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This research studied the influence of multiple social identities on the emotions that athletes felt toward their teammates/partners and opponents. Athletes (N = 714) from individual and team-based sports reported their identification both as athletes of the sport and as athletes of their club before reporting their precompetitive emotions. The results showed that these multiple social identities influenced precompetitive emotions toward different targets, with higher levels of sport identification associated with increased positive and decreased negative emotions toward opponents and higher levels of club identification associated with increased positive and decreased negative emotions toward teammates/partners, although increased club identification was also associated with more positive emotions toward opponents. These findings extend intergroup emotions theory by showing its suitability and applicability to face-to-face task-oriented teams in sport. Particularly, they highlight the importance of investigating the simultaneous level of multiple social identities, rather than only a dichotomic self-categorization, on group-based emotions experienced toward multiple targets.

Resume Cet article etudie les representations que les professionnels du monde judiciaire se font des personnes placees sous main de justice (PPSMJ) dont ils ont la charge. Une comparaison selon les institutions concernees est pertinente dans la mesure ou les missions des policiers, des psychiatres, des CPIP et des travailleurs sociaux different et donc leur relation avec les PPSMJ n’est pas de meme nature. Une enquete de terrain realisee a l’aide d’entretiens semi-directifs qui ont fait l’objet d’analyses de discours et de contenu permet de rendre compte des particularites liees aux interactions sociales menees par ces differents professionnels. Schematiquement, les policiers manifestent une mise a distance des PPSMJ, les psychiatres, respectueux du secret medical sont centres sur la PPSMJ en tant que source de son traitement, les CPIP hesitent entre leur role social et leur role repressif et les travailleurs sociaux, tres investis dans la relation avec les PPSMJ dont ils ont la charge, evacuent les causes de leur desocialisation. Les representations que ces differents professionnels se font des PPSMJ font apparaitre la necessite de comparer ces representations avec les attentes des PPSMJ dont ils s’occupent de maniere a proposer des preconisations pour reduire les ecarts et ameliorer ainsi la relation entre les differents protagonistes de l’interaction.

Examining the ‘natural’ athlete myth and utilizing the recent literature on cultural/social factors in athleticism and basketball, this study through survey research examines the influence of stereotypes on the impression formation of basketball players. The primary research question is to determine from a group of students the attitudes of basketball players in terms of how they evaluate white and black players in basketball. The purpose is to identify participants’ perceptions and their appreciation as to whether or not black are superior to white basketball players. The theoretical framework employed is articulated around the theory of social categorization and racial stereotypes already observed in sports. In an initial qualitative phase, the results show that stereotypical representations exert an influence on the skills associated with basketball players depending on the colour of their skin, which is reflected in the use of adjectives specific to each of the categories of black and white. I...

Research studies focusing on the relationships between team sports and socio- ethnicity have developed in the Anglo-Saxon literature since the 1970s. In particular the use of the concept of racial stacking confirms a growing interest in a more complex vision when it comes to player selection and positioning. In basketball, studies have identified that black players are overrepresented in the American professional basketball championships (NBA) and at the same time patterns of racial stacking exist as they are overrepresented at non-central positions. This research led to a survey of black players’ positions in the professional championships in France (Pro A basketball). Using social stacking procedures, we listed the number of black and white players in each position. The results show evidence of a racial stacking pattern, only the position of point guard tends to be played by white rather than black players; this phenomenon is reduced when black players come from the USA.

L’analyse des strategies developpees par les supporters, suite a des performances d’equipes sportives (par exemple, MATing, blasting et boosting), est un theme qui a ete presque exclusivement etudie dans un contexte nord-americain. L’objectif de cette etude exploratoire est de montrer, dans le contexte specifique du rugby francais, que ces strategies, generalement attribuees aux niveaux d’identification aux equipes, peuvent etre, egalement, dependantes des modes de structuration des groupes : soit de type « ultra » (caracterise principalement par une volonte d’autonomisation positive vis-a-vis des autres groupes du club, associe a des normes elitistes et competitives, en lien avec la supra categorie), soit de type « traditionnel » (sans revendication specifique de l’identite propre du groupe de supporters, par rapport aux autres groupes co-presents). Dans ce but, 176 supporters d’equipes du championnat francais Elite ont ete sollicites (87 supporters supposes ultras et 89 traditionnels). Le mode de structuration de ces groupes a ete analyse (phase 1) et, dans l’ensemble, confirme. Les resultats sur les strategies (phase 2)montrent que les supporters ultras admettent vouloir rentrer davantage en confrontation avec les supporters adverses (c’est-a-dire, blasting) et revendiquent davantage leur lien a l’equipe (c’est-a-dire, MATing), que les supporters traditionnels, quel que soit le resultat du match. De plus, la strategie de blasting est davantage utilisee par les ultras, suite aux defaites qu’aux victoires de leur equipe. Les limites et perspectives de ce travail exploratoire concluent cet article.

