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ABSTRACT This study aimed to develop and validate the digital image processing software to quantify leaf coverage, employing the correlation of defoliation values and NDVI with various gradients of defoliation severity of the Asian soybean rust pathosystem. The digital images were obtained from the experiment conducted in 2013/2014. To conduct the experiment, 4 treatments (3 replicates) were adopted, considering the useful floor area of each plot (4 linear meters, 3 lines spaced at 0.45 m). The gradients of defoliation were obtained by treatment with fungicide to control Asian soybean rust. The quantification of the disease severity was performed through diagrammatic scale. The NDVI values were obtained using the GreenSeeker®, conducting the equipment above the plants. The digital photos were obtained in three heights and subsequently processed in software. Then the defoliation sampling was held in 10 plants through treatment. The image processing data correlated with defoliation (94.22%) and with NDVI (89.27%), and we also observed the correlation of defoliation with NDVI (96.12%). These data suggests the use of digital images as an alternative to quantify the vegetation cover, with the advantage of being a dynamic and fast method that does not require experience from the assessor to quantify soybean defoliation.

Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff), which is a gram-positive bacterium that causes wilting in several cultivated plants, is one of the main disease-causing bacteria in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Different techniques are employed to detect pathogens in bean plants; however, only a few slow and inefficient methodologies can be used to detect Cff. Hence, there is a need for rapid and efficient techniques to detect Cff for disease management. The objective of our study was to develop a technique to effectively detect Cff in the leaves of infected bean plants by optimizing a previously developed method. We modified the extraction method by reducing the amount of water used, replacing seeds with leaf tissues (obtained from the veins and petioles) and using CffFOR2 and CffREV4 primers specific for Cff. Our optimized method exploits a concentration gradient generated in the plant tissue through osmosis to disrupt the plant cell wall and efficiently isolate bacterial cells. DNA extracted from the isolated bacterial cells was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. This method allowed efficient detection of Cff in leaf tissues.

Aiming at assessing the performance of alternative methods to Penman-Monteith FAO56 for estimating the reference evapotranspiration (ETo) for Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, the methods temperature radiation, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani (1982), Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tanner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise, Makkink, modified Hargreaves, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, global radiation, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani (1985), Benavides-Lopez, original Penman, Linacre, Blaney-Morin, Romanenko, Hargreaves (1974), McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuiness-Bordne, and Blaney-Criddle were compared to that standard method recommended by FAO. The estimations were correlated by linear regression and assessed by using the Person’s correlation coefficient (r), concordance index (d), and performance index (c) using a set of meteorological data of approximately 40 years. The methods modified Hargreaves, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, global radiation, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani (1985), Benavides-Lopez, original Penman, and Linacre should be avoided, as they did not present excellent results. The methods McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuinness-Bordne, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves (1974), Romanenko, and Blaney-Morin were classified as very bad, not being recommended. In contrast, the methods temperature radiation, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani (1982), Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tenner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise, and Makkink presented excellent performance indices and can be applied in the study region.

The tests were performed with a biostimulant (GAAP) containing yeast extract and amino acids. The yield data of the off-season corn for meta-analysis were collected from 41 trials conducted in the states of Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, and Goiás during the 2013/2014 crop season. The tests consisted of eight treatments, with four replicates per treatment, and were conducted on 3.6 × 6.0 m plots. The treatments consisted of application of biostimulant at 2.0 L ha-1 at different times and the control (no biostimulant). The time of application corresponded to the growth stages, V8, VT, R1, (V8 + VT), (V8 + R1), (VT + R1), and (V8 + VT + R1). The influence of biostimulant application was quantified as the difference in yield, expressed as kilogram per hectare (kg ha-1), between treatments and the control (effect measurements). Meta-analysis was used to study the effects of the treatments and to calculate the probability of yield increase with product use. The meta-analysis was performed using the software R. The random effects model was used for meta-analysis because of the high heterogeneity among the studies. Next, the mixed effect model was applied to explain the high heterogeneity, considering the following subgroups: the number of applications, the timing of applications, the presence of water stress, and the region where the tests were conducted. The probability of yield increase was calculated at the levels of 2, 5, and 10 bags, each of 60 kg ha-1. The meta-analysis results for the variable "General" and the subgroups were significantly positive (p < 0.0001), with a meta-analytic estimate of 342.1 kg ha-1 and the confidence interval for 95% probability ranging between 301.2 kg ha-1 and 383.0 kg ha-1. The probability for yield greater than zero or equal to 2, 5, and 10 bags of 60 kg ha-1 in subgroup "three applications" was 91.7%, 85.4%, 71.0%, and 38.9%, respectively. These same values were estimated at 91.7%, 85.4%, 71.0%, and 39.0% for the variable "applications in V8 + VT + R1"; 79.1%, 69.3%, 50.1%, and 21.1% for the variable "trials under stress condition"; and 84.2%, 75.1%, 57.7%, and 26.9% for the variable "investments made in Southern Brazil," respectively. The meta-analysis of the data from 287 effect measurements generated in 41 trials demonstrated that foliar application of GAAP biostimulant increases corn yield by 342.1 kg ha-1 with 83.7% probability of positive response.

