were extracted in seven dogs. After 5 months, four semi-saddle bone defects were created in each maxilla. Implant placement and simultaneous GBR were performed using the following randomly assigned modalities: (1) ZrO2 implant + deproteinized bovine bone mineral ( DBBM) granules + a collagen membrane ( CM), (2) ZrO2 implant + DBBM with 10% collagen matrix + CM, (3) ZrO2 implant + DBBM block + CM, and (4) Ti implant + DBBM granules + CM. After 3 months, one central histological section of each site was prepared. Histomorphometrical assessments were performed evaluating the augmented area ( AA) within the former bone defect (primary outcome), the area of new bone ( NB), bone substitute ( BS), and non-mineralized tissue ( NMT) within AA in mm2. In addition, the distance between the most coronal bone-to-implant contact and the margin of the former bone defect ( fBIC- DEF), and the bone-to-implant contact fraction ( BIC) were measured in mm. Results AA measured 8.6 ± 4.0 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM granules, 4.7 ± 1.6 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM-collagen, 5.1 ± 1.9 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM block, and 7.6 ± 2.8 mm2 for Ti implant + DBBM granules. There were no statistically significant differences between the treatment modalities ( P > 0.05). NB reached 2.0 ± 1.7 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM granules, 0.9 ± 0.9 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM-collagen, 2.1 ± 0.9 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM block, and 0.8 ± 0.6 mm2 for Ti implant + DBBM granules. fBIC- DEF amounted to 2.1 ± 1.7 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM granules, to 2.7 ± 1.1 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM-collagen, to 2.9 ± 1.2 mm2 for ZrO2 implant + DBBM block, and to 3.4 ± 0.4 mm2 for Ti implant + DBBM granules. BIC measured 70 ± 19% for ZrO2 implant + DBBM granules, 69 ± 22% for ZrO2 implant + DBBM-collagen, 77 ± 30% for ZrO2 implant + DBBM block, and 66 ± 27% for Ti implant + DBBM granules. Conclusions The findings of the present pilot study suggest that zirconia and titanium implants grafted with DBBM granules and covered with a collagen membrane do not perform differently regarding the augmented ridge contour, the NB formation, and the implant osseointegration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the influence of implant and prosthetic components on peri‐implant tissue health. A further aim was to evaluate peri‐implant soft‐tissue changes following surgical peri‐implantitis treatment. Materials and methods: Group discussions based on two systematic reviews (SR) and one critical review (CR) addressed (i) the influence of implant material and surface characteristics on the incidence and progression of peri‐implantitis, (ii) implant and restorative design elements and the associated risk for peri‐implant diseases, and (iii) peri‐implant soft‐tissue level changes and patient‐reported outcomes following peri‐implantitis treatment. Consensus statements, clinical recommendations, and implications for future research were discussed within the group and approved during plenary sessions. Results: Data from preclinical in vivo studies demonstrated significantly greater radiographic bone loss and increased area of inflammatory infiltrate at modified compared to non‐modified surface implants. Limited clinical data did not show differences between modified and non‐modified implant surfaces in incidence or progression of peri‐implantitis (SR). There is some evidence that restricted accessibility for oral hygiene and an emergence angle of >30 combined with a convex emergence profile of the abutment/prosthesis are associated with an increased risk for peri‐implantitis (CR). Reconstructive therapy for peri‐implantitis resulted in significantly less soft‐tissue recession, when compared with access flap. Implantoplasty or the adjunctive use of a barrier membrane had no influence on the extent of peri‐implant mucosal recession following peri‐implantitis treatment (SR). Conclusions: Prosthesis overcontouring and impaired access to oral hygiene procedures increases risk for peri‐implantitis. When indicated, reconstructive peri‐implantitis treatment may facilitate the maintenance of post‐operative peri‐implant soft‐tissue levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the influence of implant and prosthetic components on peri‐implant tissue health. A further aim was to evaluate peri‐implant soft‐tissue changes following surgical peri‐implantitis treatment. Materials and methods: Group