This research aims to show that the implementation of intergenerational salience at a social level can affect the work context, particularly in hospitals. Participants were 50 voluntary nurses (25 juniors, 25 seniors) working in French hospitals. RepMut Methodology, based on the theories of social categorization and self-categorization, highlights the mutual representations of group relations and allows measurement of the biases of perception and evaluation. The results support the idea that junior/senior self-categorization plays an important role in structuring work relations. Both groups express in-group homogeneity, but also contrast and values consistent with their social group membership. We discuss the benefit of differentiating the levels of analysis in order to acquire an understanding of diversity and its associated effects.

The work presented here is a research carried out into initiatives for returning the long-term unemployed to work. A small case group study based on international expertise in social categorization and communication was conducted in France. This analysis of “long-term unemployment” was done through the consequences for relationships with work with a view to suggesting a suitable remedial approach. The recommended socio psychological counseling is based on reconstructing the professional identity of the long-term unemployed person and implementing this before the return to a supported role that should serve as a springboard towards permanent employment. The results lead to extend this method to other social disabilities.

Prior work on the relationships between team identification and spectators' reactions to one's team victory has largely neglected the potential effects of mediating variables. In this research, we proposed that the process of Basking in Reflected Glory [BIRGing - the tendency to reduce the distance between oneself and one's team; Cialdini, R. B., Bordon, R. J., Thorne, A., Walker, M. R., Freeman, S., & Sloan, L. R. (1976). Basking in reflected glory: Three (football) field studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 34, 366-375] would lead spectators to almost take ownership of victories and share its benefits, thereby impacting their sense of national belonging in a positive manner. To this end, participants (N = 73) were asked to watch an edited video clip showing a victory of the French national rugby team playing against South Africa. As expected, results revealed that BIRGing mediated the relationship between team identification and one's sense of national belonging. In closing, a number of implications are discussed along with future research avenues pertaining to the sport spectatorship literature.

Este estudio da cuenta de las razones de los ciudadanos de África subsahariana francófona para establecerse en Europa y particularmente en Francia mediante la creación de un marco comprensivo innovador que vincula tres ejes temáticos: la motivación, las migraciones y África y sus relaciones con Europa. 155 participantes en ambos continentes respondieron a un cuestionario sobre su proyecto migratorio real o posible. Los resultados plantean un plano general de acercamiento a los imaginarios y la realidad de los migrantes en el contexto francés, marcado por la reflexión sobre la identidad nacional, los controles migratorios, un clima político reticente a la migración y un tejido social caracterizado por un creciente multiculturalismo.

The aim of this study was twofold: (a) to examine how parents perceive their involvement in their child’s sport activity and (b) to compare these perceptions according to the stage of the child’s sport participation. Using a qualitative design, 36 French parents of young tennis players were interviewed with a semistructured format. Transcriptions were analyzed by means of the propositional analysis of discourse, which permits, through the use of linguistic indicators, taking into account semantic and syntactic features. Results indicated that parents of noncompetitive tennis players talked negatively about their own (tangible) involvement and perceived tennis as a leisure-time activity, whereas parents of competitive players considered that both mother and father supported their child (through use of “we” pronouns used in discourses) in this activity.