Huanglongbing (HLB) is considered the most destructive citrus disease and occurs in the major citrus producing areas around the world. In Brazil, HLB is associated with the bacteria ‘Candidatus’ Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) and ‘Candidatus’ Liberibacter americanus (CLam). CLas is the most aggressive and widespread species of the HLB bacteria. Currently, there is no curative control measure for this disease, and the eradication of diseased trees and control of the insect vector are the basic management measures for HLB. The search for other measures with higher efficiency and lower economic and environmental impacts for control of HLB has become a research priority. The use of chemicals that activate plant resistance mechanisms is a novel method for disease control. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the use of systemic acquired resistance (SAR) inducers for control of HLB. Nursery trees of Valencia sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck) grafted on Rangpur lime (Citrus limonia Osbeck) were inoculated with CLas by bud grafting technique using diseased material from HLB citrus trees, seven days after the first treatment with the SAR inducers, under greenhouse conditions. The SAR inducers imidacloprid (IMI), thiamethoxan (TMX), or acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), as well as the combination of ASM with IMI or TMX, were applied as soil drench. The nursery trees were evaluated according to the presence of HLB symptoms and the bacterium in leaf tissue. The presence of CLas was determined by using the PCR technique, at 120, 180, 240, and 300 days after the HLB bacterium inoculation. The first symptoms of HLB were observed on mature leaves of the check citrus trees 60 days before these symptoms were observed on trees treated with the SAR inducers. Two years after inoculation, 67% fewer citrus trees with HLB symptoms were observed for the ASM + TMX treated trees as compared to the check ones. Citrus trees treated with IMI, TMX, or ASM also provided lower levels of PCR-detected HLB bacterium compared to the untreated trees.

Orange rust caused by the fungus Puccinia kuehnii greatly affects sugarcane and causes millions of tons of losses in production. This condition was first reported in Brazil at the end of 2009. The disease is currently present in most of the countries that produce this crop. The aim of this research was to develop risk maps of P. kuehnii infection using temperature and relative humidity data, provided by 389 automatic weather stations throughout the country. A spatial distribution analysis was carried out to assess the number of daily hours of favorable conditions for spore germination in each region. In the central-south region, where the main sugarcane producing states are concentrated, two distinct periods were observed during the three years studied. Higher favorability occurred from October to April, and lower favorability occurred from May to September. The opposite relation was observed on the coast of the north-eastern region, where conditions were more favorable to the disease from May to September. The validation data were confirmed by the results of Pearson’s correlation between sugarcane orange rust infection under field conditions and the proposed maps. In conclusion, risk maps obtained using data from automatic weather stations could contribute to the monitoring of the risk of infection by sugarcane orange rust.

It was evaluated the effect of fungicides and the microbial control agent Trichoderma harzianum on the inhibition of the carpogenic and ascospore germination of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. This study also evaluated the chemical, fungicidal and microbial control of white mold or Sclerotinia stem rot of soybean in the field. Three experiments were conducted, as follows: 1) inhibition of carpogenic germination of sclerotia, 2) inhibition of ascospore germination, and 3) control of Sclerotinia stem rot in a soybean crop under field conditions. The treatments evaluated were fluazinam, procymidone, iprodione, thiophanate-methyl, carbendazim, benzalkonium chloride + fluazinam, and T. harzianum. Procymidone resulted in an inhibition of 13.5% and benzalkonium chloride in an inhibition of 13.9% in an ascospore germination test. Fluazinam and procymidone were the most effective in reducing the production of ascospores/apothecium, representing 65.6% and 82.4% of inhibition. Procymidone and fluazinam if combined or not with benzalkonium chloride were the most effective in controlling sclerotinia stem rot under field conditions when applied at the onset of flowering and 15 days later. In the 2009-10 harvest, these two fungicides reduced the incidence of Sclerotinia stem rot by 73.1 and 71.6% and in the 2010-11 harvest by 75.7 and 77.6%, respectively.

