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The article considers the botanical characteristics of plants of the cruciferous family, the most important representative of which is the Sarepta mustard. Its origin and botanical characteristics are given, its biology and range, economic significance, use in folk medicine, as well as contraindications are considered. Useful and harmful properties of the finished product are described. Identifying features and storage conditions are given, and brief information on the state of the market is provided.

The article aims at identifying current problems of the commodity experts training, their demand in the labor market and determining ways to solve these problems. A man analyzed 3-5-year data on the admission, graduation and employment of bachelor graduates in the field of commodity science in three universities: the Russian University of Economics named after Georgiy V. Plekhanov (RUE, Moscow), Ural State University of Economics (USUE, Ekaterinburg), Oryol State University named after Ivan S. Turgenev (OSU, Oryol). As a result, there is a tendency to the student number reduction in the Commodity Science training program. The authors determined the reasons for this fall. The actual modern problems of commodity training program development are: 1) low demand on the commodity experts in the labor market despite the increase in the share of counterfeit, including low quality, and fake goods in trade; 2) discrepancy of the training program 38.03.07 “Сommodity Science”, included in the extended group of economic sciences, to the technological features run by commodity experts, and expert expertise functions of the expert organizations; 3) incompliance of the higher-educational training program “Commodity Science” to the entitle of science degree 05.18.15 “Technology and Commodity Science of Food Products of Functional and Specialized Purpose and Public Catering”; 4) difference between the entitle of higher-educational training program 38.03.07 “Commodity Science” and secondary-educational training program 38.02.05 “Commodity Science and Quality Expertise of Consumer Goods” that does not meet the requ§irements the higher education and secondary vocational education, and also violates the principle of education continuity during the transition from the lowest education level to the highest; 5) absence of a science degree on commodity non-food products that may soon lead to the shortage of lecturer with advanced degrees in this specialty; 6) decline in the classroom share, including laboratory and practical classes, which shortage cannot be filled by self-study of educational and scientific literature; 7) failure of innovative approaches introduction o the modernization of the educational information content in the commodity research cycle disciplines, as well as related disciplines and methods of teaching; 8) lack of professional standards in the specialty “Сommodity Science.” The researchers outlined and justified ways of solving these problems.

Ungefähr 10 Prozent der Reif- und Frühgeborenen brauchen direkt nach der Geburt im Kreißsaal eine Unterstützung ihrer Atmung (Sawyer et al., 2017, Singhal et al., 2001). Laut der European Resuscitation Guidelines von 2015 soll der Atemantrieb zunächst durch das Abtrocknen der Neugeborenen und die damit verbundene Stimulation initiiert werden. Bei nicht einsetzender Eigenatmung oder Persistenz der Herzfrequenz unter 100/Minute wird eine Atemunterstützung empfohlen (Sawyer et al., 2017). Am weitesten verbreitet sind hierfür runde Beatmungsmasken (Goel et al., 2015). Die Maskenbeatmung ist z.T. ineffektiv und es können Leckagen bis 50 % auftreten (Schmolzer et al., 2010, Cheung et al., 2015), was möglicherweise auf die fehlendene Passgenauigkeit der Beatmungsmasken zurückzuführen ist. Die kleinste Beatmungsmaske vieler Marken ist für viele Frühgeborene zu groß (O'Shea et al., 2016). Die Anwendung der 3D-Technik bringt einen großen Fortschritt für die milimetergenaue Darstellung der Gesichtsmorphologie, denn durch diese nicht-invasive Methode können genaueste Informationen über die Gesichtsformen erfasst werden (Weinberg et al., 2006, Nord et al., 2015) . Unser Ziel war das Etablieren von Referenzwerten von Gesichtsmaßen und die Untersuchung der Passgenauigkeit herkömmlicher Beatmungsmasken (Durchmesser 50/60 mm) für späte Früh-und Reifgeborene. Zusätzlich wollten wir untersuchen, ob die 3D-Fotometrie der 2D-Fotometrie überlegen ist. Dafür fertigten wir bei 102 Früh- und Reifgeborenen mit Geburt nach im Mittel 38 Schwangerschaftswochen (Standardabweichung (SA) 2,3) 2D- und 3D- Aufnahmen des Gesichts an. Der zur Beurteilung der Passgenauigkeit von Beatmungsmasken relevante Abstand ist der zwischen der Nasenwurzel (Nasion) und Kinnende (Gnathion) und stellt den Durchmesser dar, den Beatmungsmasken maximal haben dürfen, um nicht über das Kinn hinaus zu ragen und Luft entweichen zu lassen. Der Abstand, der uns zusätzlich interessierte, war der zwischen Nasion und Pogonion (dem prominentesten Punkt am Kinn). Damit eine suffiziente Maskenbeatmung erfolgt, sollte der Beatmungsmaskenrand genau auf diesen Punkten aufliegen. Er liess sich jedoch nur auf 3D-Bildern bestimmen. Der Grund dafür war, dass die 2D-Fotos keine Darstellung der Topografie ermöglichen. 3D-Bilder erschienen somit präziser und für die Beurteilung der Passgenauigkeit besser geeignet als 2D-Bilder. Der für die Wahl der passenden Maskengröße relevante Abstand zwischen Nasion und Gnathion betrug in unserer Probandengruppe auf den 3D-Bildern im Mittel 49,9 mm (SA 4,1) und stieg dabei von 46,8 mm (SA 4) mit 34 SSW auf 53,7 mm (SA 4,3) mit 41 SSW an. Zudem zeigte sich eine positive Korrelation zwischen dem Gestationsalter und diesem Abstand (r=0,6, p