Comment analyser les relations déviantes potentiellement violentes ou discriminatoires dans le spectacle sportif au stade? Since ten years, we are witnessing a globalization and diversification of the sport event consumption as well as stadiums dedicated to their event or retransmission. Social contexts associated with this consumption have also become places of constructions and expressions of identity that arise from belonging to groups more or less organized. Although, this situation is not unique, it seems to have assumed considerable proportions in some European countries and in some sports with the emergence of violence (symbolic, verbal, physical) and discrimination (area, race, gender). However, these emergence of deviance seem linked to fans called "traditional" (mainly football) and viewers of a new genre that does not necessarily move to the stadium to support and encourage a team. Faced with these changing phenomena of deviance, based on the work on hooliganism, we wish to propose an innovative framework to study relationships between groups of spectators who travel to these stadiums and can potentially lead to reactions violent or discriminatory. Deriving the communication situation model of Brown and Fraser (1979), this framework allows the study of deviant behaviors, so viewers who sign in a scene that has its frame: "the available spaces in stands", his time "playing time", its observers: "the media and security forces", its goals: "to entertain or support a team or an athlete" and its participants: "individuals or groups interact". This framework can also consider options for a more ethical and responsible consumption of sports entertainment.

The effects of racial categorization activation: an investigation in soccer academies The aim of this research is to test the effect of racial categorization activation on the sport satisfaction of newcomers' trainees of soccer academies. One hundred and four participants from four French soccer academies were enrolled - two with an unbalanced racial group composition and two with a balanced composition. Results show that in soccer academies with a balanced racial composition, the sports satisfaction of the black trainees remains relatively stable over time and it decreases among the white students, whereas the evolution of the scores for blacks and whites does not differ significantly in the unbalanced racial composition. The impact of the effects of racial categorization on the sport satisfaction of black and white trainees of soccer academies is discussed.

The object of this investigation was to clarify certain mechanisms of identity categorization by studying, from a sociohistorical and psychological perspective, two groups of soccer fans from the city of Marseille. Through this pluralistic social approach, a more precise differentiation of the types of identity construction for both groups was able to be determined. Each type is the product of identity crossbreeding, dependant on specific social, historical and psychological factors. The “Commando Ultra” (“CU”) group develops a conservative attitude in that its national culture becomes a reference criterion for ethnocentric fans. The fan group, “South Winners” (“SW”) develops a syncretistic attitude for regional fans who defend the multicultural identity of Marseille.

L’objectif de cette etude etait de faire emerger et comparer les representations sociales de l’activite physique et des fruits et legumes d’un echantillon de population de personnes jeunes, adultes et âgees. Quatre territoires « urbains » et « ruraux » ont ete choisis. 132 et 153 participants ont compose respectivement les echantillons « fruits et legumes » et « activite physique ». La technique de l’association verbale a ete utilisee et une analyse factorielle des correspondances a ete appliquee aux donnees. Les messages de prevention delivres dans le cadre du PNNS 2 ont ete integres par la population adulte. En revanche, on a constate que les jeunes avaient un faible niveau de conscience des benefices associes a la consommation de fruits et legumes. Cette etude souligne l’importance de mettre en œuvre des actions regulieres d’evaluation qualitative locale considerant les specificites de chaque groupe d’âge d’une population afin d’evaluer l’impact psychologique des campagnes de prevention.

Le but de cet article est d’explorer dans une perspective longitudinale l’incidence de la structuration de groupes a repartition « raciale » sur l’ajustement a l’environnement social de stagiaires de centres de formation de football francais. Quatre-vingt-un stagiaires, provenant de quatre centres de formation, ont participe a cette etude. La satisfaction des stagiaires, concernant leurs relations envers leurs pairs et leurs surveillants, et la satisfaction de ces derniers, concernant la capacite de chaque stagiaire a respecter les regles de vie en collectivite, a ete evaluee par questionnaire. Les resultats montrent que la satisfaction des stagiaires, Noirs ou Blancs, est plus importante lorsqu’ils evoluent dans un centre ou la repartition Noir/ Blanc est inegale plutot qu’egale. Par ailleurs, les surveillants evaluent moins positivement les comportements des stagiaires Noirs que ceux des stagiaires Blancs et ce d’autant plus s’ils evoluent dans un centre ou la repartition Noir/Blanc est egale. Ces resultats suggerent l’interet de considerer la theorie de la categorisation sociale afin d’expliquer le phenomene d’ajustement social des stagiaires de centre de formation de football francais.