discussions based on two systematic reviews (SR) and one critical review (CR) addressed (i) the influence of implant material and surface characteristics on the incidence and progression of peri‐implantitis, (ii) implant and restorative design elements and the associated risk for peri‐implant diseases, and (iii) peri‐implant soft‐tissue level changes and patient‐reported outcomes following peri‐implantitis treatment. Consensus statements, clinical recommendations, and implications for future research were discussed within the group and approved during plenary sessions. Results: Data from preclinical in vivo studies demonstrated significantly greater radiographic bone loss and increased area of inflammatory infiltrate at modified compared to non‐modified surface implants. Limited clinical data did not show differences between modified and non‐modified implant surfaces in incidence or progression of peri‐implantitis (SR). There is some evidence that restricted accessibility for oral hygiene and an emergence angle of >30 combined with a convex emergence profile of the abutment/prosthesis are associated with an increased risk for peri‐implantitis (CR). Reconstructive therapy for peri‐implantitis resulted in significantly less soft‐tissue recession, when compared with access flap. Implantoplasty or the adjunctive use of a barrier membrane had no influence on the extent of peri‐implant mucosal recession following peri‐implantitis treatment (SR). Conclusions: Prosthesis overcontouring and impaired access to oral hygiene procedures increases risk for peri‐implantitis. When indicated, reconstructive peri‐implantitis treatment may facilitate the maintenance of post‐operative peri‐implant soft‐tissue levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

o-Bromobenzoyl l-tryptophan 1 inhibits the association of LFA-1 with ICAM-1 with an IC50 of 1.7 μM. Evaluation of the structure–activity relationship of the benzoyl moiety shows that 2,6-di-substitutions greatly enhance potency of this class of inhibitors. Electronegative substitutions that favor a 90° angle between the benzoyl ring and the amide bond yield the most potent compounds. There is a strong correlation between the potency of the compounds and the difference between the ab initio energy at 90° and the global minima energy for given compounds. Combining the favored benzoyl substitutions with l-histidine and l-asparagine resulted in a 15-fold increase in potency over compound 1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article presents a case study of a 52-year old man with mycosis fungoides (MF). It states that he has personal history of arterial hypertension treated with perindopril. His physical examinations revealed several round-to-oval shaped patches that range from two-to 15 centimeter (cm) in diameter on abdomen, left arm and left temple. It mentions that he was prescribed with potent topical corticosteroids.

Background: The transition from a tooth requiring extraction to its replacement (with a dental implant) requires a series of clinical decisions related to timing, approach, materials, cost‐effectiveness and the assessment of potential harm and patient preference. This workshop focused on the formulation of evidence‐based consensus statements and clinical recommendations. Methods: Four systematic reviews covering the areas of alveolar ridge preservation/bone grafting, immediate early and delayed implant placement and alveolar bone augmentation at the time of implant placement in a healed ridge formed the basis of the deliberations. The level of evidence supporting each consensus statement and its strength was described using a modification of the GRADE tool. Results: The evidence base for each of the relevant topics was assessed and summarized in 23 consensus statements and 12 specific clinical recommendations. The group emphasized that the evidence base mostly relates to single tooth extraction/replacement; hence, external validity/applicability to multiple extractions requires careful consideration. The group identified six considerations that should assist clinicians in clinical decision‐making: presence of infection, inability to achieve primary stability in the restoratively driven position, presence of a damaged alveolus, periodontal phenotype, aesthetic demands and systemic conditions. Conclusions: A substantial and expanding evidence base is available to assist clinicians with clinical decision‐making related to the transition from a tooth requiring extraction to its replacement with a dental implant. More high‐quality research is needed for the development of evidence‐based