Search

In the Yucatán Peninsula, anthropogenic activities such as urbanization and final dispose of solid and wastewaters critically impact aquatic systems. Here, we evaluated the anthropogenic-related environmental alteration of Lake La Sabana, located in the northern limit of one of the main cities of the Mexican Caribbean. We evaluate lake water quality using physical, chemical, and microbiological indicators, and heavy metals in surficial sediments and fish tissue to evaluate the potential environmental risk. Multivariate analyses reveal that environmental conditions in La Sabana are spatial and temporal heterogeneous. Medium to bad water quality was determined within basins by the NSFWQI, related with the degree of anthropogenic influence. The center-south zones display critical microbiological values largely exceeding national standards. Heavy metals in sediments (Zn>Hg) and fish tissue (Hg) were relatively low, but Hg concentration threat the ecological environment. Incipient wastewater treatment and final dispose in La Sabana is the main responsible of changes in the trophic status and nutrients availability, which in turn may have promoted changes in the biological structure and aquatic plant invasions. Lake La Sabana can be considered a model of the potential sequential effects of the anthropogenic alterations in oligotrophic karts tropical aquatic systems in Yucatán Peninsula.

La miel es uno de los productos más comercializados y falsificados, por lo que es importante establecer estándares de calidad y autenticidad. En el presente estudio se evaluó la calidad nutracéutica y autenticidad de la miel con base a parámetros bioquímicos (polifenoles, flavonoides y proteínas) y capacidad antioxidante. Se seleccionaron 8 mieles comercializadas en el Mercado Periférico de Mérida (Venezuela) (muestras C), así como 8 muestras auténticas (A) y una miel artificial (AR). A todas las muestras se les midió la concentración de proteínas, polifenoles y flavonoides; y se determinó la capacidad antioxidante de las mieles empleando los métodos capacidad antioxidante total (CAT), % de inhibición del radical hidroxilo (RH) y actividad antioxidante (AOA). Se encontró una importante correlación entre la concentración de fenoles y flavonoides y la capacidad antioxidante para cada uno de los métodos usados. Se elaboró un dendograma utilizando el método clúster, lo que permitió agrupar a las mieles por propiedades comunes. El análisis de clúster permitió determinar que la concentración de flavonoides y polifenoles, así como la capacidad antioxidante determinada a través de los métodos CAT y AOA son parámetros útiles para determinar la calidad nutracéutica y autenticidad de las muestras de miel. No son útiles en este sentido la concentración de proteínas y la actividad antioxidante medida por el método de inhibición del radical hidroxilo. En resumen, estos parámetros podrían ser incluidos en los estándares de calidad de las muestras de miel, valorizando este tipo de productos como alimentos nutracéuticos. Honey is considered one of the most commercialized products, therefore it´s important an authentic product with high quality characteristics. The objective of this study was to assess the nutraceutical quality and authenticity of honey based on biochemical parameters (polyphenols, flavonoids and proteins) and antioxidant capacity. Eight honeys marketed in the Peripheral Market of Merida (Venezuela) (samples C) were selected, as well as 8 authentic samples (A) and an artificial honey (AR). The concentration of proteins, polyphenols and flavonoids was measured in all the samples; and the antioxidant capacity of the honeys was determined using total antioxidant capacity (TAC) method, % inhibition of the hydroxyl radical (RH) and antioxidant activity method (AOA). An important correlation was found between the concentration of phenols and flavonoids and the antioxidant capacity for each of the methods used. A dendogram was prepared using the cluster method, which allowed the honeys to be grouped by common properties. The cluster analysis allowed determining that the concentration of flavonoids and polyphenols, as well as the antioxidant capacity determined through the CAT and AOA methods, are useful parameters to determine the nutraceutical quality and authenticity of the honey samples. Protein concentration and antioxidant activity as measured by the hydroxyl radical inhibition method are not useful in this regard. In summary, these parameters could be included in the quality standards of honey samples, valuing this type of product as nutraceutical foods. 34-51 elimarina@ula.ve Semestral https://saber.ula.ve/farmacia/

espanolLa aprobacion de libros, un paratexto legal que originalmente servia para otorgar la licencia de impresion, se consolido en los siglos xvii y xviii en la Nueva Espana como el espacio idoneo para la aparicion del germen de la critica literaria. Estos paratextos, codificados a partir de ciertos componentes retoricos y elementos constituyentes, son testimonio de un tipo de ejercicio intelectual que caracteriza a este periodo del Barroco novohispano, un ejercicio en el que convive la censura con la actitud precritica. Mediante el analisis de un amplio corpus de libros impresos en los los siglos xvii y xviii del virreinato, se propone un acercamiento al paradigma del ejercicio critico como practica intelectual, en la que la censura tenia un papel importante. EnglishOfficial authorization granting a license for books to be printed became a permanent practice in New Spain in the 17th and 18th centuries, providing an ideal context in which literary criticism could emerge. These paratexts, couched in specific rhetorical and literary terms, serve as testimony to a type of intellectual exercise that characterized this colonial baroque period in Mexican cultural life, when censorship coexisted with the first timid attempts at literary criticism. By analyzing a large corpus of books printed in the 17th and 18th centuries, we aim to approach this critical practice, presenting it as both an intellectual exercise and an endeavor in which censorship played an important role.