The aim of this paper was to study the role of dose and rate of application, and the effect of concentration of fungicide in the spray solution resulted from the interaction of these factors, in the control of leaf rust and yellow spot of wheat. It was conducted two experiments, the first used the CD 104 cultivar (susceptible to lead rust and yellow spot). The experimental design was an factorial 3 x 3 + untreated control, that involve the factors dose (0,25, 0,30 and 0,35 L.ha-1) and application rate (143, 286 and 429 L.ha-1). The second experiment used the BRS 208 cultivar (resistant to leaf rust and moderately resistant to yellow spot). The experimental design was an factorial 2 x 2 + untreated control, consisting the factors dose (0,2 and 0,3 L.ha-1) and application rate (143 and 286 L.ha-1). The applications were made with a coastal sprayer by CO2, pressure of 250 kPa, XR 110-02 nozzle, which generated an application rate of 143 L.ha-1. The respective rates of each treatment were changed by the number of sprayers per area. It was also used a spore trap denominated Siga, associated with meteorological data and weather forecast, which detected spores of rust and yellow spot before the symptoms in the plants, helping in the identification of disease and in the timing of application. There wasn´t any interaction between dose and rate of application for any of the experiments, therefore, there wasn´t effect of concentration of fungicide in control. The dose and rate of application just influenced in the control of the yellow spot. Higher doses and rates were more effective. However, no difference was observed for yield and hectolitre weight among treatments, except untreated control

This study analyzed the external factors that influence the yield obtained from photovoltaic modules (Solarex® - MSX 56), as solar irradiance, temperature, placement angle and dust deposition on the photovoltaic modules installed at the facilities of the Medianeira campus of the UTFPR, working under real conditions. To obtain the data it was used a datalogger from Campbell Scientific, Inc, model CR23X. It was observed that under solar irradiance below 550 W m-2 the panel did not convert maximum power, and above this value the panel reached saturation levels. Temperature increase led to reduced voltage, and consequently lower module output power, decreasing the efficiency value by nearly 6% at temperatures 15oC above the Standard Test Conditions (STC) temperature. These panels are usually placed at different angles according to local latitude, remaining fixed in that position. In comparison with a horizontally-placed panel, it was obtained a 4-hour increase in yield when the panel reached saturation value. Dust levels reduced electricity production levels by approximately 16%. These factors must be taken into account for placement and maintenance of photovoltaic systems, so they can function efficiently.

