107 results on '"Marklund, E."'
Search Results
2. Fatigue behaviour of glass-fibre-reinforced polymers: Numerical and experimental characterisation
- Author
-
Alcayde, B., Merzkirch, M., Cornejo, A., Jiménez, S., Marklund, E., and Barbu, L.G.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. A micromechanically based model for dynamic damage evolution in unidirectional composites
- Author
-
Larsson, R., Singh, V., Olsson, R., and Marklund, E.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. A micromechanically based model for strain rate effects in unidirectional composites
- Author
-
Larsson, R., Singh, V., Olsson, R., and Marklund, E.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. CHAPTER 8. CCS for Modelling 3D Structures
- Author
-
Marklund, E. G., primary, Degiacomi, M. T., additional, Politis, A., additional, and Landreh, M., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Hi-throughput gene expression analysis at the level of single proteins using a microfluidic turbidostat and automated cell tracking
- Author
-
Ullman, G., Wallden, M., Marklund, E. G., Mahmutovic, A., Razinkov, I., and Elf, J.
- Subjects
Quantitative Biology - Quantitative Methods - Abstract
We have developed a method combining microfluidics, time-lapsed single-molecule microscopy and automated image analysis allowing for the observation of an excess of 3000 complete cell cycles of exponentially growing Escherichia coli cells per experiment. The method makes it possible to analyze the rate of gene expression at the level of single proteins over the bacterial cell cycle. We also demonstrate that it is possible to count the number of non-specifically DNA binding LacI-Venus molecules using short excitation light pulses. The transcription factors are localized on the nucleoids in the cell and appear to be uniformly distributed on chromosomal DNA. An increase of the expression of LacI is observed at the beginning of the cell cycle, possibly because some gene copies are de-repressed as a result of partitioning inequalities at cell division. Finally, observe a size-growth rate uncertainty relation where cells living in rich media vary more in the length at birth than in generation time and the opposite is true for cells living in poorer media., Comment: Accepted in Philosophical Transactions B
- Published
- 2012
7. Radiation damage in biological material: electronic properties and electron impact ionization in urea
- Author
-
Caleman, C., Ortiz, C., Marklund, E., Bultmark, F., Gabrysch, M., Parak, F. G., Hajdu, J., Klintenberg, M., and Timneanu, N.
- Subjects
Condensed Matter - Materials Science - Abstract
Radiation damage is an unavoidable process when performing structural investigations of biological macromolecules with X-ray sources. In crystallography this process can be limited through damage distribution in a crystal, while for single molecular imaging it can be outrun by employing short intense pulses. Secondary electron generation is crucial during damage formation and we present a study in urea, as model for biomaterial. From first principles we calculate the band structure and energy loss function, and subsequently the inelastic electron cross section in urea. Using Molecular Dynamics simulations, we quantify the damage and study the magnitude and spatial extent of the electron cloud coming from an incident electron, as well as the dependence with initial energy., Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures. Several major modifications. Revised version as accepted in EPL. Corrected figures 4 and 5, corresponding to published erratum
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Brain injury in COVID-19 is associated with dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses
- Author
-
Needham, EJ, Ren, AL, Digby, RJ, Norton, EJ, Ebrahimi, S, Outtrim, JG, Chatfield, DA, Manktelow, AE, Leibowitz, MM, Newcombe, VFJ, Doffinger, R, Barcenas-Morales, G, Fonseca, C, Taussig, MJ, Burnstein, RM, Samanta, RJ, Dunai, C, Sithole, N, Ashton, NJ, Zetterberg, H, Gisslén, M, Edén, A, Marklund, E, Openshaw, PJM, Dunning, J, Griffiths, MJ, Cavanagh, J, Breen, G, Irani, SR, Elmer, A, Kingston, N, Summers, C, Bradley, JR, Taams, LS, Michael, BD, Bullmore, ET, Smith, KGC, Lyons, PA, Coles, AJ, Menon, DK, Cambridge NeuroCOVID Group the CITIID-NIHR COVID-19 BioResource Collaboration and Cambridge NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Group, Cambridge NeuroCOVID, Collaboration, CITIID-NIHR COVID-19 BioResource, Facility, Cambridge NIHR Clinical Research, UKRI MRC COVID-19 Rapid Response Call, and Wellcome Trust
- Subjects
Science & Technology ,Neurology & Neurosurgery ,Clinical Neurology ,Neurosciences ,Immunity ,COVID-19 ,CITIID-NIHR COVID-19 BioResource Collaboration ,Cambridge NIHR Clinical Research Facility ,brain injury ,17 Psychology and Cognitive Sciences ,neuroinflammation ,Cambridge NeuroCOVID Group ,Neurofilament Proteins ,Brain Injuries ,INFECTION ,Influenza, Human ,Humans ,Neurosciences & Neurology ,Neurology (clinical) ,Brain injury ,Covid-19 ,Life Sciences & Biomedicine ,11 Medical and Health Sciences ,Biomarkers ,Autoantibodies - Abstract
COVID-19 is associated with neurological complications including stroke, delirium and encephalitis. Furthermore, a post-viral syndrome dominated by neuropsychiatric symptoms is common, and is seemingly unrelated to COVID-19 severity. The true frequency and underlying mechanisms of neurological injury are unknown, but exaggerated host inflammatory responses appear to be a key driver of COVID-19 severity. We investigated the dynamics of, and relationship between, serum markers of brain injury [neurofilament light (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and total tau] and markers of dysregulated host response (autoantibody production and cytokine profiles) in 175 patients admitted with COVID-19 and 45 patients with influenza. During hospitalization, sera from patients with COVID-19 demonstrated elevations of NfL and GFAP in a severity-dependent manner, with evidence of ongoing active brain injury at follow-up 4 months later. These biomarkers were associated with elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the presence of autoantibodies to a large number of different antigens. Autoantibodies were commonly seen against lung surfactant proteins but also brain proteins such as myelin associated glycoprotein. Commensurate findings were seen in the influenza cohort. A distinct process characterized by elevation of serum total tau was seen in patients at follow-up, which appeared to be independent of initial disease severity and was not associated with dysregulated immune responses unlike NfL and GFAP. These results demonstrate that brain injury is a common consequence of both COVID-19 and influenza, and is therefore likely to be a feature of severe viral infection more broadly. The brain injury occurs in the context of dysregulation of both innate and adaptive immune responses, with no single pathogenic mechanism clearly responsible.