The article considers network traffic as an aggregation of information flows from typical information objects, which can be apartment buildings, student campuses, office centers, sports and entertainment facilities of general use, etc. The study showed that the amount of information transferred by the TCP protocol significantly exceeds (by orders of magnitude) the amount of information transferred by the UDP protocol, which illustrates the average daily traffic graph of the amount of information transferred by the TCP and UDP protocols. Methods of traffic analysis are considered, the most significant characteristics of traffic are determined.

The paper features the condition of domestic and foreign markets of nonalcoholic beverages. The authors investigate the physiological value of soft drinks not only as products that satisfy the water requirements but also as a source of biologically active agents. The research defines segments and subsegments of the soft drinks market. The article introduces the data on the industrial and trade product range (2010–2016). The authors give various reasons of decrease in the demand for particular types of production (tonics), enumerate the main market leaders, describe the regional structure of production in various Federal districts, and analyze statistical data on volumes of domestic production and import of soft drinks. They also define the problems and the perspectives of the market of soft drinks.

The first synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists (SCRAs) were designed as tool compounds to study the endocannabinoid system’s two predominant cannabinoid receptors, CB1R and CB2R. Unfortunately, novel SCRAs now represent the most rapidly proliferating novel psychoactive substances (NPS) of abuse globally. Unlike ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the CB1R and CB2R partial agonist and the intoxicating constituent of Cannabis, many SCRAs characterized to date are full agonists of CB1R. Gaining additional insight into the pharmacological activity of these SCRAs is critical to assess and regulate NPSs as they enter the marketplace. The purpose of this study was to assess select SCRAs recently identified by Canadian police, border service agency, private companies and the illicit market as potential CB1R and CB2R agonists. To this end, fifteen SCRAs were screened for in vitro activity and in silico interactions at CB1R and CB2R. Several SCRAs were identified as being highly biased for cAMP inhibition or βarrestin2 recruitment and receptor subtype selectivity between CB1R and CB2R. The indazole ring and halogen-substituted butyl or pentyl moieties were identified as two structural features that may direct βarrestin2 bias. Two highly-biased SCRAs—JWH-018 2′-napthyl-N-(3-methylbutyl) isomer (biased toward cAMP inhibition) and 4-fluoro MDMB-BINACA (biased toward βarrestin2 recruitment) displayed unique and differential in vivo activity in mice. These data provide initial insight into the correlations between structure, signalling bias, and in vivo activity of the SCRAs.

