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Treatment of large bone defects and incurable fractures is a challenging clinical problem. A novel approaches in bone engineering is the use of adipose-derived stem cells and adipose tissue. This study aimed to analyse the impact of adipose autograft on the process of bone regeneration in a surgically created critical size defect (CSD) in the hen ulna. In this study, 30 laying hens at the age of 14 months were randomly divided into three groups: control (C, n=10), subcutaneous adipose tissue graft (SC, n=10) and abdominal adipose tissue graft (ABD, n=10). In all 30 hens, a CSD was made in the ulna. Hens from the SC and ABD groups underwent surgery to explant subcutaneous and adipose tissue graft, respectively, and those grafts were then implanted in the ulnar CSD. The first radiographic and histological analysis wer performed 3.5 weeks after surgery on four hens from the C group and five hens from the SC and ABD groups. The second analysis on the remaining 15 hens was performed after 7 weeks. Data were analysed using the Freeman-Halton extension of Fischer’s exact test at the level of statistical significance P, Liječenje opsežnih koštanih defekata i neizlječivih prijeloma kostiju predstavlja velik izazov u kliničkoj praksi. Jedan od novih pristupa u inženjerstvu koštanog tkiva je korištenje matičnih stanica iz masnog tkiva i samog masnog tkiva. U ovom smo istraživanju analizirali utjecaj autotransplantata masnog tkiva na proces regeneracije kosti u kirurški učinjenom kritičnom koštanom defektu (KKD) ulne kokoši. 30 kokoši nesilica u dobi od 14 mjeseci nasumično je podijeljeno u tri skupine: kontrolna skupina (C, n=10), potkožno masno tkivo (SC, n=10) i abdominalno masno tkivo (ABD, n=10). U svih 30 kokoši napravljen je KKD na ulni. Kokošima iz skupine SC eksplantirano je potkožno masno tkivo, a kokošima iz ABD skupine eksplantirano je abdominalno masno tkivo. Graftovi masnog tkiva su zatim implantirani u ulnarni KKD. Prva radiografska i histološka analiza obavljena je 3,5 tjedna nakon operacije na 4 kokoši iz C i 5 kokoši iz SC i ABD skupina. Druga analiza na preostalih 15 kokoši izvršena je nakon 7 tjedana. Podatci su analizirani korištenjem Freeman-Haltonove ekstenzije Fischerova egzaktnog testa na razini statističke značajnosti P0,05). Autologni transplantat masnog tkiva pozitivno je utjecao na cijeljenje ulne kokoši 3,5 i 7 tjedana nakon operacije. Abdominalno masno tkivo moglo bi imati bolji učinak na zacijeljivanje kosti od potkožnog masnog tkiva.

Prema Svjetskoj zdravstvenoj organizaciji (SZO) definicija boli glasi: ,,Bol je neugodno osjetno i emocionalno iskustvo povezano uz stvarnu ili moguću ozljedu tkiva ili opisom u smislu te ozljede’’. Bolni podražaj može se podijeliti prema duljini trajanja na akutnu i kroničnu bol; prema mehanizmu nastanka na organsku i psihogenu, prema uzroku na nocicepcijsku i neuropatsku bol, prema mjestu nastanka na viscelarnu i parijetalnu te prema općem uzroku na benignu i malignu. Bolni put se na osnovi anatomije neurofiziologije sastoji od četiri procesa, a to su podražaj (transdukcija), kondukcija, prijenos (transmisija), percepcija osjeta boli. Neurotransmiteri u koje ubrajamo noradrenalin i acetilkolin na simpatičnim živčanim završetcima te dopamin u SŽS-u. Drugu, veću skupinu čine prilagođivači (modulatori) transmiterske djelatnosti i to su, primjerice, histamin, glutamat i aspartat, gama-aminomaslačna kiselina (GABA) u SŽS-u. Nociceptivni bihevioralni odgovori koji se promatraju u životinja mogu biti refleksni (povlačenje), dobrovoljni i kronično bolni. Dva glavna alata korištena za procjenu boli u životinja su sustavi bodovanja boli i algezimetri., According to the World Health Organisation (WHO), pain is defined as “an unpleasant sensational and emotional experience related to real or potential tissue injury”. Painful stimuli can be classified according to their duration (acute or chronic), mechanism of onset (organic or psychogenic), cause (nociceptive or neuropathic) and location (visceral or parietal) or according to general cause (benign or malignant). Anatomy and physiology recognise four stages of pain: transduction, conduction, modulation and perception. Neurotransmitters, such as noradrenalin and acetyl-colin, are located at the synaptic nerve endings, whereas dopamine is found in the central nerve system. The second group of neurotransmitters are transmission modulators such as histamine, glutamate and aspartate in the nerve endings, and GABA and endogenous opioids in the central nervous system. The nociceptive behavioural response produced by animals can be a reflexive or voluntary response, or chronic pain. Two basic tools for pain assessment in animals are subjective evaluation of pain and algesimeters.

The study presents a retrospective case study. This aim was to determine whether lactate, glucose and total protein in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can be used as specific biochemical markers for rapid differential diagnosis between intervertebral disk herniation and spinal tumors. Canine blood (n=9) and cerebrospinal fluid (n=9) were collected for chemistry analysis in nine dogs divided into two groups: intervertebral disk herniation group (IVDHG) (n=6) and spinal tumor group (TG) (n=3). Absorption spectrophotometry was used for quantitative determination of the concentrations of lactate, glucose and total protein in serum and CSF. Lactate concentration in serum and CSF and glucose concentration in CSF were 40-60% higher in subjects in TG compared to the IVDHG group. Serum lactate concentrations in the IVDHG group were 60% lower than physiological values. The results indicate that elevated concentration of glucose, lactate and total proteins in CSF and serum are indicative of a tumor, while a decrease of serum lactate and other parameters within normal range indicate disk herniation., Ovo istraživanje predstavlja retrospektivnu studiju. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ustvrditi mogu li laktat, glukoza ili ukupni protein u serumu i cerebrospinalnoj tekućini biti specifični biokemijski markeri u brzoj diferencijalnoj dijagnostici kralježničnog tumora i hernijacije intervertebralnog diska. U istraživanju je korišteno 9 uzoraka pseće krvi i 9 uzoraka pseće cerebrospinalne tekućine koje su biokemijski analizirane. Ukupno 9 je pasa podijeljeno u 2 skupine: hernijacija intervertebralnog diska (IVDHG) (n=6) i skupina vertebralni tumor (TG) (n=3). Za kvantitativno određivanje koncentracija laktata, glukoze i ukupnih proteina u serumu i cerebrospinalnoj tekućini koristila se metoda apsorpcijske spektrofotometrije. Koncentracije laktatata u serumu i cerebrospnalnoj tekućini i glukoze u cerebrospinalnoj tekućini su bile povišene za 40 do 60 % u pasa s tumorom u kralježnici u usporedbi s psima iz skupine s hernijacijom intervertebralnog diska. Serumska koncentracija laktata u pasa s hernijacijom intervertebralnog diska je bila 60 % niža nego fiziološke vrijednosti. Rezultati ove studije su pokazali da povećane koncentracije glukoze, laktata i ukupnih proteina u cerebrospinalnoj tekućini upućuju na tumor u kralježnici, dok, smanjene ili fiziološke vrijednosti laktata i ostalih mjerenih pokazatelja mjerenih u serumu i cerebrospinalnoj tekućini ukazuju na hernijaciju intervertebralnog diska.