This study examines the reliability and validity of a German version of the Multidimensional Inventory of Black Identity (MIBI) in a sample of 170 Black Germans. The internal consistencies of all subscales are at least moderate. The factorial structure of the MIBI, as assessed by principal component analysis, corresponds to a high degree to the supposed underlying dimensional structure. Construct validity was examined by analyzing (a) the intercorrelations of the MIBI subscales and (b) the correlations of the subscales with external variables. Predictive validity was assessed by analyzing the correlations of three MIBI subscales with the level of intra-racial contact. All but one prediction concerning the correlations of the subscales could be confirmed, suggesting high validity. No statistically significant negative association was observed between the Black nationalist and assimilationist ideology subscales. This result is discussed as a consequence of the specific social context Black Germans live in and is not considered to lower the MIBI’s validity. Observed differences in mean scores to earlier studies of African American racial identity are also discussed.

The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire to measure adjustment of teenagers at soccer training centers, particularly newcomers. The Soccer Trainee Adjustment Scale was adapted from the Institutional Integration Scale and assesses the trainee's adjustment to operating and social activities. The scale was tested on a sample of 136 trainees from four soccer centers. Exploratory analysis indicated that the 13 items formed five factors: peer adjustment, boarding supervisor adjustment, soccer adjustment, scholastic adjustment, and boarding adjustment. These factors had internal consistency reliability ranging from .76 to .94.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a personal goal-based intervention on school and football self-determination motivation and satisfaction of newcomers within football training centres. Twenty-three trainees were divided randomly into two groups, either a treatment group or a control group. The treatment proposed to the participants was the Personal Goal Management Program. Trainees’ school and football motivation and satisfaction were measured before, during and after the intervention. Results indicated a beneficial influence on football motivation and satisfaction, and overall trainee satisfaction. Methodological and applied suggestions are made to favour adjustment of newcomers within football training centre.

This study examines, in soccer fanzines, two identity-management strategies—basking in reflected glory (BIRGing) and blasting—of two groups of highly identified soccer fans with allegiance to the same team. Results show strong support for the BIRG phenomenon among both ultra fan groups but little evidence of the blasting phenomenon among either group. The implications of these findings are discussed in regard to social identity management among sports fans.

Cet article propose une etude des modes de gestion identitaire chez deux groupes de supporters ultras francais, les South Winners (SW) et le Commando Ultra (CU), qui soutiennent la meme equipe de Marseille. La Theorie de l'identite sociale et celle de l'auto categorisation constituent notre cadre d'analyse. Nous avons degage les caracteristiques socio-structurelles de statut, de legitimite et de stabilite des SW et du CU a partir d'informations socio-historiques. Quarante recits de matchs entre 1997 et 2003 diffuses dans les fanzines des deux groupes ont ete analyses a l'aide de la psychologie sociale du langage. Les resultats obtenus nous ont permis de mettre en evidence des strategies de management identitaire differents, de type « egocentrique » pour le CU caracterise principalement par une strategie de « comparaison avec le standard » et de type regionaliste pour les SW qui repose essentiellement sur une « recategorisation supra-ordonnee ».

International audience; Due to the works of Wann and colleagues, spectators' identification with teams has taken on a central role in the study of sports spectators' thought and behavior. However, no research in this area has measured identification with sports teams in the French context. Two studies attempted to develop a valid and reliable French version of the Sport Spectator Identification Scale (SSIS) developed by Wann and Branscombe in 1993 to measure team identification. In Study 1, 200 physical education students completed a French translation of the SSIS and several questions concerning their involvement, investment, and evaluation of the team's future performance. Results showed that the French translation of the SSIS is a reliable and one-dimensional instrument: strong relationships were found between identification with professional French teams and these variables. In Study 2, 143 physical education students completed the SSIS with a National sport team as the target team. Results confirmed the psychometric properties of the scale and indicated that persons who strongly identify with the National soccer team reported more involvement with the team and were more optimistic about future performances than persons low in identification.

International audience

L’objet de cet article est une etude de la representation sociale du sport. La recherche vise a comparer l’image du sport telle qu’elle est percue par deux groupes d’etudiants de premiere annee d’une universite francaise, notamment des etudiants en Sciences et Techniques des Activites Physiques et Sportives et des etudiants du Departement Gestion des Entreprises et des Administrations d’un Institut Universitaire de Technologie. Elle s’appuie sur des associations verbales a partir desquelles est realisee une analyse de similitude. Les resultats obtenus mettent en evidence que le noyau central de la representation pour ces deux populations est la competition, meme si la vision des etudiants presentant un degre plus fort d’implication vis-a-vis du sport s’oriente davantage vers les valeurs postmodernes de l’hedonisme.

