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Diabetes mellitus is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia causing mitochondrial dysfunction and kidney iron overload has been observed during diabetes. We evaluated the effects of an iron-restricted diet (IRD) on mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial iron levels in the kidneys of Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes. IRD ameliorated mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetic rats by restoring mitochondrial respiration and respiratory complex activity, improving oxidative stress and glutathione status in kidney mitochondria. We also observed mitochondrial iron overload. Our data suggest that elevated iron levels were attenuated by IRD, resulting in modulation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function in the kidney.

Abnormalities in lipid metabolism, associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), frequently occur in people with diabetes. Eryngium carlinae is a plant used in traditional medicin...

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a heterogeneous set of multifactorial pathogenesis syndrome where the common nexus is metabolic disorder, mainly chronic hyperglycemia and alterations in lipid and protein metabolism. The effects of DM, include long-term damage, dysfunction, and failure of various organs. It especially affects eyes, kidneys, muscle, nerves, heart, and blood vessels. The primary goal of diabetes treatment is the prevention of macrovascular complications (e.g., myocardial infarction, heart failure, and ischemic stroke) as well as the microvascular complications (e.g., retinopathy, neuropathy, and nephropathy). Abnormalities in mitochondrial function are common in the pathophysiology of diabetes that include modifications in the redox state and oxidative and nitrosative stress, as well dysregulation of mitochondrial complex activities. Oxidative stress is a factor that contributes to the development of complications in diabetes; however, its effects can be counteracted using exogenous antioxidants that are found in some plants, which is why people turn to traditional medicines in the search for therapeutic treatment. Identification of major compounds in extracts of medicinal plants can contribute to ameliorate hyperglycemia and oxidative stress due to exacerbated mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes. The growing need to find alternatives for the treatment of diabetes justifies the study of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine. In this study, we aimed to review information related to possible treatments with bioactive compounds from medicinal plants on diabetes that affect several organs, including liver, heart, brain, muscle, and kidney with exacerbated oxidative stress originated mainly in mitochondria.

Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias y Forestales. Instituto de Investigaciones sobre los Recursos Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas. Facultad de Biología. Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Facultad de Químico Farmacobiología. Programa Institucional de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas Gestational diabetes (GD) is a temporary alteration of glucose metabolism during pregnancy characterized by glucose intolerance that after delivery can disappear or progress to type 2 diabetes. 16% of births worldwide are affected by some type of hyperglycemia in pregnancy, of which 84% correspond to gestational diabetes. Gestational diabetes affects the health of mother and her offspring who receive the elevated glucose level. Any disruption in the intrauterine milieu can affect the health of the offspring during adult life through “fetal programming”, an effect that can affect the offspring of several generations. Children of mothers with gestational diabetes exhibit learning disruptions in school age and in adulthood enhance the risk to develop diabetes or metabolic syndrome, as well as neurological disorders. Exposure to gestational diabetes produces oxidative stress in various organs in their offspring, oxidative stress has been implicated in both metabolic diseases and neurodegenerative disorders. Therefore, the aim of this work was determinate the short and long-term effect of gestational diabetes on cognitive performance and oxidative stress of hippocampus and cerebral cortex of first- and second-generation male and female offspring. Gestational diabetes was induced by a single dose of streptozotocin in mid-gestation, the first-generation offspring (F1) were obtained, then F1 females were mated with control males to obtain second generation offspring (F2). We use two-month-old rats (young) and six-month-old rats (adult) male and female offspring of first and second generation. We evaluated anxiety like behavior, spatial learning and short-term memory, later the rats were sacrificed by decapitation and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined in hippocampus and cerebral cortex, as well as metabolic markers in serum. La diabetes gestacional (DG) es una alteración del metabolismo de la glucosa durante el embarazo. Cualquier alteración en el medio intrauterino puede repercutir en la salud de la descendencia durante la vida adulta mediante la “programación fetal”, efecto que puede afectar a la descendencia de varias generaciones. Los hijos de madres con diabetes gestacional presentan problemas de aprendizaje en edad escolar y en la edad adulta una mayor predisposición para desarrollar diabetes o síndrome metabólico, así como alteraciones neurológicas. La exposición a la diabetes gestacional produce en su descendencia estrés oxidante en diversos órganos, el cual ha sido implicado tanto en enfermedades metabólicas como en alteraciones neurodegenerativas. Por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el efecto de la diabetes gestacional sobre el desempeño cognoscitivo y el estrés oxidante del hipocampo y corteza cerebral de la descendencia de machos y hembras en edad juvenil y adulta. La diabetes gestacional se indujo mediante una dosis única de estreptozotocina (38mg/kg de peso) a la mitad de la gestación y se obtuvo a la descendencia de primera generación (F1). Hembras F1 fueron apareadas con machos control para obtener a la descendencia de segunda generación (F2). Se utilizaron machos y hembras de 2 (jóvenes) y 6 meses (adultos) de edad de primera y segunda generación. Se evaluó la conducta de ansiedad, el aprendizaje espacial y la memoria a corto plazo. Posteriormente, las ratas fueron sacrificadas por decapitación y se determinaron biomarcadores de estrés oxidante en el hipocampo y la corteza cerebral, así como marcadores metabólicos en suero sanguíneo.