Background/Introduction: Autologous bone graft substitute (ABGS) containing rhBMP6 in autologous blood coagulum (ABC) as a BMP carrier combined with compression resistant matrix (CRM) is a novel therapeutic solution for bone regeneration. Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate synthetic ceramics with different particle size and chemical composition of particles as a CRM in posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) rabbit model. Methods: ABGS implants were prepared as follow: rhBMP6 (125 mg) was added to autologous blood (2, 5 mL) which was mixed with synthetic ceramic particles and left to coagulate. Tested ceramic particles differed in particle size (74-420 μm and 500-1700 μm) and chemical composition (TCP and biphasic ceramics containing TCP and HA in 40/60 ratio). ABGS implants (n=6 per group) were implanted bilaterally between lumbar transverse processes (L5-L6) of New Zealand White Rabbits. At the end of the follow up period (27 weeks) animals were killed and spine specimens were analysed by microCT, histology and biomechanical testing. Results: Successful spinal fusion was observed in all animals regardless of the size and chemical composition of tested ceramic particles. However, microCT analyses revealed that chemical composition of ceramics determined longevity of CRM. Specifically, TCP ceramics regardless of the particle size were significantly resorbed while particles containing large proportion of HA were only partially resorbed. Osseointegration of newly formed bone with adjacent transverse processes was observed in all specimens. Moreover, biomechanical testing revealed that adjacent transverse processes were rebridged with biomechanically competent bone. Conclusion(s): A novel ABGS containing rhBMP6 within ABC successfully promoted lumbar fusion with different ceramic particles used as a CRM. However, the chemical composition of ceramics significantly affected CRM resorbability.

Background: Management of large segmental defects is one of the most challenging issues in bone repair biology. Autologous bone graft substitute (ABGS) containing rhBMP6 within autologous blood coagulum (ABC) with synthetic ceramics is a novel biocompatible therapeutic solution for bone regeneration. ----- Case presentation: A 2-year old dog was brought to the veterinary clinics due to pain and bleeding from the right front leg after being unintendedly hit by a gunshot. Radiological examination revealed a large, 3 cm long multisegmental defect of the humerus on the right front leg with a loss of anatomical structure in the distal portion of the bone. The defect was treated surgically and an external fixator was inserted to ensure immobilization. Complete lack of bone formation 3 months following surgery required a full reconstruction of the defect site with a novel ABGS (rhBMP6 in ABC with ceramic particles) to avoid front leg amputation. The healing was then followed for the next 16 months. The callus formation was observed on x-ray images 2 months following ABGS implantation. The bone segments progressively fused together leading to the defect rebridgment allowing removal of the external fixator by 4 months after the reconstruction surgery. At the end of the observation period, the function of the leg was almost fully restored while analyses of the humeral CT sections revealed restoration and cortices rebridgment with a renewal of uniform medullary canal including structural reconstruction of the distal humerus. ----- Conclusion: This large humeral gunshot segmental defect of the front leg in a dog was saved from amputation via inducing bone regeneration using a novel ABGS osteoinductive device containing BMP6 in ABC.

The aim of this study was to investigate ectopic bone formation and osseointegration in the posterolateral spinal fusion (PLF) model in New Zealand white rabbits using a novel innovative autologous bone graft substitute (ABGS) containing recombinant human Bone Morphogenetic Protein 6 (rhBMP6), autologous blood coagulum (ABC) and tricalcium-phosphate (TCP) or biphasic (composed of 80% TCP and 20% hydroxyapatite) granulate bioceramics as compression resistant matrix (CRM). Blood samples were collected from rabbit ear marginal vein into tubes without an anticoagulant substance in a volume of 2500 µl. rhBMP6 (125 µg) was mixed with blood and bioceramics. The ABGS implants (n=6 per group) were implanted bilateraly between tranverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae L5-L6 following exposition and decortication of transverse processes. All animals were euthanized on day 50 after surgery. To visualize new ectopic bone formation, lumbar spine was scanned by µCT. The success of spinal fusion was analysed on µCT sections through the anterior and posterior transverse process. Furthermore, lumbar spine was palpated and the mobility of fused transverse processes was tested. Total fusion success rate was 90, 9% and the same result was obtained by both analysis of spinal fusion on µCT sections and by palpatory mobility testing. µCT analyses revealed that an extensive amount of newly formed bone was present in both experimental groups and that there was no significant difference among experimental groups regardless the type of bioceramics used (biphasic bioceramics vs tri-calcium phosphate bioceramics). Bone formation and osseointegration were confirmed on histological sections through newly formed bone between transverse processes. Successful spinal fusion between adjacent transverse processes was confirmed radiologically (µCT sections and µCT analyses), by palpatory segmental mobility test and on histological sections. Therefore, an ABGS containing rhBMP6, ABC and bioceramic granulate might be an innovative and original biological approach for achieving a successful lumbar spine fusion.

In the present study, we evaluated an autologous bone graft substitute (ABGS) composed of recombinant human BMP6 (rhBMP6) dispersed within autologous blood coagulum (ABC) used as a physiological carrier for new bone formation in spine fusion sheep models. The application of ABGS included cervical cage for use in the anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), while for the posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) sheep model allograft devitalized bone particles (ALLO) were applied with and without use of instrumentation. In the ALIF model, ABGS (rhBMP6/ABC/cage) implants fused significantly when placed in between the L4-L5 vertebrae as compared to control (ABC/cage) which appears to have a fibrocartilaginous gap, as examined by histology and micro CT analysis at 16 weeks following surgery. In the PLF model, ABGS implants with or without ALLO showed a complete fusion when placed ectopically in the gutter bilaterally between two decorticated L4-L5 transverse processes at a success rate of 88% without instrumentation and at 80% with instrumentation; however the bone volume was 50% lower in the instrumentation group than without, as examined by histology, radiographs, micro CT analyses and biomechanical testing at 27 weeks following surgery. The newly formed bone was uniform within ABGS implants resulting in a biomechanically competent and histologically qualified fusion with an optimum dose in the range of 100 μg rhBMP6 per mL ABC, while in the implants that contained ALLO, the mineralized bone particles were substituted by the newly formed remodeling bone via creeping substitution. These findings demonstrate for the first time that ABGS (rhBMP6/ABC) without and with ALLO particles induced a robust bone formation with a successful fusion in sheep models of ALIF and PLF, and that autologous blood coagulum (ABC) can serve as a preferred physiological native carrier to induce new bone at low doses of rhBMP6 and to achieve a successful spinal fusion.

Operacijsko liječenje je metoda izbora kod prijeloma bedrene kosti pasa. U ovom radu se iznosi pogled na različite metode osteosinteze te tijek cijeljenja na temelju pojedinih slučajeva obrađenih u jednoj veterinarskoj klinici u Hollabrunnu, u Austriji. Izbor metode operacijskog liječenja ovisi kako o tipu, razini i složenosti prijeloma, tako i o sposobnosti i opremljenosti tima koji provodi liječenje.

Posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) is a commonly performed surgical procedure for the treatment of pathological conditions of the lumbosacral spine. In the present study, we evaluated an autologous bone graft substitute (ABGS) containing rhBMP6 in autologous blood coagulum (ABC) and synthetic ceramics used as compression resistant matrix (CRM) in the rabbit PLF model. In the pilot PLF rabbit experiment, we tested four different CRMs (BCP 500-1700 μm, BCP 1700-2500 μm and two different TCP in the form of slabs) which were selected based on achieving uniform ABC distribution. Next, ABGS implants composed of 2.5 mL ABC with 0.5 g ceramic particles (TCP or BCP (TCP/HA 80/20) of particle size 500-1700 μm) and 125 μg rhBMP6 (added to blood or lyophilized on ceramics) were placed bilaterally between transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae (L5- L6) following exposition and decortication in 12 New Zealand White Rabbits observed for 7 weeks following surgery. Spinal fusion outcome was analysed by μCT, palpatory segmental mobility testing and selected specimens were either tested biomechanically (three-point bending test) and/or processed histologically. The total fusion success rate was 90.9% by both μCT analyses and by palpatory segmental mobility testing. The volume of newly formed bone between experimental groups with TCP or BCP ceramics and the different method of rhBMP6 application was comparable. The newly formed bone and ceramic particles integrated with the transverse processes on histological sections resulting in superior biomechanical properties. The results were retrospectively found superior to allograft devitalized mineralized bone as a CRM as reported previously in rabbit PLF. Overall, this novel ABGS containing rhBMP6, ABC and the specific 500-1700 μm synthetic ceramic particles supported new bone formation for the first time and successfully promoted posterolateral lumbar fusion in rabbits.

