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Dental implant utilization has emerged as a contemporary strategy for rectifying dental arch anomalies. However, the effective management of potential complications is paramount. Peri-implantitis, characterized by inflammation and bone resorption around dental implants, resembles periodontitis but specifically affects implant sites. Restoring lost peri-implant tissues poses a multifaceted challenge, with bioprinting methods showing promise as a viable solution. Three-dimensional bioprinting represents a forefront advancement in tissue engineering, traditionally focusing on scaffolds, cells, and signaling pathways. This systematic review aims to aggregate and synthesize data concerning bioprinting’s application in peri-implantitis treatment. Adhering to PRISMA guidelines, the review conducted an extensive literature search across PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. Importantly, the search timeframe was not limited, reflecting the scarcity of available information on the subject. Bioprinting advancements offer auspicious avenues for refining treatment modalities, prompting clinicians to explore optimal solutions for establishing ideal anatomical conditions. In essence, this systematic review underscores 3D bioprinting’s potential in peri-implantitis management, highlighting its pivotal role in contemporary dental medicine and its capacity to reshape clinical approaches toward achieving optimal outcomes.

Provisional fixed partial dentures represent a critical phase in dental treatment, necessitating heightened mechanical durability, particularly in comprehensive and extended treatment plans. Strengthening these structures with various reinforcing materials offers a method to enhance their resilience. Utilizing a three-point testing methodology on standardized trial specimens allows for a comparative assessment of various materials and reinforcement techniques for pre-prosthetic applications. This study aims to validate and assess the significance of integrating different reinforcing materials into standardized test bodies. The study focuses on test specimens comprising three types of unreinforced laboratory and clinical polymers for provisional constructions (n = 6)—heat-cured PMMA (Superpont C+B, Spofa Dental, Czech Republic), CAD-CAM prefabricated PMMA (DD temp MED, Dental Direkt, Germany), CAD-CAM printing resin (Temporary CB Resin, FormLabs, USA), self-polymerizing PEMA (DENTALON plus, Kulzer, Germany), light-polymerizing composite (Revotek LC, GC, Japan), and dual-polymerizing composite (TempSpan, Pentron, USA). Additionally, laboratory polymers are evaluated in groups with five types of reinforcing filaments (n = 15)—Glass Fiber (Fiber Splint One-Layer, Polydentia, Switzerland), Polyethylene thread (Ribbond Regular 4.0 mm, Ribbond Inc., USA), triple-stranded chrome-cobalt wire for splinting 015″ (Leone S.p.a., Italy), Aesthetic ligature wire 012″ (Leone S.p.a., Italy), and Glass Fiber coated with light-cured composite 8.5 × 0.2 mm (Interlig, Angelus, Brazil). Analysis of the data using Generalized Linear Models (GLMs) reveals that the experimental bodies, produced via the subtractive digital method using PMMA (DD temp MED, Dental Direkt GmbH, Germany) as the polymer and glass filaments as the reinforcement, exhibit superior mechanical properties, particularly when pre-wetted with Interlig liquid composite (Angelus, Brazil).

Purpose: Based on a historical review of the development of "dental grills" to critically analyze and conduct a survey on patient's view on "dental grills" about the medico-biological indicators - functional, aesthetic and preventive. Material/Methods: A web search on related keywords was conducted, and the articles related to the phenomenon were analyzed. A direct survey was conducted, with a questionnaire containing 7 questions. Results: We found a serious historical and cultural background of dental decorations on front teeth in the literature. For the first time in Bulgaria, a pilot survey was conducted among patients to assess the various medical and biological indicators in the application of dental decorations (grillz). The majority of patients (77.8%) that participated in the study were aware of the "grillz" phenomenon. Attitudes are rather negative towards their qualities in relation to the three medico-biological indicators - functional, preventive and aesthetic. The same applies to the social appropriation of people wearing these decorations. Conclusion: Decorations on front teeth have a profound history in many cultures and also contemporary manifestations but have not been sufficiently studied. Among dental patients in Bulgaria, attitudes are rather negative towards their qualities in relation to the three medico-biological indicators - functional, aesthetic and preventive.

