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The Opole Power Plant is part of the PGE group (Polish Energy Group), the largest power company in Poland. It produces electricity from coal combustion, which means that ESG (environmental, social and corporate governance) policy should be one of the power plant’s strategic priorities. The article focuses on evaluating the ESG activities implemented by the power plant and their relation to the standards set at the corporation. The article’s primary hypothesis is that ESG activities are a significant element of the power plant’s strategy, with most of them determined by policies undertaken at the level of the PGE Group as a whole. The secondary hypotheses assume that trade union representatives attach greater importance (than management) to the social elements of ESG (H2) and that individual management representatives rate higher regarding the importance of those ESG areas for which they are personally responsible (H3). The research method used in the article consists of interviews conducted with representatives of the power plant’s board of directors responsible for individual areas of ESG activities and representatives of trade unions. In addition to groups of questions relating to corporate governance, the empirical material was organized from the perspective of power plant stakeholders. The results obtained support the acceptance of the first two hypotheses posed and the rejection of the third one.

The COVID-19 pandemic caused a sudden and deep recession contributing, among other things, to a sharp rise in unemployment. The article addresses changes in the labor markets of the Visegrad countries (Czechia, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia), covering the period 2018–2021. It attempts to answer the questions: how deep a slump was caused by the pandemic in these markets, how flexible forms of employment responded to it, and whether there were discriminatory phenomena (decline in employment and increase in unemployment in the most vulnerable groups in the labor market). The analysis was based on quarterly data published by Eurostat on the size and structure of the employed and unemployed population. The results of the compilations indicate a relatively small deepening of imbalances in the labor markets of the analyzed countries, a differentiated reaction of flexible forms of employment (depending on the form of employment), which was in line with expectations (they were used as a business cycle buffer). In most of the V4 countries, women were relatively less likely to lose their jobs than men during the pandemic. In a few cases, a relatively stronger decline in employment (increase in unemployment) affected young people, people aged 55–64, and people with the lowest education.

Purpose: The article refers to the assessment of the activities of enterprises within CSR, according to the classification adopted in the Carroll’s pyramid model. Research on CSR issues in this approach has been conducted since the 1980s and is usually addressed to the top management. Design/Approach/Methodology: This article is based on research on the attitude to CSR activities of managers / employees at the operational level; in this way we endeavour to fill a certain cognitive gap. The research included a representative sample of large and medium-sized enterprises in Poland, including representativeness by economy sectors. Findings: The research results point to a different hierarchy of CSR domains than that suggested by the Carroll’s pyramid (and most of the results of previous research addressed to the top management). The highest rated by respondents was legal responsibility, before ethical, and only third place was taken by economic responsibility. Practical Implications: The research results could be useful for managers responsible for CSR impleneting and developing. Originality/Value: The article contributed to filling the cognitive gap regarding priorities declared by CSR managers, i.e. persons implementing CSR activities on behalf of enterprises in practice. The research results indicate that the respondent's job position (the scope of duties related to CSR) and the economic sector they represent have the greatest impact on the valuation of individual areas of CSR, while the size of the enterprise has a weak impact., peer-reviewed

The education of staff and scientists needed by several spheres of the national economy or state departments is based on research work and cooperation with professional environment of future graduates. Therefore the research work has basic importance, because there cannot be spoken about development without: specified conceptual scientific base, as well as position in science, determined area of research work, specific scientific language, methodology of research attempts, well prepared crew and clarified paradigm. These is also the case of security sciences, which are functioning (together with defense sciences) in Poland since 2011. Both are continuing the output of former military sciences. But such state of affairs is not stable, so the higher education in the area of security is nowadays very important. Moreover scholar community should face the challenges related to continuing education in the field of security analysed in this article.

The purpose of the article is to study the impact of basic production factors (level of employment and value of fixed assets) on the economic growth rate in different regions of Poland. The hypothesis presented in the article is that in the process of economic growth, the human factor (level of employment) plays a greater role than the fixed assets. The hypothesis was verified using the data published by the Central Statistical Office in the Statistical Yearbooks of the Regions for the years 2000 and 2015. The results of the study confirm the validity of the formulated hypothesis. Also, the author of the article made the effort to identify the voivodships characterized by extensive and intensive economic growth.

