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Opioid and opioid-like receptors are activated by a variety of endogenous peptides including [Met]enkephalin (met), [Leu]enkephalin (leu), β-endorphin (β-end), α-neodynorphin, dynorphin A (dynA), dynorphin B (dynB), big dynorphin (Big dyn), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ); endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 are also potential endogenous peptides. The Greek letter nomenclature for the opioid receptors, μ, δ and κ, is well established, and NC-IUPHAR considers this nomenclature appropriate, along with the symbols spelled out (mu, delta, and kappa), and the acronyms, MOP, DOP, and KOP [124, 101, 92]. However the acronyms MOR, DOR and KOR are still widely used in the literature. The human N/OFQ receptor, NOP, is considered 'opioid-related' rather than opioid because, while it exhibits a high degree of structural homology with the conventional opioid receptors [304], it displays a distinct pharmacology. Currently there are numerous clinically used drugs, such as morphine and many other opioid analgesics, as well as antagonists such as naloxone. The majority of clinically used opiates are relatively selective μ agonists or partial agonists, though there are some μ/κ compounds, such as butorphanol, in clinical use. κ opioid agonists, such as the alkaloid nalfurafine and the peripherally acting peptide difelikefalin, are in clinical use for itch.

T-type Ca channels (IA fluorometric (fluorescence imaging plate reader [FLIPR]) assay was used to investigate modulation of human T-type IIn the FLIPR assay, all 11 phytocannabinoids tested modulated T-type IModulation of T-type calcium channels is a common property of phytocannabinoids, which all increase steady-state inactivation at physiological membrane potentials, with some also affecting channel activation. Thus, T-type I

Objectives: The planning and control of team sport training activities is an extremely important aspect of athletic development and team performance. This research introduces a novel system which leverages techniques from the fields of control systems theory and artificial intelligence (AI) to construct optimal future training plans when unexpected disturbances and deviations from a training plan goal occur. Design: Simulation-based experimental design Methods: The adaptation of training load prescriptions was formulated as an optimal control problem where we seek to minimize the difference between a desired training plan goal and an observed training outcome. To determine the most suitable approach to optimise future training loads the performance of an AI based feedback controller was compared to random and proportional controllers. Robust computational simulations (N=1800) were conducted using a non-linear training plan spanning 60 days over a 12-week period, the control strategies were assessed on their ability to adapt future training loads when disturbances and deviations from an optimal planning policy have occurred. Statistical analysis was conducted to determine if significant difference existed between the three control strategies. Results: The results of a repeated-measures analysis of variance demonstrated that an intelligent feedback controller significantly outperforms the random (p

Objectives: There is an increasing interest in combining psilocybin or methylenedioxymethamphetamine with psychological support in treating psychiatric disorders. Although there have been several recent systematic reviews, study and participant numbers have been limited, and the field is rapidly evolving with the publication of more studies. We therefore conducted a systematic review of PubMed, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Embase, and CINAHL for randomised controlled trials of methylenedioxymethamphetamine and psilocybin with either inactive or active controls. Methods: Outcomes were psychiatric symptoms measured by standardised, validated and internationally recognised instruments at least 2 weeks following drug administration, Quality was independently assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool and Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation framework. Results: There were eight studies on methylenedioxymethamphetamine and six on psilocybin. Diagnoses included post-traumatic stress disorder, long-standing/treatment-resistant depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder, social anxiety in adults with autism, and anxiety or depression in life-threatening disease. The most information and strongest association was for the change in methylenedioxymethamphetamine scores compared to active controls in post-traumatic stress disorder ( k = 4; standardised mean difference = −0.86; 95% confidence interval = [−1.23, −0.50]; p Conclusion: Methylenedioxymethamphetamine and psilocybin may show promise in highly selected populations when administered in closely supervised settings and with intensive support.