Os testes foram realizados com um bioestimulante (AAAP) o qual contém em sua composição extratos de leveduras e aminoácidos. Os dados de produtividade de milho safrinha para metanálise foram coletados de 41 ensaios, nos estados do Paraná, São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais e Goiás no ano agrícola de 2013/2014. Os ensaios constituíam-se de 8 tratamentos com quatro repetições, com parcelas de tamanho de 3,6 x 6,0 m. Os tratamentos testados eram compostos pela testemunha (sem aplicação de bioestimulante) e os demais tratamentos foram formados pela variação na época de aplicação do bioestimulante na dose de 2,0 L ha-1. As épocas corresponderam aos estádios fenológicos V8, VT, R1, (V8+VT), (V8+R1), (VT+R1) e (V8+VT+R1). Avaliou-se a produtividade em kg ha-1 e com base nas diferenças entre tratamentos e testemunha (medidas de efeito), quantificou-se a influência da aplicação do bioestimulante. A metanálise foi utilizada para estudar os efeitos dos tratamentos e para o cálculo da probabilidade de incremento em produtividade com o uso do produto. A metanálise foi realizada usando-se o software R. O modelo de efeitos aleatórios foi utilizado para metanálise pois constatou-se alta heterogeneidade entre os estudos. Posteriormente aplicou-se o modelo de efeito misto, afim de explicar a alta heterogeneidade, onde, definiram-se as variáveis moderadoras em função do número de aplicações, época das aplicações, ocorrência de stress hídrico e região onde foram conduzidos os ensaios. Em posse da estimativa metanalítica das variáveis moderadoras calculou-se a probabilidade de incremento em produtividade nos níveis de 2, 5 e 10 sacas de 60 kg ha-1. Os resultados da metanálise para variável “Geral” e as variáveis moderadoras foram significativamente positivos (p-valor < 0,0001) com estimativa metanalítica de 342,1 kg ha-1 e intervalo de confiança 95% de probabilidade, entre 301,2 kg ha-1 e 383,0 kg ha-1. A variável moderadora “3 aplicações” apresentou probabilidades de 91,7%, 85,4%, 71,0% e 38,9%, respectivamente para apresentar produtividade acima de zero e nos níveis de 2, 5 e 10 sacas 60 kg ha-1. Estes mesmos valores foram 91,7%, 85,4%, 71,0% e 39,0% para a variável “aplicações realizadas em V8+VT+R1”, 79,1%, 69,3%, 50,1% e 21,1% para a variável “ensaios realizados sob condição de stress” e 84,2%, 75,1%, 57,7% e 26,9% para a variável “aplicações realizadas na região Sul do Brasil”. Demonstrou-se através da metanálise que a aplicação foliar do bioestimulante incrementou a produtividade do milho com 83,7% de probabilidade de resposta positiva, com dados de 287 medidas de efeito geradas em 41 ensaios.

Com objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de métodos alternativos ao Penmam-Monteith-FAO56 para a estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) para a cidade de Londrina, Paraná, foram comparados a este método padrão recomendado pela FAO os seguintes métodos: Radiação-Temperatura, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani-1982,Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tanner-pelton, Jensen-Haise,Makkink, Hargreaves-Modificado, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, Radiação-Global, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani-1985, Banavides-Lopez, Penman-Original, Linacre, Blaney-Morin, Romanenko, Hargreaves-1974, McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuiness-Bordne e Blaney-Criddle. Utilizando um conjunto de dados meteorológicos de aproximadamente 40 anos, as estimativas foram correlacionadas por regressão linear e avaliadas através do coeficiente de correlação de Person “r”, índice de concordância “d” e do índice de desempenho “c”. Os métodos Hargreaves Modificado, Stephens-Stewart, Abtew, Radiação-Global, Ivanov, Lungeon, Hargreaves-Samani-1985, Banvides-Lopez, Penman-Original e Linacre devem ser evitados, pois não apresentaram resultados ótimos. Classificado como “péssimo” os métodos McCloud, Camargo, Hamon, Kharrufa, McGuinness-Bordne, Blaney-Criddle, Hargreaves-1974, Romanenko e Blaney-Morin não são recomendados. E os métodos Radiação-Temperatura, Hicks-Hess, Hargreaves-Samani-1982, Turc, Priestley-Taylor, Tenner-Pelton, Jensen-Haise e Makkink apresentaram índices de desempenhos “ótimos”, e podem ser aplicados para a região em estudo.

The aim of this study was to clarify the relationship between soybean leaf/plant age and the susceptibility to infection by Phakopsora pachyrhizi. Two studies were conducted in the greenhouse during the 2009/2010 season using the BRS 232 cultivar. The experimental design for Study 1 was fully randomized in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (phenological stage x age of the 4th, 5th and 6th trifoliate at the time of inoculation), and in Study 2, the experimental design was fully randomized with five treatments (T) and four replicates. The variables assessed were disease severity, number of lesions, uredinia per lesion, and viable spores. In Study 1, it was observed that disease severity was lower when the plant was in the growth stage V6 (11.4%), compared to the reproductive stage R4 (16.9%). The regression for disease severity and leaf age at the time of inoculation showed that older trifoliates on the plants in the reproductive stage exhibited higher severity. However, in Study 2, for trifoliates of the same age on plants of different ages, the trifoliates of younger plants were more susceptible to the disease. It was concluded that soybean plant susceptibility to soybean rust was directly proportional to the age of the trifoliate on a given plant and the phenological stage of the plant at the time of inoculation.