Resume Le but de cette recherche est de mettre en evidence l’existence de plusieurs mecanismes de discrimination selon la cible visee. Plus precisement, une partition hierarchique ne devrait pas entrainer les memes effets qu’une partition oppositive ou qu’une partition communautaire. Concretement, les sujets devaient ecrire une lettre a un destinataire presume (de par son nom) etre issu de l’immigration, d’origine africaine ou membre de la communaute juive. L’analyse de discours fait, tout d’abord, apparaitre un effet « classique » de discrimination en introduisant un desequilibre au detriment de l’interlocuteur appartenant a un exogroupe, quel qu’il soit. Mais elle revele aussi, comme attendu, des distorsions particulieres pour chaque type de categorisation, puisque ce desequilibre porte sur le registre professionnel dans le premier cas, sur les relations interpersonnelles dans le deuxieme et sur les appartenances culturelles dans le troisieme.

The aim of this research is to develop a procedure for data collection within a social representations perspective that may be of use in diverse contexts in which investigators wish to understand and compare the norms and values associated with a particular social object in different social or cultural groups. The social representation of sport is studied in two culturally distinct countries, Morocco and France, with the use of an innovative procedure derived from the Model of Basic Cognitive Schemes (Rouquette, 1990, 1994b). The results reveal a difference in the appropriation of values related to sport in the two countries: the social representation of sport for the Moroccans is focused around hard work related to sport (the education, discipline, and training necessary to achieve competitive performance), whereas for the French, importance is also given to the recreational aspects of sport (sport for pleasure, as a leisure activity and as a way to relax). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Cette recherche vise, par la comparaison de deux populations relevant de pays differents du point de vue de leur developpement socio-economique, a mettre en evidence comment la representation sociale, supportee par un sous-groupe dans chacune de ces societes, joue un role de filtre face aux evolutions impulsees par les dynamiques macro-sociales. A partir de l’analyse de l’implantation du sport au Maroc et en France ainsi que des ideologies qui lui sont associees, nous avons pu schematiser le contexte social et ideologique a travers les notions de sport moderne/post-moderne, de maniere a verifier la relation entre ces effets de contexte et les representations sociales des sous groupes etudies, a savoir des etudiants sportifs des deux pays. Une analyse de representation est menee a partir d’une tâche d’associations verbales. Les resultats permettent de souligner la prise en compte, dans les deux pays, des valeurs modernes et post-modernes, meme s’il apparait des specificites interpretees en termes d’appropriation differente des valeurs.

En s'appuyant sur la theorie des points de vue developpee par MacLaury pour les couleurs, les As. examinent les processus categoriels en jeu dans les representations sociales associees aux differents noms utilises pour designer les immigres maghrebins de France

This study focuses on culturally endorsed implicit theories of leadership (CLTs). Although cross-cultural research emphasizes that different cultural groups likely have different conceptions of what leadership should entail, a controversial position is argued here: namely that attributes associated with charismatic/transformational leadership will be universally endorsed as contributing to outstanding leadership. This hypothesis was tested in 62 cultures as part of the Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness (GLOBE) Research Program. Universally endorsed leader attributes, as well as attributes that are universally seen as impediments to outstanding leadership and culturally contingent attributes are presented here. The results support the hypothesis that specific aspects of charismatic/transformational leadership are strongly and universally endorsed across cultures.