Purpose: The purpose of the article is to determine the intensity of CSR activities undertaken by enterprises in Poland and to assess their profitability in terms of stakeholder groups. Design/Methodology/Approach: Questionnaire surveys were conducted on a representative group (by size and sectors of the economy) of 722 large and medium-sized enterprises in Poland in 2019. Respondents were CSR managers, among which three groups of people were identified for whom managing CSR is the only responsibility, is one of the basic responsibilities, CSR activities are one of the many responsibilities. The research hypotheses set out in the article regarding the intensity and profitability of CSR activities directed at individual stakeholders, as well as the complementarity of these activities and the characteristics of the respondents that differentiate their responses, were verified using arithmetic means, Pearson correlation coefficients and Chi-squared test. Findings: Research results indicate that enterprises direct CSR activities to primary stakeholders in the first place. Also, the profitability of CSR activities is usually higher valued in the case of primary stakeholders, while activities directed to the local community and the natural environment received higher ratings than activities directed at public authorities and capital providers. Respondents treat CSR activities directed at all stakeholders as complementary. The respondents' strongest opinions about the orientation of CSR activities and their profitability differentiate the workplace next is sector of the economy and the size of the enterprise has the least difference in assessment. Practical Implications: The results obtained encourage corrections of strategic directions of CSR activities, in the form of an increase in the importance (intensity) of CSR activities directed to local communities and the natural environment. Originality/Value: The research presented is so innovative that CSR managers were selected as the group of respondents. Assuming that the directions (intensity) of CSR activities are adopted (imposed) at the strategic level, the profitability of these activities determined at the operational level verifies the correctness of their orientation., peer-reviewed

Celem artykułu jest analiza zmian poziomu i struktury bezrobocia długookresowego w Polsce w ujęciu regionalnym w latach 2005–2015. Struktura bezrobocia według czasu pozostawania bez pracy jest o tyle istotna, że w warunkach zmniejszającej się (ze względów demograficznych) podaży pracy, rosnący udział bezrobocia długookresowego utrudnia przesunięcie bezrobotnych do zasobów pracujących, co może stanowić barierę rozwojową dla gospodarki. Hipotezą postawioną w artykule jest twierdzenie, że zmniejszeniu poziomu bezrobocia towarzyszy wzrost udziału bezrobocia długookresowego i pogorszenie jego struktury, w postaci zwiększenia udziału osób o niskim wykształceniu i w wieku niemobilnym. W artykule wykorzystano statystykę opisową w oparciu o metodę indeksową, a także analizę korelacji między wzrostem PKB, poziomem bezrobocia ogółem i poziomem bezrobocia długookresowego. Do analizy wykorzystano dane publikowane przez GUS w Rocznikach Statystycznych Województw. Wyniki badań pozwoliły na pozytywną weryfikację hipotezy o wzroście udziału bezrobocia długookresowego i pogorszenia jego struktury w postaci wzrostu udziału osób w wieku niemobilnym. Nie potwierdziła się część hipotezy o pogorszeniu struktury bezrobocia długookresowego w przekroju według wykształcenia.

We investigate the area-averaged sensible heat flux ( $$Q_{H}$$ ) obtained with a scintillometer along a 3.1-km path length over the city centre of Łodź, Central Poland. The annual cycle of $$Q_{H}$$ peaks in June but is lower by the middle of summer. In winter, due to a large amount of anthropogenic heat input, $$Q_{H}$$ remains positive all day long, with positive night-time fluxes also found during months with frequent cold advection, e.g., June 2010. In the diurnal cycle of this flux, several features specific to urban areas are seen: the peak shifts 1–2 h after noon, the heat flux turns from positive to negative 1–2 h after sunset. In Łodź $$Q_{H}$$ was observed during inflow from the north and north-west, i.e. from the city centre. As this area is mostly covered with impervious materials, most of the heat exchanged between the ground and the overlying air is in the form of sensible heat flux. Under the conditions of inflow from the east and south-east, the maximum heat flux is approximately $$100\,\hbox {W}\,\hbox {m}^{-2}$$ lower than during the inflow from the city centre, since more vegetation exists to the east and south-east of the scintillometer path. Cold and warm advection are found to be a vital factor in the observed heat-flux variability in the centre of Łodź.