Medijalno iščašenje ivera česta je pojava i uzrok šepanja u malih pasmina pasa te ima veliko značenje u veterinarskoj praksi. Međutim, kirurško liječenje lakših slučajeva, osobito I stupnja često se izbjegava i ne smatra bitnim. Konzervativno liječenje ne daje zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Iščašenje može nastati zbog traume, ali može biti prisutno već pri rođenju što je često povezano s težim deformacijama kostiju. Nasljednog je karaktera. Težina kliničkih znakova ovisi o stupnju iščašenja ivera, a u nekim slučajevima kada nema kliničkih znakova do dijagnoze se dolazi tijekom rutinskog kliničkog pregleda. Osim ortopedskog pregleda, dijagnoza se postavlja na temelju rendgenskog snimanja koje može biti negativno u I ili čak II stupnju iščašenja. Vrsta operativnog zahvata ovisi o stupnju iščašenja, a može se temeljiti na rekonstrukciji mekih tkiva ili kostiju. Najčešće korištene tehnike su zatezanje lateralnog retinakuluma s otpuštanjem medijalnog retinakuluma, produbljivanje trohlearnog kanala, odnosno trohleoplastike i premještanja goljenične kvrge lateralno i čak blago distalno. Kod težih deformacija kostiju primjenjuje se korektivna osteotomija bedrene kosti. Danas postoje i moderne metode liječenja ovog ortopedskog problema kao što je korištenje implantanata ili endoproteza koje povećavaju ili u potpunosti zamjenjuju trohlearni žlijeb. Ove tehnike imaju znatno višu cijenu. Veliku ulogu u liječenju treba dati i postoperativnoj analgeziji te imobilizaciji noge. Rjeđe se događaju veće komplikacije, ali se može javiti ponovno iščašenje ivera, popuštanje implantanata što se smatra najčešćim te lom goljeničke kvrge kao najteža komplikacija. U većini slučajeva prognoza je odlična, noga se vraća normalnoj funkciji, a hromost se ne pojavljuje. Ovaj rad ukratko opisuje kliničku sliku, dijagnostičke metode i kirurško liječenje medijalnog iščašenja ivera u pasa uz osvrt na suvremene kirurške metode., Medial patellar luxation is a common occurrence and the cause of lameness in small dog breeds, and therefore of great significance in veterinary practice. However, surgical treatment of light cases, such as grade I is often avoided and not considered essential. In most cases, conservative treatment is insufficient. Luxations can occure due to trauma or can be present at birth, which is often associated with more severe bone deformations. It is hereditary disease. The severity of clinical signs depends on the degree of patellar luxation, though there may be no clinical signs until diagnosis is made during routine clinical examination. Apart from an orthopaedic examination, the diagnosis is set after radiography which can be negative in grade I or even grade II. The type of surgery depends on the degree of luxation and may be based on soft tissue or bone reconstruction. The most commonly used techniques are overlap of the lateral retinaculum, medial retinaculum release, trochleoplasty and transposition of tibial tuberosity laterally or distally. In severe bone deformations, osteotomy of the femur is applied. There are now modern methods to treat this orthopaedic problem, such as the use of endoprosthetic implants that enhance or substitute the patellar grove completely. An important role in treatment should be given to postoperative analgesia and leg immobilization. There are fewer complications, though there may be a recurrence of patellar luxation and loosening of implants, as the most common complication, or tibial crest fractures as the most severe complication. In most cases, the prognosis is excellent, the leg returns to normal function and lameness does not appear. This paper describes the clinical signs, diagnostic procedures and surgical treatment of medial patellar luxation in dogs with several of the mentioned modern techniques.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is the most important cytokine in the inflammation cascade activation in all tissues and is present in acute and chronic phases of inflammation. By blocking IL-1 binding to target cells, numerous inflammation processes are prevented. The use of autologous conditioned serum rich with IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) is a novel treatment method of tendon inflammation in domestic animals and humans. Injections of autologous conditioned serum (ACS) have demonstrated clinical efficacy and safety in animal models and humans in the treatment of osteoarthritis, disc prolapse and muscles and tendons injuries with low side effect. Neutropaenia, reduced white blood cell count, and infections or local irritations are described as side effects of IL-1 antagonist use in humans. Therefore, a study of blood changes in rabbits after local administration of IL-1Ra in the Achilles tendon tissue after iatrogenic inflammation was conducted. Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein was used to prevent and reduce tendon inflammation after longitudinal tenotomy. The study was done on 26 white Californian rabbits, divided into two equal groups consisting of 13 animals each; the experimental interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (irap) group, and the control group. In the irap group, autologous serum rich with IL-1Ra was used (Orthokine®vet irap, Alfa-Arthro, Croatia). Differences between two groups were considered significant as changes in the blood for certain blood elements atP< 0.01. ThePvalue wasP= 0.0153 for the white blood cells,P= 0.00153 for neutrophils,P= 0.00017 and for platelets. In the control group, an increased platelet count was noticed in 70% of blood samples and a decreased neutrophil count was found in all of the irap group samples at the end of the study in comparison to the initial blood count prior to application.

Not many abdominal hernias in small birds have been clearly described. As in other animals, ventral abdominal hernias have been characterized as a separation of the abdominal musculature on the ventral midline. Hernias are often related to breeding, egg binding or influenced by hormones. This article describes one case of abdominal hernia in a five year old female cockatiel. A painless, 3cm in diameter and non-reducible mass was located in the ventral abdominal region. The mass was less than 1 cm from the cloaca. The bird had had problems with defecation for several months. After clinical examination and contrast radiogram, an abdominal hernia was diagnosed. Surgical repair was performed under general anesthesia and herniorrhaphy was indicated. After skin incision, a large mass of yellowish fat tissue was discovered and the intestines within with adhesions. The hernial sack contents were resected using blunt cotton swabs soaked in saline. For repair of the abdominal hernial ring and the abdominal wall, a simple continuous suture pattern with polyglyconate 4-0 was used. The skin was also sutured with a simple continuous pattern. Normal defecation returned within hours post op. The follow up examination after one month revealed no complications and no recurrence of the hernia., U danas dostupnoj literature nema puno prikaza slučajeva kila u malih ptica. Kao i u drugih životinja ventralne abdominalne kile opisane su kao razdvajanje mišićja trbušnog zida u središnjoj ventralnoj liniji. Kile u ptica su često povezane sa reprodukcijom, zaostalim jajetom ili hormonima. Ovaj članak prikazuje slučaj ventralne trbušne kile u pet godina stare nimfe. Bezbolna, 3 cm u promjeru, nereponibilna tvorba primjećena je na ventralnom dijelu trbuha. Tvorba je bila smještena manje od 1 cm od kloake. Nimfa je imala problema sa začepom nekoliko mjeseci. Nakon kliničkog pregleda i kontrastnog rendgenograma, dijagnosticirana je ventralna trbušna kila. Kirurško liječenje provedeno je u općoj anesteziji te je učinjena herniorafija. Nakon kožnog reza primjećena je velika žuta masa masnog tkiva te zavoji tankog crijeva sa priraslicama. Sadržaj hernijalne vreće je reseciran i prepariran tupo pomoću štapića s vatom natopljenih u fiziološku otopinu. Za šivanje i rekonstrukciju hernijalne vreće i trbušne stijenke korišten je produžni šav poliglikonatom 4-0. Koža je sašivena također produžnim šavom. Nekoliko sati poslije operacije ptica je dobila stolicu. Mjesec dana poslije operacije ptica nije pokazivala nikakve simptome povrata kile i obstipacije.