espanolEl objetivo de este estudio es identificar la logica detras de una serie de metodos estadisticos utilizados para revelar la estructura de las representaciones sociales. Se solicito a un numero de sujetos (n = 317) responder a la pregunta siguiente: �Para cada categoria de europeo, por favor indique con que otros europeos le gustaria tener contacto�. Los resultados de los analisis de similitud nos llevan a la conclusion de que existe un sesgo etnocentrico, y revelan el factor central de la representacion. La representacion obtenida por el analisis factorial de correspondencias se parece mas a la realidad actual y nos permite entender las divisiones que han estructurado Europa y permanecen incorporadas en los sujetos. Por lo tanto, la eleccion del metodo analitico no es meramente anecdotica, puesto que las representaciones obtenidas a partir de los mismos datos pueden variar enormemente. EnglishThe aim of this study is to identify the logic behind a range of statistical methods used to reveal the structure of social representations. Subjects (N = 317) were asked to answer the following question: �For each category of European person, please indicate which other European he would most like to have contact with�. The results of the similarity analysis lead us to the conclusion that there is an ethnocentric bias, and reveal the central factor of the representation. The representation obtained by factorial correspondence analysis seems closer to current reality and enables us to understand the divisions that have structured Europe and remained embedded in the subjects. Thus, the choice of analytical method is not merely anecdotal, given that representations obtained from the same data can vary immensely.

International audience; The goal of this study is to examine if hosting major sporting events represents a relevant strategy to brand a place ‘internationally’ through brand association transfer and to identify whether or not it should be seen as co-branding process. Based on social representation theory and an abductive research strategy, a survey was carried out among British citizens to identify their opinions about the Olympic Games and the city of Beijing following the organisation of the Games in August 2008. The content and the structure of the social representations were analysed and then compared to determine whether or not a double transfer of associations occurred between the place and the sporting event. The analysis concludes that although there was a transfer of elements from the sporting event to the place, few clearly positive elements were transferred and several negative associations remain. The results do not explicitly corroborate the transfer of associations from the place to the sporting event. The paper confirms the value of sporting events in place branding strategies but highlights some limitations such as the transfer of negative elements and the lack of media control. It also highlights the importance of the place selection process to protect the sporting brand.

The aim of this paper is to carry out a survey and comparative analysis of social representations of physical activity and fruit and vegetables in a sample of young, adult and elderly subjects. Four "urban" areas and four "rural" areas were selected for the purposes of the investigation. The samples used to assess social representations of fruit and vegetables and physical activity included 132 and 153 participants respectively. Verbal association was used and a factorial correspondence analysis was applied to the data. The prevention messages delivered as part of the second national program of nutrition and health were integrated by adult participants. A very limited awareness of the benefits of eating fruit and vegetable was observed in the young population. This study underlines the importance of implementing regular measures for the purposes of qualitative local evaluations that consider the specific characteristics of every age group in order to assess the psychological impact of prevention campaigns.

The aim of this exploratory research was to refine the relationship between ingroup identification and three classical identity-management strategies: individual mobility, social competition and social creativity. More specifically, in the particular context of sport spectators’ reactions to their team loss, we tested the moderating role of gender in differentiating the use of CORFing (distancing) strategy and the mediating role of negative mood in differentiating the use of social competition and social creativity strategies. To this end, 173 French physical education students were asked to watch an edited video clip about a defeat of the French national rugby union team. As expected, and consistent with past research, results first showed that the amount of team identification is a reliable determinant of the participants’ choice of an identity management strategy. Highly identified spectators were more associated with engaging themselves in ingroup-protective behaviors (i.e., blasting and boosting) than spectators low in team identification who, in contrast, privileged distancing strategies (i.e., CORFing). Moreover, results revealed that participant’s gender moderates the link between ingroup identification and CORFing strategy, and that negative mood mediates the ingroup identification—blasting strategy relationship. Theoretical implications of these moderating and mediating effects are then discussed.

La presente etude compare la perception de l’environnement social de jeunes joueurs de tennis, dans leur activite sportive, selon leur niveau de pratique (annees d’echantillonnage et annees de specialisation) et, plus precisement, la place des parents, dans ce paysage social. Les travaux anterieurs sur la famille ayant montre, d’une part, le role non negligeable des parents, au cours de chacune des etapes de la longue periode de formation de l’athlete, vers le haut niveau (regle des 10 ans de pratique deliberee) (Bloom, 1985 ; Cote, 1999 ; Ericsson, Krampe et Tesch-Romer, 1993) et, d’autre part, l’influence des comportements parentaux sur certaines variables psychologiques (stress, plaisir, motivation, anxiete) et comportementales de l’enfant (persistance/abandon, performance), il etait suppose que les parents occuperaient une place importante dans l’environnement social du joueur et, d’autant plus, si ce dernier evolue en annees de specialisation. Les donnees ont ete recueillies aupres de 102 jeunes joueurs de tennis, a l’aide d’une methode d’association verbale libre permettant une spontaneite des reponses. Les resultats ne semblent pas corroborer les etudes anterieures mettant en evidence une place reculee des parents, par rapport a d’autres membres tels que les champions, les entraineurs et les partenaires de jeu.