IntroductionLow voltage-activated T-type calcium channels (T-type ICa), CaV3.1, CaV3.2, and CaV3.3 are opened by small depolarizations from the resting membrane potential in many cells and have been associated with neurological disorders including absence epilepsy and pain. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive compound in Cannabis and also directly modulates T-type ICa, however, there is no information about functional activity of most phytocannabinoids on T-type calcium channels, including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol acid (THCA), the natural non-psychoactive precursor of THC. The aim of this work was to characterize THCA effects on T-type calcium channels.Materials and MethodsWe used HEK293 Flp-In-TREx cells stably expressing CaV3.1, 3.2 or 3.3. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made to investigate cannabinoid modulation of ICa.ResultsTHCA and THC inhibited the peak current amplitude CaV3.1 with a pEC50s of 6.0 ± 0.7 and 5.6 ± 0.4, respectively. 1μM THCA or THC produced a significant negative shift in half activation and inactivation of CaV3.1 and both drugs prolonged CaV3.1 deactivation kinetics. THCA (10 μM) inhibited CaV3.2 by 53% ± 4 and both THCA and THC produced a substantial negative shift in the voltage for half inactivation and modest negative shift in half activation of CaV3.2. THC prolonged the deactivation time of CaV3.2 while THCA did not. THCA inhibited the peak current of CaV3.3 by 43% ± 2 (10μM) but did not notably affect CaV3.3 channel activation or inactivation, however, THC caused significant hyperpolarizing shift in CaV3.3 steady state inactivation.DiscussionTHCA modulated T-type ICa currents in vitro, with significant modulation of kinetics and voltage dependence at low μM concentrations. This study suggests that THCA may have potential for therapeutic use in pain and epilepsy via T-type channel modulation without the unwanted psychoactive effects associated with THC.

Introduction: Low voltage-activated T-type calcium channels (T-type I(Ca)), Ca(V)3.1, Ca(V)3.2, and Ca(V)3.3, are opened by small depolarizations from the resting membrane potential in many cells and have been associated with neurological disorders, including absence epilepsy and pain. Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the principal psychoactive compound in Cannabis and also directly modulates T-type I(Ca); however, there is no information about functional activity of most phytocannabinoids on T-type calcium channels, including Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA), the natural nonpsychoactive precursor of THC. The aim of this work was to characterize THCA effects on T-type calcium channels. Materials and Methods: We used HEK293 Flp-In-TREx cells stably expressing Ca(V)3.1, 3.2, or 3.3. Whole-cell patch clamp recordings were made to investigate cannabinoid modulation of I(Ca). Results: THCA and THC inhibited the peak current amplitude Ca(V)3.1 with pEC(50)s of 6.0±0.7 and 5.6±0.4, respectively. THC (1 μM) or THC produced a significant negative shift in half activation and inactivation of Ca(V)3.1, and both drugs prolonged Ca(V)3.1 deactivation kinetics. THCA (10 μM) inhibited Ca(V)3.2 by 53%±4%, and both THCA and THC produced a substantial negative shift in the voltage for half inactivation and modest negative shift in half activation of Ca(V)3.2. THC prolonged the deactivation time of Ca(V)3.2, while THCA did not. THCA inhibited the peak current of Ca(V)3.3 by 43%±2% (10 μM) but did not notably affect Ca(V)3.3 channel activation or inactivation; however, THC caused significant hyperpolarizing shift in Ca(V)3.3 steady-state inactivation. Discussion: THCA modulated T-type I(Ca) currents in vitro, with significant modulation of kinetics and voltage dependence at low μM concentrations. This study suggests that THCA may have potential for therapeutic use in pain and epilepsy through T-type calcium channel modulation without the unwanted psychoactive effects associated with THC.

This study applied multiple machine learning algorithms to classify the performance levels of professional goalkeepers (GK). Technical performances of GK’s competing in the elite divisions of England, Spain, Germany, and France were analysed in order to determine which factors distinguish elite GK’s from sub-elite GK’s. A total of (n = 14,671) player-match observations were analysed via multiple machine learning algorithms (MLA); Logistic Regressions (LR), Gradient Boosting Classifiers (GBC) and Random Forest Classifiers (RFC). The results revealed 15 common features across the three MLA’s pertaining to the actions of passing and distribution, distinguished goalkeepers performing at the elite level from those that do not. Specifically, short distribution, passing the ball successfully, receiving passes successfully, and keeping clean sheets were all revealed to be common traits of GK’s performing at the elite level. Moderate to high accuracy was reported across all the MLA’s for the training data, LR (0.7), RFC (0.82) and GBC (0.71) and testing data, LR (0.67), RFC (0.66) and GBC (0.66). Ultimately, the results discovered in this study suggest that a GK’s ability with their feet and not necessarily their hands are what distinguishes the elite GK’s from the sub-elite.