In the present study, we describe autologous blood coagulum (ABC) as a physiological carrier for BMP6 to induce new bone formation. Recombinant human BMP6 (rhBMP6), dispersed within ABC and formed as an autologous bone graft substitute (ABGS), was evaluated either with or without allograft bone particles (ALLO) in rat subcutaneous implants, and in a posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF) model in rabbits. ABGS induced endochondral bone differentiation in rat subcutaneous implants. Coating ALLO by ABC significantly decreased the formation of multinucleated foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) in implants, as compared to ALLO alone. However, addition of rhBMP6 to ABC/ALLO induced a robust endochondral bone formation with little or no FBGCs in the implant. In rabbit PLF model, ABGS induced new bone formation uniformly within the implant resulting in a complete fusion when placed between two lumbar transverse processes in the posterolateral gutter with an optimum dose of 100 g rhBMP6 per mL ABC. ABGS containing ALLO also resulted in a fusion where the ALLO was replaced by the newly formed bone via creeping substitution. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that rhBMP6, with autologous blood coagulum (ABC) as a carrier, induced a robust bone formation with a complete spinal fusion in a rabbit PLF model. RhBMP6 was effective at low doses with ABC serving as a physiological substratum providing a permissive environment by protecting against foreign body reaction elicited by ALLO.

U ovom radu opisana je klinička primjena nesteroidnih protuupalnih lijekova (NSPUL) u pasa. Razvojem veterinarske medicine i porastom broja pacijenata, nesteroidni protuupalni lijekovi postali su gotovo nezamjenjivi u svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi. Najčešće se primjenjuju u ortopedskih pacijenata, kako u perioperativnom razdoblju, tako i u dugoročnom liječenju različitih stanja, a posebno važnu ulogu imaju u liječenju osteoartritisa pasa. Njihova uporaba ograničena je njihovim štetnim učinkom. Zahvaljujući mnogobrojnim kliničkim istraživanjima provedenim na ljudima i životinjama, danas nam je poznato da su nuspojave ove skupine lijekova primarno vezane uz oštećenja probavnog sustava, bubrega i jetre. Razvojem novih, selektivnih COX-2 inhibitora, povećao se njihov sigurnosni profil. U ovom radu prikazana je usporedba postojećih NSPUL-a te smjernice o njihovoj uporabi, kao i mehanizmi nastanka štetnih učinaka. Do danas je objavljeno vrlo malo kliničkih istraživanja koja opisuju liječenje pasa s već postojećom bolesti bubrega, probavnog sustava ili jetre NSPUL-ovima, stoga ovim pacijentima treba pristupati s maksimalnim oprezom; prije početka terapije svakako trebamo tražiti suglasnost vlasnika te im objasniti potencijalne rizike ovakvog liječenja, a kad god je to moguće valja pribjeći nekoj drugoj, sigurnijoj metodi medikamentozneterapije., Thisarticlepresentsanoverviewofthe clinical use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) in dogs. NSAIDs are widely used in veterinary orthopaedic patients, most commonly in the perioperative period, as well as in the long-term treatment of osteoarthritis. The adverse effects of this particular group of drugs are mainly associated with either direct or indirect damaging effects on the digestive system, kidneys and liver. With the development of new COX-2 selective NSAID-s, these adverse effects are largely minimalized. This article compares the currently available NSAIDs, and provides guidance for their usage. Very little research has been done on NSAIDs and dogs already suffering from gastrointestinal, liver or kidney diseases. Therefore, the owner’s written consent is preferred before starting NSAID therapy in such dogs. The authors also advise that other, safer therapies be used in such patients, whenever possible.

Prilikom odabira liječenja loma kosti potrebno je uzeti u obzir stanje životinje (dob, tjelesna masa i zdravstveno stanje), vrstu loma te financijsko stanje i angažman vlasnika. Zbog raznih uzroka, na koje se može ili ne može utjecati, može doći do komplikacija cijeljenja kosti, poput odgođenog cijeljenja, pseudoartroze ili nesrastanja, nepravilna srastanja, osteomijelitisa, sekvestracije, kutne deformacije te komplikacije cijeljenja zbog utjecaja implantata. Svako cijeljenje prijeloma dulje od očekivanoga naziva se odgođeno cijeljenje, a uzroci mogu biti neadekvatna fiksacija fragmenta, nedovoljna vaskularizacija kosti i okolnoga mekog tkiva, starost i drugi. Nesrastanje se odnosi na prijelome kod kojih nisu prisutni znakovi osteogenetske aktivnosti te je za sanaciju tih prijeloma potrebna kirurška intervencija. Možemo ih klasificirati u dvije skupine: biološki aktivne i biološki neaktivne. Nepravilno srasli lomovi jesu oni u kojima fragmenti kosti tijekom cijeljenja nisu bili anatomski poravnati. Vrste nepravilnog srastanja su valgus, varus, translacijsko nepravilno srastanje, rekurvatum, antekurvatum i torzijsko nepravilno sraštavanje. Osteomijelitis je infekcija kosti koja uključuje Haversove i Volkmanove kanale, te uglavnom medularni kanal i periost. Može nastati zbog otvorenog prijeloma, ali i zbog nekih trauma. Sekvestar je avitalan ulomak kosti koji se izolirao procesom nekroze i okružen je eksudatom, koji može biti ili sterilan ili neinficiran. Kutna deformacija nastaje nakon traume fize kod životinja koje nisu završile rast, kao posljedica preranog zatvaranja dijela ili čitave zone rasta te zaustavljanja rasta tog dijela kosti. U ovom ćemo radu pobliže objasniti svaku od komplikacija i njihove uzroke., When choosing a method of fracture repair, patient considerations (such as age, weight, overall general health), type of fracture and the ability of the owner to perform postoperative care, and the financial status of the owner should all be carefully considered. For various reasons that may or may not be preventable, complications of fracture treatment may be observed, such as delayed union, non-union, malunion, osteomyelitis, sequestration, angular deformities and implant failure. A delayed union is a fracture that takes longer to heal than anticipated. Causes may be inadequate fracture fixation, inadequate vascularity of the bone and soft tissue, the patient's age, etc. A nonunion is a fracture that has failed to heal, and does not show any further signs of progression towards consolidation. Nonunions may be classified as biologically active (viable), and biologically inactive (nonviable). Malunions are healed fractures in which anatomical bone alignment was not achieved or maintained during healing. Malunions include: deviations in the limb axis (angular deformities), rotational limb deformities and shortening of the limb. Osteomyelitis is defined as a bone inflammation involving the Haversian spaces, Volkmann canals, and generally the medullary cavity and periosteum. Bone infection is usually associated with open fractures or other trauma. Sequestra are, by definition, dead bone fragments separated from a blood supply, that may be associated with infection. Angular deformities appear after physeal fractures as a result of injury to the growth plate. This paper explains each of the complications of fracture repair and their causes.