Celem artykulu jest zbadanie zmian konkurencyjności zasobow pracy krajow Grupy Wyszehradzkiej w stosunku do grupy 15 krajow tzw. starej UE (sprzed rozszerzenia w 2004 r.). Hipotezą artykulu jest, ze konkurencyjnośc zasobow pracy krajow Grupy Wyszehradzkiej zmniejszyla sie po przystąpieniu do Unii Europejskiej. Jako miernik konkurencyjności przyjeto proporcje produktywności (PKB na 1000 zatrudnionych) i kosztow pracy (wynagrodzenia rocznego brutto). Do weryfikacji postawionej hipotezy wykorzystano dane publikowane przez Eurostat, analizując je glownie z perspektywy zmian procentowych porownywanych wielkości. Uzyskane wyniki wskazują, ze hipoteza potwierdza sie w przypadku Czech, Wegier i Polski, w przypadku Slowacji natomiast nastąpil wzrost konkurencyjności zasobow pracy w stosunku do EU-15.

The sensible heat flux (H) is determined using large-aperture scintillometer (LAS) measurements over a city centre for eight different computation scenarios. The scenarios are based on different approaches of the mean rooftop-level $$(z_{H})$$ estimation for the LAS path. Here, $$z_{H}$$ is determined separately for wind directions perpendicular (two zones) and parallel (one zone) to the optical beam to reflect the variation in topography and building height on both sides of the LAS path. Two methods of $$z_{H}$$ estimation are analyzed: (1) average building profiles; (2) weighted-average building height within a 250 m radius from points located every 50 m along the optical beam, or the centre of a certain zone (in the case of a wind direction perpendicular to the path). The sensible heat flux is computed separately using the friction velocity determined with the eddy-covariance method and the iterative procedure. The sensitivity of the sensible heat flux and the extent of the scintillometer source area to different computation scenarios are analyzed. Differences reaching up to 7% between heat fluxes computed with different scenarios were found. The mean rooftop-level estimation method has a smaller influence on the sensible heat flux (−4 to 5%) than the area used for the $$z_{H}$$ computation (−5 to 7%). For the source-area extent, the discrepancies between respective scenarios reached a similar magnitude. The results demonstrate the value of the approach in which $$z_{H}$$ is estimated separately for wind directions parallel and perpendicular to the LAS optical beam.

Jednym z czynników decydujących o konkurencyjności regionów jest konkurencyjność rynku pracy. Podstawowym miernikiem konkurencyjności rynku pracy jest proporcja między kosztami zatrudnienia a wydajnością pracy. Artykuł stara się odpowiedzieć na dwa pytania badawcze: Jak zmienia się konkurencyjność regionalnych rynków pracy z perspektywy przyjętych w artykule kryteriów? Czy utrzymywanie się różnic międzyregionalnych w Polsce znajduje uzasadnienie w konkurencyjności regionalnych rynków pracy? Dane statystyczne pochodzące z Roczników Statystycznych Województw wskazują, że rozpiętości pomiędzy poszczególnymi rynkami pracy (aktywność zawodowa ludności, poziom płac i wydajności) relatywnie zmniejszają się. Znaczące ograniczenie rozpiętości płac w krótkim okresie nie jest jednak możliwe, ponieważ utrzymuje się przewaga konkurencyjna na rynku pracy lepiej rozwiniętych województw.

Observational data on greenhouse gases exchange between ecosystems and the atmosphere are crucial in understanding the global climate mechanisms. Among different methods of estimation of this exchange, the eddy-covariance (EC) technique provides a direct measure of the net flux density across the atmosphere-ecosystem interface. Still, such data are highly scarce for Central European wetlands. In this work, we present the results of two years (2013–2014) of continuous open-path EC measurements of methane (CH 4 ) and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) fluxes at the wetlands of the Biebrza National Park in northeastern Poland – one of the biggest coherent lowland wetland area in Central Europe. The measurement site (53°35′30.8″N, 22°53′32.4″E) was located near the Kopytkowka river in a fen peatland, whose soils are slightly decomposed due to dehydration. The mean annual sum of CH 4 release equaled 29 ± 4 g CH 4 m −2 yr −1 in wetter year 2013 and 20 ± 1 g CH 4 m −2 yr −1 in drier year 2014. The mean annual uptake of CO 2 reached 980 ± 150 g CO 2 m −2 yr −1 and 560 ± 130 g CO 2 m −2 yr −1 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Both fluxes show a clear annual pattern with maximum CH 4 release in June and July (at a level of 130 nmol m −2 s −1 ) and maximum CO 2 uptake in June (at a level of 4.2 μmol m −2 s −1 ). The considerable C–CO 2 uptake in comparison to C–CH 4 emissions suggests that the Biebrza river wetlands are a significant carbon sink, but the net contribution of the Biebrza mires to the climate forcing is unclear because of different metrics which can be used to specify the relative weights of CO 2 and CH 4 .