A new vortex model of a helicopter rotor with an infinite number of blades is proposed, based on Shaidakov’s linear disk theory for calculating inductive speeds at any point in space in the helicopter area. It is proposed to consider the helicopter rotor and the behind vortex column as a system of discrete vortex cylinders. This allows building a matrix of the influence of the vortex system under consideration on any set of points, for example, the calculated points on the rotor itself, on the tail rotor, etc. The model allows calculating inductive velocities at any point near the helicopter using matrix multiplication operation. It is shown that the classical results for the momentum theory remain constant even in the discrete simulation of the helicopter rotor vortex system. The structure of the air flow behind the rotor and the simulation results obtained by the proposed method is compared with the structure of the tip vortices and the results of the blade vortex theory. In addition, the experimental data were compared with the simulation results to verify the correctness of the model under real operating conditions by the helicopter trimming.

Background As the number of deaths exceeds 100,000, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has now become the third leading cause of death in the United States. In severe cases, the virus acts through a surge of immune modulators causing multi-organ damage and failure. The hypothesis that new onset HFrEF contributing to higher mortality and morbidity in patients with COVID-19 has yet to be tested. Methods We extracted transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) reports of all COVID-19 patients (confirmed by serology) from 4 hospitals within the Steward Healthcare System done between 3/22-4/24 of patients with no known heart failure who developed signs and symptoms of clinical heart failure that prompted imaging with TTE and found to have HFrEF (EF ≤40%). Age and gender matched patients with COVID19 with normal ejection fraction and no wall motion abnormalities formed the control arm. Results We identified 171 patients with TTE done between 3/22-4/24. Of these, 30 patients developed new onset heart failure during their hospitalization with an EF ≤ 40%. Two thirds of the patients with HFrEF (66.7%) required hospitalization more than 7 days versus 33.3% in patients with normal EF. More than half of the heart failure patient cohort (53%) required ICU level of care compared to 40% in patients with normal EF. During their stay in the ICU, 58% of the patients with EF < 40 % required intubation and mechanical ventilation as opposed to 37% in patients with normal EF, and 53% required vasopressor support to maintain adequate mean arterial pressures (MAPs) > 65, compared to 43% in the group with EF > 60% . In-hospital mortality was 63% in the HFrEF group and 43% in patients with normal EF. Conclusion Patients with COVID-19 who developed HFrEF during hospitalization had worse outcomes and a higher mortality when compared to COVID-19 patients with normal EF.

The article considers the condition of sources of fish, seafood and products of their processing on the Russian fish market. It analyses the data on fish production, shellfish and other biological resources for the period 2010–2016 and presents justification for the revealed dependences of fish volume production as well as the structure of fishery of various fish. The research features the data on sales volumes in retail trade of fish goods and the structure of their range. The analysis of data on volumes of the foreign trade market of Russia shows that the export of fish, seafood and products of their processing has increased by six percent and import was reduced by nine percent. Due to this fact the share of domestic fish production has reached 83 %, which exceeds the norms established by the Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation. The paper also describes the current problems of the Russian fish market and offers solutions and the prospects for its development.

The textbook discusses the basic concepts, objectives, types, criteria, features and methods of identification, as well as means and methods of detection of falsification, and these issues are considered in General theoretical aspects and homogeneous groups of goods. Meets the requirements of the Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. It is intended for students of higher education of bachelor level in the directions "commodity science" and "trade business", specialty in the specialty "Customs business", and also for students of secondary professional education in the specialties "commodity science and examination of consumer goods" and " Commerce (by branches)". It is also useful for practitioners of production and trade organizations, as well as control bodies.

Maria Nikolaeva's paper takes Ibn Shuhayd's treatise as a sample of original Andalusian literature in the 10 th — 11 th centuries and attempts to explain some peculiarities in the genesis and the early development of this literary tradition. In addition, this study allows to rethink a number of points concerning medieval Muslim literary tradition: as they were discussed in lectures given Professor Kiktev at the Institute of Asian and African Studies of the Moscow Lomonosov University.

Abstract. TV news are essentially cultural phenomena. Previous research suggests that the often-overlooked formal and implicit characteristics of newscasts may be systematically related to culture-specific characteristics. Investigating these characteristics by means of a frame-by-frame content analysis is identified as a particularly promising methodological approach. To examine the relationship between culture and selected formal characteristics of newscasts, we present an explorative study that compares material from the USA, the Arab world, and Germany. Results indicate that there are many significant differences, some of which are in line with expectations derived from cultural specifics. Specifically, we argue that the number of persons presented as well as the context in which they are presented can be interpreted as indicators of Individualism/Collectivism. The conclusions underline the validity of the chosen methodological approach, but also demonstrate the need for more comprehensive and theory-driven category schemes.