Ostektomija glave i vrata bedrene kosti (engl. femoral head ostectomy, FHO) jest kirurško liječenje traumatskih i kroničnih stanja koja zahvaćaju kukove, kad druge metode liječena nisu moguće ili ne daju zadovoljavajuće rezultate. Najčešći razlozi za izvođenje operacije jesu displazija kuka, komplicirani lomovi glave i vrata bedrene kosti, kod pasa Perthesova bolest, odnosno skliznuće glave bedrene kosti u mačaka. Izvodi se u općoj anesteziji pri čemu se ukloni promijenjena glava i vrat bedrene kosti. FHO uklanja bol te vraća mobilnost zglobu, indiciran je kod pasa manjih pasmina i svih mačaka, ali zbog niže cijene u odnosu na zamjenu kuka radi se i kod pasmina pasa težih od 20 kilograma. Daje se prednost kraniolateralnom pristupu zato što ne uključuje transekciju glutealnih mišića. Kožni rez započinjemo u ravnini s velikim trohanterom. Površinski i duboki glutealni mišić retraktiraju se dorzalno, bez ekscizije muskulature. Tada je moguće dobiti uvid u zglobnu kapsulu na koju se postavlja rez duž zglobne čašice. Potpuna ekscizija ligamenta glave bedrene kosti (lat. lig. teres) omogućuje dezartikulaciju zgloba. Prazan prostor koji je nastao s vremenom popunjava ožiljkasto tkivo koje služi kao lažni zglob. Fizikalna terapija pomaže vraćanju mobilnosti zgloba., Femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO) is a procedure for surgical treatment of traumatic and chronic conditions affecting the hips, when other methods of treatment have no effect. The most common cause for surgery are hip dysplasia, complicated fractures of the femoral head and neck, Perthes disease in dogs, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE) in cats. It is performed under general anesthesia and the femoral head and neck are removed. FHO releaves pain and returns mobility to the hip joint, and it is indicated in small breed dogs and all cats, but because of its lower cost compared to hip replacement it is also used in dog breeds weighing more than 20 kilograms. The craniolateral approach is the preferred method because it does not involve transference of the gluteal muscles. The cut begins at the level of the large trochanter. The surface and deep gluteal muscles are retracted dorsally, without excision of the musculature. It is then possible to see the joint capsule which is to be excised. The complete excision of the thigh bone ligament head allows disarticulation of the hip joint. The empty space created by the surgery is filled over time with scar tissue that serves as a false joint. Physical therapy helps restore hip mobility.

BACKGROUND CONTEXT RhBMP2 soaked in bovine tendon collagen and synthetic ceramics composite as well as rhBMP7/OP1 lyophilized in bovine bone collagen particles with additive carboxyl-methyl cellulose have been evaluated for posterolateral lumbar fusion (PLF). We investigated rhBMP6 delivered in autologous blood coagulum (ABC), a native carrier (scaffold), with and without allograft bone particles (ALLO) to induce new bone formation and promote posterolateral lumbar spine fusion (PLF) in rabbit and sheep. PURPOSE To evaluate the efficacy of RhBMP6 with autologous blood coagulum (ABC) alone or with ABC and allograft (ALLO) will induce a successful posterolateral spinal fusion in animal models. STUDY DESIGN/SETTING Preclinical evaluation of spine fusion in animal models. PATIENT SAMPLE Multiple experimental groups of rats, rabbits and sheep. OUTCOME MEASURES Radiographic and histologic evaluation for bone formation and spinal fusion. METHODS An autologous bone graft substitute (ABGS) was fabricated by dispersing rhBMP6 in ABC with and without ALLO and evaluated for bone induction in rat subcutaneous implants and to promote bone formation in posterolateral lumbar fusion in preclinical models. The cellular response of bone induction and the quantity and quality of newly formed bone were examined by histology, radiographs, micro-CT analyses at various time intervals. RESULTS ABGS with and without ALLO induced new bone formation in rat implants. ALLO alone induced formation of multinucleated foreign body giant cells (FBGCs). However, ALLO plus ABC decreased the formation of FBGCs. The addition of rhBMP6 to ABC/ALLO, resulted in fewer or no FBGCs. In Rabbits, the groups with ABC alone or with ALLO did not fuse. The 50 micrograms rhBMP6 group only 2 out of 4 animals successfully fused. In the 100 micrograms, 200 micrograms and 400 micrograms rhBMP6 groups all animals successfully fused. In sheep, the groups with ABC or ABC with ALLO failed to fuse. In the rhBMP6 187.5 micro grams/ml group with ABC and instrumentation fusion was achieved in 83% (10/12 animals). In the 187.5 micro grams/ml group with ABC, ALLO and instrumentation, fusion was achieved in 93% (11/12 animals). Bone formation occurred uniformly within ABGS implants where the ALLO was replaced by the newly formed bone via creeping substitution. CONCLUSIONS RhBMP6 with autologous blood coagulum (ABC) alone or with ABC and allograft (ALLO) induced a robust bone formation in posterolateral spinal fusion in preclinical models. FDA DEVICE/DRUG STATUS RhBMP6 (Not approved for this indication).

The incidence of perinatal mortality of Arabian horses in Croatia is in accordance with the high frequency of lethal and sublethal mutations in Arabian horses in other countries. The objective of this study was to investigate the frequency of recessive genes causing lavender foal syndrome (LFS) in three Croatian breeds of Arabian horse and to compare these findings with the literature reports. Pedigree and molecular analyses indicated the existence of three distinct breeds of Arabian horses (Traditional Arabian, Shagya Arab, and Pure Arabian horse) in Croatia. Molecular analyses were performed on 100 blood samples (n = 100) of Arabian horses by analyzing isolated and quality-tested genomic DNA. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the MYO5A gene was performed for LFS determination. The proportion of heterozygous carriers and the frequency of the LFS allele were lower in Arabian horse breeds in Croatia than in other reports. The LFS allele was found exclusively in the Pure Arabian breed, supporting the findings of other studies on Egyptian Arabian horses. The results are consistent with the interbreeding of Pure Arabian horses in Croatia with Egyptian Arabian horses. The Traditional Arabian and Shagya Arab breeds showed a lower frequency of the LFS allele. Based on these results, screening of the entire population of Arabian horses in Croatia for mutations responsible for multiple inherited genetic disorders should be included in breeding programs.

A scapular bone tumor in a 7-year-old male Pug is described. The Pug accidentally ran into a door six years before and started to limp on his front right leg. A small mass was noticed by the Pug’s owners on his right shoulder which was ignored by the veterinarian. The mass increased in size until it became 9 cm in diameter and the dog was not using his leg occasionally. Finally the dog was referred to the Surgery, Ophthalmology and Orthopedics Clinic for further diagnostics. Following complete clinical and orthopedic examinations, an X-ray of the right scapula was performed and a neoplasia of the scapulae was suspected. A biopsy and histopathological examination was recommended in order to rule out osteosarcoma. The histopathological examination established the diagnosis of a highly productive, osteoblastic osteosarcoma of the right scapula with pulmonary metastasis. Prognosis was unfavorable due to metastases to the lungs evidenced by the X-ray. We report a case concerning an untreated scapular neoplasia with X-ray detectable lung metastases upon presentation at the Clinic. Proper diagnosis should be based on clinical examination, radiograph evaluation of the process and histopathological findings after bone biopsy. Blunt trauma can be a trigger for development of slow growing periosteal osteosarcoma, as described here. Treatment often include subtotal scapulectomy or forequarter amputation with adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite aggressive treatment, scapular osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis with low median survival time and disease free interval in dogs. Unfortunately the Pug’s owners refused the recommended treatment and the dog was euthanized 2 months later.

