Search

Naturalistic observations show that animals pre-empt danger by moving to locations that increase their success in avoiding future threats. To test this in humans, we created a spatial margin of safety (MOS) decision task that quantifies pre-emptive avoidance by measuring the distance subjects place themselves to safety when facing different threats whose attack locations vary in predictability. Behavioral results show that human participants place themselves closer to safe locations when facing threats that attack in spatial locations with more outliers. Using both univariate and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) on fMRI data collected during a 2 h session on participants of both sexes, we demonstrate a dissociable role for the vmPFC in MOS-related decision-making. MVPA results revealed that the posterior vmPFC encoded for more unpredictable threats with univariate analyses showing a functional coupling with the amygdala and hippocampus. Conversely, the anterior vmPFC was more active for the more predictable attacks and showed coupling with the striatum. Our findings converge in showing that during pre-emptive danger, the anterior vmPFC may provide a safety signal, possibly via foreseeable outcomes, while the posterior vmPFC drives unpredictable danger signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aviation industry is currently developing rapidly. The Avionics rack is one of the most important parts of an aircraft which functions to place various electronic devices to support the aircraft during flight. As explained in CASR 25 point 25.561, of course, the avionics rack itself is specially designed so that the rack structure can withstand various flight conditions, one of which is when the aircraft experiences an emergency landing. Emergency landings that are generally experienced by aircraft will experience a G-Force of 9G forward, 6G downward, 3G upward, 3G sideward, and 1.5G rearward. This research aims to measure how strong the structure and materials used are to support the devices stored on the avionics rack. Through the Finite Element Analysis method using software, hand calculations in calculating the Margin of Safety, as well as shear force analysis and bending moment diagrams, results can be obtained that the analysis carried out on the identified structure is declared safe if something crucial occurs such as an emergency landing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Avionics rack is one of the most important parts of an aircraft that serves to place various electronic devices to support the aircraft during its flight. Certainly, the avionics rack itself is specifically designed so that the structure of the rack is able to withstand various flight conditions, one of which is when the aircraft experiences an emergency landing. The research aims to measure how strong the structure and materials used in supporting the devices stored on the avionics rack. Through the Finite Element Analysis method using software and hand calculation in calculating the Margin of Safety, it was found that the analysis carried out on the identified structure was declared safe in the event of crucial things such as emergency landing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most sustainable and cost-effective approach to enhance river water quality is by actively managing its self-purification. This study's aim is to explore potential management scenarios for enhancing the river's self-purification capacity. The QUAL2Kw model was used to simulate the water quality and self-purification capacity in Dez River in Iran. The model was calibrated and validated using recorded data of three monitoring stations along the river. Five parameters, namely DO, BOD, COD, NO3-N, and NH4-N were calculated and compared with field data. The Margin of Safety was presented and added to the value of each parameter for better water management and protection. Sensitivity analysis was conducted to identify the most influential parameters in water quality simulation for Dez River. The study presented and compared the self-purification capacity across six proposed scenarios for managing water quality. The results showed that the oxidation rate, nitrification rate, and denitrification rate were the most influential parameters in simulating water quality using QUAL2Kw. Among the scenarios considered, the fourth scenario, which included urban and industrial sewage point sources as diffuse sources, exhibited the highest level of self-purification, estimated at 2,246,170.01 kg/day. In all scenarios, the self-purification capacity for COD exceeded that of other parameters along the river, with the highest COD self-purification reaching approximately 167,034.9 kg/day.

Many flame retardants (FRs) are brominated, and many of them are considered toxic, persistent and/or bio accumulative. A switch to non-halogenated alternatives for textile finishing is considered beneficial, but there is little knowledge about their environmental impact, their health risks during the production process and those in their final use. A conventional and an alternative FR (based on dialkyl phosphono carboxylic acid amine and ammonium sulfamate; urea and organophosphonate PO(OH)2-R-PO(OH)2, respectively) were applied to cotton fabrics that could be in touch with the skin in their final use. Burning and thermal behaviors and dermal toxicity when exposed to skin rubbing are evaluated. Fabrics treated show that both FR products act as FRs. The increase in the thermal stability of the tissue that causes an increase in the decomposition temperature is a relevant effect associated with the application of the conventional FR in the tissue, while the most important effect of the alternative FR lies in the increase of the residue at 600°C, associated with the generation of fewer volatiles, which has an impact on the intensity of combustion. The study of the dermal toxic potential of FR-treated cotton bed sheets showed that the two tested products do not penetrate into the skin when applied under the conditions used and were safe when in contact with the skin. Moreover, the alternative FR seems to be safer when in contact with the skin considering also its higher concentration in the textile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This study aimed to determine the levels of heavy metal(loid)s in local and imported cosmetics purchased from the Kejetia market and to conduct their health risk assessment. Seven (7) metal(loid)s (Pb, Cd, As, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Hg) were analyzed in twenty-one (21) cosmetic samples. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used in this study. Some of the metal(loid)s in imported cosmetic samples were higher than those found in local cosmetic samples. However, there was no significant difference between the concentrations of the metal(loid)s in both local and imported cosmetic samples. The margin of safety (MoS) values for all the metal(loid)s in the cosmetics sample were below the WHO standard of 100. The HQ and HI values for almost all the metal(loid)s in the cosmetic samples were greater than their permissible limit of 1, suggesting that there may be health risks associated with using cosmetic samples for the sensitive sub-population. On the other hand, carcinogenic risk (CR) for Cr and As in local and imported cream and lotion were all higher than the tolerance levels. Moreover, from the results, the Pb, Cd, and Hg concentrations were higher than the acceptable permissible limits set by the various regulatory bodies. Cosmetic manufacturing industries are encouraged to adhere to the permissible limits set by regulators. We admonish the regulatory agencies to unforce regulations on permissible limits of heavy metals in cosmetics