clinical guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Aim: The objective of this in vivo experimental study to evaluate the regenerative potential of a cell therapy combining allogenic periodontal ligament‐derived cells within a xenogeneic bone substitute in a similar experimental model. Methods: In nine beagle dogs, critical size 6‐mm supra‐alveolar periodontal defects were created around the PIII and PIV. The resulting supra‐alveolar defects were randomly treated with either 1.4 × 106 allogenic canine periodontal ligament‐derived cells seeded on de‐proteinized bovine bone mineral with 10% collagen (DBBM‐C) (test group) or DBBM‐C without cells (control group). Specimens were obtained at 3 months, and histological outcomes were studied. Results: The histological analysis showed that total furcation closure occurred very seldom in both groups, being the extent of periodontal regeneration located in the apical third of the defect. The calculated amount of periodontal regeneration at the furcation area was comparable in both the test and control groups (1.93 ± 1.14 mm (17%) versus 2.35 ± 1.74 mm (22%), respectively (p = .37). Similarly, there were no significant differences in the amount of new cementum formation 4.49 ± 1.56 mm (41%) versus 4.97 ± 1.05 mm (47%), respectively (p = .45). Conclusions: This experimental study was unable to demonstrate the added value of allogenic cell therapy in supra‐crestal periodontal regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To test whether an equine bone substitute block used for guided bone regeneration ( GBR) of peri-implant defects differs from bovine block or particulate bone substitutes regarding the hard and soft tissue contours of the augmented ridge. Material & Methods Two semi-saddle bone defects were prepared in each side of the mandible of eight dogs, and one titanium implant was inserted into every defect. The defects were randomly allocated to receive one of the following treatments: bone augmentation by GBR using (1) particulate deproteinized bovine bone mineral ( DBBM) + a collagen membrane ( CM), (2) block DBBM + CM, (3) equine bone substitute block + CM, and (4) empty controls. After 4 months, the jaws were scanned by means of cone beam computed tomography ( CBCT). CBCT analysis was performed in one central and two lateral (mesial and distal) regions of interest ( ROI) of each site evaluating the horizontal thickness of the augmented hard tissue ( HThard tisue) and the total thickness of hard and soft tissue ( HTtotal). The Wilcoxon-Pratt signed rank test was used for statistical analysis. Results In the majority of ROIs, equine and bovine blocks rendered significantly higher values in HThard tissue and HTtotal than controls ( P < 0.05). Generally, equine blocks reached the highest values in HThard tissue and HTtotal followed by DBBM blocks and particulate DBBM. The differences in HThard tissue and HTtotal between GBR groups were not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). In the central ROI, HThard tissue at the level of the implant shoulder measured 1.7 ± 1.4 mm for equine blocks, 1.7 ± 1.0 mm for DBBM blocks, 0.9 ± 1.2 mm for particulate DBBM, and 0 ± 0 mm for controls. The corresponding values in the lateral ROI reached 1.9 ± 1.1 mm for equine blocks, 1.2 ± 0.8 mm for DBBM blocks, 1.0 ± 0.9 mm for particulate DBBM, and 0 ± 0 mm for controls. Conclusions GBR with bone substitute blocks lead to higher ridge dimensions than empty controls. The equine block with CM rendered the most favorable outcomes in hard and soft tissue contours followed by DBBM block and DBBM granulate with CM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the sociodemographic characteristics, health status, and service use of centenarians living in the community and centenarians residing in an elder care facility/nursing home and examines their main differences. Participants were 140 centenarians from the population-based Oporto Centenarian Study (Mage = 101.2; SD = 1.6). Main findings revealed that the majority of the centenarians lived at home with their family members (57.9%). Increased health care needs, living alone, and family caregiving constraints were the most common reasons for entering a nursing home. Community-dwelling centenarians were cared for mostly by their children and were less dependent and in better cognitive health than those who resided in a nursing home. Differences were found in the pattern of health service use according to the centenarians' residence, ability to pay medical expenses, and dependency level. Findings highlight the need for an accurate assessment of caregiving support systems, particularly family intergenerational duties, and of the factors constraining the access and use of health and social services. Policy makers may be guided by the insights gained from this research and work toward improvement of support options and removal of barriers to service access. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives The microbial composition of peri-implantitis-associated biofilms may resemble that of periodontitis, with some distinctive differences, as identified by various conventional or molecular detection methods. Yet, the complete microbiome of peri-implantitis awaits further characterization. The present clinical study was undertaken with the aim to investigate the association of Spirochaetes, and the more recently identified phylum Synergistetes, with peri-implantitis. Materials and Methods Submucosal biofilms were obtained from single sites of patients with peri-implantitis ( n = 43) or individuals with peri-implant health ( n = 41). The samples were analysed by fluorescence in situ hybridization ( FISH) and epifluorescence microscopy, using 16S rRNA-based oligonucleotide probes for Synergistetes cluster A, subclusters A1 and A2, and Treponema groups I- III and IV. Results Treponema group IV was barely detectable, whereas Treponema groups I- III were detected at low prevalence in health, but their prevalence and numbers were significantly increased in peri-implantitis by 48% and 2.4-log, respectively. Synergistetes cluster A was detected in half of the healthy sites, and its prevalence and numbers were significantly increased in peri-implantitis by 30% and 2.5-log, respectively. No quantitative differences were found between Synergistetes subclusters A1 and A2 numbers, as both increased by 2.8-log. Synergistetes cluster A displayed strong correlations with several clinical peri-implant parameters, but Treponema groups I- III only with probing pocket depth. Conclusion The present clinical cross-sectional study demonstrates that Spriochaetes of the Treponema groups I- III, but not group IV, and Synergistetes of the cluster A are highly associated with peri-implantitis. Synergistetes cluster A appears to display a stronger association with peri-implantitis than Spirochaetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To test whether an equine bone substitute block used for guided bone regeneration ( GBR) of peri-implant defects renders different results from bovine block or particulated bone substitutes regarding the dimensions of the augmented ridge and the amount of new bone. Material and methods Mandibular premolars and molars were extracted in eight dogs. After 4 months, four semi-saddle bone defects were created in each mandible and one titanium implant was inserted into every site. Bone augmentation by GBR was attempted using the following randomly assigned modalities: (i) particulated deproteinized bovine bone mineral ( DBBM) + a collagen membrane ( CM), (ii) block DBBM + CM, (iii) equine bone substitute block + CM, and (iv) empty controls. After 4 months, one central and two lateral sections of each site were prepared. Descriptive histological and histomorphometrical assessments were performed evaluating the augmented area ( AA) within the former bone defect, the area of mineralized tissue ( MT), non-mineralized tissue ( NMT), and residual bone substitute ( BS) within AA, the horizontal thicknesses of the augmented region ( HTaugm) and of the mucosa ( HTmucosa). Results At the central sections, AA measured 11.2 ± 3.3 mm2 for the equine block, 9.5 ± 2.6 mm2 for DBBM block, 7.9 ± 4.8 mm2 for particulated DBBM, and 2.4 ± 2.1 mm2 for the empty control. All GBR groups rendered significantly higher values of AA in comparison with control ( P ≤ 0.05). The differences in AA between GBR groups did not reach statistical significance ( P > 0.05). The equine block rendered the highest values in HTaugm, although only the differences between equine block and control as well as equine block and DBBM block were statistically significant ( P ≤ 0.05). With respect to HTmucosa, all GBR groups reached significantly higher values compared to control ( P ≤ 0.05). The equine block revealed the most pronounced signs of graft degradation. Conclusions Guided bone regeneration lead to higher ridge dimensions and thicker covering mucosa than empty controls. The equine block with CM resulted in the most favorable outcomes regarding the maintenance of ridge contour. There were no significant differences regarding amount of new bone between GBR treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]