Introduction: Since the beginning of the last century until today, resilient resins have been used for the lining of partial and complete dentures with the aim to achieve more uniform distribution of masticatory pressure and to reduce the trauma of mucous membranes. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge and use of resilient denture lining materials (RDLMs) in clinical practice. Material and methods: The study was conducted among dental practitioners and dental technicians in 2016. A direct survey method was used, with a questionnaire containing 11 questions. Results: Over half (53.4%, n = 133) of the respondents do not use RDLMs in their practice. In the cases of retentive prosthetic field or prosthetic field with advanced atrophy, the respondents focus mainly on the surgical preparation of the prosthetic field and recommend the use of RDLMsif there are exostosis-related pain symptoms (≈41%, n = 103) or painful neurogenic points (≈ 44%, n = 105). One-third of the respondents prefer the use of long-term RDLMs, and 73% prefer to apply the indirect lining technique. Conclusion: The various types of RDLMs and their characteristics are well-known by the dental practitioners and dental technicians but rarely used, due to a number of unresolved related issues, such as ungluing of the resilient material from the denture base, appearance of an unpleasant odor, change in the color or texture of the material, etc. In our study, dental practitioners and dental technicians use RDLMsfor complete denture lining mainly in clinical cases with presented pain symptoms.

Clinical cases of excessive bone resorption, presented thin, non-pliable mucosa, exostosis or painful neurogenic points require more specific methods for treatment with removable dentures. Specialized scientific literature discusses various materials and technologies for solving these problems. The use of resilient lining materials (RLMs) for partial and complete dentures is a possible solution if there are clear clinical indications and appropriate selection of the type of material. The purpose of this review is to provide and analyze up-to-date literature data on the use of resilient materials for partial and complete denture lining. Material and Methods: An electronic search in PubMed, Google, EBSCOhost and Science Direct databases was conducted from January to December 2019. Results: Resilient lining materials have a variety of applications. They can be used in complete and all types of partial edentation, i.e. Classes I, II, IV and VI by Kennedy - Popov. The indications for use are different for the two RLMs groups, i.e. temporary (short-term) and permanent (long-term) lining materials. A number of authors have identified them as materials for the limited application. They consider that their use is justified only in the case of the severely atrophied alveolar ridge, in obturators and epitheses. Conclusion: Resilient lining needs to be considered and planned in advance. It should not be used to compensate for errors in denture design. Appropriate selection of a material for the particular clinical case is of crucial importance.

One of the main issues with complete dentures is their retention and stability while functioning. People would like to eat with their dentures on in a high-quality way, without having the feeling of the presence of a foreign body in their oral cavity. Another serious problem is the patients’ discomfort when they are fitted with new complete dentures and the impeded adaptation to them. On the Bulgarian and world markets, there are a lot of products aimed at eliminating these problems. Some of them are denture adhesives, also called gules or denture fixatives. There is a widely spread opinion they help only in case the dentures are often disconnected and are poorly wrought, but both a large part of the patients and some dental, medical doctors are not well acquainted with the advantages and shortcomings of denture adhesives; the indications and contraindications to their application. In Bulgaria, the most widely adopted denture adhesives are Corega, Protefix, Dental, Oradey, etc.

Setting the Problem: In the available literature, the preparation of the removable denture for the relining procedure is subjective. It is not possible to ensure a uniform thickness of the relining material in all zones, with the risk of unwanted alteration of the previously determined registrations – occlusal plane, occlusal vertical dimension and interocclusal relationship. Purpose: The basic purpose of this article is to propose a clinically and laboratory tested method for relining complete dentures with a uniform layer of elastic material and preserving of all clinicаlly determined registrations. Materials and Method: To create a space and ensure a uniform layer of elastic relining material, a vacuum shaped polypropylene space maintainer is fabricated. This clinical approach is illustrated by presenting a selected clinical case with retentive maxillary tuberosities and severe mandibular bone atrophy. Results and Discussion: The fabrication of a space maintainer for indirect relining of complete dentures with cold-curing silicones ensures a uniform layer of elastic relining material. The space maintainer is positioned in place during all clinical and laboratory steps, preserving in this way the clinically determined registrations – occlusal plane level, occlusal vertical dimension and intermaxillary relations. Conclusions: The proposed clinical and laboratory method for relining complete dentures with cold-curing silicones is rational and effective. The space-maintainer secures a uniform layer of relining material, even distribution of masticatory pressure to the mucosal-bone biologic base and protects the denture against fracturing.