The aims of this investigation were to describe the physical output of hockey relative to possession status, and to identify differences in physical output during each possession category with respect of match result. Ten international matches were analysed utilizing Sportscode to identify in and not in possession instances. 24 players (age 26 ± 4) wore a 10 Hz GPS device to track physical output. Linear Mixed Models and post hoc pairwise comparisons were utilised to compare the physical output in each possession category within each position and relative to match result. Significant main effects were found for possession status on several physical output metrics (p ≤ 0.05). For all positions except forwards, not in possession instances were more physically demanding than in possession instances for metrics such as relative total distance, explosive distance, and high-speed running (>5.5 m.s−1). No significant difference was identified between possession category physical output aligned with match result (p > 0.05). This study shows for the first time that not in possession instances were more physically demanding than in possession instances for defenders, outside backs and midfielders. For not in possession instances, relative total distance and high-speed running was, on average, 13% and 41% higher compared to in possession instances. Furthermore, there was no statistical difference in physical output for any position during each possession category relative to the match result.

Mining provides resources for people but can pose risks to ecosystems that support cultural keystone species. Our synthesis reviews relevant aspects of mining operations, describes the ecology of salmonid-bearing watersheds in northwestern North America, and compiles the impacts of metal and coal extraction on salmonids and their habitat. We conservatively estimate that this region encompasses nearly 4000 past producing mines, with present-day operations ranging from small placer sites to massive open-pit projects that annually mine more than 118 million metric tons of earth. Despite impact assessments that are intended to evaluate risk and inform mitigation, mines continue to harm salmonid-bearing watersheds via pathways such as toxic contaminants, stream channel burial, and flow regime alteration. To better maintain watershed processes that benefit salmonids, we highlight key windows during the mining governance life cycle for science to guide policy by more accurately accounting for stressor complexity, cumulative effects, and future environmental change.

This research introduces a new novel method for mathematically optimizing team sport training models to enhance two measures of athletic performance using an evolutionary computation based approach. A common training load model, consisting of daily training load prescriptions, was optimized using an evolutionary multi-objective algorithm to produce improvements in the mean match-day running intensity across a competitive season. The optimized training model was then compared to real-world observed training and performance data to assess the potential improvements in performance that could be achieved. The results demonstrated that it is possible to increase and maintain a stable level of match-day running performance across a competitive season whilst adhering to model-based and real-world constraints, using an intelligently optimized training design compared a to standard human design, across multiple performance criteria (BF+0 = 5651, BF+0 = 11803). This work demonstrates the value of evolutionary algorithms to design and optimize team sport training models and provides support staff with an effective decision support system to plan and prescribe optimal strategies to enhance in-season athlete performance.

Synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) are a diverse class of new psychoactive substances (NPS). They commonly comprise

Introduction: Cannabis sativa produces hundreds of bioactive compounds, including cannabinoids and terpenoids. It has been proposed that cannabinoids act in synergy with terpenoids to produce the e...

The purpose of this study was to describe the locomotor activity of men's hockey based on the phase of play and to identify if differences in locomotor activity exist between phases. Twenty-four players (age 26 ± 4) wore a 10 Hz Global Positioning System device to track locomotor activity during 10 international matches. The locomotor activity of players was allocated to five different phases: (1) established attack, (2) opposition counterattack, (3) established defence, (4) attacking counterattack and (5) offensive pressing, utilising a video analysis-based system. Linear mixed models and post-hoc pairwise comparisons, using estimated marginal means, were utilised to compare the locomotor activity in each phase of play within each position. Significant main effects were found for the phase of play on several locomotor activity metrics ( p ≤ 0.05). With respect to max speed and relative total distance across positions, counterattacks present a unique challenge compared to other phases. Established attack phases evoke lower max speed values than offensive pressing phases for all playing positions as well as compared to opposition counterattacks for defenders, midfielders, and forwards. Positional differences existed during attacking counterattack phases, with defenders producing lower values than both midfielders and forwards for high-speed running, high-speed running efforts, max speed and relative total distance. Depending on the metric, this approach captured 22%–70% of a player's locomotor activity providing valuable insight into the current dynamics of international hockey. This investigation demonstrated positional differences based on the phase of play, which may explain previous research findings regarding positional differences.