This study aimed to mathematically characterize the ultimate compression tolerance (UCT) as a function of spinal joint posture, loading variation, and loading duration. One hundred and fourteen porcine cervical spinal units were tested. Spinal units were randomly assigned to subthreshold cyclic loading groups that differed by joint posture (neutral, flexed), peak loading variation (10%, 20%, 40%), and loading duration (1000, 3000, 5000 cycles). After the assigned conditioning test, UCT testing was -performed. Force and actuator position were sampled at 100 Hz. A three--dimensional relationship between UCT, loading variation, and loading duration was most accurately characterized by a second order polynomial surface (R2 = 0.644, RMSE = 1.246 kN). However, distinct UCT responses were observed for flexed and neutral postures. A single second-order polynomial most accurately characterized the UCT – loading duration relationship (R2 = 0.905, RMSE = 0.718 kN) for flexed postures. For neutral joint postures, separate second-order polynomial equations were developed to characterize the UCT – loading duration relationship for each variation group (R2 = 0.618–0.906, RMSE = 0.617 kN–0.746 kN). These findings suggest that UCT responses are influenced by joint posture and these data may be used to inform ergonomic tools for the assessment of low back injury risk during occupational lifting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study on cost modeling at Walchandnagar Industries Ltd. delves into the critical aspects of cost analysis and modeling within the context of this esteemed industrial organization. Cost modeling plays a pivotal role in a company's strategic decision-making process, and this research aims to shed light on the methodologies, practices, and insights applied by Walchandnagar Industries Ltd. in managing its costs. This comprehensive analysis involves an exploration of the fundamental principles of cost modeling, encompassing both traditional and contemporary approaches. It examines how the company allocates and tracks costs across its various departments and operations, highlighting the intricacies of cost allocation methodologies employed. Through a blend of qualitative and quantitative analyses, the study offers insights into the impact of cost modeling on the company's financial performance, competitiveness, and overall sustainability. It assesses the outcomes of cost modeling initiatives and their alignment with the organization's broader objectives. Ultimately, this study not only provides a comprehensive overview of cost modeling practices at Walchandnagar Industries Ltd. but also offers valuable lessons and best practices that can be applied in diverse industrial settings. It underscores the importance of cost modeling as a strategic tool for enhancing efficiency, profitability, and competitiveness in today's dynamic business environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This case allows students to apply managerial accounting knowledge in a practical, real-world setting. Integrating both financial and nonfinancial considerations, students are charged with making a recommendation to the Garcias, the owners of a family-owned and operated car wash (Crossroads), who are forced to make a difficult decision between a financially secure retirement or continuing to operate the business that supports their children and at-risk employees. This case can be used as is or modified for use in undergraduate/graduate managerial accounting courses and is intended to challenge students (1) to use managerial accounting knowledge and concepts to identify issues and relevant costs, (2) to understand the challenges and risks associated with selling a family-owned business, (3) to apply managerial accounting skills to the decision-making process, and (4) to analyze, synthesize, and evaluate financial and nonfinancial considerations to make a recommendation on selling or continuing to operate a family-owned small business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A complex mixture of organic pollutants (EOPs) enters the environment, which has potential impacts on aquatic life and human health.This cross-sectional study investigated dermal and inhalation exposure to the pesticides imidacloprid and dichlorvos and evaluated the health risk in cucumber greenhouses applicators in the Amzajerdagriculturalarea, Hamadan Province, western Iran. A patch method and a personal air sampler with XAD-2 absorbent were used to measure potential exposure. In mixing and loading, dermal exposure on the hands was 1.15 mg for imidacloprid and 2.27 mg for dichlorvos. During the application of imidacloprid and dichlorvos, total dermal exposure was 8.49 and 16.21 mg, respectively. The calculated absorbable quantities of exposure (AQE) during mixing/loading were 0.0017 mg/day for imidacloprid and 0.0054 mg/day for dichlorvos, whereas AQE during application were 0.159 and 0.437 mg/day, respectively. The arms were the most contaminated anatomical regions of the applicators. The potential inhalation exposure contributed to <7% of the total exposure for both pesticides. For risk assessment, the margin of safety (MOS) was calculated. The MOS for imidacloprid was higher than 1, indicating that the possible risk associated with imidacloprid was low, whereas the MOS for dichlorvos was <1, which indicates a potential risk to the human body that merits concern from policy makers in pest management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Although there are at least seven manufacturers producing left-sided double-lumen tubes (DLTs), there have been few reports comparing the segments of these DLTs. In this study, we compared various segments of left-sided DLTs further. Materials and methods We examined five manufacturers’ left-sided DLTs: Mallinckrodt, Portex, Rüsch, Sheridan, and Daiken-medical. We conducted the following six trials or measurements, and three supplemental trials or measurements: First, we tried to pass various sizes of steel balls down each lumen in order from the smallest (3 mm) to largest (4.5 mm). If the ball passed on the first attempt, we tried just once; otherwise, we made a second attempt. Second, we measured the external diameter of tracheal and bronchial cuff using a profile projector. Third, we measured the length of the cuff and tip of the bronchial segment of the tubes using the profile projector. Fourth, we measured various lengths of the tubes. Fifth, we measured the external diameter of both lumens and the tubules for tracheal and bronchial cuff inflation. Finally, we measured various cross-sectional areas including the tracheal lumen, bronchial lumen, and tubules for cuff inflation. We also conducted three supplemental studies. First, we measured air volume in the cuff when intracuff pressure equaled 2 or 3 kPa. Second, we defined the configuration of the tracheal and bronchial cuffs. Third, we defined the presence or absence of bevels and also measured the angle of the bevels using the profile projector. Results We performed nine trials and measurements and found large disparities between each manufacturer’s tubes. Conclusions The large disparities found between the measurements of the five manufacturers’ tubes may be due to different lots or changes in specifications made by each manufacturer. We found tubes exhibiting lower quality, such as deformations, and non-universal and inconsistent sizing, in the comparison of the manufacturers’ tubes. Practitioners should be aware of the features and aspects of these tubes.