- Published
- 2022
9. Transverse strength of unidirectional non-crimp fabric composites: Multiscale modelling
- Author
-
Marklund, E., Asp, L.E., and Olsson, R.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Master curve approach to axial stiffness calculation for non-crimp fabric biaxial composites with out-of-plane waviness
- Author
-
Zrida, H., Marklund, E., Ayadi, Z., and Varna, J.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Computational Strategies and Challenges for Using Native Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry in Biophysics and Structural Biology
- Author
-
Allison, T, Barran, P, Cianferani, S, Degiacomi, M, Gabelica, V, Grandori, R, Marklund, E, Menneteau, T, Migas, L, Politis, A, Sharon, M, Sobott, F, Thalassinos, K, Benesch, J, Allison T. M., Barran P., Cianferani S., Degiacomi M. T., Gabelica V., Grandori R., Marklund E. G., Menneteau T., Migas L. G., Politis A., Sharon M., Sobott F., Thalassinos K., Benesch J. L. P., Allison, T, Barran, P, Cianferani, S, Degiacomi, M, Gabelica, V, Grandori, R, Marklund, E, Menneteau, T, Migas, L, Politis, A, Sharon, M, Sobott, F, Thalassinos, K, Benesch, J, Allison T. M., Barran P., Cianferani S., Degiacomi M. T., Gabelica V., Grandori R., Marklund E. G., Menneteau T., Migas L. G., Politis A., Sharon M., Sobott F., Thalassinos K., and Benesch J. L. P.
- Abstract
Native mass spectrometry (MS) allows the interrogation of structural aspects of macromolecules in the gas phase, under the premise of having initially maintained their solution-phase noncovalent interactions intact. In the more than 25 years since the first reports, the utility of native MS has become well established in the structural biology community. The experimental and technological advances during this time have been rapid, resulting in dramatic increases in sensitivity, mass range, resolution, and complexity of possible experiments. As experimental methods have improved, there have been accompanying developments in computational approaches for analyzing and exploiting the profusion of MS data in a structural and biophysical context. In this perspective, we consider the computational strategies currently being employed by the community, aspects of best practice, and the challenges that remain to be addressed. Our perspective is based on discussions within the European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action on Native Mass Spectrometry and Related Methods for Structural Biology (EU COST Action BM1403), which involved participants from across Europe and North America. It is intended not as an in-depth review but instead to provide an accessible introduction to and overview of the topic - to inform newcomers to the field and stimulate discussions in the community about addressing existing challenges. Our complementary perspective (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05792) focuses on software tools available to help researchers tackle some of the challenges enumerated here.
- Published
- 2020
12. Software Requirements for the Analysis and Interpretation of Native Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Data
- Author
-
Allison, T, Barran, P, Benesch, J, Cianferani, S, Degiacomi, M, Gabelica, V, Grandori, R, Marklund, E, Menneteau, T, Migas, L, Politis, A, Sharon, M, Sobott, F, Thalassinos, K, Allison T. M., Barran P., Benesch J. L. P., Cianferani S., Degiacomi M. T., Gabelica V., Grandori R., Marklund E. G., Menneteau T., Migas L. G., Politis A., Sharon M., Sobott F., Thalassinos K., Allison, T, Barran, P, Benesch, J, Cianferani, S, Degiacomi, M, Gabelica, V, Grandori, R, Marklund, E, Menneteau, T, Migas, L, Politis, A, Sharon, M, Sobott, F, Thalassinos, K, Allison T. M., Barran P., Benesch J. L. P., Cianferani S., Degiacomi M. T., Gabelica V., Grandori R., Marklund E. G., Menneteau T., Migas L. G., Politis A., Sharon M., Sobott F., and Thalassinos K.
- Abstract
The past few years have seen a dramatic increase in applications of native mass and ion mobility spectrometry, especially for the study of proteins and protein complexes. This increase has been catalyzed by the availability of commercial instrumentation capable of carrying out such analyses. As in most fields, however, the software to process the data generated from new instrumentation lags behind. Recently, a number of research groups have started addressing this by developing software, but further improvements are still required in order to realize the full potential of the data sets generated. In this perspective, we describe practical aspects as well as challenges in processing native mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility-MS data sets and provide a brief overview of currently available tools. We then set out our vision of future developments that would bring the community together and lead to the development of a common platform to expedite future computational developments, provide standardized processing approaches, and serve as a location for the deposition of data for this emerging field. This perspective has been written by members of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action on Native MS and Related Methods for Structural Biology (EU COST Action BM1403) as an introduction to the software tools available in this area. It is intended to serve as an overview for newcomers and to stimulate discussions in the community on further developments in this field, rather than being an in-depth review. Our complementary perspective (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05791) focuses on computational approaches used in this field.
- Published
- 2020
13. High-throughput gene expression analysis at the level of single proteins using a microfluidic turbidostat and automated cell tracking
- Author
-
Ullman, G., Wallden, M., Marklund, E. G., Mahmutovic, A., Razinkov, Ivan, and Elf, J.