Restoration of damaged deciduous teeth with the methods of prosthetic dental medicine represents a scientific interest. The various types of crown constructions have the relevant indications, methodologies and achieve different outcomes with respect to the three medical-biological requirements. The aim of this review is to present and analyze current literature data on the advantages and disadvantages of crown restorations in childhood. Materials and methods: From January 2018 to April 2019, an electronic search was conducted in PubMed, Google and Lilac databases. Results: Crown restorations demonstrate an excellent prophylactic effect in cases of secondary caries and orthodontic deformities, improve masticatory and phonetic functions and children’s aesthetic appearance. Almost all constructions are characterized by excellent mechanical properties and low degree of abrasion relative to natural deciduous teeth. Disadvantages are related to the possibility of gingival inflammation, unacceptable colour of metal crowns, the need for tooth preparation and hard tissue loss, and extended working time. Conclusions: Prosthetic crown restorations of primary teeth demonstrate high functional and prophylactic value and improve the aesthetic parameters of dentition.

The fixed prosthetic treatment is a method with proven high efficiency in recovering of the three medio-biological indicators. The purpose of the study is to investigate the use of laboratory crowns in children, in the daily practice of dentists in Bulgaria. Material and methods: A source of information is a specially designed questionnaire. 767 dentists from all over the country are subjected to the research. The results are statistically processed using the methods of variation, comparison and correlation analysis. Results: Dental practitioners aged 45-59 apply the laboratory crowns in childhood more often in their practice, with the largest share are those with speciality in general dentistry and in paediatric dentistry. Preferred materials for the construction of the crowns are ceramics, metal and resin. Conclusion: There is a necessity to promote the indications, methods, means, advantages and disadvantages of prosthetic treatment with laboratory-made crown constructions in childhood.

For patients with removable dentures, requiring uniform distribution of masticatory forces, the use of elastic relining materials is indicated. They are classified with respect to various characteristics: chemical composition, technology, polymerisation process, final hardness – Shore A, etc. Two basic relining methods have been described in the scientific literature – direct (clinical), and indirect (laboratory). The combination of a laboratory method and a clinical procedure is named direct-indirect method. Direct and direct-indirect techniques are used for cold curing relining materials, while indirect techniques are used for heat curing elastic relining materials. The good knowledge of the types, techniques, processing and basic characteristics of elastic relining materials is an important factor for predictable results in the prosthetic treatment with removable dentures.

In patients suffering from craniomandibular dysfunctions, early diagnosis of the problems and recognition of the signs and symptoms of functional pathology is of particular importance for duly managing and restoring these abnormalities to the physiological norm, thus ensuring the functional health of the masticatory system. Because of the specific location and nature of these abnormalities, the diagnosis is frequently difficult, and additional diagnostic imaging methods are required. The aim of this review is to analyze and present the latest scientific evidence on the use of ultrasound diagnosis of the temporomandibular joint in patients with craniomandibular dysfunctions. Material and methods: An electronic search by keywords was performed in PubMed, Google and Lilac databases from September 2018 to March 2019. The collected data were subject to critical analysis. Results: The basic principles of application, various methods and techniques, advantages and disadvantages and the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in the evaluation of joint-jaw relationships were examined. The relevant parameters for determining the norm and the various pathologies were presented. Conclusion: Ultrasonography is a non-invasive, reliable, effective and easy-to-use method for diagnostic imaging of temporomandibular disorders in the dental office.