Nitrite and nitrate are well-known food additives used in cured meats and linked to different food safety concerns. However, no study about the possible effect of cooking treatment on the residual level of these compounds before consumption is available. In this work, 60 samples of meat products were analyzed in order to evaluate the variation in residual nitrite and nitrate level after baking, grilling and boiling. The analyses by ion chromatography demonstrated that meat cooking leads to a decrease in nitrite and an increase in nitrate residual levels in the final products. Meat boiling caused an overall decrease in two additives' concentration, while baking and particularly grilling caused an increase in nitrate and, in some cases, nitrite as well. Some regulatory aspects were also considered, such as the possibility of revising the legal limit of nitrate from the actual 150 mg kg−1 to a more cautious 100 mg kg−1. Indeed, several meat samples (bacon and swine fresh sausage) resulted in a higher nitrate concentration than the legal limit after cooking by grilling (eleven samples) or baking (five samples). Finally, the Margin of Safety evaluation demonstrated a good level of food safety, all values being higher than the protective threshold of 100. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to determine the levels of heavy metal(loid)s in local and imported cosmetics purchased from the Kejetia market and to conduct their health risk assessment. Seven (7) metal(loid)s (Pb, Cd, As, Fe, Ni, Cr, and Hg) were analyzed in twenty-one (21) cosmetic samples. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used in this study. Some of the metal(loid)s in imported cosmetic samples were higher than those found in local cosmetic samples. However, there was no significant difference between the concentrations of the metal(loid)s in both local and imported cosmetic samples. The margin of safety (MoS) values for all the metal(loid) s in the cosmetics sample were below the WHO standard of 100. The HQ and HI values for almost all the metal(loid)s in the cosmetic samples were greater than their permissible limit of 1, suggesting that there may be health risks associated with using cosmetic samples for the sensitive sub-population. On the other hand, carcinogenic risk (CR) for Cr and As in local and imported cream and lotion were all higher than the tolerance levels. Moreover, from the results, the Pb, Cd, and Hg concentrations were higher than the acceptable permissible limits set by the various regulatory bodies. Cosmetic manufacturing industries are encouraged to adhere to the permissible limits set by regulators. We admonish the regulatory agencies to unforce regulations on permissible limits of heavy metals in cosmetics Subjects: Analytical Chemistry; Applied & Industrial Chemistry; Environmental Chemistry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori dan Terapan is the property of Universitas Airlangga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is a practical implementation of the methodology for the analysis of sales and the company's margin of safety, presented in no. 3/2022 of the IDES e-magazine. An analysis of the dynamics, structure and variation of sales was carried out, and the results were visualized through diagrams and conclusions were drawn. The impact of the main direct factors on which sales revenue depends is determined - changes in the natural volume of sales, their assortment structure and changes in the sales prices of the products. The methodology for differentiating operational costs into fixed and variable is described, and in particular the application of regression and correlation statistical analysis. Cost allocation method using IBM SPSS Statistics is explained. The values of the Operating Leverage, Margin of Safety and Breakeven sales indicators have been determined for the enterprise - object of the analysis. On this basis, conclusions are made about the level of business risk of this enterprise. Break-even sales by product types were determined in two different ways. In conclusion, the results obtained from the practical analysis are summarized and conclusions are drawn, including and about the importance of this type of analysis for business management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