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Brain Injury in COVID-19 is Associated with Autoinflammation and Autoimmunity
- Author
-
Needham, EJ, Ren, AL, Digby, RJ, Outtrim, JG, Chatfield, DA, Manktelow, AE, Newcombe, VFJ, Doffinger, R, Barcenas-Morales, G, Fonseca, C, Taussig, MJ, Burnstein, RM, Dunai, C, Sithole, N, Ashton, NJ, Zetterberg, H, Gisslen, M, Edén, A, Marklund, E, Griffiths, MJ, Cavanagh, J, Breen, G, Irani, Elmer, A, Kingston, N, Bradley, Taams, LS, Michael, BD, Bullmore, ET, Smith, KGC, Lyons, PA, Coles, AJC, Menon, DK, Group, The Cambridge NeuroCOVID, BioResource, The NIHR COVID-19, Cambridge NIHR Clinical Research Facility, Needham, EJ [0000-0001-7042-7462], Outtrim, JG [0000-0001-8118-6430], Newcombe, VFJ [0000-0001-6044-9035], Sithole, N [0000-0002-8020-223X], Ashton, NJ [0000-0002-3579-8804], Gisslen, M [0000-0002-2357-1020], Irani, SR [0000-0002-7667-9748], and Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
- Subjects
the NIHR COVID-19 BioResource ,Cambridge NIHR Clinical Research Facility ,the Cambridge NeuroCOVID Group - Abstract
COVID-19 has been associated with many neurological complications including stroke, delirium and encephalitis. Furthermore, many individuals experience a protracted post-viral syndrome which is dominated by neuropsychiatric symptoms, and is seemingly unrelated to COVID-19 severity. The true frequency and underlying mechanisms of neurological injury are unknown, but exaggerated host inflammatory responses appear to be a key driver of severe COVID-19 more broadly. We sought to investigate the dynamics of, and relationship between, serum markers of brain injury (neurofilament light [NfL], Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein [GFAP] and total Tau) and markers of dysregulated host response including measures of autoinflammation (proinflammatory cytokines) and autoimmunity. Brain injury biomarkers were measured using the Quanterix Simoa HDx platform, cytokine profiling by Luminex (R&D) and autoantibodies by a custom protein microarray. During hospitalisation, patients with COVID-19 demonstrated elevations of NfL and GFAP in a severity-dependant manner, and there was evidence of ongoing active brain injury at follow-up 4 months later. Raised NfL and GFAP were associated with both elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines and the presence of autoantibodies; autoantibodies were commonly seen against lung surfactant proteins as well as brain proteins such as myelin associated glycoprotein, but reactivity was seen to a large number of different antigens. Furthermore, a distinct process characterised by elevation of serum total Tau was seen in patients at follow-up, which appeared to be independent of initial disease severity and was not associated with dysregulated immune responses in the same manner as NfL and GFAP.
- Published
- 2021
15. Application of a Rate Dependent Model on a UD NCF Carbon/Epoxy Composite
- Author
-
Singh, V., primary, Larsson, R., additional, Olsson, R., additional, and Marklund, E., additional
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Modelling stiffness and strength of non-crimp fabric composites: semi-laminar analysis
- Author
-
Marklund, E., primary, Varna, J., additional, and Asp, L.E., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Contributor contact details
- Author
-
Schnabel, A., primary, Gries, T., additional, Kruse, F., additional, Mitschang, P., additional, Lomov, S.V., additional, Schneider, M., additional, Harrison, P., additional, Yu, W-R., additional, Long, A.C., additional, Loendersloot, R., additional, Endruweit, A., additional, Verleye, B., additional, Roose, D., additional, Asp, L.E., additional, Marklund, E., additional, Varna, J., additional, Vallons, K., additional, Himmel, N., additional, Hess, H., additional, Ivanov, D.S., additional, Lomov, S., additional, Verpoest, I., additional, Pickett, A.K., additional, Middendorf, P., additional, Metzner, C., additional, Dumont, F., additional, Weimer, C., additional, Sköck-Hartmann, B., additional, Adolphs, G., additional, Skinner, C., additional, and Schubel, P.J., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Damage progression in non-crimp fabric composites
- Author
-
Aap, L.E., primary, Varna, J., additional, and Marklund, E., additional
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Mechanism of DNA surface exploration and operator bypassing during target search
- Author
-
Marklund, E., primary, van Oosten, B., additional, Mao, G., additional, Amselem, E., additional, Kipper, K., additional, Sabantsev, A., additional, Emmerich, A., additional, Globisch, D., additional, Zheng, X., additional, Lehmann, L. C., additional, Berg, O., additional, Johansson, M., additional, Elf, J., additional, and Deindl, S., additional
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Weighing-up protein dynamics : the combination of native mass spectrometry and molecular dynamics simulations
- Author
-
Marklund, E and Benesch, J
- Subjects
Small Molecule Libraries ,Structural Biology ,Cell Membrane ,Proteins ,Molecular Dynamics Simulation ,Mass Spectrometry ,Strukturbiologi - Abstract
Structural dynamics underpin biological function at the molecular level, yet many biophysical and structural biology approaches give only a static or averaged view of proteins. Native mass spectrometry yields spectra of the many states and interactions in the structural ensemble, but its spatial resolution is limited. Conversely, molecular dynamics simulations are innately high-resolution, but have a limited capacity for exploring all structural possibilities. The two techniques hence differ fundamentally in the information they provide, returning data that reflect different length scales and time scales, making them natural bedfellows. Here we discuss how the combination of native mass spectrometry with molecular dynamics simulations is enabling unprecedented insights into a range of biological questions by interrogating the motions of proteins, their assemblies, and interactions.
- Published
- 2019
21. Properties of polyketone/polypropylene blends
- Author
-
Marklund, E., Gedde, U.W., Hedenqvist, M.S., and Wiberg, G.
- Published
- 2001
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Formation of secondary electron cascades in single-crystalline plasma-deposited diamond upon exposure to femtosecond x-ray pulses.
- Author
-
Gabrysch, M., Marklund, E., Hajdu, J., Twitchen, D. J., Rudati, J., Lindenberg, A. M., Caleman, C., Falcone, R. W., Tschentscher, T., Moffat, K., Bucksbaum, P. H., Als-Nielsen, J., Nelson, A. J., Siddons, D. P., Emma, P. J., Krejcik, P., Schlarb, H., Arthur, J., Brennan, S., and Hastings, J.
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRONS , *CHEMICAL vapor deposition , *ULTRASHORT laser pulses , *DIAMONDS , *CRYSTALS , *PHYSICS - Abstract
Secondary electron cascades were measured in high purity single-crystalline chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond, following exposure to ultrashort hard x-ray pulses (140 fs full width at half maximum, 8.9 keV energy) from the Sub-Picosecond Pulse Source at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center. We report measurements of the pair creation energy and of drift mobility of carriers in two CVD diamond crystals. This was done for the first time using femtosecond x-ray excitation. Values for the average pair creation energy were found to be 12.17±0.57 and 11.81±0.59 eV for the two crystals, respectively. These values are in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions. The average drift mobility of carriers, obtained by the best fit to device simulations, was μh=2750 cm2/V s for holes and was μe=2760 cm2/V s for electrons. These mobility values represent lower bounds for charge mobilities due to possible polarization of the samples. The results demonstrate outstanding electric properties and the enormous potential of diamond in ultrafast x-ray detectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. 3rd party observer gaze as a continuous measure of dialogue flow
- Author
-
Edlund, J., Alexandersson, S., Beskow, J., Gustavsson, L., Mattias Heldner, Hjalmarsson, A., Kallionen, P., and Marklund, E.