The raise in the numbers of samples increase the confidence level of the results. However little is know about the minimum number of water-sensitive papers cards that must be used in studies of spray technology. Thus, the aim of this paper was to determine the minimum number of water-sensitive papers cards used in spray experiments, based on the variables: percentage of coverage, number of drops per cm2 and volume median diameter (VMD). It were realized an experiment in factorial design 2x2 with five replicates, each containing 36 cards. With the objective to have variability among the treatments, the factors involveed were nozzles (TR110-01 and ULD120-015) and operational pressures (138 and 276 kPa), because the size of droplets is modified even by the nozzle as by operational pressures. As estimative precision, the mean errors assumed was 20%, 15% and 10%, that generated numbers of samples as: 7, 12 and 26, respectively, for percentage of coverage; 5, 8 and 16, respectively, for number of drops per cm2; and 1.2 and 4 respectively, for volume median diameter (VMD). Analysis of variance complemented by Tukey test at 5% probability were realized for the average of 36 cards and the average of the minimum number of papers (samples) determined. Comparing statically the averages obtained in the experiment for each variable for n=36 samples and n= samples determined at 20% error, noted that the results are identical in both situations, demonstrating that spray rates and different droplet sizes influenced directly in the parameters evaluated. It is possible to conclude that the minimum number of water-sensitive papers cards per repetition (1 m2 for this experiment) is 7,5, and 1 for percentage of coverage, number of droplet per cm2 and volume median diameter (VMD), respectively.

Rusts contribute to yield losses in crops of sugarcane. The present study was to evaluate the viability urediniospores of Puccinia kuehnii over time and the influence of aqueous extracts in vitro germination. Leaves with symptoms orange rust, cultivar SP89 1115 and RB72 454, were collected for the first bioassay (B1). These were stored in a humid chamber, to date evaluations. Urediniospores were collected from the leaves, and suspended in distilled water 0.1 ml was prepared they were transferred to Petri dishes containing agar-water, maintained at 20°C in the dark for 24 hours. Evaluations were made at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16 days after harvest of the sheets, with five replicates for evaluation. In the second bioassay (B2) the urediniospores were collected from leaves with symptoms of orange rust cultivar SP89 1115 of sugarcane. Suspension was prepared in distilled water, aliquot of 0.1 ml were transferred to Petri dishes containing agar-water, and 1 ml of aqueous extract of leaves of sugarcane. Treatments consisted of two aqueous extracts of leaves of sugarcane: susceptible RB72 454 and resistant RB86 7515 in dilutions of 1:1, 10-1, 10-2, 10-3, with four replications. For both bioassays were evaluated germination of 200 urediniospores/plate. The results showed that B1 for variety SP89 1115 germination percentage was significantly lower than the RB72 454, respectively 26.4% and 93.1% at the time of collection of the field and 24.8% and 32.4% to 16 days after collection. In B2 the germination of urediniospores receiving the aqueous suspension of the resistant variety, was on average 7.6 percentage points lower than those who received the aqueous suspension of susceptible variety.As ferrugens contribuem para perdas de rendimentos na cultura da cana-de-açúcar. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o período de viabilidade dos urediniósporos de Puccinia kuehnii e a influência de extratos aquosos em sua germinação in vitro. Para o primeiro bioensaio (B1) foram coletadas folhas com sintomas de ferrugem alaranjada, das cultivares de cana-de-açúcar SP89 1115 e RB72 454. Estas foram armazenadas em câmara úmida, até as datas das avaliações de germinação. Os urediniósporos foram coletados das folhas e preparou-se uma suspensão em água destilada. Uma alíquota de 0,1 mL foi transferida para placas de Petri contendo meio ágar-água (15g L-1), mantidas a 20ºC, no escuro por 24 horas. As avaliações foram feitas aos 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 16 dias após a coleta das folhas, com cinco repetições por avaliação. No Segundo bioensaio (B2) os urediniósporos foram coletados de folhas com sintomas de ferrugem alaranjada da cultivar SP89-1115. Foi preparada uma suspensão em água destilada e uma alíquota de 0,1 mL foi transferida para placas de Petri contendo meio ágar-água e 1 mL de extratos aquosos de folhas de cana-de-açúcar. Os tratamentos constituíram-se em dois extratos aquosos: variedade suscetível RB72 454 e resistente RB86 7515 nas diluições de 1:1; 10-1; 10-2; 10-3. Foram realizadas 4 repetições. Para ambos os bioensaios avaliou-se a germinação de 200 urediniósporos/placa. Os resultados de B1 demonstraram que para a variedade SP89 1115 a porcentagem de germinação foi significativamente inferior à variedade RB72 454, respectivamente 26,4% e 93,1% na data da coleta a campo e 24,8% e 32,4% aos 16 dias após a coleta. Em B2 a porcentagem de germinação dos urediniósporos que receberam a suspensão aquosa da variedade resistente, foi em média de 7,6 pontos percentuais menor do que os que receberam a suspensão aquosa da variedade suscetível.