𝘐𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘥𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘊𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘮𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘴 𝘰𝘯𝘦 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘵𝘰𝘰𝘭𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘣𝘦 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘴 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨, 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘰𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨, 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘮𝘢𝘬𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘥𝘦𝘤𝘪𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯𝘴 𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘶𝘵 𝘤𝘰𝘮𝘱𝘢𝘯𝘺 𝘢𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘪𝘵𝘪𝘦𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘢𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘦𝘷𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘥 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘥𝘦𝘢𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘤𝘩𝘢𝘯𝘨𝘦𝘴 𝘵𝘩𝘢𝘵 𝘮𝘢𝘺 𝘰𝘤𝘤𝘶𝘳 𝘪𝘯 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘮𝘦 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘴 𝘪𝘯𝘤𝘶𝘳𝘳𝘦𝘥. 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘰𝘣𝘫𝘦𝘤𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘩 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘰𝘯 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘴 𝘸𝘦𝘭𝘭 𝘢𝘴 𝘬𝘯𝘰𝘸𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘭𝘪𝘤𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘮𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘏𝘢𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘶𝘥𝘪𝘯 𝘖𝘳𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘥𝘴 𝘕𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘺 & 𝘓𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘺. 𝘔𝘦𝘵𝘩𝘰𝘥𝘴: 𝘛𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘩 𝘪𝘴 𝘥𝘦𝘴𝘤𝘳𝘪𝘱𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘦𝘢𝘳𝘤𝘩 𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘢 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘵𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘷𝘦 𝘢𝘱𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘢𝘤𝘩 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘪𝘯 𝘵𝘩𝘪𝘴 𝘴𝘵𝘶𝘥𝘺 𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘺 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘰𝘣𝘵𝘢𝘪𝘯𝘦𝘥 𝘵𝘩𝘳𝘰𝘶𝘨𝘩 𝘥𝘪𝘳𝘦𝘤𝘵 𝘰𝘣𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘪𝘯𝘵𝘦𝘳𝘷𝘪𝘦𝘸𝘴. 𝘊𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘴𝘵𝘳𝘶𝘤𝘵𝘶𝘳𝘦 𝘥𝘢𝘵𝘢 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘳𝘮𝘶𝘭𝘢 𝘛𝘰𝘵𝘢𝘭 𝘊𝘰𝘴𝘵 (𝘛𝘊 = 𝘝𝘊 + 𝘍𝘊) 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵 𝘷𝘰𝘭𝘶𝘮𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘢𝘯𝘢𝘭𝘺𝘴𝘪𝘴 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘤𝘢𝘭𝘤𝘶𝘭𝘢𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘤𝘰𝘯𝘵𝘳𝘪𝘣𝘶𝘵𝘪𝘰𝘯 𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘪𝘯, 𝘣𝘳𝘦𝘢𝘬 𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘯 𝘱𝘰𝘪𝘯𝘵 (𝘉𝘌𝘗), 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘮𝘢𝘳𝘨𝘪𝘯 𝘰𝘧 𝘴𝘢𝘧𝘦𝘵𝘺 (𝘔𝘖𝘚). 𝘙𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴: 𝘗𝘳𝘰𝘤𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴 𝘧𝘳𝘰𝘮 𝘴𝘦𝘭𝘭𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘥 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴 𝘪𝘯 𝘣𝘰𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘏𝘢𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘶𝘥𝘪𝘯 𝘖𝘳𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘥𝘴 𝘕𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘺 & 𝘓𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘺 𝘪𝘯 2019 𝘸𝘦𝘳𝘦 48,000 𝘶𝘯𝘪𝘵𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘣𝘰𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴 𝘰𝘳 𝘙𝘱1.920.000.000 𝘸𝘪𝘵𝘩 𝘢 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵 𝘰𝘧 𝘙𝘱928.430.869, 𝘛𝘩𝘦 𝘉𝘌𝘗 𝘱𝘳𝘪𝘤𝘦 𝘸𝘢𝘴 𝘙𝘱61.300.000, 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘉𝘌𝘗 𝘲𝘶𝘢𝘯𝘵𝘪𝘵𝘺 𝘸𝘢𝘴 1.534 𝘣𝘰𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘥 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘔𝘖𝘚 𝘭𝘦𝘷𝘦𝘭 𝘰𝘧 96.80% 𝘰𝘳 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 46.466 𝘣𝘰𝘵𝘵𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘰𝘧 𝘰𝘳𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘥 𝘴𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘴. 𝘊𝘰𝘯𝘤𝘭𝘶𝘴𝘪𝘰𝘯: 𝘚𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘢𝘵 𝘏𝘢𝘴𝘢𝘯𝘶𝘥𝘪𝘯 𝘖𝘳𝘤𝘩𝘪𝘥𝘴 𝘕𝘶𝘳𝘴𝘦𝘳𝘺 & 𝘓𝘢𝘣𝘰𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘰𝘳𝘺 𝘩𝘢𝘷𝘦 𝘦𝘹𝘤𝘦𝘦𝘥𝘦𝘥 𝘉𝘌𝘗 𝘢𝘯𝘥 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘢𝘳𝘦 𝘢𝘣𝘭𝘦 𝘵𝘰 𝘤𝘰𝘷𝘦𝘳 𝘧𝘪𝘹𝘦𝘥 𝘤𝘰𝘴𝘵𝘴 𝘸𝘩𝘪𝘤𝘩 𝘮𝘦𝘢𝘯𝘴 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘦𝘴 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘨𝘦𝘯𝘦𝘳𝘢𝘵𝘦 𝘱𝘳𝘰𝘧𝘪𝘵𝘴. 𝘛𝘩𝘦𝘴𝘦 𝘳𝘦𝘴𝘶𝘭𝘵𝘴 𝘤𝘢𝘯 𝘣𝘦 𝘶𝘴𝘦𝘥 𝘢𝘴 𝘢 𝘱𝘭𝘢𝘯𝘯𝘪𝘯𝘨 𝘳𝘦𝘧𝘦𝘳𝘦𝘯𝘤𝘦 𝘧𝘰𝘳 𝘵𝘩𝘦 𝘯𝘦𝘹𝘵 𝘴𝘢𝘭𝘦.