- Subjects
General Language Studies and Linguistics ,Jämförande språkvetenskap och allmän lingvistik - Abstract
We present an attempt at using 3rd party observer gaze to get a measure of how appropriate each segment in a dialogue is for a speaker change. The method is a step away from the current dependency of speaker turns or talkspurts towards a more general view of speaker changes. We show that 3rd party observers do indeed largely look at the same thing (the speaker), and how this can be captured and utilized to provide insights into human communication. In addition, the results also suggest that there might be differences in the distribution of 3rd party observer gaze depending on how information-rich an utterance is. Samtalets rytm/Rhythm of conversation
- Published
- 2012
24. 17 - Modelling stiffness and strength of non-crimp fabric composites: semi-laminar analysis
- Author
-
Marklund, E., Varna, J., and Asp, L.E.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. 12 - Damage progression in non-crimp fabric composites
- Author
-
Aap, L.E., Varna, J., and Marklund, E.
- Published
- 2011
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Effective stiffness of curved 0°-layers for stiffness determination of cross-ply non-crimp fabric composites
- Author
-
Zrida, H, primary, Marklund, E, additional, Ayadi, Z, additional, and Varna, J, additional
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Multiscale Modelling of Non-Crimp Fabric Composites
- Author
-
Asp, L. E., primary, Marklund, E., additional, Varna, J., additional, and Olsson, R., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Radiation damage in biological material: Electronic properties and electron impact ionization in urea
- Author
-
Caleman, C., primary, Ortiz, C., additional, Marklund, E., additional, Bultmark, F., additional, Gabrysch, M., additional, Parak, F. G., additional, Hajdu, J., additional, Klintenberg, M., additional, and Tîmneanu, N., additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Micromechanical modelling of wood fibre composites
- Author
-
Marklund, E., primary and Varna, J., additional
- Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Nonlinear viscoelastic viscoplastic material model including stiffness degradation for hemp/lignin composites
- Author
-
MARKLUND, E, primary, EITZENBERGER, J, additional, and VARNA, J, additional
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Burnout in European family doctors: the EGPRN study.
- Author
-
Soler JK, Yaman H, Esteva M, Dobbs F, Asenova RS, Katic M, Ozvacic Z, Desgranges JP, Moreau A, Lionis C, Kotányi P, Carelli F, Nowak PR, de Aguiar Sá Azeredo Z, Marklund E, Churchill D, Ungan M, and European General Practice Research Network Burnout Study Group
- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Antagonists of Fomes annosus in the rhizosphere of grey alder (Alnus incana) and Norway spruce (Picea abies).
- Author
-
Johansson, M. and Marklund, E.
- Subjects
- *
MYCOLOGY , *FUNGI , *NORWAY spruce , *ALDER , *ACTINOMYCETALES , *RHIZOSPHERE - Abstract
This article presents a study report of the fungistatic effects of the root microflora of grey alder and Norway spruce with Fomes annosus as test fungus. The study was conducted at the Department of Forest Mycology and Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Science in Uppsala, Sweden. This comparative study reveals that the significantly higher frequency of actinomycetes in the alder rhizosphere probably constituted the main difference in this respect. The importance of fungi seemed to be about equal in the rhizosphere of the two tree species. Methods for studies of antagonism are tested and discussed in this article.
- Published
- 1980
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Stiffness of Aligned Wood Fiber Composites: Effect of Microstructure and Phase Properties
- Author
-
Marklund, E., Varna, J., Neagu, R. C., and Gamstedt, E. K
- Subjects
self-consistent ,wood fiber ,transverse properties ,composite ,anisotropic - Abstract
The effect of wood fiber anisotropy and their geometrical features on wood fiber composite stiffness is analyzed. An analytical model for an N-phase composite with orthotropic properties of constituents is developed and used. This model is a straightforward generalization of Hashin’s concentric cylinder assembly model and Christensen’s generalized self-consistent approach. It was found that most macro-properties are governed by only one property of the cell wall which is very important in attempts to back-calculate the fiber properties. The role of lumen (whether it filled by resin or not) has a very large effect on the composite shear properties. It is shown that several of the unknown anisotropic constants characterizing wood fiber are not affecting the stiffness significantly and rough assumptions regarding their value would suffice. The errors introduced by application of the Hashin’s model and neglecting the orthotropic nature of the material behavior in cylindrical axes are evaluated. The effect of geometrical deviations from circular cross-section, representing, for example, collapsed fibers, is analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) and the observed trends are discussed.
34. Discussion of “Effect of Viscosity on Vortex-Orifice Flow”
- Author
-
Marklund, E., primary
- Published
- 1969
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Software Requirements for the Analysis and Interpretation of Native Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry Data
- Author
-
Frank Sobott, Perdita E. Barran, Argyris Politis, Thomas Menneteau, Sarah Cianférani, Valérie Gabelica, Rita Grandori, Justin L. P. Benesch, Lukasz G. Migas, Matteo T. Degiacomi, Konstantinos Thalassinos, Michal Sharon, Timothy M. Allison, Erik G. Marklund, Biomolecular Interaction Centre [UC, Christchurch] (UC-BIC), University of Canterbury [Christchurch], University of Manchester [Manchester], Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse BioOrganique [Strasbourg] (LSMBO), Département Sciences Analytiques et Interactions Ioniques et Biomoléculaires (DSA-IPHC), Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pluridisciplinaire Hubert Curien (IPHC), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université de Strasbourg (UNISTRA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Acides Nucléiques : Régulations Naturelle et Artificielle (ARNA), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca [Milano] (UNIMIB), Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College of London [London] (UCL), Department of Biological Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science [Rehovot, Israël], Department of Chemistry, University Medical Center [Utrecht]-Biomolecular & Analytical Mass Spectrometry group, Allison, T, Barran, P, Benesch, J, Cianferani, S, Degiacomi, M, Gabelica, V, Grandori, R, Marklund, E, Menneteau, T, Migas, L, Politis, A, Sharon, M, Sobott, F, and Thalassinos, K
- Subjects
Process (engineering) ,Chemistry ,business.industry ,Ion-mobility spectrometry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Ion Mobility ,010402 general chemistry ,01 natural sciences ,Data science ,Field (computer science) ,0104 chemical sciences ,Analytical Chemistry ,Lead (geology) ,Software ,[CHIM]Chemical Sciences ,Instrumentation (computer programming) ,Software requirements ,Set (psychology) ,business ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS - Abstract
The past few years have seen a dramatic increase in applications of native mass and ion mobility spectrometry, especially for the study of proteins and protein complexes. This increase has been catalyzed by the availability of commercial instrumentation capable of carrying out such analyses. As in most fields, however, the software to process the data generated from new instrumentation lags behind. Recently, a number of research groups have started addressing this by developing software, but further improvements are still required in order to realize the full potential of the data sets generated. In this perspective, we describe practical aspects as well as challenges in processing native mass spectrometry (MS) and ion mobility-MS data sets and provide a brief overview of currently available tools. We then set out our vision of future developments that would bring the community together and lead to the development of a common platform to expedite future computational developments, provide standardized processing approaches, and serve as a location for the deposition of data for this emerging field. This perspective has been written by members of the European Cooperation in Science and Technology Action on Native MS and Related Methods for Structural Biology (EU COST Action BM1403) as an introduction to the software tools available in this area. It is intended to serve as an overview for newcomers and to stimulate discussions in the community on further developments in this field, rather than being an in-depth review. Our complementary perspective (http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.analchem.9b05791) focuses on computational approaches used in this field.