A aplicação de produtos fitosssanitários no setor sucroalcoleiro, até recentemente, estava focada principalmente no controle de plantas daninhas. Com o aparecimento da ferrugem alaranjada, como doença de importância agrícola na cultura da cana-de-açúcar, passou a ser imperioso conhecer como a aplicação chega na parte aérea da planta. Dessa forma, o presente estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da deposição da calda em pulverização terrestre, conduzido em esquema fatorial 2x2x2 (duas pontas de pulverização, duas taxas de aplicação e duas posições dos cartões de papéis hidrosensíveis no dossel da planta), seis repetições, com dez papéis cada. Foram utilizadas as pontas de pulverizacão XR110.02 (jato plano de uso ampliado) e TTJ60 - 110.02 (jato plano duplo, com ângulo de 60 graus entre si) utilizando-se as taxas de aplicação de 120 e 160L ha-1. Os cartões de papel hidrossensível utilizados para avaliar a deposicão das pulverizações foram distribuidos sobre as folhas de cana-de-açúcar, em duas posições distintas em relação ao dossel da planta (parte superior e inferior, aproximadamente, 0,80 e 0,50 metros do solo, dispostos na horizontal e inclinado em relação à superfície do solo, respectivamente). A cultivar utilizada foi 'RB 96-6928', com altura de 0,80m aos 120 dias do plantio. Um scaner de mesa foi utilizado para digitalizar as imagens dos papéis e avaliou-se as coberturas através do programa Conta-Gotas®. Os dados de deposição/cobertura foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade de erro. No dossel superior da cana-de-açúcar observou-se maior cobertura, quando comparado ao dossel inferior, sendo que não se observaram diferenças entre as taxas de aplicação de 120 e 160L ha-1,. A ponta TTJ60-110.02 promoveu cobertura superior à ponta XR 110.02 quando se utilizou 160L ha-1 (40,34 e 36,50%, respectivamente).The terrestrial application of agricultural defensives in the sugar-alchool producer sector until recently was focused on weed control. After the appearance of orange rust, a disease of agricultural importance in sugar cane production, it has become imperative to know how the application arrives at the plant canopy. In such a way, the present study was developed with the objective of evaluate the quality of the deposition in terrestrial spraying, lead in factorial project 2x2x2 (two nozzles of spraying, two rates of application and two positions of the water-sensitive papers in the canopy of plant), six repetitions, with ten papers each. It has been used the nozzles of spraying XR110.02 (plain jet of extended range) and TTJ60 - 110,02 (double plain jet, with angle of 60 degrees between itself) using the rates of application of 120 and 160L ha-1. The water-sensitive papers cards used to evaluate the deposition of the sprayings had been distributed on the leaves of sugar cane in two distinct heights (upper and lower, approximately 0,80 and 0,50 meters above ground level, arranged in horizontal and inclined with respect to the road surface, respectively). A table scanner was used to generate the digital images of the papers and evaluated the coverings through the Conta-Gotas® program. The deposition data/covering had been submitted to the variance analysis and the averages compared with the Tukey test at 5% of significance. It was observed in the superior canopy of the sugarcane a bigger covering when compared with the inferior, there was no difference between the application rates, 120 and 160L ha-1. The TTJ600110.02 nozzle promoted bigger covering the XR110.02 nozzle when using 160L ha-1 (40,34 and 36,50%, respectively).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi detalhar os ciclos de infecção da Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. em genótipos de soja, para o estabelecimento de grupos de genótipos mais promissores para o uso como fontes de resistência à ferrugem. Os componentes do ciclo de infecção foram quantificados em 48 genótipos. Foram avaliados: tipo de lesão, intensidade de esporulação, severidade, número de lesões e de urédias e produtividade de urediniósporos. Pela análise de agrupamentos, formaram-se quatro grupos: A - desenvolveu a maior quantidade de doença; B - desenvolveu a menor quantidade de doença; C - baixa resistência inicial e D - alta resistência inicial. Os genótipos dos grupos B, C e D apresentaram lesões RB ("redish-brown") e variaram quanto à resistência inicial, resistência tardia, intensidade de esporulação, estabilidade da resposta qualitativa, produtividade de urediniósporos e número de dias para atingir 50% da severidade máxima. Entre as variáveis analisadas, as que apresentaram importância prática foram as avaliações das respostas qualitativas e as de severidade. Esta última reflete os efeitos combinados de resistência sobre todos os componentes da infecção e apresentam importância prática na diferenciação de genótipos, quanto à resistência à doença. Os genótipos dos grupos B, C e D manifestaram resistência qualitativa e quantitativa, em diferentes graus, e promissores para serem utilizados como fontes de genes de resistência à ferrugem-asiática-da-soja.The objective of this study was to detail the infection cycles of Phakopsora pachyrhizi Syd. & P. Syd. in soybean genotypes, in order to establish a group of the most promising genotypes for use as sources of resistance to Asian soybean rust. The infection cycle components were quantified in 48 genotypes. The assessments consisted of: type of lesion, intensity of sporulation, severity, number of lesions and uredinias, and productivity of urediniospores. The cluster analysis formed four groups: A - developed the highest amount of disease; B - developed the lowest amount of disease; C - low initial resistance; and D - high initial resistance. All the genotypes of groups B, C and D had RB (redish-brown) lesions and varied for initial resistance, delayed resistance, intensity of sporulation, stability of the qualitative response, productivity of urediniospores, and number of days to reach 50% of the maximum severity. Qualitative responses and disease severity evaluations reflect the combined effects of resistance on all the infection components and show practical importance in genotypes differentiation, regarding disease resistance. The genotypes of groups B, C and D presented qualitative and quantitative resistance, in different degrees, and they are promising genotypes as sources of resistance to Asian soybean rust.