The folowing paper reveals the execution of Russian Federations Policy of sea transport based on The Transport Strategy of The RF. On the one hand the russian strategic programms are analised. On the other hand te conduct of the strategic plans (guided by governmental assemblies) is taken into consideration

Continuous eddy-covariance measurements of turbulent methane exchange between the ground and the atmosphere were carried out during the period from July 2013 to September 2015. The measurement sites were located in areas characterized by different types of use: the city (Łodź, central Poland) and the wetlands of Biebrza National Park (northeastern Poland). Regardless of the type of surface, such long-term, continuous measurements of the turbulent fluxes of methane are rare. Our aim was to investigate the temporal variability of the turbulent methane exchange in the surface–atmosphere system, while considering the impact of land use. Because cities are a huge source of atmospheric carbon dioxide, we compared the intensity of methane emissions from the city as compared to the wetland, which is considered to be the most intense natural source atmospheric methane. In both cases, the results show a clear prevalence of positive as compared with negative fluxes. This shows that both areas are net sources of methane to the troposphere. The measurements also demonstrated the existence of a clear annual cycle of turbulent methane flux in the centre of the city (average values in winter ranged from ∼40 to 60 nmol m−2·s−1 and were significantly greater than values measured in summer) as well as in the wetlands, where maximum values were observed during the warm part of the year (approximately 80 nmol m−2·s−1 or more). The different times of maximum CH4 flux (FCH4) occurrence resulted from the differentiation of processes that determine methane emissions: in the city these are anthropogenic emissions (strongest in winter); in the wetland, natural processes dominate. The diurnal variability of FCH4 was faintly detectable, except for the cold half of the year in the city and the warm half of the year in the wetland. The studied area of the centre of Łodź, in turn, is also characterized by a weekly cycle of methane exchange: the values measured on working days were higher by 6.6% (winter) to 5.6% (summer) than those observed on weekends. Differences in the annual exchange of methane in 2014 were insignificant: the centre of Łodź emitted 17.4 g m−2 net, while the wetland emitted about 18.7 g m−2 net. The results of the measurements performed during the period from January to September 2015, however, suggest that a very dry summer, drying of the soil and, consequently, a reduced water level in the fen significantly reduced the ability of the wetland to emit methane. This pattern was not observed in the city.

The following paper covers the policy of the Russian Federation (RF) on maritime transport in the broader context of the strategic regulations on transport. On the one hand, the strategic regulations of the Russian Federation on the development of transport was brought closer. While on the other hand, the focus was on the maritime transport issues of the RF in the Baltic Basin and the implementation of the transport strategy between 2008-2019 in the context of the Russian maritime policy activities, with a particular focus on the Baltic Sea

This paper presents eddy covariance measurements of evapotranspiration and sensible heat flux in wetland area. The rate of evapotranspiration is characterized by a distinct seasonal pattern and assumes the highest values during summer. From April to September, the latent heat flux is characterized by a distinct diurnal pattern with the highest average values (at the noon hours) at a level of ca 200 W·m−2. Moreover, in the period from June to August the values of latent heat flux far outweigh those of sensible heat flux (the Bowen ratio in the noon hours ranging between 0.4 and 0.6) and account for 50–60 % of radiation balance. The average daily totals of evapotranspiration vary from about 0.5 mm·d−1 during the winter months to about 3–3.5 mm·d−1 in summer.