- Published
- 2020
36. A 2-hydroxybutyrate-mediated feedback loop regulates muscular fatigue.
- Author
-
Wadsworth BJ, Leiwe M, Minogue EA, Cunha PP, Engman V, Brombach C, Asvestis C, Sah-Teli SK, Marklund E, Koivunen P, Ruas JL, Rundqvist H, Lanner JT, and Johnson RS
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Muscle, Skeletal metabolism, Feedback, Physiological, ADP-Ribosylation, Transaminases metabolism, Transaminases genetics, CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta metabolism, CCAAT-Enhancer-Binding Protein-beta genetics, Sirtuins metabolism, Sirtuins genetics, Hydroxybutyrates metabolism, Muscle Fatigue
- Abstract
Several metabolites have been shown to have independent and at times unexpected biological effects outside of their metabolic pathways. These include succinate, lactate, fumarate, and 2-hydroxyglutarate. 2-Hydroxybutyrate (2HB) is a byproduct of endogenous cysteine synthesis, produced during periods of cellular stress. 2HB rises acutely after exercise; it also rises during infection and is also chronically increased in a number of metabolic disorders. We show here that 2HB inhibits branched-chain aminotransferase enzymes, which in turn triggers a SIRT4-dependent shift in the compartmental abundance of protein ADP-ribosylation. The 2HB-induced decrease in nuclear protein ADP-ribosylation leads to a C/EBPβ-mediated transcriptional response in the branched-chain amino acid degradation pathway. This response to 2HB exposure leads to an improved oxidative capacity in vitro. We found that repeated injection with 2HB can replicate the improvement to oxidative capacity that occurs following exercise training. Together, we show that 2-HB regulates fundamental aspects of skeletal muscle metabolism., Competing Interests: BW, ML, EM, PC, VE, CB, CA, SS, EM, PK, JR, HR, JL, RJ No competing interests declared, (© 2023, Wadsworth et al.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. The development of tone discrimination in infancy: Evidence from a cross-linguistic, multi-lab report.
- Author
-
Kalashnikova M, Singh L, Tsui A, Altuntas E, Burnham D, Cannistraci R, Chin NB, Feng Y, Fernández-Merino L, Götz A, Gustavsson L, Hay J, Höhle B, Kager R, Lai R, Liu L, Marklund E, Nazzi T, Oliveira DS, Olstad AMH, Picaud A, Schwarz IC, Tsao FM, Wong PCM, and Woo PJ
- Subjects
- Infant, Humans, Laboratories, Phonetics, Timbre Perception, Pitch Perception, Speech Perception
- Abstract
We report the findings of a multi-language and multi-lab investigation of young infants' ability to discriminate lexical tones as a function of their native language, age and language experience, as well as of tone properties. Given the high prevalence of lexical tones across human languages, understanding lexical tone acquisition is fundamental for comprehensive theories of language learning. While there are some similarities between the developmental course of lexical tone perception and that of vowels and consonants, findings for lexical tones tend to vary greatly across different laboratories. To reconcile these differences and to assess the developmental trajectory of native and non-native perception of tone contrasts, this study employed a single experimental paradigm with the same two pairs of Cantonese tone contrasts (perceptually similar vs. distinct) across 13 laboratories in Asia-Pacific, Europe and North-America testing 5-, 10- and 17-month-old monolingual (tone, pitch-accent, non-tone) and bilingual (tone/non-tone, non-tone/non-tone) infants. Across the age range and language backgrounds, infants who were not exposed to Cantonese showed robust discrimination of the two non-native lexical tone contrasts. Contrary to this overall finding, the statistical model assessing native discrimination by Cantonese-learning infants failed to yield significant effects. These findings indicate that lexical tone sensitivity is maintained from 5 to 17 months in infants acquiring tone and non-tone languages, challenging the generalisability of the existing theoretical accounts of perceptual narrowing in the first months of life. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS: This is a multi-language and multi-lab investigation of young infants' ability to discriminate lexical tones. This study included data from 13 laboratories testing 5-, 10-, and 17-month-old monolingual (tone, pitch-accent, non-tone) and bilingual (tone/non-tone, non-tone/non-tone) infants. Overall, infants discriminated a perceptually similar and a distinct non-native tone contrast, although there was no evidence of a native tone-language advantage in discrimination. These results demonstrate maintenance of tone discrimination throughout development., (© 2023 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Single-molecule chromatin configurations link transcription factor binding to expression in human cells.
- Author
-
Doughty BR, Hinks MM, Schaepe JM, Marinov GK, Thurm AR, Rios-Martinez C, Parks BE, Tan Y, Marklund E, Dubocanin D, Bintu L, and Greenleaf WJ
- Abstract
The binding of multiple transcription factors (TFs) to genomic enhancers activates gene expression in mammalian cells. However, the molecular details that link enhancer sequence to TF binding, promoter state, and gene expression levels remain opaque. We applied single-molecule footprinting (SMF) to measure the simultaneous occupancy of TFs, nucleosomes, and components of the transcription machinery on engineered enhancer/promoter constructs with variable numbers of TF binding sites for both a synthetic and an endogenous TF. We find that activation domains enhance a TF's capacity to compete with nucleosomes for binding to DNA in a BAF-dependent manner, TF binding on nucleosome-free DNA is consistent with independent binding between TFs, and average TF occupancy linearly contributes to promoter activation rates. We also decompose TF strength into separable binding and activation terms, which can be tuned and perturbed independently. Finally, we develop thermodynamic and kinetic models that quantitatively predict both the binding microstates observed at the enhancer and subsequent time-dependent gene expression. This work provides a template for quantitative dissection of distinct contributors to gene activation, including the activity of chromatin remodelers, TF activation domains, chromatin acetylation, TF concentration, TF binding affinity, and TF binding site configuration.