International audience; The aim of this study was to identify an accurate tool to enable fitness club managers to discover those opinions or stereotypes which represent obstacles to joining their organisations. Starting with brand image, the analysis then considered social representations as relevant constructs for apprehending these opinions or prejudices. The use of a word association task and the model of basic cognitive schemes (Rouquette, 1990; 1994) provided access to the salient elements of the social representations of a particular sport brand and the way they are structured. The procedure combining these two stages represented a diagnostic tool for identifying the attractive and unattractive aspects of a French fitness club brand, which enabled the proposal of advice to the manager in terms of strategic and operational marketing orientations for recruiting new members.

International audience; This study concerns discrimination bias in relations between work groups. As new developments in categorisation theory have shown, several factors modulate the effects of inter-group categorisation. Among these, status is viewed as introducing conflict between groups. We studied the impact of this factor in a work situation where status was not linked to power, choosing a firm in which relations between groups were conflict provoking. Three work groups within the same mobile phone firm were selected on the basis of their status : the ''Hard'' group, considered as high status in relation to the low status ''Administration'' group, and the ''Production'' group with an intermediary position. Thirty-five participants completed a questionnaire evaluating staff members (seven chosen at random from each group) by giving a score (from 0 to 10) for ability, intelligence and sociability. The results confirm the statutory position of each group : ''Hard'' has the highest status, ''Administration'' the lowest, and ''Production'' an intermediate status relatively close to the production group. The results also confirm the existence of a discrimination bias and show different strategies linked to status. The high status group discriminate against the lower groups through an outgroup de-favouritism'' bias in order to maintain their dominant position, while the lower groups seek to improve their social standing through an ''in-group favouritism'' bias or even an ''out-group favouritism''

This paper reports the findings of a 12-nation study designed to test empirically the relationships between societal cultural values, individual social beliefs, and the perceived effectiveness of different influence strategies. The relationships between three types of broad influence strategy (persuasive, assertive, and relationship based) and four dimensions of individual beliefs (cynicism, fate control, reward for application, and religiosity) were examined. Three of Project GLOBE's cultural values (in-group collectivism, uncertainty avoidance, and future orientation) were selected to investigate their direct effects on the rated effectiveness of influence strategies, and their possible interaction with dimensions of individual beliefs. Results showed that different dimensions of individual social beliefs predict the perceived effectiveness of the three types of influence strategy, and that cultural values can moderate the strength of the relationship between these dimensions of individual social beliefs and the perceived effectiveness of influence strategies. Journal of International Business Studies (2004) 35, 284–305. doi:10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400090

International audience

International audience

Resume A partir de la theorie du stacking, cette recherche vise a questionner les processus de discrimination mis en œuvre (couleur de peau et genre) en sport. Plus precisement, les deux etudes proposees montrent l’existence de biais de placement des joueurs, au basketball et au football. La premiere etude met en evidence une surrepresentation des basketteurs noirs aux postes non centraux et une surrepresentation des basketteurs blancs aux postes centraux (racial stacking). La deuxieme etude met en evidence une surrepresentation des footballeuses aux postes non centraux et une surrepresentation des footballeurs aux postes centraux (gender stacking). Les processus sont discutes en termes de strategies identitaires au regard du contexte que constitue le sport considere, des appartenances mobilisees, des partitions sociales activees.

Este estudio da cuenta de las razones de los ciudadanos de África subsahariana francófona para establecerse en Europa y particularmente en Francia mediante la creación de un marco comprensivo innovador que vincula tres ejes temáticos: la motivación, las migraciones y África y sus relaciones con Europa. 155 participantes en ambos continentes respondieron a un cuestionario sobre su proyecto migratorio real o posible. Los resultados plantean un plano general de acercamiento a los imaginarios y la realidad de los migrantes en el contexto francés, marcado por la reflexión sobre la identidad nacional, los controles migratorios, un clima político reticente a la migración y un tejido social caracterizado por un creciente multiculturalismo. Palabras clave: Migración, Motivación, África, Europa