Możliwości rozwojowe poszczególnych regionów zależą od dostępnych zasobów, w tym zasobów pracy. Artykuł dotyczy porównania sytuacji na regionalnych rynkach pracy w Polsce w latach 2008 i 2013 m.in. z perspektywy ich płynności. Artykuł stara się odpowiedzieć na dwa pytania badawcze: Jaka jest sytuacja na regionalnych rynkach pracy w okresie spowolnienia wzrostu gospodarczego (2013 r.) w porównaniu do okresu szczytu koniunktury (2008 r.)? Na ile sytuacja na poszczególnych regionalnych rynkach pracy zmieni się pod wpływem zmian demograficznych do roku 2020? Dane statystyczne wskazują, że w roku 2013 przy niskim poziomie wzrostu gospodarczego występował rynek pracodawcy, cechujący się niską płynnością. Ze względów demograficznych sytuacja zmieni się do 2020 roku, kiedy zasoby pracy mogą stać się barierą wzrostu w większości regionów w Polsce.

The following paper presents the Russian Federation’s policy on sea transport based on The Transport Strategy of The RF. On the one hand the Russian strategic programs are analyzed. On the other hand, the conduct of the strategic plans (guided by governmental assemblies) is taken into consideration.

Although there are many reports of scintillometer measurements in natural environments, there are few studies concerning the application of scintillometry in urban areas. The main aim of this paper is to present the results of turbulent sensible heat flux (H) measurements with a large aperture scintillometer (LAS) in ?ód?, Central Poland, conducted during the period September 2009?May 2012. The scintillometer data (HLAS) were compared with the results from two eddy covariance towers (HEC) located in the eastern and western parts of the old city core. HLAS was computed with the free and mix convection assumptions. Overall, HLAS and HEC compare well to each other (R2 higher than 0.84). Large discrepancies were found when characteristics of the source areas differed between LAS and EC, in particular for the western EC station under southern, southwestern and to some extent western inflow conditions. The diurnal cycle of H peaks in June but is smaller by the middle of the summer, which was relatively wet in 2010 and 2011. The good performance of LAS even in winter demonstrated its applicability for long-term monitoring of H in urban areas.

The article analyses the main trends on the labor market in Poland and other chosen countries in European Union. The research problem has been formulated as follows: economic crisis have an major influence on changes in level and structure of employment. The theoretical part of the article presents characteristics changes on the labor market from point of view of influence of prosperity conditions on flexible forms of employment. The practical part of the article is based on method of statistical analysis. Statistical analysis embraces changes in level and structure of employment, especially level of part-time employed, temporary employed, self-employed. Statistical data show that economic crisis in European Union caused fall in level of employment, increase in level of part-time employment and fall in level of temporary employment and self-employed.

Artykuł dotyczy zmian zachodzących na regionalnych rynkach pracy w Polsce w latach 2005–2010. Najistotniejszym czynnikiem oddziałującym na rynek pracy było w tym okresie przystąpienie Polski do Unii Europejskiej, wywołujące potrzebę dostosowań o charakterze strukturalnym. Przedstawiona w artykule analiza statystyczna bazuje na danych publikowanych przez GUS w Rocznikach Statystycznych Województw i obejmuje: zmiany poziomu i struktury sektorowej zatrudnienia oraz zmiany poziomu produktywności pracy i wynagrodzeń. Wyjściowymi hipotezami badawczymi były stwierdzenia, że w analizowanym okresie poprawiła się struktura zatrudnienia według sektorów, zmniejszyły się rozpiętości wynagrodzeń między regionami i występował związek między produktywnością pracy a wynagrodzeniami. Na podstawie danych statystycznych dotyczących okresu 2005–2010 stwierdzono, że spośród postawionych hipotez badawczych, jedynie trzecią można uznać za w pełni potwierdzoną. Większość danych podważa hipotezę o zmniejszeniu rozpiętości regionalnych na rynku pracy. Zmiany struktury zatrudnienia były o tyle korzystne, że nastąpił spadek udziału w zatrudnieniu sektora drugiego (przemysłu i budownictwa) oraz wzrost udziału w zatrudnieniu sektora trzeciego (usług?). Pięciolecie 2005–2010 przyniosło jednak także niezgodny z oczekiwanymi tendencjami długookresowymi, wzrost udziału w zatrudnieniu sektora pierwszego.