Tapentadol is a centrally acting analgesic with a dual mechanism of action. It acts as an agonist at the µ receptor and inhibitor of noradrenaline reuptake. Clinical trials suggest similar analgesic efficacy of tapentadol, oxycodone, and morphine in acute and chronic pain. Given the limited information about the molecular actions of tapentadol at the µ receptor, we investigated the intrinsic efficacy of tapentadol and compared it with other opioids. β‐chlornaltrexamine (β‐CNA, 100 nM, 20 min) was used to deplete spare receptors in AtT20 cells stably transfected with human µ receptor wild‐type (WT). Opioid‐mediated changes in membrane potential were measured in real‐time using a membrane potential‐sensitive fluorescent dye. Using Black and Leff’s operational model, intrinsic efficacy relative to DAMGO was calculated for each opioid. Tapentadol (0.05 ± 0.01) activated the GIRK channel with lesser intrinsic efficacy than morphine (0.17 ± 0.02) and oxycodone (0.16 ± 0.02). We further assessed the signaling of tapentadol in the common µ receptor variants (N40D and A6V) which are associated with altered receptor signaling. We found no difference in the response of tapentadol between these receptor variants.

Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) have been investigated, validated and applied in multitude of sports for recruiting, coaching, opponent, self-analysis etc. Although a wide variety of in game performance indicators have been used as KPIs, they lack sports specific context. With the introduction of artificial intelligence and machine learning (AI/ML) in sports, the need for building intrinsic context into the independent variables is even greater as AI/ML models seem to perform better in terms of predictability but lack interpretability. The study proposes domain specific feature preprocessing method (normalization) that can be utilized across a wide range of sports and demonstrates its value through a specific data transformation by using team possession as a normalizing factor while analyzing defensive performance in soccer. The study performed two linear regressions and three gradient boosting machine models to demonstrate the value of normalization while predicting defensive performance. The results demonstrate that the direction of correlation of the relevant variables changes post normalization while predicting defensive performance of teams for the whole season. Both raw and normalized KPIs showing significant correlation with defensive performance (p

Ideally, pharmacological analysis is based on quantitative measurements applied toward unveiling biological mechanisms and guiding medicinal chemistry efforts in drug discovery and basic research. The most robust analysis frameworks generate findings which can be dissociated from the specific experimental setting to provide insights of a broader scope. With insufficient efficacy being the leading cause of drug failures in late-stage clinical trials, more rigorous preclinical definitions might assist in better translation. This chapter details a new method for accessing the Black and Leff operational model of agonism using a stable Flp-In™ T-REx™ HEK293 cell line under tetracycline-dependent control of OTR expression. We cover steps for performing the Gq-coupled HTRF® IP-One assay, curve-fitting data, calculating and statistically representing system-independent drug activity, predicting responses in different sensitivities, and plotting of multivariate analyses.

Ideally, pharmacological analysis is based on quantitative measurements applied toward unveiling biological mechanisms and guiding medicinal chemistry efforts in drug discovery and basic research. The most robust analysis frameworks generate findings which can be dissociated from the specific experimental setting to provide insights of a broader scope. With insufficient efficacy being the leading cause of drug failures in late-stage clinical trials, more rigorous preclinical definitions might assist in better translation. This chapter details a new method for accessing the Black and Leff operational model of agonism using a stable Flp-In™ T-REx™ HEK293 cell line under tetracycline-dependent control of OTR expression. We cover steps for performing the G

Opioid and opioid-like receptors are activated by a variety of endogenous peptides including [Met]enkephalin (met), [Leu]enkephalin (leu), β-endorphin (β-end), α-neodynorphin, dynorphin A (dynA), dynorphin B (dynB), big dynorphin (Big dyn), nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ); endomorphin-1 and endomorphin-2 are also potential endogenous peptides. The Greek letter nomenclature for the opioid receptors, μ, δ and κ, is well established, and NC-IUPHAR considers this nomenclature appropriate, along with the symbols spelled out (mu, delta, and kappa), and the acronyms, MOP, DOP, and KOP. [121, 100, 91]. The human N/OFQ receptor, NOP, is considered 'opioid-related' rather than opioid because, while it exhibits a high degree of structural homology with the conventional opioid receptors [294], it displays a distinct pharmacology. Currently there are numerous clinically used drugs, such as morphine and many other opioid analgesics, as well as antagonists such as naloxone, however only for the μ receptor.