A scapular bone tumor in a 7-year-old male Pug is described. The Pug accidentally ran into a door six years before and started to limp on his front right leg. A small mass was noticed by the Pug’s owners on his right shoulder which was ignored by the veterinarian. The mass increased in size until it became 9 cm in diameter and the dog was not using his leg occasionally. Finally the dog was referred to the Surgery, Ophthalmology and Orthopedics Clinic for further diagnostics. Following complete clinical and orthopedic examinations, an X-ray of the right scapula was performed and a neoplasia of the scapulae was suspected. A biopsy and histopathological examination was recommended in order to rule out osteosarcoma. The histopathological examination established the diagnosis of a highly productive, osteoblastic osteosarcoma of the right scapula with pulmonary metastasis. Prognosis was unfavorable due to metastases to the lungs evidenced by the X-ray. We report a case concerning an untreated scapular neoplasia with X-ray detectable lung metastases upon presentation at the Clinic. Proper diagnosis should be based on clinical examination, radiograph evaluation of the process and histopathological findings after bone biopsy. Blunt trauma can be a trigger for development of slow growing periosteal osteosarcoma, as described here. Treatment often include subtotal scapulectomy or forequarter amputation with adjuvant chemotherapy. Despite aggressive treatment, scapular osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis with low median survival time and disease free interval in dogs. Unfortunately the Pug’s owners refused the recommended treatment and the dog was euthanized 2 months later., Opisan je tumor lopatice u sedmogodišnjega muškog mopsa. Kao štene, slučajno je naletio na vrata i počeo šepati na prednju desnu nogu. Vlasnici su primijetili malu tvorbu, oteklinu na desnoj lopatici koju je veterinar ignorirao. Tvorba se s godinama povećavala do veličine od 9 cm u promjeru, a pas je povremeno šepao. Nakon kliničkog i ortopedskog pregleda te rendgenografskog oslikavanja desne lopatice posumnjalo se na neoplaziju lopatice. Preporučena je biopsija i histopatološka pretraga tvorbe kako bi se potvrdila sumnja na osteosarkom. Histopatološki nalaz upućivao je na vrlo produktivan, osteoblastični osteosarkom desne lopatice s plućnim metastazama. Prognoza je bila nepovoljna zbog rendgenografski dokazanih metastaza na plućima Kao što je ovdje opisano, trauma može biti okidač za razvoj spororastućeg periostalnog osteosarcoma, a pravilno dijagnosticiranje treba temeljiti na kliničkom pregledu, rendgenografskoj procjeni procesa i histopatološkom nalazu. Liječenje osteosarkoma lopatice često uključuje potpunu skapulektomiju ili amputaciju prednje noge s odgovarajućom kemoterapijom. Unatoč agresivnom liječenju, skapularni osteosarkom ima lošu prognozu, s niskim srednjim vremenom preživljenja i kratkim razdobljem bez bolesti u pasa. Nažalost, vlasnici mopsa odbili su preporučeno liječenje i pas je nakon dva mjeseca eutanaziran.

The objective of this paper was to compare the effects of diazepam/ketamine and xylazine/ketamine combinations administered intramuscularly to geese, by measurement of the duration of individual anaesthesia periods, and, by exploring their effect on the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, to ascertain which combination is safer or better to use in geese. Eight geese received the combination of xylazine and ketamine, eight received the combination of diazepam and ketamine, and six received a 0.9% NaCl solution. Body temperature, breathing and pulse rate were monitored, while biochemical testing and determination of the acid-basic state of venous blood was performed before the administration of the agent, 5 minutes after administration, and after geese began to raise their heads. The geese from the control group were subjected to the additional measurements 35 minutes after saline administration. The period from anaesthetic administration to setting the head on the ground was significantly shorter in geese receiving diazepam/ketamine than in the geese receiving xylazine/ketamine. The time period from setting the head on the ground to the time of the first reaction to pressure on the distal phalanx, and the time from administration to the time of standing up was significantly longer in geese receiving diazepam/ketamine than in geese receiving xylazine/ketamine. The venous CO2 partial pressure was significantly higher during anaesthesia in the xylazine/ketamine group. According to the results of this study, it may be concluded that the anaesthesia of geese with the diazepam/ketamine combination showed more favourable effects than the anaesthesia with the xylazine/ketamine combination., Cilj rada bio je usporediti učinke nakon intramuskularne primjene kombinacije diazepama i ketamina te ksilazina i ketamina u anesteziji gusaka. Mjereno je trajanje pojedinih perioda anestezije te njihov učinak na dišni i cirkulacijski sustav kako bismo uvidjeli koja je kombinacija sigurnija. Osam gusaka dobilo je kombinaciju ksilazina i ketamina, osam kombinaciju diazepama i ketamina, a šest je dobilo 0,9 %-tni NaCl. Tjelesna temperatura, frekvencija bila i disanja te biokemijske pretrage krvi s acido-baznim statusom venske krvi mjereni su odmah prije primjene lijekova, pet minuta nakon primjene te nakon što su guske počele podizati glavu. Guskama iz kontrolne skupine dodatno su učinjena mjerenja nakon 35 minuta. Razdoblje od primjene anestetika do spuštanja glave na tlo je bilo značajno kraće kod gusaka koje su primile kombinaciju diazepama i ketamina nego u gusaka s kombinacijom ksilazina i ketamina. Razdoblje od spuštanja glave na tlo do prve reakcije na pritisak na distalni članak prsta i razdoblje od primjene do ustajanja životinje bilo je značajno dulje kod gusaka s kombinacijom diazepama i ketamina. Tjelesna temperatura i frekvencija disanja bile su znatno niže u gusaka s kombinacijom ksilazina i ketamina. Parcijalni tlak CO2 bio je znatno viši za vrijeme anestezije kod gusaka s kombinacijom ksilazina i ketamina. Prema rezultatima ovog istraživanja može se zaključiti da anestezija gusaka s kombinacijom diazepama i ketamina pokazuje povoljnije učinke od kombinacije ksilazina i ketamina.

Peritoneopericardial hernia is a malformation which allows the protrusion of abdominal organs into the pericardial sac. Several methods of herniorrhaphy had been described in human and veterinary medicine, such as the usage of prosthetic patches, allografts and autologous grafts. The purpose of this study was to describe a new technique of herniorrhaphy, which combines two different materials for defect closure (nonautologous-polypropylene mesh and autologous-pericardial flap) in a case of recurrent peritoneopericardial hernia in a dog. A two-year-old, intact female Rhodesian Ridgeback was presented with an eight week history of respiratory problems, occasional coughing, vomiting, lethargy, body mass loss and icteric mucous membrane. The reason for using this technique was tension at hernial ring, which could have caused recurrence of the peritoneopericardial hernia. Polypropylene mesh was used in order to reinforce the herniorrhaphy and an autologous flap served as a barrier against mesh exposure to the epicardial surface. In our opinion, this method is safe with no complications observed, so therefore, it could be a suitable method for peritoneopericardial reherniation repair., Peritoneoperikardijalna kila jest defekt dijafragme koji dopušta prolazak abdominalnih organa u perikardijalnu vreću. Liječenje zahtijeva kirurški zahvat, herniorafiju. Nekoliko je metoda opisano u humanoj i veterinarskoj medicine, poput raznih sintetičkih materijala i mrežica, autolognih i alogenih presadaka. Svrha ovoga rada jest prikaz herniorafije u psa koja obuhvaća dva načina zatvaranja ponovljenog defekta dijafragme, polipropilenskom mrežicom i autolognim perikardijalnim presatkom. Dvije godine stara nekastrirana kuja rodezijskog goniča lavova zaprimljena je zbog povremenih respiratornih problema, kašlja i povraćanja koja su trajala 8 tjedana te letargije, gubitka tjelesne mase i žutice. Razlog primjene herniorafije bila je prevelika napetost okrajaka prstena kile uz veliku mogućnost popuštanja šava herniorafije te povratka bolesnog stanja. Kombinacija umjetnog materijala (mrežice) i autolognog presatka korištena je u svrhu ojačavanja mjesta herniorafije. Ishod zahvata ukazuje da je to prikladna metoda kirurškog liječenja povratka peritoneoperikardijalne kile, a komplikacija i povratka nije bilo.