The article analyses influence of prosperity conditions on the labor market. The principal aim of the article is to determine the main trends on the labor market in Poland and other chosen countries in European Union. The research problem has been formulated as follows: economic crisis have an major influence on changes in level and structure of employment and unemployment. The theoretical part of the article presents characteristics changes on the labor market from the macro-economical point of view and personal strategies of companies, at the time of economic crisis. The practical part of the article is based on method of statistical analysis. Statistical analysis embraces changes in: level and structure of employment (especially level of part time employed, temporary employed, self-employed) and level and structure of unemployment (especially level of long-term unemployment and unemployment of the young). Statistical data show that economic crisis in European Union caused: fall in level of employment, increase in level of unemployment, major changes in structure of employment and very small changes in structure of unemployment.

Artykuł dotyczy zmian zachodzących na regionalnych rynkach pracy w Polsce pod wpływem kryzysu gospodarczego. Analiza statystyczna bazuje na danych publikowanych przez GUS i obejmuje zmiany poziomu zatrudnienia i bezrobocia w latach 2006–2009 w Polsce oraz poziomu i struktury sektorowej zatrudnienia na regionalnych rynkach pracy. Na podstawie danych statystycznych dotyczących zatrudnienia określono regiony, które wyróżniają się pozytywnie na tle kraju, jeśli chodzi o zaawansowanie procesów zmian struktury zatrudnienia w kierunku charakterystycznym dla okresu postindustrialnego. Potwierdza to tezę, że wyżej rozwinięte i bardziej zdywersyfikowane pod względem bazy gospodarczej regiony lepiej radzą sobie w warunkach kryzysu gospodarczego. W konsekwencji prowadzi to do pogłębienia zróżnicowania sytuacji na regionalnych rynkach pracy.

The primary aim of this paper was to present the results of turbulent sensible heat flux (QH) measurements with Scintillometer Scintec BLS900 (LAS). The theoretical background of scintillation method has been presented as well as two different ways of sensible heat flux computation from LAS. The measurements presented here were conducted from April to December 2011. Diurnal and partially annual variability of QH has been analyzed, moreover the mean diurnal course of QH in considered months has been prepared. In order to choose the optimal method of QH computation from LAS the results obtained with three different Monin-Obuchov similarity theory functions as well as free convection assumption has been compared. In first case it has been proved that sensible heat flux differs significantly depending on chosen universal function. In turn in case of free convection assumptions it has been revealed that it is valid only for very unstable conditions. Therefore it does not apply to long-time heat flux measurement in case of Łódź. Nevertheless, this study has shown that scintillation method is valuable and reasonable source of path-averaged QH estimates in considered city.

In the recent years, an economic crisis has appeared in most economies. It affected the labor market situation. This article refers to the changes in the labor markets of the Visegrad Group countries. The analysis concerns the relations between the economic crisis, the level and structure of unemployment (taking into account the situation of women and young people as the groups strongly exposed to unemployment), and the level and structure of expenditures within the labor market policy. The article is based on the data published by Eurostat, using the tools of descriptive statistics, and statistical indexes, in particular. The research period covers the years 2007-2012, which is dictated by the availability of comparable statistical data. An analysis of the data indicates that the economic crisis increased the economic activity of the population, which contributed to an increase in unemployment. There is no discrimination against women in the labor market, but there has been a serious increase in unemployment among young people. With the increase in unemployment, the expenditures on the total labor market policy have increased, as have those on passive labor market policies and labor market service. Expenditures on active labor market policies (ALMPs) grow relatively more slowly, which may be especially evident in the case of expenditure on training.

The purpose of the work is to present selected indices of the health situation of population in Silesian province. In infancy--index of death rate of newborn babies, iatrogene index--hepatitis, tuberculosis morbidity index, psychiatric health index--hospitalisation of patients with mood disturbances, death index of malignant tumours--breast cancer.Statistical Card system, Demises Card system and GUS' evidences.Newborn death rate in Silesian province has the downward tendency however it is higher than Polish average number. Rural newborn death rate in Silesia is lower than the same death rate in the city. We can notice downfall of hospitalisation frequency of B hepatitis and increase of hospitalisation of C hepatitis. Tuberculosis morbidityin Silesian province is higher than Polish average number. The increase of hospitalisation of mood disturbances is observed. Breast cancer death rate in Silesian province indicates increasing tendency and is higher than in Poland.The selected health indices for Silesian province are higher than the same number for Poland. It is urgent to make the precise, epidemiological research of the frequency of hepatitis B and C infections in the Silesian population. Despite the intensive prophylaxis of the breast cancer, we can see that death rate of malignant breast tumours is still on increase.