Nitrite and nitrate levels in vegetables are a matter of concern due to their toxicity at high levels and nitrate high accumulation. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge about their levels in some types of widely consumed vegetables such as chard and rocket. In this study, 124 Swiss chard and wild rocket samples were analyzed for determining nitrite and nitrate using validated and accredited analytical methods by ion chromatography with conductivity detection. High nitrite concentrations, up to 219.5 mg kg−1 f.w., were detected in one Swiss chard and three wild rocket samples. One Margin of Safety (MoS) value was <1. Regarding nitrate, in Swiss chard samples the mean concentration (2522.6 mg kg−1) was slightly higher than those reported in the literature for spinach and lettuce. No MoS was <1, but 83% of values were <100. Nitrate concentrations higher than the legal limit were quantified in 11 rucola samples. The verification of 25% of wild rocket samples with nitrate concentration higher than the legal limit confirmed the need for official control. This study also suggests the introduction of legal limits for nitrite/nitrate in Swiss chard and nitrite in wild rocket. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Although there are at least seven manufacturers producing left-sided double-lumen tubes (DLTs), there have been few reports comparing the segments of these DLTs. In this study, we compared various segments of left-sided DLTs further. Materials and methods: We examined five manufacturers' left-sided DLTs: Mallinckrodt, Portex, Rüsch, Sheridan, and Daiken-medical. We conducted the following six trials or measurements, and three supplemental trials or measurements: First, we tried to pass various sizes of steel balls down each lumen in order from the smallest (3 mm) to largest (4.5 mm). If the ball passed on the first attempt, we tried just once; otherwise, we made a second attempt. Second, we measured the external diameter of tracheal and bronchial cuff using a profile projector. Third, we measured the length of the cuff and tip of the bronchial segment of the tubes using the profile projector. Fourth, we measured various lengths of the tubes. Fifth, we measured the external diameter of both lumens and the tubules for tracheal and bronchial cuff inflation. Finally, we measured various cross-sectional areas including the tracheal lumen, bronchial lumen, and tubules for cuff inflation. We also conducted three supplemental studies. First, we measured air volume in the cuff when intracuff pressure equaled 2 or 3 kPa. Second, we defined the configuration of the tracheal and bronchial cuffs. Third, we defined the presence or absence of bevels and also measured the angle of the bevels using the profile projector. Results: We performed nine trials and measurements and found large disparities between each manufacturer's tubes. Conclusions: The large disparities found between the measurements of the five manufacturers' tubes may be due to different lots or changes in specifications made by each manufacturer. We found tubes exhibiting lower quality, such as deformations, and non-universal and inconsistent sizing, in the comparison of the manufacturers' tubes. Practitioners should be aware of the features and aspects of these tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Since riders have tendency to exceed the regulated speed then the likelihood of traffic accidents is significantly influenced by braking ability. • Braking capability has not been accommodated properly in the accident risk management, such as riding license obtaining mechanism. • The safety factor and margin of safety due to the differences in riders' braking capability is used to indicate the requirement of riding license obtaining mechanism. • It was found that impact speed and/or rider's involvement in fatal crashes could be reduced by increasing their braking ability. • Making a driver aware of their braking abilities so that they can adjust driving behavior and manage their own risk is more likely to be a successful outcome in traffic accident risk management strategy. Speeding is the factor that usually associated with fatal accident. However, riders have tendency to exceed their vehicle's speed above the regulated speed. Therefore, the likelihood of traffic accidents is significantly influenced by braking ability. Unfortunately, the braking capability has not been accommodated properly in the accident risk management, such as riding license obtaining mechanism. This paper focuses on the possibility of the development of riding licensing criteria based on rider's braking capability. The parameters used in the analysis are the safety factor and margin of safety, due to the differences in riders' braking capability. All the input data were collected from the result of previous related studies. Although the sample size is varied but data source was taken from relevant objects studies. The result of this study showed that impact speed and/or rider's involvement in fatal crashes could be reduced by increasing their braking ability. It strongly indicates that each rider should realize that their speed choices should be suited to their braking ability which could be increased during the riding licensing practical test. The utilization of a rider's braking abilities, which could provide a minimum margin of safety, should therefore be taken into consideration as a basis for the criteria used to obtain a riding license. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the major concerns during drug development. Wide acceptance of the 3 R principles and the innovation of in-vitro techniques have introduced various novel model options, among which the three-dimensional (3D) cell spheroid cultures have shown a promising prospect in DILI prediction. The present study developed a 3D quadruple cell co-culture liver spheroid model for DILI prediction via self-assembly. Induction by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate at the concentration of 15.42 ng/mL for 48 hours with a following 24-hour rest period was used for THP-1 cell differentiation, resulting in credible macrophagic phenotypes. HepG2 cells, PUMC-HUVEC-T1 cells, THP-1-originated macrophages, and human hepatic stellate cells were selected as the components, which exhibited adaptability in the designated spheroid culture conditions. Following establishment, the characterization demonstrated the competence of the model in long-term stability reflected by the maintenance of morphology, viability, cellular integration, and cell-cell junctions for at least six days, as well as the reliable liver-specific functions including superior albumin and urea secretion, improved drug metabolic enzyme expression and CYP3A4 activity, and the expression of MRP2, BSEP, and P-GP accompanied by the bile acid efflux transport function. In the comparative testing using 22 DILI-positive and 5 DILI-negative compounds among the novel 3D co-culture model, 3D HepG2 spheroids, and 2D HepG2 monolayers, the 3D culture method significantly enhanced the model sensitivity to compound cytotoxicity compared to the 2D form. The novel co-culture liver spheroid model exhibited higher overall predictive power with margin of safety as the classifying tool. In addition, the non-parenchymal cell components could amplify the toxicity of isoniazid in the 3D model, suggesting their potential mediating role in immune-mediated toxicity. The proof-of-concept experiments demonstrated the capability of the model in replicating drug-induced lipid dysregulation, bile acid efflux inhibition, and α-SMA upregulation, which are the key features of liver steatosis and phospholipidosis, cholestasis, and fibrosis, respectively. Overall, the novel 3D quadruple cell co-culture spheroid model is a reliable and readily available option for DILI prediction. • A spheroid model was set up for hepatotoxicity testing using reproducible components. • The novel model exhibited long-term stability and improved liver-specific functions. • Enhanced DILI predictivity was identified in the novel model with MOS as the tool. • MOS thresholds were calculated for DILI prediction related to human actual exposure. • The novel model could replicate the key features of some DILI types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve lightweight and high efficient load transfer requirements an well as cost reduction in the strut design process of civil aircraft. In this paper,it firstly combines engineering theoretical formulas to develop a calculation program using Python,and then integrates the program into Isight platform. It utilizes multi-island genetic algorithm for optimization analysis,and an iterative optimization process for the follow-up strut analysis is established. In the case of most severe local load during axial compression,considering the actual failure model of the strut,the minimum weight of strut is taken as optimization object and the margin of safety is introduced as constraint condition,then the optimization of cross-section geometry characteristic parameters of typical strut for a certain aircraft type are carried out. Under the condition that load bearing capacity requirement and the minimum weight of strut are both met,an optimized set of cross-section geometric parameters of strut is obtained,and to achieve weight reduction of the strut by 20. 4%,which could provide a guidance for the structural weight loss design of the cabin.