Prednji križni ligament jedan je od glavnih stabilizatora koljenog zgloba kod pasa i ljudi. Puknuće prednjega križnog ligamenta najčešći je razlog šepanja i bolnosti stražnje noge kod pasa te može biti različite etiologije. U većini se slučajeva radi o kroničnom procesu, a ne o akutnoj traumatskoj ozlijedi. Puknuće može biti djelomično ili potpuno. Prilikom ortopedskog pregleda bitno je odrediti o kakvom se puknuću radi te je li došlo do ozljede meniska. Ortopedski se pregled preporučuje izvoditi u sedaciji zbog boljih rezultata i smanjene bolnosti pri pregledu. Liječenje može biti konzervativno i kirurško, a odabir ovisi o starosti i veličini psa, starosti procesa te mogućnostima i željama vlasnika., The cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most important stabilizers of the stifle (knee) joint in dogs and humans. Rupture of cranial cruciate ligament is one of the most common reasons for hind limb lameness and pain and it has various different etiologies, most of the cases are chronic processes rather than acute trauma. Rupture can be partial or full rupture. When doing an orthopedic exam it is important to discern what kind of rupture it is, and whether the meniscus is damaged or not. It is advised to sedate the animal prior to the orthopedic exam. When the animal is calm, the muscles are relaxed and the examination is less painful which ensures more accurate results. Treatment can be non – surgical and surgical, depending on the dog size, age, duration of the lesion, and on the wishes and possibilities of the owner.

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether polyglyconate or polydioxanone resorptive surgical materials are superior in terms of tensile strength retention in implantation in the cadaveric submucosa of the stomach wall. A secondary objective was to compare the tensile strength retention, in the same conditions, of polydioxanone suture materials produced by different manufacturers. Five samples of resorptive suture materials (polyglyconate (Maxon®, Covidien), polydioxanone (PDS®, Ethicon, PDX® Kruuse, Surgicryl® SMI), Catgut chromic, Kruuse) all diameter USP 2-0, were incubated in vitro in the cadaveric submucosa of the stomach wall for fifty days. Measurements of tensile strength were made on day 0 and the 10th day. Polyglyconate (Maxon®) showed the greatest initial tensile strength. After 10 days of incubation in the submucosa of the stomach, the tensile strength decreases more rapidly for polyglyconate (Maxon®) in comparison to polydioxanone sutures, but they were still higher compared with the others on the 10th day. Polydioxanone Surgicryl® had the highest tensile strength retention - 91.4% after 10 days of incubation in the submucosa of the stomach. Polydioxanone PDX® maintained only 58.5% of its initial tensile strength. Polydioxanone Surgicryl® had the highest initial Young’s modulus., Primarni cilj ovog istraživanja bio je odrediti koji je od resorptivnih materijala za šivanje, poliglikonat ili polidioksanon, bolji s obzirom na zadržavanje vučne čvrstoće konca, a nakon implantiranja u submukozu želučane stijenke. Sljedeći je cilj bio usporediti vučnu čvrstoću konaca sastava polidioksanon, različitih proizvođača, u istim uvjetima. Pet uzoraka resorptivnih materijala za šivanje, poliglikonat (Maxon®, Covidien), polidioksanon (PDS®, Ethicon, PDX® Kruuse, Surgicryl® SMI), Catgut chromic, Kruuse, svi istoga promjera USP 2-0, implantirani su u sluznicu želučane stijenke lešine kunića tijekom 10 dana. Određivanje vučne čvrstoće izvedeno je nulti i deseti dan. Poliglikonat (Maxon®) pokazao je najveću početnu vučnu čvrstoću. Nakon 10 dana inkubiranja u submukozi želučane stijenke poliglikonat (Maxon®) brže je gubio vučnu čvrstoću u usporedbi s koncima sastava polidioksanon, ali je zadržao veću vrijednost vučne čvrstoće. Polidioksanon (Surgicry®) nakon 10 dana inkubiranja u submukozi želučane stijenke imao je najveći postotak (91,4 %) zadržavanja početne vučne čvrstoće. Polidioksanon (PDX®) zadržao je samo 58,5 % početne vučne čvrstoće. Polidioksanon Surgicryl® imao je najveći početni Youngov modul elastičnosti.

Osteoarthritis is one of the most common diseases of joints in dogs. It is estimated that as many as 20% of the dog population older than one year is affected by some form of osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is a slow, progressive inflammatory syndrome. It is characterized by degeneration of the cartilage, hypertrophy of the bones, changes to the synovial membranes, and painful and stiff joints. Cells within the damaged joints release pro-inflammatory cytokines, which enhance and prolong the inflammatory process. This article focuses on the aetiology, diagnostics, therapy and alternative therapy of osteoarthritis.

The primary objective of this study was to determine whether polyglyconate or polydioxanone resorptive surgical materials are superior in terms of tensile strength retention in implantation in the cadaveric submucosa of the stomach wall. A secondary objective was to compare the tensile strength retention, in the same conditions, of polydioxanone suture materials produced by different manufacturers. Five samples of resorptive suture materials (polyglyconate (Maxon®, Covidien), polydioxanone (PDS®, Ethicon, PDX® Kruuse, Surgicryl® SMI), Catgut chromic, Kruuse) all diameter USP 2-0, were incubated in vitro in the cadaveric submucosa of the stomach wall for fifty days. Measurements of tensile strength were made on day 0 and the 10th day. Polyglyconate (Maxon®) showed the greatest initial tensile strength. After 10 days of incubation in the submucosa of the stomach, the tensile strength decreases more rapidly for polyglyconate (Maxon®) in comparison to polydioxanone sutures, but they were still higher compared with the others on the 10th day. Polydioxanone Surgicryl® had the highest tensile strength retention - 91.4% after 10 days of incubation in the submucosa of the stomach. Polydioxanone PDX® maintained only 58.5% of its initial tensile strength. Polydioxanone Surgicryl® had the highest initial Young’s modulus.

Complications associated with the clinical use of BMP2 and BMP7 result from the limited understanding of their molecular mechanisms in bone remodeling. Recently, a novel BMP6-based approach has been developed with superior healing results and reduced side effects in preclinical studies. BMP6-containing osteogenic medicinal product called Osteogrow, which is aimed to induce and accelerate bone formation, is currently being tested in clinical studies. It comprises of a biologically compatible autologous carrier made from the patient’s peripheral blood and of rhBMP6 as an active ingredient. Such formulation circumvents the use of animal-derived materials, significantly limits inflammatory processes common in commercial bone devices, and renders the carrier flexible and injectable ensuring the ease of use. The ongoing clinical trial results will provide a more detailed insight into the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and bone healing effects in humans and hopefully provide novel and valuable therapeutic options in the field of bone regeneration.

The current study describes the use of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist protein (IL-1Ra) as a possible strategy for optimizing tendon healing and repair by presenting histologically visible changes in rabbit Achilles tendon tissue after longitudinal tenotomy. The study was carried out on 26 Californian rabbits divided into two equal groups. One was the experimental IRAP (interleukin-1 receptor antagonist) group and the second one was the PBS (purified buffered saline) group. The PBS group was the control group. After longitudinal tenotomy in both groups of rabbits, in the IRAP group IL-1Ra was applied locally, whereas PBS was applied in the control group. IL-1 concentration in Achilles tendon tissue was measured with an ELISA IL-1 rabbit kit. Local application of IL-1Ra resulted in 2.5-fold lower IL-1 tissue concentration and prevented cytokine cascade activation and its proinflammatory effects. Consequently, it prevented chronic tendon inflammation and improved Achilles tendon healing in rabbits. Histological changes in tendon tissue samples were evaluated by Bonar scale score with statistically significant differences between groups (P ≤ 0.01).