The purpose of this research was to compare the robustness and performance of a local and global optimization algorithm applied to the problem of fitting the parameters of a non-linear dose-response model utilized in the field of exercise physiology. Traditionally the parameters of dose-response models utilised in exercise physiology have been fit with non-linear least squares procedures in combination with local optimization algorithms. These algorithms have demonstrated limitations in their ability to converge on a globally optimal solution. This research purposes the use of an evolutionary computation based algorithm as an alternative method to fit a nonlinear dose-response model. The results of our comparison over 1000 experimental runs demonstrated the superior performance of the evolutionary computation based algorithm to consistently achieve a more consistent model fit and holdout evaluation performance in comparison to the local search algorithm. This initial research would suggest that global evolutionary computation based optimization algorithms are a fast and more robust alternative to local optimization algorithms when fitting the parameters of nonlinear dose-response models.

The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the match load demands of U18, U23, and 1ST team players during the official season. A total of 65 matches and 495 (U18 = 146, U23 = 146, and 1ST team = 203) individual player game observations were included in this analysis. A 10-Hz global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) and 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer (STATSports, Apex, Northern Ireland) were used to monitor the following metrics during official matches: total distance, high-speed running distance (HSR), sprint distance, high metabolic distance, explosive distance, high-intensity bursts distance, speed intensity, and dynamic stress load (DSL) were analyzed. A multivariate analysis of variance test reported significant (p < 0.001) differences among the groups. HSR during matches was lower (d = small) for U18 players than the U23 and 1ST team players. Sprint distance and high-intensity bursts distance were lower (small) in U18 compared with the U23 and 1ST team. DSL was greater in 1ST compared with U18 (small) and U23 (small). This study reported that the differences between groups were greater for HSR, sprint distance, high-intensity bursts distance, and DSL, while total distance, high metabolic load distance, explosive distance, and speed intensity did not differ between the groups. These findings could be used to design training programs in the academy players (i.e., U18) to achieve the required long-term physical adaptations that are needed to progress into the U23 and 1ST teams.

BACKGROUNDCannabichromene (CBC) is one of the most abundant phytocannabinoids inCannabis spp. It has modest anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects and potentiates some effects of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)in vivo. How CBC exerts these effects is poorly defined and there is little information about its efficacy at cannabinoid receptors. We sought to determine the functional activity of CBC at CB1 and CB2 receptors.EXPERIMENTAL APPROACHAtT20 cells stably expressing HA-tagged human CB1 and CB2 receptors were used. Assays of cellular membrane potential and loss of cell surface receptors were performed.KEY RESULTSCBC activated CB2 but not CB1 receptors to produce a hyperpolarization of AtT20 cells. Activation of CB2 receptors was antagonised by the CB2 antagonist AM630 and sensitive to pertussis toxin. Co-application of CBC reduced activation of CB2 receptors CP55,940, a potent CB1 and CB2 agonist. Continuous CBC application induced loss of cell surface CB2 receptors and desensitisation of the CB2-induced hyperpolarization.CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONSCannabichromene is a selective CB2 receptor agonist displaying higher efficacy than THC in hyperpolarising AtT20 cells. CBC may contribute to the potential therapeutic effectiveness of some cannabis preparations, potentially through CB2-mediated modulation of inflammation.

Activation of the CB2 receptor is an attractive therapeutic strategy for the treatment of a wide range of inflammatory diseases. However, receptor subtype selectivity is necessary in order to circumvent the psychoactive effects associated with activation of the CB1 receptor. We aimed to use potent, non-selective synthetic cannabinoids designer drugs to develop selective CB2 receptor agonists. Simple structural modifications such as moving the amide substituent of 3-amidoalkylindole synthetic cannabinoids to the 2-position and bioisosteric replacement of the indole core to the 7-azaindole scaffold are shown to be effective and general strategies to impart receptor subtype selectivity. 2-Amidoalkylindole 16 (EC50 CB1 > 10 μM, EC50 CB2 = 189 nM) and 3-amidoalkyl-7-azaindole 21 (EC50 CB1 > 10 μM, EC50 = 49 nM) were found to be potent and selective agonists with favourable physicochemical properties. Docking studies were used to elucidate the molecular basis for the observed receptor subtype selectivity for these compounds.

