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Purpose: Imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), and positron emission tomography (PET) are often used to complement the clinical exploration and staging of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Which of these techniques is best in establishing correct staging and treatment planning is not clear, however. This study aims to determine which technique is most appropriate for diagnosing the primary tumor and for detecting bone invasion and neck metastases., Material and Methods: A Medline literature search was made over the last 10 years. In each selected study, we recorded the sample size and sensitivity, specificity and precision. Strengths and limitations of each study were assessed also., Results: Eight articles relating to detection of the primary tumor, 19 to bone invasion, and 28 to neck metastases were selected and compared., Conclusion: Despite the high precision of positron emission tomography (PET) or hybrid techniques in detecting the primary tumor, they have not replaced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) or computed tomography (CT), particularly in the case of small lesions. MRI and CT are adequate techniques in the assessment of bone invasion.Recent studies have shown good results with PET-CT and cone-beam CT, but future studies are needed to demonstrate their benefits. Despite the high precision of PET and PET-CT, their use in assessing neck metastases remains subject to controversy, and their use in all patients with OSCC is not justified. CT and MRI are useful in determining the N category., (Copyright © 2015 European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To establish the diagnostic validity of panoramic X-rays (PRx) in temporomandibular osteoarthrosis (OA) using the clinical and imaging criteria (magnetic resonance imaging, MRI) of the Research Diagnostic Criteria for Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) as gold standards., Methods: Eighty-four patients with full clinical records (RDC/TMD), PRx, and MRI scans were selected. Two stomatologists evaluated the PRx for OA. The MRI findings were derived from the radiologist report. Intra/inter-examiner concordance was established. The diagnostic concordance between clinical signs and MRI was determined. Both were used as gold standards to calculate the validity of PRx in OA., Results: The diagnostic validity of PRx with MRI as gold standard was sensitivity=69.0% and specificity=67.9%. The diagnostic validity of PRx with clinical criteria as gold standard was sensitivity=61.6% and specificity=57.9%., Discussion: Panoramic X-rays have scant diagnostic validity in temporomandibular osteoarthrosis when taking MRI or clinical criteria of RDC/TMD as gold standards.

Objective: The aim of this preliminary study was analyze the possible alterations in some salivary interleukins, usually associated with the inflammatory processes., Material and Methods: The study comprised three groups: group 1, with 26 cases with bisphosphonates-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). Group 2, with 29 patients who had received iBF but without BRONJ. Group 3, with 26 control patients not treated with BF and without oral lesions. We collected unstimulated whole saliva in all groups. A semiquantitative study was performed based on a cytokine array panel. We used the proteome profiler array for the study. We analyzed: Interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1α), interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA), and interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β)., Results: We found higher salivary values for all the cytokines studied in group 1 than in group 2 and 3. IL-1β showed the major differences compared with control group. (P < 0.05), Conclusions: This preliminary study confirms that there are alterations in these interleukins in patients with BRONJ. These results give support to further additional salivary studies on these biomarkers by quantitative measures., (© 2012 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.)

Lichen sclerosus or lichen sclerosus et atrophicus is a chronic inflammatory disease predominantly affecting the genital mucosa and skin. Clinically, it is characterized by white atrophic plaques in the anogenital region. The lesions are generally asymptomatic, but may cause discomfort with itching and pain. Extragenital mucosal involvement is very unusual, and lesions limited to the oral mucosa are even less frequent. Knowledge of such lesions is important in order to establish a differential diagnosis with other white oral lesions, and histological confirmation is required. We present the case of a 31-year-old woman with a well delimited, pearly white lesion located in the upper gingival mucosa, lip mucosa and adjacent skin. The lesion had led to loss of periodontal attachment of the affected tooth, causing pain in response to tooth brushing. The biopsy confirmed lichen sclerosus, and treatment was provided in the form of intralesional corticoid injections, followed by improvement of the mucosal lesion, though without recovery of the periodontal loss.