In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Inszenierung von politischer Macht im Kulturvergleich zwischen den amerikanischen, deutschen und arabischen Nachrichten untersucht. In einer umfassenden Analyse wurden Studien auf makro- und mikroanalytische Ebene konstruiert, um die mediale Darstellung sowohl in der Struktur als auch in der Wirkung zu analysieren. Die erste Studie wurde makroanalytisch und zweistufig konstruiert, um Differenzen in impliziten und formalen Charakteristiken zwischen den Fernsehnachrichten aufzudecken. In Verbindung mit theoretischen Überlegungen wurde zuerst eine explorative Pilotstudie durchgeführt. Darauf folgend wurde die gleiche Methode angewandt, um mit einem umfassenderen Kategoriesystem die theoriegeleitete Hypothesen zu testen. Es wurde ein Schwerpunkt auf die Personalisierung von Nachrichten und insbesondere auf die Inszenierung von politischen Machtträgern gesetzt. Die Hypothesen konnten teilweise bestätigt werden. Die Kulturen unterschieden sich in Fokus und Umgebung der Personen, die in den Nachrichten gezeigt wurden. Die meist inszenierten Akteure waren in allen drei Ländern Politiker. Die amerikanischen Nachrichten zeigten in der kommunikativen Umgebung eines Politikers mehr Einzelpersonen, die meistens durch andere Politiker oder Soldaten repräsentiert wurden. Die arabischen Nachrichten zeigten hingegen Politiker umgeben von Gruppen, die meistens durch Privatpersonen, Bürger oder auch Soldaten repräsentiert wurden. In Deutschland wurden die Politiker in die Umgebung von Journalisten und Demonstranten gebracht. Die zweite Studie wurde konstruiert, um Differenzen in Wirkung und Verhalten (Rezeption und Produktion) von einheimischen politischen Machtträgern in amerikanischen, deutschen und arabischen Nachrichten zu untersuchen. Es wurde ein Schwerpunkt auf die mediale Aufbereitung der Persondarstellung im Bild gesetzt. Durch den Face-ism-Index wurde die Kopfabbildungsgröße eines Politikers erhoben. Die Stichprobe der politischen Stimuli bestand aus den mächtigsten einheimischen Politikern pro Kultur. Analysen wurden auf allen drei Stufen durchgeführt: 1) parametrische Face-ism -Messungen; 2) Rezeption und Produktion der medialen Inszenierung und 3) nonverbales Verhalten. Die Hypothesen konnten teilweise bestätigt werden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten keinen signifikanten Unterschied in der medientechnischen Aufbereitung der Kopfabbildungsgröße zwischen den Kulturen. Unterschiede wurden jedoch in der Wirkung unterschiedlicher Face-ism-Indizes gefunden: Politiker mit einer größeren Gesichtsprominenz wurden dominanter, aber unsympathischer und unkompetenter, als körperbetonte Politiker wahrgenommen. Bezüglich der Bewertung und Wahrnehmung von Kultur wurden ebenfalls Differenzen sichtbar. Den amerikanischen Politikern wurde die meiste Dominanz zugeschrieben, die deutschen Politiker wurden am sympathischsten bewertet und die arabischen Politiker am kompetentesten wahrgenommen. Eindeutig wurden individualistische und kollektivistische Kulturwerte den einzelnen Politikern zugeschrieben. Amerikanischen Politikern wurde einstimmig die höchste Individualismusausprägung und die niedrigsten Kollektivismusausprägung zugeschrieben. Arabischen Politikern hingegen wurden die meisten kollektivistischen und die wenigsten individualistischen Werte zugeschrieben. Deutsche Politiker wurden auf beide Skalen eher im mittleren Bereich eingestuft. Abschließend zeigten die Analysen der Produktion von nonverbalem Verhalten, dass sich die Politiker objektiv nicht signifikant in der nonverbalen Aktivität, Expansivität und Bewegungskomplexität voneinander unterschieden haben. Die Ergebnisse wurden zusammengefasst und vor dem Hintergrund theoretischer Überlegungen und empirischer Umsetzung kritisch diskutiert.