The aim of this research was to verify if some measures of reflectance could detect variations in the healthy leaf area which could be used as parameter to estimate damages in the production due to soybean rust, and to determine the influence of the disease on photosinthetic efficiency of plants under field conditions. The experiment was lead in the experimental area of Embrapa, in Londrina, PR. The experimental design was randomly blocks, with eight treatments (different fungicide application times) with four replications. The fungicide used was azoxistrobin + ciproconazole (60+24 g i.a./ha) + mineral oil (0.5%). The reflectance readings were made at eight wave lengths, between 460 and 810 nm, with intervals of 50 nm. It was estimated the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), where NDVI=(810-660)/ (810+660). The yield presented linear increments (P < 0.01) with Healthy Leaf Area Duration (HAD) (r2=37.7%), with Healthy Area Absorption (HAA) (r2=21.6%), with Area Under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) (r2=25.4%) and with Integral of Normalized Difference (AURNDVI) (r2=54.8%). Significant difference in Photosynthetic Efficiency (RUE) (P < 0.05) was observed between the control plot and the treatment with three fungicide applications (first at R4), which was the only treatment that differed significantly (P < 0.05) in production from untreated control. The sensitivity of the measures NDVI and RUE presented a potential to detect variations among the treatments. However additional studies are still needed to verify and eliminate some possible interferences, such as the calibration of the radiometer and other parameters before it can be used for taking of decisions.O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se as medidas de refletância detectavam variações na área foliar sadia a fim de serem utilizadas como parâmetros para estimar danos na produção decorrentes da ferrugem asiática, bem como determinar a influência da doença na eficiência fotossintética das plantas em condições de campo. O experimento foi conduzido na área experimental pertencente à Embrapa Soja, no município de Londrina, PR, utilizou-se a cultivar de soja BRS 154. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos ao acaso, com oito tratamentos (diferentes estádios de início da aplicação do fungicida) com quatro repetições O produto utilizado foi azoxistrobin + ciproconazole (60+24 g i.a./ha) + óleo mineral (0,5%). As leituras de refletância foram feitas em oito comprimentos de onda, de 460 a 810 nm, em intervalos de 50 nm. Calculou-se o Índice Vegetativo de Diferença Normalizada (NDVI), onde NDVI=(810-660)/(810+660). A produção apresentou incremento linear (p < 0,01) com a Duração da Área Foliar Sadia (HAD) (r2=37,7%), com a Absorção da Radiação Solar pela Área Foliar Sadia (HAA) (r2=21,6%), com a Área Abaixo da Curva de Progresso da Doença (AUDPC) (r2=25,4%) e com a Integral da Diferença Normalizada (AURNDVI) (r2=54,8%). Verificou-se diferença significativa (p < 0,05) na Eficiência Fotossintética (RUE) entre a testemunha e o tratamento que recebeu três aplicações de fungicida (primeira em R4), sendo esse também o único tratamento que diferiu significativamente (p < 0,05) da testemunha em produtividade. Apesar dos baixos valores para os coeficientes de determinação, a sensibilidade das medidas de NDVI e RUE apresentaram potencial para captar variações entre os tratamentos. Sugerem-se novos estudos para verificar e eliminar possíveis interferências decorrentes da calibração do radiômetro e dos demais parâmetros antes dessas medidas poderem ser utilizadas no processo de tomada de decisão para controle da ferrugem asiática.