Unlabelled: A study is made of the experience gained with the Child Oral Care Program (Plan de Atención Dental Infantil, PADI) in the Service of Stomatology of Valencia University General Hospital (Valencia, Spain) after four years in operation (July 2003 - July 2007)., Study Design: The sample comprised 2626 children between 5-14 years of age, pertaining to department 9 of the Valencian public health system. A clinical history was compiled in each case, a radiological study was made, and a treatment plan was elaborated including fillings, extractions, and control visits., Results: Of the 2626 designated children, 2369 visited our Service - mostly referred from the Preventive Dental Care Units. A total of 5784 fillings were carried out (93.3% with silver amalgam, 5.6% with composites and the rest as provisional fillings). The permanent first molars were the teeth with the largest number of fillings (70.2% of the total). These were followed in order of frequency by the second molars (19.1%). As regards composite resin fillings, most involved the upper central incisors, followed by the upper lateral incisors. A total of 644 extractions were performed, corresponding to 110 permanent teeth and 534 temporary teeth. In the case of the permanent dentition, the first molars were the most commonly removed teeth. In the temporary dentition, the most frequently removed teeth were the second molars., Conclusions: The response of the population to this program has been very good, and reinforces the preventive measures already in place, with the provision of restorative treatments to improve the oral and dental health of the pediatric population, and yielding good results in terms of the program quality indicators. The Service of Stomatology (Valencia University General Hospital) is able to address the demand and offers the public health network integrated and continuous patient care.

Oral anticoagulants (OACs) antagonizing vitamin K - fundamentally sodium warfarin and acenocoumarol - are widely used for preventing arterial thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation and/or heart valve prostheses, and for the treatment and prevention of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. The handling of these drugs requires correct monitorization and dose adjustment to obtain the desired therapeutic effect while minimizing the adverse effects associated both with excessive anticoagulation (which leads to bleeding) and with insufficient antithrombotic action (which can produce thrombosis). This is particularly important when patients must be subjected to surgical procedures such as tooth extractions. In this context, a number of management recommendations are available. The present study offers an update on the recommendations for the management of anticoagulated patients programmed for tooth extractions. In recent years, most studies do not recommend reducing or interrupting anticoagulation, or replacing it with heparin, prior to tooth extraction - provided therapeutic international normalized ration (INR) levels are maintained, with emphasis on the application of local measures such as antifibrinolytic agents, for the control of hemostasia.

The aim of this study was to analyze proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) for the possible presence of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). We studied three groups: Sub-Group 1 was composed of 10 patients with PVL, (6 of whom had developed OSCC); Sub-Group 2 comprised 5 patients with OSCC but no preceding PVL; and Sub-Group 3 were 5 controls with clinically normal oral mucosa. Oral biopsies from all cases were examined for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) by nested PCR. EBV was detected in 60% of Sub-Group 1 patients (PVL ) and in 40% of Sub-Group 2 (OSCC), but in 0% of Sub-Group 3 (controls).

The clinical signs and symptoms of greatest semiologic value in temporomandibular joint disease (TMJD) are muscle pain, joint pain, limitations in mandibular movement, and joint sounds. Imaging studies of the joint are very useful for establishing the diagnosis and for discarding other disease processes, though in many cases diagnostic error results from the detection of a large proportion of patients with alterations in the imaging studies but with no associated clinical manifestations. Panoramic X-rays and magnetic resonance imaging are the most commonly used complementary techniques for diagnosing TMJD. MRI may be regarded as the imaging technique of choice, particularly when studying the soft tissues. Biochemical evaluation of the joint synovial fluid has improved our understanding of TMJD pathogenesis, though to date such parameters have not been extended to clinical practice. Myofascial pain with positive painful palpation of the masticatory muscles; joint disc displacements with reduction characterized by the presence of opening or opening and closing clicks; disc displacements without reduction characterized by limitations in oral aperture; and osteoarthritis / osteoarthrosis characterized by the auscultation of friction sounds during mandibular movement, are the morbidity processes most often seen in the context of TMJD. The present study offers a review of the semiology and morbidity processes of the temporomandibular joint.