The results of a simplified computer simulation of the stress–strain state of a hip joint endoprosthesis made of a carbon–carbon composite material in an elastic medium. The results of static analysis of a bone prosthesis element made of a fibrous composite material with carbon fiber in the form of a reinforcing substance and phenol-formaldehyde resin as a binder are provided. The main assumptions made in the calculation including simplified modeling of a composite material as an orthotropic material with homogenized properties, as well as estimating the safety margins for maximum stresses without using specialized strength criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrite and nitrate are well-known food additives used in cured meats and linked to different food safety concerns. However, no study about the possible effect of cooking treatment on the residual level of these compounds before consumption is available. In this work, 60 samples of meat products were analyzed in order to evaluate the variation in residual nitrite and nitrate level after baking, grilling and boiling. The analyses by ion chromatography demonstrated that meat cooking leads to a decrease in nitrite and an increase in nitrate residual levels in the final products. Meat boiling caused an overall decrease in two additives’ concentration, while baking and particularly grilling caused an increase in nitrate and, in some cases, nitrite as well. Some regulatory aspects were also considered, such as the possibility of revising the legal limit of nitrate from the actual 150 mg kg−1 to a more cautious 100 mg kg−1. Indeed, several meat samples (bacon and swine fresh sausage) resulted in a higher nitrate concentration than the legal limit after cooking by grilling (eleven samples) or baking (five samples). Finally, the Margin of Safety evaluation demonstrated a good level of food safety, all values being higher than the protective threshold of 100.

Naturalistic observations show that animals pre-empt danger by moving to locations that increase their success in avoiding future threats. To test this in humans, we created a spatial margin of safety (MOS) decision task that quantifies pre-emptive avoidance by measuring the distance subjects place themselves to safety when facing different threats whose attack locations vary in predictability. Behavioral results show that human participants place themselves closer to safe locations when facing threats that attack in spatial locations with more outliers. Using both univariate and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) on fMRI data collected during a 2 h session on participants of both sexes, we demonstrate a dissociable role for the vmPFC in MOS-related decision-making. MVPA results revealed that the posterior vmPFC encoded for more unpredictable threats with univariate analyses showing a functional coupling with the amygdala and hippocampus. Conversely, the anterior vmPFC was more active for the more predictable attacks and showed coupling with the striatum. Our findings converge in showing that during pre-emptive danger, the anterior vmPFC may provide a safety signal, possibly via foreseeable outcomes, while the posterior vmPFC drives unpredictable danger signals., Competing Interests: The authors declare no competing financial interests. D.M. is supported by an award NIMH R01MH133730., (Copyright © 2024 the authors.)

Activated sludge (AS) bulking is a thorny problem which leads to serious issues in municipal sewage treatment plant (MSTP). An approach based on the margin of safety (MOS) was proposed to alarm AS bulking. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) serving as a representative chemical index for effluent was introduced to obtain the MOS. It was shown that the area of observation was divided into safety, alarm, and risk zones by the MOS with a range of COD between 25.63 and 50.00 mg L–1. The MOS of invertase under the influence of bisphenol A and triclosan was 534.40~902.59 mg L–1 and 904.91~1,870.81 mg L–1, respectively. The goodness of fit to the practical situations for the MOS of COD in several MSTPs was further certified. The MOS-based method using different types of indicators to predict AS bulking demonstrated many advantages of precision, ease-of-use, and feasibility in complex situations. The findings in this work are valuable to evaluate the environmental risks of emerging organic contaminants and the disturbance risks of sewage treatment processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The desire for beautification is promoting the use of cosmetics by humans despite its potential danger due to the presence of heavy metal. The current study is carried out to examine the heavy metal content and associated health risk in fifty (n = 50) cosmetic products in Nigeria five (5) piece each of face powder, eyeliner, primer, Bio clear, Carl white, mascara, lip gloss, eye shadow, foundation, and lipstick are randomly sampled from various shops within Nigeria, and their level of toxic metals is assessed (lead, nickel, cobalt, copper, and chromium) using flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. All the studied cosmetic samples contain a varying quantity of heavy metals of interest. The health risk assessment method established by the USEPA is adopted to evaluate the possible human health hazard of heavy metals in cosmetics. The overall mean concentration for Pb, Ni, Co, Cu, and Cr are 19.46 ± 0.32, 1.42 ± 0.05, 0.81 ± 0.09, 11.92 ± 0.86, and 5.98 ± 0.46 mg kg−1, respectively. The margin of safety (MoS) values obtained is greater than 100. Even though the concentration of the toxic metals in most of the cosmetic products is in trace amount but the gradual penetration of these metals into the human system may be injurious to the biological system if allowed to accumulate over time. Therefore, it is recommended that the level of toxic metals or the long term exposure to cosmetics should be reduced to minimize the health risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projects of various sizes and types contribute to the success of the economic development plans in general. Agricultural industrial projects are the basis for agricultural development in the economies of many countries, so this research aims to identify the economic feasibility of one of the productive activities in the New Valley governorate, On the efficiency of the work in the manufacturing units and the possibility of expansion in the future establishment in addition to identify the implications of the establishment of those units. The problem of research is that the packaging industry is very important because of its ability to absorb a large proportion of the labor force by creating many direct and indirect employment opportunities, from agriculture to storage of agricultural and industrial products that are produced to distribution to complementary industries such as Packaging The focus was on date factories as the main product of the New Valley Governorate. However, the expansion of these units has led to an imbalance between the production capacities and the availability of commodity inputs on the one hand, and the extent to which the revenues and investment profits of that unit. The research aims to identify the current status of agricultural processing in the New Valley Governorate by identifying the number of factories, their relative importance and the activities of agroindustries, focusing on the most important activities of agro-industries and the importance of agricultural processing, especially in the field of date industry. In addition to trying to identify the most important problems and obstacles that hinder the development of the industry of processing and preserving dates in the New Valley Governorate for the development of this sector by evaluating the factories that rely on agricultural products as raw material. The questionnaire was prepared and completed by (16) establishments working in the field of packing dates, semi-automatic, The research data were collected in 2019 through a personal interview with the factory managers, The questionnaire included data on production values, raw materials, wages, commodity and service inputs, number of workers, … etc., These data were analyzed using financial and economic criteria. As it achieves an annual trading profit ranging between ( 9.6–092.61) million pounds, which represents a commercial profitability ratio ranging from (1.50 - 2.59) pounds, which is a high percentage reflecting the profitability of this productive activity, while the income of the investor invested between (0.50 - 1.59) pounds Which indicates the efficiency of this industry economically, while the value of the break-even point ranged from (6.77-104.94) million pounds, while the percentage of the margin safety of production ranged between (32.18 - 61.16)%showed the ability of these manufacturing units to cope with the potential risk conditions of lower production. Or lower product price.