This article addresses methodological issues in the description and evaluation of nonverbal behavior (NVB) in cross-cultural studies. Videos containing cultural samples of NVB are of little use when analyzing the effects of NVB across cultures. Since video recordings confuse visible behavior with the physical appearances of the actors, they are likely to activate stereotypes derived from hints about an actor’s culture and ethnicity that override the effects of the observed NVB. As a solution for this problem, we suggest here a unified computerized method for the transcription and experimental simulation of NVB. This approach makes use of advanced 3-D animation tools to generate detailed protocols of NVB that can be used to generate culture-free stimulus materials using standardized virtual characters.

In studies designed to evaluate the therapeutic window for treatment of traumatic brain injury, the caspase 3 inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk improved neurologic function and reduced lesion volumes when administered at 1 but not at 4, 8, or 24 hours after injury. Moreover, neither caspase 3 nor PARP, a caspase 3 substrate, were cleaved in injured, untreated cortex from 1 to 72 hours after injury. Few cortical neurons expressed active caspase 3 or were TUNEL positive from 6 to 24 hours after injury, and TUNEL staining was primarily Type I (necrotic). Nissl staining revealed extensive neuronal necrosis in the injured cortex from 6 to 24 hours after impact. Considered together, these data suggested that z-DEVD-fmk may reduce neuronal necrosis, so we used an in vitro model of necrotic cell death induced by maitotoxin to test this further and explore the potential mechanism(s) involved. Z-DEVD-fmk (1 nM-100 μM) significantly attenuated maitotoxin induced neuronal cell death and markedly reduced expression of the 145 kD calpain-mediated α-spectrin breakdown product after maitotoxin injury. Neither the 120 kD caspase-mediated α-spectrin cleavage product nor cathepsin B were expressed after maitotoxin injury. In a cell free assay, z-DEVD-fmk reduced hydrolysis of casein by purified calpain I. Finally, z-DEVD-fmk reduced expression of the 145 kD calpain-mediated α-spectrin cleavage fragment after traumatic brain injury in vivo. These data suggest that neuroprotection by z-DEVD-fmk may, in part, reflect inhibition of calpain-related necrotic cell death.

Caspase-3 is a cysteine protease that is strongly implicated in neuronal apoptosis. Activation of caspase-3 may be induced by at least two major initiator pathways: a caspase-8-mediated pathway activated through cell surface death receptors (extrinsic pathway), and a caspase-9-mediated pathway activated by signals from the mitochondria that lead to formation of an apoptosomal complex (intrinsic pathway). In the present studies, we compare the activation of caspases-3, -8, and -9 after lateral fluid-percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. Immunoblot analysis identified cleaved forms of caspases-3 and -9, but not caspase-8, at 1, 12, and 48 h after injury. Immunocytochemistry specific for cleaved caspases-3 and -9 revealed their expression primarily in neurons. These caspases were also frequently localized in TUNEL-positive cells, some of which demonstrated morphological features of apoptosis. However, caspases-3 and -9 were also found in neurons that were not TUNEL-positive, and other TUNEL-positive cells did not show activated caspases. In contrast to caspases-3 or -9, caspase-8 expression was only minimally changed by injury. An increase in expression of this caspase was undetectable by immunoblotting methods, and appeared as positive immunostaining restricted to a few cells within the injured cortex. Treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor z-VAD-fmk at 15 min after TBI improved performance on motor and spatial learning tests. These data suggest that several caspases may be involved in the pathophysiology of TBI and that pan-caspase inhibition strategies may improve neurological outcomes.

C-reactive protein (CRP) is a plasma acute-phase protein, normally not found in the brain. Previous studies have demonstrated the presence of CRP in the senile plaques of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, the presence of CRP-like immunoreactivity in AD neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) was demonstrated following pre-treatment of tissue sections with formic acid. CRP-like immunoreactivity was observed in both extracellular and intracellular NFT and was co-localized with the NFT marker PHF-1 and the amyloid P component (AP). The CRP-like immunoreactive NFT were less numerous and more limited in their distribution than PHF-1 or AP-immunoreactive NFT. The present results further support an involvement of inflammatory processes in the etiology of AD.