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Everyday language input and production in 1,001 children from six continents.
- Author
-
Bergelson E, Soderstrom M, Schwarz IC, Rowland CF, Ramírez-Esparza N, R Hamrick L, Marklund E, Kalashnikova M, Guez A, Casillas M, Benetti L, Alphen PV, and Cristia A
- Subjects
- Adult, Humans, Child, Preschool, Child, Language Development, Linguistics, Child Language, Speech, Language, Multilingualism
- Abstract
Language is a universal human ability, acquired readily by young children, who otherwise struggle with many basics of survival. And yet, language ability is variable across individuals. Naturalistic and experimental observations suggest that children's linguistic skills vary with factors like socioeconomic status and children's gender. But which factors really influence children's day-to-day language use? Here, we leverage speech technology in a big-data approach to report on a unique cross-cultural and diverse data set: >2,500 d-long, child-centered audio-recordings of 1,001 2- to 48-mo-olds from 12 countries spanning six continents across urban, farmer-forager, and subsistence-farming contexts. As expected, age and language-relevant clinical risks and diagnoses predicted how much speech (and speech-like vocalization) children produced. Critically, so too did adult talk in children's environments: Children who heard more talk from adults produced more speech. In contrast to previous conclusions based on more limited sampling methods and a different set of language proxies, socioeconomic status (operationalized as maternal education) was not significantly associated with children's productions over the first 4 y of life, and neither were gender or multilingualism. These findings from large-scale naturalistic data advance our understanding of which factors are robust predictors of variability in the speech behaviors of young learners in a wide range of everyday contexts., Competing Interests: Competing interests statement:The authors declare no competing interest.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Short tandem repeats bind transcription factors to tune eukaryotic gene expression.
- Author
-
Horton CA, Alexandari AM, Hayes MGB, Marklund E, Schaepe JM, Aditham AK, Shah N, Suzuki PH, Shrikumar A, Afek A, Greenleaf WJ, Gordân R, Zeitlinger J, Kundaje A, and Fordyce PM
- Subjects
- Eukaryotic Cells, Protein Binding, Humans, Animals, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Protein Domains, Protein Conformation, Microsatellite Repeats, Transcription Factors chemistry, Transcription Factors genetics, Gene Expression Regulation
- Abstract
Short tandem repeats (STRs) are enriched in eukaryotic cis -regulatory elements and alter gene expression, yet how they regulate transcription remains unknown. We found that STRs modulate transcription factor (TF)-DNA affinities and apparent on-rates by about 70-fold by directly binding TF DNA-binding domains, with energetic impacts exceeding many consensus motif mutations. STRs maximize the number of weakly preferred microstates near target sites, thereby increasing TF density, with impacts well predicted by statistical mechanics. Confirming that STRs also affect TF binding in cells, neural networks trained only on in vivo occupancies predicted effects identical to those observed in vitro. Approximately 90% of TFs preferentially bound STRs that need not resemble known motifs, providing a cis -regulatory mechanism to target TFs to genomic sites.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Plasmablasts in previously immunologically naïve COVID-19 patients express markers indicating mucosal homing and secrete antibodies cross-reacting with SARS-CoV-2 variants and other beta-coronaviruses.
- Author
-
Lundgren A, Leach S, Axelsson H, Isakson P, Nyström K, Scharf L, Andersson BA, Miron N, Marklund E, Andersson LM, Gisslén M, Angeletti D, and Bemark M
- Subjects
- Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Antibodies, Viral, Antibodies, Neutralizing, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19
- Abstract
Antigen-specific class-switched antibodies are detected at the same time or even before IgM in serum of non-vaccinated individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2. These derive from the first wave of plasmablasts formed. Hence, the phenotype and specificity of plasmablasts can reveal information about early B-cell activation. Here we have analyzed B cells and plasmablasts circulating in blood of COVID-19 patients not previously exposed to SARS-CoV-2 during and after disease. We find that during infection with the original Wuhan strain, plasmablasts in blood produce IgA1, IgG1, and IgM, and that most express CCR10 and integrin β1, only some integrin β7, while the majority lack CCR9. Plasmablast-secreted antibodies are reactive to the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins of the Wuhan strain as well as later variants of concern, but also bind S proteins from endemic and non-circulating betacoronaviruses. In contrast, after recovery, antibodies produced from memory B cells target variants of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1 but compared to previously non-infected individuals do not show increased binding to endemic coronaviruses. This suggests that the early antibody response to a large extent stems from pre-existing cross-reactive class-switched memory B cells, and that although newly formed memory cells target the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus the numbers of broadly cross-reactive memory B cells do not increase extensively. The observations give insight into the role of pre-existing memory B cells in early antibody responses to novel pathogens and may explain why class-switched antibodies are detected early in the serum of COVID-19 patients., (© The Author(s) 2023. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the British Society for Immunology.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. High-throughput biochemistry in RNA sequence space: predicting structure and function.
- Author
-
Marklund E, Ke Y, and Greenleaf WJ
- Subjects
- Nucleic Acid Conformation, Base Sequence, Sequence Analysis, RNA methods, RNA metabolism, DNA
- Abstract
RNAs are central to fundamental biological processes in all known organisms. The set of possible intramolecular interactions of RNA nucleotides defines the range of alternative structural conformations of a specific RNA that can coexist, and these structures enable functional catalytic properties of RNAs and/or their productive intermolecular interactions with other RNAs or proteins. However, the immense combinatorial space of potential RNA sequences has precluded predictive mapping between RNA sequence and molecular structure and function. Recent advances in high-throughput approaches in vitro have enabled quantitative thermodynamic and kinetic measurements of RNA-RNA and RNA-protein interactions, across hundreds of thousands of sequence variations. In this Review, we explore these techniques, how they can be used to understand RNA function and how they might form the foundations of an accurate model to predict the structure and function of an RNA directly from its nucleotide sequence. The experimental techniques and modelling frameworks discussed here are also highly relevant for the sampling of sequence-structure-function space of DNAs and proteins., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. No Signs of Inclusive Fitness or Reciprocal Altruism in Advantageous Inequity Aversion.