BMP2 and BMP7, which use bovine Achilles tendon-derived absorbable collagen sponge and bovine bone collagen as scaffold, respectively, have been approved as bone graft substitutes for orthopedic and dental indications. Here, we describe an osteoinductive autologous bone graft substitute (ABGS) that contains recombinant human BMP6 (rhBMP6) dispersed within autologous blood coagulum (ABC) scaffold. The ABGS is created as an injectable or implantable coagulum gel with rhBMP6 binding tightly to plasma proteins within fibrin meshwork, as examined by dot-blot assays, and is released slowly as an intact protein over 6 to 8 days, as assessed by ELISA. The biological activity of ABGS was examined in vivo in rats (Rattus norvegicus) and rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). In a rat subcutaneous implant assay, ABGS induced endochondral bone formation, as observed by histology and micro-CT analyses. In the rabbit ulna segmental defect model, a reproducible and robust bone formation with complete bridging and restoration of the defect was observed, which is dose dependent, as determined by radiographs, micro-CT, and histological analyses. In ABGS, ABC scaffold provides a permissive environment for bone induction and contributes to the use of lower doses of rhBMP6 compared with BMP7 in bovine bone collagen as scaffold. The newly formed bone undergoes remodeling and establishes cortices uniformly that is restricted to implant site by bridging with host bone. In summary, ABC carrier containing rhBMP6 may serve as an osteoinductive autologous bone graft substitute for several orthopedic applications that include delayed and nonunion fractures, anterior and posterior lumbar interbody fusion, trauma, and nonunions associated with neurofibromatosis type I.

Six months old brown hare was presented at the Surgery Clinic for evaluation of a right forelimb third grade lameness. Full physical examination, blood samples for complete blood count, and serum biochemistry were performed. Radiographic examination from anteroposterior and lateral views confirmed a old, closed, complete, non-comminuted, transverse fracture of the right radius and ulna diaphysis. Distal fragmet was slightly externaly rotated with angulation of 30 degrees opposed to proximal fragment. Therefore osteosynthesis was performed to reduce fragments to normal anatomical position with normal limb function. Sedation was performed by ketamine in dose of 35 mg/kg and xylazine in dose of 3 mg/kg i.m. Induction to general anaesthesia was performed by ketamine in dose of 4 mg/kg of bw i.v. Blind endotracheal intubation with uncuffed endotracheal tube, 3.0 mm diameter was performed while anesthetized brown hare was placed in sternal recumbency with its head extended. General anaesthesia was maintaned by 2% sevoflurane, O2 flow was 1 L/min during surgical procedure. Ketoprofen in dose 2 mg/kg of bw provided analgesia and enrofloxacine antimicrobial prophylaxis. Stabilization of fractures with bone plates and screws are the most popular methods of fracture fixation. Osteosynthesis was performed by 2.0, 8-hole stainless steel Synthes dynamic compression plate (DCP) placed on cranial (dorsal) surface of the radius in neutral position with seven 2.0 cortical stainless steel Synthes screws to achieve anatomical repositioning of fragments and to restore normal biological function of the limb. One hole was omitted due to formed callus on fracture site. Surgical procedure was performed within 45 minutes in order to reduce residence in a hospital environment, which hares generally find stressful. Limb was immobilized with modified Robert Jones bandage reinforced with aluminium splint. The fracture was assessed as clinically stable at the 5th day postoperatively and the animal was weightbearing on it's forelimb. One month later fracture healed completely without any complications. After performing full clinical examination and bloodwork, controled and modulated anaesthesia and analgesia, it is possible to perform osteosynthesis in brown hare with excellent outcome and also a good way to preserve fragile wildlife.

Six months old brown hare was presented at the Surgery Clinic for evaluation of a right forelimb third grade lameness. Full physical examination, blood samples for complete blood count, and serum biochemistry were performed. Radiographic examination from anteroposterior and lateral views confirmed a old, closed, complete, non-comminuted, transverse fracture in the middle part of right radius and ulna. Fracture repair in the brown hare is a similar to those in cats and dogs. Stabilization of fractures with bone plates and screws are the most popular methods of fracture fixation. Osteosynthesis was performed by 2.0, 8-hole stainless steel Synthes dynamic compression plate, DCP (Synthes Holding AG, 4500 Solothurn, Switzerland) placed on radius in neutral position to achieve anatomical repositioning of fragments and to restore normal biological function of the limb. Surgical procedure was performed within 45 minutes in order to reduce residence in a hospital environment, which hares generally find stressful. The fracture was assessed as clinically stable in the 5th day postoperatively and the animal was weightbearing on it's forelimb. Osteosynthesis of hare radius using DCP plate 2.0 is a good method of fixation and healing fractures. After performing full clinical examination and bloodwork, controled and modulated anaesthesia and analgesia, it is possible to perform osteosynthesis with excellent outcome and also a good way to preserve fragile wildlife.

Cryptorchidism is a congenital anomaly that refers to failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum more common in dogs than in cats. It affects less than 2% of all cats with emphasis on purebred cats, mostly Himalayan and Persian cat. Cryptorchidism is known as abdominal, inguinal or sometimes prescrotal, depending on the location of retained testicle(s). It can also be unilateral (up to 90%) or bilateral. Clinical signs include fighting problems and agression. A 5-year-old male cat was presented for castration aiming to solve agression and fighting problem. Following the clinical examination and appropriate diagnostic procedures, bilateral cryptorchidism was suspected and surgery was recommended in order to remove retained testicles. Ultrasound and x-ray diagnostic was not performed. Owing to the palpable mass in the right inguinum, an inguinal incision followed by medial laparotomy were made. Fully functional testicles had been found and removed from abdomen in field conditions in general anaesthesia. Pain management was maintained with epidural nerve block with 2% lidokain and postoperative with meloxicam. The prognosis is great in surgicaly corrected cryptorchidism followed by post-operative supportive therapy, strict rest and wound protection. Proper diagnose should be based on clinical examination, ultrasound evaluation and laboratory tests that include hormones such as hCG and GnRH. Treatment of the cryptorchidism can be conducted with hormonal drugs which mostly does not give good results. Neutering is recommended as soon as possible because untreated cryptorchidism can cause infertilization, tumor formation, function loss and appereance samo of the other congenital abnormalities. AS mentioned before bilateral abdominal cryptorchidism in mixed breed cats is uncommon. Bilateral orciectomy is highly recomended because of high incidence of muliple tumors with more than one histological type. It is possible to perform medial celiotomy in field conditions and to remove retained testicles.

Koštano cijeljenje složeni je fi ziološki proces koji podrazumijeva koordinirano djelovanje većega broja stanica i njihovih prekurzora kao odgovor na ozljedu, a posljedica je potpuna obnova jednakovrijednoga koštanog tkiva te preuzimanje fi ziološke funkcije tog tkiva. Tijekom cijeljenja dolazi do reakcije četiriju različitih čimbenika: periosta, kosti, koštane srži i okolnoga mekog tkiva. Osim spomenutih čimbenika optimalno cijeljenje kosti ovisi i o prisutnosti čimbenika rasta, hormona, nutrijenata, opskrbi kisikom, pH te mehaničkoj stabilnosti na mjestu ozljede. Koštanu reakciju, histološki gledano, možemo podijeliti na primarno i sekundarno koštano cijeljenje., Bone healing is characterized by a series of molecular, cellular, and tissue transformations consisting of resorption and formation of hard and soft tissues. Mineralized tissue remodeling in fracture repair involves the activity of various cells and tissues such as periost, bone marrow, bone and soft tissues. In addition to these factors optimal bone healing depends on presence of growth factors, hormones, oxygen supply, pH and mechanical stability on bone fracture site. Bone healing process can be divided in primary and secondary bone healing.