Nitrite and nitrate levels in vegetables are a matter of concern due to their toxicity at high levels and nitrate high accumulation. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge about their levels in some types of widely consumed vegetables such as chard and rocket. In this study, 124 Swiss chard and wild rocket samples were analyzed for determining nitrite and nitrate using validated and accredited analytical methods by ion chromatography with conductivity detection. High nitrite concentrations, up to 219.5 mg kg−1 f.w., were detected in one Swiss chard and three wild rocket samples. One Margin of Safety (MoS) value was −1) was slightly higher than those reported in the literature for spinach and lettuce. No MoS was

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian field reseach dengan menggunakan pendekatan kwalitatif. Data di humpun dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara kepada pelaku usaha Home Industri Kecambah. Data yang telah dikumpulkan kemudian di olah dan di analisis dengan cara membuat perhitungan dengan menggunakan metode MOS (margin of safety). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya keuntungan yang terjadi pada produksi kecambah yang disebabkan meningkatnya penjualan dan jumlah produksi menjadikan Home Industri Kecambah Rama Hulaan mengambil keputusan antara menambah jumlah produksi kecambah atau menetapkan jumlah produksi. Diantara dua alternatif tersebut harus dipilih salah satu yang menguntungkan bagi perusahaan. Bila perusahaan memutuskan untuk menambah jumlah produksi maka akan bertambah pula biaya produksi dan semakin meningkatnya laba yang akan diperoleh oleh perusahaan. Jika perusahaan menetapkan jumlah produksi maka tidak ada kenaikan biaya produksi begitu pula tidak ada kenaikan laba di tahun yang akan datang. Dari analisa perbandingan antara menambah atau menetapkan jumlah produksi sebaiknya perusahaan mengambil keputusan untuk menambah jumlah kecambah yang di produksi.

A novel method for positioning and operating needle-like cryo-surgical probes in 2D convex target areas is presented. The method is based on the recorded dynamic performance of a single probe, termed "unit circle," (UC) embedded in a semi-infinite, tissue-like medium. Up to 15 cryo-probes, inserted into the same depth, are operated uniformly for 2-5?min. A predetermined number of probes are rearranged inside the target area until a "tight configuration" is obtained. The probes are initially arranged inside the target area such that the "lethal temperature" circles produced by them are tangent to its contour and to both adjacent lethal temperature circles. Subsequently, all probes are repositioned inwardly, each at a specific distance that depends on the local radius of curvature of the target area. Resulting total "defect areas"--internal and external--for a number of demonstrated cases, amounted to between 2.5% and 7.6% of the target area. The lower values of the defect areas were obtained with increasing numbers of inserted probes coupled with shorter operating times. Possible freezing damages to regions beyond the target area were reduced by up to about 30% for these cases. Similar results were obtained for a case of combined convex-concave target area, treated with additional, externally inserted, heating probes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a serious concern about the use of sodium benzoate in non-alcoholic carbonated (soft) drinks because of its mechanistic ability to convert to benzene, a classified carcinogen. It is this concern that drove this study to determine consumer exposures to sodium benzoate and possible health risks from intake of such soft drinks. A survey was conducted during which Google Forms were used to collect drink consumption data from 113 consumers including males and females. During this same period, 38 varieties of non-alcoholic carbonated (soft) drinks were collected from two major markets in Ghana. These drink samples were subsequently subjected to extraction protocols and the levels of sodium benzoate quantified using HPLC. Information from the Google Forms together with the quantification of sodium benzoate formed the basis of the determination of exposure of sodium benzoate according to the USEPA protocols. Using the Palisade @Risk software, elements of exposure of sodium benzoate (mg/mL ingested, volume-mL of non-alcoholic carbonated (soft) drink consumed, and body weight-kg of consumers) were integrated and iterated (at 105) to estimate the simulated chronic exposures. Simulated risks (hazard quotient, HQ, margin of exposure, MoE, and cancer risk, LTCR) were determined using thresholds obtained from regulatory bodies. High levels of sodium benzoate, above the acceptable limit of 150 mg/L based on USEPA recommendations, were detected in 6 (16%) of the 38 non-alcoholic carbonated (soft) drinks sampled. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of sodium benzoate ranged from a minimum of 51.0 mg/L to a maximum of 277.0 mg/L. It was clear that the consumption patterns of males created relatively high exposures leading to unsurprisingly higher risks compared to female consumers. The high-risk indices determined in this study, relative to regulatory thresholds (HQ>1, MoE10−6) are all serious indicators of grave public health concerns. These observations emphasize potential benzenes in our food chains and a call for a more forceful monitoring of product quality and safety to ensure adherence to standards.

Negative perceptions about accident are usually associated with speeding behavior. However, risk perception has not been considered in accident risk management. It is accepted as a personality matter, thus the number of accidents per year was used as accident risk tolerance indicator. Consequently, due to insufficient measurable indicators, it would be difficult to prevent the increasing speeding behavior. This paper discusses the improvement of accident risk tolerance indicators, i.e. safety factor and margin of safety, and their possible usage in speed management policies. These indicators were built based on the correlation between the results of interview and braking maneuver test. From this combine approach, using aggregated-individual and expert acceptance models, it was found that risk tolerance arose because motorcyclists accepted both the advantages and disadvantages gained from speeding, obtained through their riding frequency, duration of riding and/or accident involvement experienced. However, inappropriate speed due to miss-perception toward braking capability should be avoided. Inversely, an appropriate speed management should consider their travelling expectation

A new method for estimation of long-term strength of constructional polymers is proposed. The method is based on the analysis of generalized kinetic and mechanical characteristics obtained by the synthesis of the kinetic strength theory and the creep theory.