The use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors seems to restore the broadly compromised immune system described in chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) patients at diagnosis leading to a re-activation of the effector-mediated immune surveillance. Here, we describe the expression dynamics of immune factors during the first year on imatinib therapy. Gene expression was evaluated in 132 peripheral blood samples from 79 CML patients, including 34 who were serially followed. An aliquot of the stored sample used to monitor BCR-ABL1 levels was retro-transcribed to cDNA and gene expression was quantified by real-time PCR. An elevated expression of ARG1 was observed at diagnosis, while TBET, CIITA, IL10 and TGFB1 were significantly decreased. Once on therapy, each gene displayed a particular behaviour. ARG1 normalized to control levels at 3 months only in optimal molecular responders and was identified as the major contributor to the difference among patients. TBET reached normal levels after 12 months in optimal responders and non-responders, regardless the Th1-response previously associated, and CIITA continued downregulated. IL10 and TGFB1 achieved normal levels early at 3 months in both groups, afterwards IL10 was sustained while TGFB1 was slightly increased after 1 year in responders. Our findings are in agreement with an immune re-activation after imatinib initiation; however, some immune mediators may require a longer exposition. The follow-up of novel and reliable biomarkers, such as ARG1, one of the principal mechanisms of myeloid-derived-suppressor cells to inhibit immune system, may be useful to deepen the characterization of early responder patients.

espanolEl presente trabajo analiza los procesos de organizacion eclesiastica que tuvieron lugar en las villas nuevas reales de la diocesis de Leon a partir de la repoblacion llevada a cabo en las ultimas decadas del siglo XII por Fernando II y Alfonso IX, poniendo el foco de atencion en los casos de Mansilla de las Mulas, Mayorga de Campos y Rueda del Almirante. La constitucion de estas villas como pueblas reales y su consiguiente crecimiento demografico hicieron necesaria una adecuacion de las estructuras parroquiales a los nuevos patrones de poblamiento, lo que implico la construccion de nuevas iglesias, la negociacion de los derechos de patronato y del reparto de los diezmos, y la delimitacion de los territorios parroquiales. Estos procesos fueron impulsados y controlados por el episcopado leones; sin embargo, su dinamica y resultados estuvieron condicionados en gran medida por las relaciones establecidas con las elites urbanas. EnglishThis paper analyzes the processes of ecclesiastical organization set in motion in the royal towns of the diocese of Leon with the repopulation carried out by Fernando II and Alfonso IX in the last decades of the 12th century. It focuses on the cases of Mansilla de las Mulas, Mayorga de Campos and Rueda del Almirante. The constitution of these places as royal towns and the subsequent growth of the population of these centers made it necessary to adjust the parish structures to the new settlement models. The adjustment involved the construction of new churches, the negotiation over patronage rights and tithe distribution, and the delimitation of parish boundaries. These processes were driven and controlled by the Leonese episcopate; however, their dynamics and results were conditioned, to a large extent, by the relationships established with urban elites.

De los paratextos que conforman el libro impreso en los siglos XVII-XVIII, la aprobacion o censura previa es el que mejor refleja las contrariedades que implicaba el proceso de publicacion para los autores que escribian en America y publicaban en Espana. La aprobacion, no obstante su caracter burocratico original, evoluciono hasta convertirse en un texto critico, teorico y apologetico de la obra central. En el presente trabajo se explora como surge el ejercicio de la critica literaria en el espacio dedicado a la censura y el control ideologico; espacio sujeto a las instituciones civiles y eclesiasticas y que, hacia finales del siglo XVIII, responde tambien a criterios literarios y estilisticos.

We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in a total of 1101 Ecuadorian individuals from three regions of the country, the Coastal region, the Andean region, and the Amazonian region, to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies and their linkage disequilibrium. We find that the most frequent HLA haplotypes with significant linkage disequilibrium in those populations are HLA-A*24∼B*35∼DRB1*04∼DQB1*03:02, A*02∼B*35∼DRB1*04∼DQB1*03:02, A*24∼B*35∼DRB1*14∼DQB1*03:01, A*02∼B*35∼DRB1*14∼DQB1*03:01 and A*02∼B*40:02∼DRB1*04∼DQB1*03:02. The only non-Native American haplotype with frequency1% shared by all groups was A*29∼B*44∼DRB1*07∼DQB1*02. Admixture estimates obtained by a maximum likelihood method using HLA-B as genetic estimator revealed that the main genetic components for this sample of mixed-ancestry Ecuadorians are Native American (ranging from 52.86% to 63.83%) and European (from 28.95% to 46.54%), while an African genetic component was only apparent in the Coastal region (18.19%). Our findings provide a starting point for the study of population immunogenetics of Ecuadorian populations.