Gestational diabetes (GD) has been linked with an increased risk of developing metabolic disorders and behavioral abnormalities in the offspring. Oxidative stress is strongly associated with neurodegeneration and cognitive disruption. In the offspring brains in a GD experimental rat model, increased oxidative stress in the prenatal and postnatal stages was reported. However, long-term alterations to offspring behavior and oxidative stress, caused by changes in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of GD on young and adult male and female rat offspring in metabolic parameters, cognitive behavior, and oxidative stress. GD was induced using streptozotocin in dams. Next, the offspring were evaluated at two and six months of age. Anxiety-like behavior was evaluated using the elevated plus maze and open field maze, spatial learning and short-term memory were evaluated using the Morris water maze and radial maze, respectively. We determined oxidative stress biomarkers (reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation and glutathione status) and antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase and catalase) in the brain of offspring. We observed that male GD offspring showed a reduced level of anxiety at both ages as they spent less time in the closed arms of the elevated plus maze at adult age ((P = 0.019, d = 1.083 ( size effect)) and spent more time in the open area of an open field (P = 0.0412, d = 0.743) when young and adult age (P = 0.018, d = 0.65). Adult female GD offspring showed a reduced level of anxiety (P = 0.036, d = 0.966), and young female GD offspring showed a deficiency in spatial learning (P = 0.0291 vs. control, d = 3.207). Adult male GD offspring showed a deficiency in short-term memory (P = 0.017, d = 1.795). We found an increase in ROS and lipid peroxidation, a disruption in the glutathione status, and decreased activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase (P &lt, 0.05 vs. control, d &gt, 1.0), in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of male and female GD offspring. GD altered metabolism, male offspring of both ages and adult females showed a high level of triglycerides and a lower level of high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (P &lt, 1.0). Young and adult female offspring displayed higher insulin levels (P &lt, 0.05, d &gt, 1.0). These results suggest that gestational diabetes modifies oxidative stress and cognitive behavior in an age- and sex-dependent manner.

Gestational diabetes (GD) has a negative impact on neurodevelopment, resulting in cognitive and neurological deficiencies. Oxidative stress (OS) has been reported in the brain of the first-generation offspring of GD rats. OS has been strongly associated with neurodegenerative diseases. In this work, we determined the effect of GD on the cognitive behavior, oxidative stress and metabolism of second-generation offspring. GD was induced with streptozotocin (STZ) in pregnant rats to obtain first-generation offspring (F1), next female F1 rats were mated with control males to obtain second-generation offspring (F2). Two and six-month-old F2 males and females were employed. Anxious-type behavior, spatial learning and spatial working memory were evaluated. In cerebral cortex and hippocampus, the oxidative stress and serum biochemical parameters were measured. Male F2 GD offspring presented the highest level of anxiety-type behavior, whilst females had the lowest level of anxiety-type behavior at juvenile age. In short-term memory, adult females presented deficiencies. The offspring F2 GD females presented modifications in oxidative stress biomarkers in the cerebral cortex as lipid-peroxidation, oxidized glutathione and catalase activity. We also observed metabolic disturbances, particularly in the lipid and insulin levels of male and female F2 GD offspring. Our results suggest a transgenerational effect of GD on metabolism, anxiety-like behavior, and spatial working memory.

In the present study, we investigated the composition and antioxidant activity of the hexanic extract of Eryngium carlinae inflorescences by employing in vitro assays to measure antioxidant capacity and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity. We also applied the hexanic extract to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, under hydrogen peroxide-induced stress. Finally, we tested the extract in male Wistar rats with and without streptozotocin-induced diabetes. The compounds in the hexanic extract were analyzed by gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry, which revealed mainly terpenes and sesquiterpenes, including (Z)&beta, farnesene (38.79%), &beta, pinene (17.53%), calamene (13.3%), and &alpha, farnesene (10.38%). In vitro and in S. cerevisiae, the extract possessed antioxidant activity at different concentrations, compared to ascorbic acid (positive control). In normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats, oral administration of 30 mg/kg of the extract reduced blood glucose levels, lipid peroxidation in liver, kidney and brain, protein carbonylation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It also increased catalase activity in the brain, kidneys and liver. These findings show that this hexanic extract of E. carlinae inflorescences possessed antioxidant properties.

Metabolic diseases have increased considerably such as diabetes mellitus (DM). Since diabetes is a systemic disease, it implies high cardiovascular risks. It has been widely established that cardiac injury is related to mitochondrial dysfunction through increment of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Synthetic antioxidants can have important side effects; therefore natural sources may represent a better option. Traditional Mexican medicine has been using Eryngium carlinae (EC) for medical treatment. Also our group showed that hexanic extract possesses in vitro antioxidant capacity. Experimental diabetes in Wistar rats was generated by streptozotocin (STZ) and hexanic extract of EC was supplied for 7 weeks (30 mg/kg). Cholesterol, triacylglycerides, glucose, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) levels were determined in serum. Mitochondria from left ventricle were used in the quantification of TBARS, reduced glutathione, nitric oxide (NO) levels and activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme was performed. Biochemical parameters of glucose and triacylglycerides, as well as TBARS levels in serum show a significant reduction in diabetic group supplied with EC hexanic extract. Thus, we can conclude that the EC hexanic extract possesses antioxidant activity in vitro, and in vivo, by reducing glucose and triacylglycerides levels during hyperglycemia, which may eventually reduce the risk of developing diabetic cardiomyopathy.