Aim: The aim of the research is to make an analysis of the most often FDM-Sofia students’ errors in the partial dentures fabrication process. Materials and methods: A number of 155 partial dentures were analysed after the practical exam of the 2nd year FDM-Sofia students. Some of the basic fabrication errors were analysed such as; proper resin polymerization, finishing and polishing process, denture borders shaping, interdental spaces, teeth setup, clasps and major connector profile. Results: The results from the research revealed significant theoretic and practical errors, due to inadequate training process of the students. We found a necessity to introduce a problem-based education in the PPDM training process. Conclusion: The contemporary education in prosthetic dental medicine, should lead the students into understanding the frames of problem-based education.

Adequate and balanced import of essential nutrients is of particular importance for the developing child's organism. The purpose of the present study was to examine the intake of main macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fats) from the daily diets of children aged 3 - 15 years. Material and methods: Subjects of the study were 45 children at the average age of 7 ± 2.73 years. Based on children and parents’ data, 24-hour dietary registers were obtained for all studied children. The data on received food and fluids from the registers were analyzed, and the daily energy intake values (E%) of proteins, carbohydrates and fats were derived. Results: For all studied children, mean values of protein intake of 15.8 ± 3.5 E%, fat intake of 38.1 ± 7.5 E% and carbohydrate intake of 49.5 ± 7.31 E% were found. Conclusion: The study results show that protein and carbohydrate intake values are consistent with the physiological norms for the age, while the fat intake values are above the recommended in our young patients.

The defects of the dental arches, which are the result of various genetic diseases, traumas, multiple and early childhood caries can significantly impair speech, chewing function, aesthetics and normal development of orofacial structures. In such cases, different types of removable prosthetic treatments allow recovering the three medico-biological indicators and support the correct physical and mental development of the child. The purpose of this study is to present the current scientific data on the use of the removable prosthetic treatment in children. The survey is conducted from December 2017 to February 2018. A total of 330 literary sources found by keywords are subjected to critical analysis. The results show that in children aged 3 to 14, which suffer from total or partial edentulism, prosthetic treatments are conducted with total dentures, partial dentures with bent or plastic hooks or with tooth supported overdentures. Plastic primary or permanent teeth are used following the routine clinical stages, and the constructions are continuously modified according to age-related physiological and anatomical requirements. Conclusion: Removable prosthetic treatments in children provide an opportunity for full masticatory and speech function and improves the quality of life of the kids.

Fixed prosthetic treatment in children is indicated in cases with caries and his complications, genetic aetiology, etc. when extensively destructed tooth structures cannot be completely restored with the methods of conservative dentistry. In these cases, prosthetic treatment is planned and performed following certain requirements, with respect to age and the occurring growth changes. The aim of this study is to analyse and summarize the scientific data on the use of fixed prosthetic treatments in children. Materials and methods: An online keyword database search was performed in PubMed, Google, Lilac, Yandex, eLibrary.ru from December 2017 to February 2018. Results: Modern scientific studies have documented high functional and aesthetic results in cases of prosthetic treatments on implants, mini-implants in children aged 3 to 17 with the presence of partial or total edentulism. Practice proven method for restoring severely injured primary teeth is the different types of performed stainless steel crowns (conventional, pre-veneered, open-face stainless steel crowns) and aesthetic performed crowns (polycarbonate, zirconium crowns). Conclusion: The recovering of the masticatory and speech function and normal appearance is of particular importance for the growth of the jaws and facial bones, the general physical development, the psyho-emotional state and the social adaptation of the children.

Introduction: There are many factors that have an influence on the nutritional status of older people, but the significance of nutrition for the quality of life is indisputable. Complete tooth loss affects and changes nutritional habits, which poses important questions about the intake of energy and macronutrients in subjects with complete dentures. The aim of this study was to make a comparative analysis of the energy and macronutrient intake in subjects with complete dentures, based on the Bulgarian recommendations for the physiological needs. Materials and methods: An individual questionnaire was used to collect the primary information, covering the following areas: demographic, co-morbid and 3-day dietary intake registered data, as well as a dental examination to confirm the total tooth loss. The investigation was conducted between March and April 2017 in Sofia and Varna. The study included 28 subjects, aged 47 to 89 years. Statistical data processing was performed with the SPSS software for Windows 15.0. Results: The average daily energy intake levels were by about 200 kcal higher than the reference needs for the male subjects with low physical activity, aged over 60 years and close to the recommended for the female subjects. For both sexes, protein intake levels corresponding to the reference, but at the expense of animal proteins (>60%); low carbohydrate intake levels (