This work reports the synthesis and pharmacological and analytical data for a new series of recently identified azaindole-adamantyl-derived synthetic cannabinoids (SCs). Each SC was synthesised using an efficient and divergent synthesis, and assessed by electron ionisation mass spectrometry (EIMS). The cannabimimetic activity of each compound was conducted using a fluorometric imaging plate reader (FLIPR) assay. The described EIMS method and retention time by gas chromatography were able to effectively differentiate each of the analogues regardless of the bicyclic core. For the first time in these SC structures, the bicyclic ring system was shown to have an impact on the cannabimimetic activities in the fluorometric assay of membrane potential. Analogues ranged from moderately potent at both CB1 and CB2 (e.g., AP4AIC EC50 = 160 nM and EC50 = 64 nM, respectively) to not active at either cannabinoid receptor (AP4AICA, AP5AICA, and APIC). Further investigation into receptor selectivity surrounding these bicyclic cores could prove useful for future therapeutic applications.

Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa) is the most widely used illicit drug in the world, with an estimated 192 million users globally. The main psychoactive component of cannabis is (-)- trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), a compound with a diverse range of pharmacological actions. The unique and distinctive intoxication caused by Δ9-THC primarily reflects partial agonist action at central cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors. Δ9-THC is an approved therapeutic treatment for a range of conditions, including chronic pain, chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting, and multiple sclerosis, and is being investigated in indications such as anorexia nervosa, agitation in dementia, and Tourette's syndrome. It is available as a regulated pharmaceutical in products such as Marinol, Sativex, and Namisol as well as in an ever-increasing range of unregistered medicinal and recreational cannabis products. While cannabis is an ancient medicament, contemporary use is embroiled in legal, scientific, and social controversy, much of which relates to the potential hazards and benefits of Δ9-THC itself. Robust contemporary debate surrounds the therapeutic value of Δ9-THC in different diseases, its capacity to produce psychosis and cognitive impairment, and the addictive and "gateway" potential of the drug. This review will provide a profile of the chemistry, pharmacology, and therapeutic uses of Δ9-THC as well as the historical and societal import of this unique, distinctive, and ubiquitous psychoactive substance.

To address the growing demand for simultaneous imaging of multiple biomarkers in highly scattering media such as organotypic cell cultures, we introduce a new type of photoluminescent nanomaterial termed "tau-ruby" composed of ruby nanocrystals (Al2O3:Cr3+) with tunable emission lifetime. The lifetime tuning range from 2.4 to 3.2 ms was achieved by varying the Cr3+ dopant concentration from 0.8% to 0.2%, affording facile implementation of background-free detection. We developed inexpensive scalable production of tau-ruby characterized by bright emission, narrow spectrum (693 ± 2 nm), and virtually unlimited photostability upon excitation with affordable excitation/detection sources, noncytotoxic and insensitive to microenvironmental fluctuations. By functionalizing the surface of tau-rubies with targeting antibodies, we obtained different biomarkers suitable for multiplexed lifetime imaging. As a proof of principle, three tau-ruby bioprobes, characterized by three mean lifetimes, were deployed to label three μ-opioid receptor species expressed on transfected cancer cells, each fused to a unique epitope, so that three types of cells were lifetime-encoded. Robust decoding of photoluminescent signals that report on each cell type was achieved by using a home-built lifetime imaging system and resulted in high-contrast multiplexed lifetime imaging of the cells.

This study aims to quantify and model the game-speed demands of professional soccer players competing in the English Championship league, to compare the effect of match location and to examine the effect of playing position on game-speed outputs across the season. Twenty-eight male professional soccer players were enrolled. Moving average calculations were applied to the raw GNSS (STATSports) speed data of each player's duration matches (home = 14 and away = 9). Positional groups were centre-back (CB), full-back (FB), centre-midfield (CM), wing-midfield (WM) and centre-forward (CF). The maximum value across each of the moving average window durations was extracted and converted to units of metres per minute. Power-law models were fitted to all observations (R2 = 0.64), home only (R2 = 0.98), and away only (R2 = 0.98). No significant effects are observed in game-speed outputs when home and away games are analysed. Significant differences were seen between the following positional groups; CBvs.CF (