- Author
-
Antfolk J, Marklund E, Nylund I, and Gunst A
- Subjects
- Child, Humans, Child, Preschool, Affect, Biological Evolution, Peer Group, Altruism, Social Behavior
- Abstract
Advantageous inequity aversion (i.e., the tendency to respond negatively to unfairness that benefits oneself) usually develops in 6-8-year-olds. However, little is known about the selection pressures that might have shaped this phenomenon. Using data collected from 120 4-8-year-old Finnish children, we tested two evolutionary explanations for the development of advantageous inequity aversion: reciprocal altruism (i.e., benefiting from sharing when the roles are likely reversed in the future) and inclusive fitness (i.e., benefiting from sharing with biological relatives that carry the same alleles). We first successfully replicated a previous experiment, showing that 6-8-year-olds display advantageous inequity aversion by preferring to throw away a resource rather than keep it for themselves. Here, this behavior was also displayed in 5-year-olds. Using a novel experiment, we then asked children to distribute five erasers between themselves, a sibling, a peer, and a stranger. That is, an equal distribution was only possible if throwing away one eraser. We found no support for advantageous inequity aversion being shaped by either inclusive fitness or reciprocal altruism. Future studies could investigate costly signaling and adherence to social norms to avoid negative consequences as ultimate explanations for advantageous inequity aversion.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Infiltration of Tumors Is Regulated by T cell-Intrinsic Nitric Oxide Synthesis.
- Author
-
Cunha PP, Bargiela D, Minogue E, Krause LCM, Barbieri L, Brombach C, Gojkovic M, Marklund E, Pietsch S, Foskolou I, Branco CM, Veliça P, and Johnson RS
- Subjects
- Animals, Mice, Humans, Nitric Oxide Synthase Type II genetics, Mice, Knockout, CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes, Nitric Oxide, Neoplasms genetics
- Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule produced by NO synthases (NOS1-3) to control processes such as neurotransmission, vascular permeability, and immune function. Although myeloid cell-derived NO has been shown to suppress T-cell responses, the role of NO synthesis in T cells themselves is not well understood. Here, we showed that significant amounts of NO were synthesized in human and murine CD8+ T cells following activation. Tumor growth was significantly accelerated in a T cell-specific, Nos2-null mouse model. Genetic deletion of Nos2 expression in murine T cells altered effector differentiation, reduced tumor infiltration, and inhibited recall responses and adoptive cell transfer function. These data show that endogenous NO production plays a critical role in T cell-mediated tumor immunity., (©2022 The Authors; Published by the American Association for Cancer Research.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Longitudinal single-cell analysis of SARS-CoV-2-reactive B cells uncovers persistence of early-formed, antigen-specific clones.
- Author
-
Scharf L, Axelsson H, Emmanouilidi A, Mathew NR, Sheward DJ, Leach S, Isakson P, Smirnov IV, Marklund E, Miron N, Andersson LM, Gisslén M, Murrell B, Lundgren A, Bemark M, and Angeletti D
- Subjects
- Humans, B-Lymphocytes, Plasma Cells, Clone Cells, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19
- Abstract
Understanding persistence and evolution of B cell clones after COVID-19 infection and vaccination is crucial for predicting responses against emerging viral variants and optimizing vaccines. Here, we collected longitudinal samples from patients with severe COVID-19 every third to seventh day during hospitalization and every third month after recovery. We profiled their antigen-specific immune cell dynamics by combining single-cell RNA-Seq, Cellular Indexing of Transcriptomes and Epitopes by Sequencing (CITE-Seq), and B cell receptor-Seq (BCR-Seq) with oligo-tagged antigen baits. While the proportion of Spike receptor binding domain-specific memory B cells (MBC) increased from 3 months after infection, the other Spike- and Nucleocapsid-specific B cells remained constant. All patients showed ongoing class switching and sustained affinity maturation of antigen-specific cells, and affinity maturation was not significantly increased early after vaccine. B cell analysis revealed a polyclonal response with limited clonal expansion; nevertheless, some clones detected during hospitalization, as plasmablasts, persisted for up to 1 year, as MBC. Monoclonal antibodies derived from persistent B cell families increased their binding and neutralization breadth and started recognizing viral variants by 3 months after infection. Overall, our findings provide important insights into the clonal evolution and dynamics of antigen-specific B cell responses in longitudinally sampled patients infected with COVID-19.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. No effect of remdesivir or betamethasone on upper respiratory tract SARS-CoV-2 RNA kinetics in hospitalised COVID-19 patients: a retrospective observational study.
- Author
-
Sourander B, Andersson LM, Brink M, Yilmaz A, Sundell N, Marklund E, Nilsson S, Lindh M, Robertson J, and Gisslén M
- Subjects
- Adenosine Monophosphate analogs & derivatives, Alanine analogs & derivatives, Antiviral Agents therapeutic use, Betamethasone therapeutic use, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Nasopharynx, RNA, Viral, Retrospective Studies, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Drug Treatment
- Abstract
Background: The viral kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 has been considered clinically important. While remdesivir and corticosteroids are recommended for COVID-19 patients requiring oxygen support, there is a limited number of published reports on viral kinetics in hospitalised patients with COVID-19 treated with remdesivir or corticosteroids., Methods: We conducted a retrospective study by collecting longitudinal samples from the nasopharynx/throat of 123 hospitalised patients (median age 55 years, 74% male) with COVID-19, to evaluate the effects of remdesivir and corticosteroid treatment on viral RNA levels. The subjects were divided into four groups: those receiving remdesivir ( n = 25), betamethasone ( n = 41), both ( n = 15), or neither ( n = 42). Time to viral RNA clearance was analysed using Kaplan-Meier plots, categorical data were analysed using Fisher's exact test, and Kruskal-Wallis for continuous data. Viral RNA decline rate was analysed using a mixed effect model., Results: We found no significant difference in SARS-CoV-2 RNA decline rate or time to SARS-CoV-2 RNA clearance between the groups. Moreover, clinical status at baseline was not correlated with time to viral clearance., Conclusions: Since SARS-CoV-2 RNA kinetics was not affected by treatment, repeated sampling from the upper respiratory tract cannot be used to evaluate treatment response.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Sequence specificity in DNA binding is mainly governed by association.