Ultrasonography is a safe and non-invasive method of imaging organs and structures of the human body. The resulting images are detailed, easily reproducible and received in real time. The aim of this review is to investigate and present the diagnostic capabilities of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of m. masseter in norm and pathology. Survey material is the data from 21 literary sources, selected from 110, found by keywords from January to April 2017. The material of the review is based on the scientific data for ultrasonic imaging of normal anatomy of m. masseter and common pathologies such as: hypertrophy, bruxism, traumas, hemangiomas, cysticercosis, etc. In conclusion, the high diagnostic value of ultrasonography of m. masseter is confirmed in both conditions - norm and pathology. The method is considered safe, easy and effective, which can be of great benefit to the dentists, especially in the case of a difficult diagnosis.

The objective of the authors is to analyse the results of students in their second year of study in Dental Medicine in regards to their fixed partial dentures (FPD) education. Material and Methods: The article is based on an analysis of the work of94 students in second year in the Faculty of dental medicine Sofia (56 females, 38 males), who were rated using a test and practical work marks during the submission of the FPD’s that they fabricated during the 4th semester practices. Results: The analysis indicates that only 2% of the students that were assessed with a mark “average 3” or “good 4” have found up to four correct answers in their tests. The percentage of students who’s practical work was assessed with marks “very good 5” or “excellent 6” and gave five or more correct answers to the test is 83%. With 15% of the student, a major discrepancy between their theoretical knowledge and practical results was noticed. Conclusion: Further researches are needed regarding the introduction in the educational program in Introduction of Prosthetic Dentistry in the Faculty of Dental Medicine of brief test examination in the specific topics.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a non-invasive diagnostic method which can provide detailed images of organs and structures of the human body. The purpose of this review is to explore and introduce the diagnostic capabilities of MRI in imaging m. masseter in conditions of norm and pathology. The material of the review is information of 20 literary sources selected from 530, found by keywordsfromJanuary to April 2017. The information about MRI imaging of the normal anatomy of m. masseter and the most common findings in muscle - muscle hypertrophy, inflammatory changes, vascular malformations, intramuscular hemangioma, cysticercosis and changes after radiotherapy was analyzed. In conclusion, the diagnostic capabilities of MRI of masseter muscle – both in the conditions of norm and pathology were confirmed. The method is considered to be reliable, objective, non-invasive and accurate.

Background: The scientific interest in dominant Candida species colonizing the surface of conventional and double-layer dentures (D-LCDs) is still topical. Numerous studies are comparing fungal colonization in both types of removable dentures. Aim: Performing a comparative analysis of the colonization of Candida spp. on the dentures surfaces of the conventional (CCDs) and the double-layer dentures (soft-lined) complete dentures (D-LCDs) over six months, placing them under the same intraoral in vivo conditions. Methods: For isolating Candida spp., specimens were obtained from inner denture surfaces using two sterile swabs, one for the upper complete denture (n=28) and one for the lower complete denture (n=28). The culture-based Candida detection method with CHROM agar was used to identify Candida species. Results: In the third month after dentures delivery C. Albicans is the predominant Candida spp. found on both types of complete dentures surface and isolated in 46 % of the patients with conventional complete dentures and 43 % with double-layer dentures (p>0.05). In the sixth month of the finished prosthetic treatment, combinations of C. Albicans and non-albicans Candida, predominantly C. Tropicalis, C. Glabrata and C. Parapsilosis, were found in 43 % of D-LCDs and 45 % of CCDs (p>0.05). Conclusion: There was no difference in colonization based on the different materials used for denture fabrication. However, there is a significant proportional change for all studied Candida spp. over the period (3-6 months after delivery), irrespective of the denture material used.