La edición crítica del teatro de Cervantes, coordinada por Luis Gómez Canseco, reúne en un volumen ocho comedias –salidas de las prensas en 1615 dentro de Ocho comedias y ocho entremeses nuevos nunca representados– y tres tragedias...

This paper analyzes the transformations undergone by the local clergy in the diocese of Leon between the mid-eleventh and the beginning of the 13th Century, with a view to shedding light on how this group adjusted to the new framework of ecclesiastical organization promoted by the Gregorian Reform. To this end, the study examines different aspects such as the changes in the ways clergymen were appointed, the subordination of local clergymen to the episcopal jurisdiction, their adjustment to certain standards of discipline and behavior, and their participation in the ecclesiastical income, within a context characterized by the strengthening of episcopal authority and the configuration of the parish system in northern Iberia., El presente trabajo analiza las transformaciones experimentadas por el clero local en la diócesis de León entre mediados del siglo XI y principios del XIII a fin de comprender el proceso de encuadramiento de este grupo dentro de los nuevos marcos de organización eclesiástica impulsados por la Reforma Gregoriana. Con este fin, se examinan aspectos como los cambios en los mecanismos de acceso al clero, la subordinación de los clérigos locales a la jurisdicción episcopal, su adecuación a ciertas pautas de disciplina y comportamiento, y su participación en los ingresos eclesiásticos, en un contexto caracterizado por el fortalecimiento del poder episcopal y la configuración del sistema parroquial en el norte hispánico.

Mexico is a megadiverse country, but less than 54 % of its original vegetation still remains. In particular Mexican deserts and arid and semiarid ecosystems harbor a large number of endemic taxa, and the genus Agave is an outstanding example. Agave is one of the largest genera of the Mexican flora, including a total estimated number of 200 species, 74 % of them endemic to the country. Agave is also one of the Mexican plant genera with more population genetic studies. We describe here studies in 22 Agave species using different genetic markers. For the genus we found on average a high level of genetic variation, H s = 0.19, and a low genetic differentiation, F st = 0.15. We identify some species that should be subject to special conservation genetic efforts, in particular the endangered A. victoriae-reginae and both wild populations and landraces of A. angustifolia, including the cultivated A. tequilana.

This paper challenges the model elaborated by Patrick Geary for understanding conflict in medieval society, focusing our study on the Kingdom of León. Through the analysis of the conflicts between the Benedictine monastery of Sahagún and local laity during the 11th and 12th centuries, we will evaluate two ideas underlying that model: first, the conception of conflict as a mechanism for the regulation of social relationships; second, the ahistorical nature of disputes, uncoupled from the processes of social change in which they take place.

This paper addresses the formation of the diocese in Northern Iberia focusing on the conflicts involved in the establishment of episcopal authority over the churches controlled by monastic houses. To this end, the paper analyzes the lost-lasting dispute between the episcopacy of Leon and the monastery of Sahagun over the exercise of episcopal jurisdiction in the churches owned by the monastery, considering the ways in which the monastery conditioned and restricted the authority of the bishops in these churches, and identifying the strategies that, in that context, contributed to the materialization of episcopal jurisdiction within the diocesan space.

La incorporación de las tierras comprendidas entre la Cordillera Cantábrica y el Duero a las estructuras políticas del reino astur supondría el inicio de un proceso de jerarquización del espacio político a partir de la paulatina subordinación política de las poblaciones campesinas al poder de comites, imperantes y potestates. En este trabajo se analizarán los marcos territoriales que encuadraron el ejercicio del poder político por parte de magnates laicos e instituciones eclesiásticas en el siglo X, intentando dar cuenta de la génesis, dinámica y naturaleza de estos distritos con el objeto de esbozar una caracterización global del espacio político en el Reino de León., The inclusion of the lands between Cantabrian Mountains and Duero river within the political structures of the Kingdom of Asturias can be analyzed as the beginning of a process of political organization of the space linked to the gradual subordination of peasants communities to the power of authorities such as comites, imperantes and potestates. The aim of this paper will be to analyze the territorial frameworks that delimited the exercise of political power by lay lords and ecclesiastical institutions during the 10th century, its genesis, dynamics and nature, in order to outline a global characterization of the political space in the Kingdom of León., Instituto de Investigaciones en Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales (IdIHCS)