- Author
-
Marklund E, Mao G, Yuan J, Zikrin S, Abdurakhmanov E, Deindl S, and Elf J
- Subjects
- Base Sequence, DNA-Binding Proteins chemistry, Kinetics, Lac Repressors chemistry, Models, Biological, Protein Array Analysis, Protein Binding, DNA, Bacterial chemistry, DNA, Bacterial metabolism, DNA-Binding Proteins metabolism, Lac Repressors metabolism, Operator Regions, Genetic
- Abstract
Sequence-specific binding of proteins to DNA is essential for accessing genetic information. We derive a model that predicts an anticorrelation between the macroscopic association and dissociation rates of DNA binding proteins. We tested the model for thousands of different lac operator sequences with a protein binding microarray and by observing kinetics for individual lac repressor molecules in single-molecule experiments. We found that sequence specificity is mainly governed by the efficiency with which the protein recognizes different targets. The variation in probability of recognizing different targets is at least 1.7 times as large as the variation in microscopic dissociation rates. Modulating the rate of binding instead of the rate of dissociation effectively reduces the risk of the protein being retained on nontarget sequences while searching.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Longitudinal Follow Up of Immune Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Health Care Workers in Sweden With Several Different Commercial IgG-Assays, Measurement of Neutralizing Antibodies and CD4 + T-Cell Responses.
- Author
-
Marklund E, Leach S, Nyström K, Lundgren A, Liljeqvist JÅ, Nilsson S, Yilmaz A, Andersson LM, Bemark M, and Gisslén M
- Subjects
- Adult, Aged, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Health Personnel, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics prevention & control, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Sweden, Young Adult, Antibodies, Neutralizing immunology, Antibodies, Viral immunology, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes immunology, COVID-19 immunology, Immunity immunology, Immunoglobulin G immunology, SARS-CoV-2 immunology
- Abstract
Background: The risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health care workers (HCWs) is a concern, but studies that conclusively determine whether HCWs are over-represented remain limited. Furthermore, methods used to confirm past infection vary and the immunological response after mild COVID-19 is still not well defined., Method: 314 HCWs were recruited from a Swedish Infectious Diseases clinic caring for COVID-19 patients. IgG antibodies were measured using two commercial assays (Abbot Architect nucleocapsid (N)-assay and YHLO iFlash-1800 N and spike (S)-assays) at five time-points, from March 2020 to January 2021, covering two pandemic waves. Seroprevalence was assessed in matched blood donors at three time-points. More extensive analyses were performed in 190 HCWs in September/October 2020, including two additional IgG-assays (DiaSorin LiaisonXL S1/S2 and Abbot Architect receptor-binding domain (RBD)-assays), neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), and CD4
+ T-cell reactivity using an in-house developed in vitro whole-blood assay based on flow cytometric detection of activated cells after stimulation with Spike S1-subunit or Spike, Membrane and Nucleocapsid (SMN) overlapping peptide pools., Findings: Seroprevalence was higher among HCWs compared to sex and age-matched blood donors at all time-points. Seropositivity increased from 6.4% to 16.3% among HCWs between May 2020 and January 2021, compared to 3.6% to 11.9% among blood donors. We found significant correlations and high levels of agreement between NAbs and all four commercial IgG-assays. At 200-300 days post PCR-verified infection, there was a wide variation in sensitivity between the commercial IgG-assays, ranging from <30% in the N-assay to >90% in the RBD-assay. There was only moderate agreement between NAbs and CD4+ T-cell reactivity to S1 or SMN. Pre-existing CD4+ T-cell reactivity was present in similar proportions among HCW who subsequently became infected and those that did not., Conclusions: HCWs in COVID-19 patient care in Sweden have been infected with SARS-CoV-2 at a higher rate compared to blood donors. We demonstrate substantial variation between different IgG-assays and propose that multiple serological targets should be used to verify past infection. Our data suggest that CD4+ T-cell reactivity is not a suitable measure of past infection and does not reliably indicate protection from infection in naive individuals., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Marklund, Leach, Nyström, Lundgren, Liljeqvist, Nilsson, Yilmaz, Andersson, Bemark and Gisslén.)- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Correction: Serum-IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2 after mild and severe COVID-19 infection and analysis of IgG non-responders.
- Author
-
Marklund E, Leach S, Axelsson H, Nyström K, Norder H, Bemark M, Angeletti D, Lundgren A, Nilsson S, Andersson LM, Yilmaz A, Lindh M, Liljeqvist JÅ, and Gisslén M
- Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241104.].
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Relationship Between Parent Vowel Hyperarticulation in Infant-Directed Speech and Infant Phonetic Complexity on the Level of Conversational Turns.
- Author
-
Marklund U, Marklund E, and Gustavsson L
- Abstract
When speaking to infants, parents typically use infant-directed speech, a speech register that in several aspects differs from that directed to adults. Vowel hyperarticulation, that is, extreme articulation of vowels, is one characteristic sometimes found in infant-directed speech, and it has been suggested that there exists a relationship between how much vowel hyperarticulation parents use when speaking to their infant and infant language development. In this study, the relationship between parent vowel hyperarticulation and phonetic complexity of infant vocalizations is investigated. Previous research has shown that on the level of subject means, a positive correlational relationship exists. However, the previous findings do not provide information about the directionality of that relationship. In this study the relationship is investigated on a conversational turn level, which makes it possible to draw conclusions on whether the behavior of the infant is impacting the parent, the behavior of the parent is impacting the infant, or both. Parent vowel hyperarticulation was quantified using the vhh-index, a measure that allows vowel hyperarticulation to be estimated for individual vowel tokens. Phonetic complexity of infant vocalizations was calculated using the Word Complexity Measure for Swedish. Findings were unexpected in that a negative relationship was found between parent vowel hyperarticulation and phonetic complexity of the immediately following infant vocalization. Directionality was suggested by the fact that no such relationship was found between infant phonetic complexity and vowel hyperarticulation of the immediately following parent utterance. A potential explanation for these results is that high degrees of vowel hyperarticulation either provide, or co-occur with, large amounts of phonetic and/or linguistic information, which may occupy processing resources to an extent that affects production of the next vocalization., (Copyright © 2021 Marklund, Marklund and Gustavsson.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.