Deceleration rate, time to collision and impact speed have been commonly employed as accident risk indicators. However, it is hard to assess the level of accident risk since these indicators have not been developed with measurable score criteria. This study focuses on the determination of measurable risk indicators which could be used to assess accident risk level and to determine more appropriate accident risk management strategies by using the descriptive qualitative approach. The data were collected from a braking maneuver test conducted on a dry and level closed circuit course. Risk was a function of accident probability and its possible consequences, while accident probability was determined based on the safety factor, i.e. the ratio of available stopping sight distance (ASSD) to minimum SSD (MSSD), which was used to determine the margin of safety. Subsequently, accident consequence was determined using the impact speed at a predicted point of collision along the braking distance path. The results show that accident risk could be easily determined using the proposed indicators, whilst an objective and appropriate accident risk management strategy could be determined based on the minimum margin of safety value which could be obtained from each risk exposure.

Copyright of Revista Espacios is the property of Talleres de Impresos Oma and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Low-lying coastal urban areas are vulnerable to frequent and chronic flooding due to population growth, urbanization, and accelerated sea level rise originating from climate change. This paper is part one of a 2 paper series, however a detailed literature review on the concept and the technical aspects of both papers is presented. In the 2nd paper, the application of the concepts and the proposed methodology are utilized to set the mitigation strategies for quantification of reliability attributes. The case study is the Hunts Point wastewater treatment plant and its sewershed in Bronx, New York City. The suitability of two major rainfall stations of Central Park and LaGuardia airport in the vicinity of the case study is tested. The copula-based non-stationary 100–year flood frequency analysis of rainfall and storm surge is analyzed to obtain the design values of surge and rainfall. A differential evaluation Markov Chain with Bayesian interface is used in this paper for parameter estimation. In this study, the likelihood of joint probability of co-occurring heavy rainfall and storm surge is determined to illustrate the risk of joint events. Therefore, the copula-based non-stationary 100–year flood frequency analysis of rainfall and storm surge are performed to obtain the design values of surge and rainfall. A multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach that incorporates the load-resistance concept is presented in Part 2 paper to assess the Margin of Safety flood reliability of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The framework presented in this paper is applicable to other coastal sewersheds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerospace grade composite laminated shims are frequently used in aircraft structure assembly of parts made of advance composite materials with High Modulus of AS4 grade. The assembly of composite components requires extensive use of shims compared to metal assembly. The shim use at assembly stage is very time consuming process and poses challenges to maintain the product quality. This paper aims to bring out the statistical and finite element analysis of shims using gaps data taken out of prototype samples. Finite element analysis is carried out without shims and with shims of thickness of 0.8, 1.2 and 2.0 mm. The nature of variation of measured gap and the effect of shims on stress in the wing skin and spar due to static loading are assessed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Projects of various sizes and types contribute to the success of the economic development plans in general. Agricultural industrial projects are the basis for agricultural development in the economies of many countries, so this research aims to identify the economic feasibility of one of the productive activities in the New Valley governorate, On the efficiency of the work in the manufacturing units and the possibility of expansion in the future establishment in addition to identify the implications of the establishment of those units. The problem of research is that the packaging industry is very important because of its ability to absorb a large proportion of the labor force by creating many direct and indirect employment opportunities, from agriculture to storage of agricultural and industrial products that are produced to distribution to complementary industries such as Packaging The focus was on date factories as the main product of the New Valley Governorate. However, the expansion of these units has led to an imbalance between the production capacities and the availability of commodity inputs on the one hand, and the extent to which the revenues and investment profits of that unit. The research aims to identify the current status of agricultural processing in the New Valley Governorate by identifying the number of factories, their relative importance and the activities of agroindustries, focusing on the most important activities of agro-industries and the importance of agricultural processing, especially in the field of date industry. In addition to trying to identify the most important problems and obstacles that hinder the development of the industry of processing and preserving dates in the New Valley Governorate for the development of this sector by evaluating the factories that rely on agricultural products as raw material. The questionnaire was prepared and completed by (16) establishments working in the field of packing dates, semi-automatic, The research data were collected in 2019 through a personal interview with the factory managers, The questionnaire included data on production values, raw materials, wages, commodity and service inputs, number of workers, … etc., These data were analyzed using financial and economic criteria. As it achieves an annual trading profit ranging between )092.61–9.6( million pounds, which represents a commercial profitability ratio ranging from (1.50 - 2.59) pounds, which is a high percentage reflecting the profitability of this productive activity, while the income of the investor invested between (0.50 - 1.59) pounds Which indicates the efficiency of this industry economically, while the value of the break-even point ranged from (6.77-104.94) million pounds, while the percentage of the margin safety of production ranged between (32.18 - 61.16)%showed the ability of these manufacturing units to cope with the potential risk conditions of lower production. Or lower product price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents an empirical analysis to detect Minsky's financial fragility and its determinants in non-financial sectors in Japan, with particular attention on the differences between sectors and size. While post-Keynesian developed theoretical analyses of financial fragility for economic growth models, its empirical application is limited. Based on the financial fragility indices derived from a cash-flow accounting framework and Minsky's margins of safety, I detect the overall configuration and evolution of financial fragility (hedge, speculative and Ponzi) in Japan. Then, I detect the factors that determine the probability of being Ponzi finance using a panel logistic regression. The results show that although speculative finance dominates many sector and size categories, the evolution of hedge and Ponzi finance is diversified and the determinants of financial fragility differ by category in Japan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]