This paper aimed to show the relationship among healthy leaf area, angular leaf spot severity and bean yield, under field conditions, indicating the influence of this relationship on photosynthetic efficiency of leaf tissue remaining on plants. Leaf area and severity of angular leaf spot [Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris] of bean were weekly assessed, beginning at 30 days after emergence (DAE). Different levels of severity were reached varying the timing of fungicide spraying (fentin hydroxide 0.10% + tebuconazole 0.04%). Variations on total leaf area were consequence of natural variation on plants and also due to different physic and chemical soil conditions among plots. The relation between healthy leaf area duration (HAD) and area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) and yield (g m-2) presented R2=74.8% and healthy area absorption (HAA), AUDPC and yield (g m-2) presented R2=74.7%. Results indicated reduction of yield when severity (AUDPC) was high, even in plots with same level of healthy leaf area. So, the disease influenced the photosynthetic efficiency of healthy leaf area, besides avoiding the production of the necrotic tissue.O objetivo do trabalho foi demonstrar, em parcelas experimentais sob condições de campo, a relação entre área foliar sadia, severidade de mancha angular e produção em feijoeiro indicando a influência desta relação na eficiência fotossintética do tecido foliar remanescentes nas plantas. Área foliar e severidade de mancha angular [Phaeoisariopsis griseola (Sacc.) Ferraris] de feijoeiro foram avaliadas semanalmente, iniciando-se aos 30 dias após a emergência (DAE). Obtiveram-se diferentes níveis de severidade variando-se a data de início de aplicação da mistura fungicida (fentin hydroxide 0,10% + tebuconazole 0,04%). Variações na quantidade de área foliar foram obtidas em função da variação inerente entre plantas e das diferenças de condições físicoquímicas encontradas no solo das parcelas. A relação entre duração de área foliar sadia (HAD) e a área sob a curva de progresso da doença (AUDPC) e a produção (g m-2) apresentou R2=74,8% e entre e absorção da área foliar sadia (HAA), AUDPC e a produção (g m-2) apresentou R2=74,7%. Os resultados indicaram que houve redução na produção em parcelas com valores altos de AUDPC, mesmo naquelas com mesmo nível de área foliar sadia (HAD), ou seja, a doença influenciou a eficiência fotossintética da área foliar sadia das plantas, além de impedir que a área doente necrosada produzisse.

A manutenção da camada de palha na superfície do solo e o incremento no espaçamento entrelinhas têm sido difundidos como métodos para o controle de mofo branco. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a alteração no espaçamento entrelinhas e o manejo da cobertura do solo para o controle de Sclerotinia sclerotiorum na cultura do feijoeiro. O delineamento experimental foi blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x3, constituído de seis tratamentos com quatro repetições. O primeiro fator foi o manejo de restos culturais, com dois níveis de manejo (com cobertura e sem cobertura de solo). O segundo fator foi o espaçamento entre linhas, com três níveis (20, 40 e 60cm). As variáveis analisadas foram a área abaixo da curva de progresso (AACPD), incidência de mofo branco, números de escleródios, massa de 100 grãos e produtividade. De acordo com os resultados, não ocorreu interação significativa (PThe methods to control white mold of bean include a layer of straw on the soil surface and the increase in row spacing, aiming to provide disadvantage to the pathogen. The objective of this paper was to assess the change in row spacing and the presence or absence of ground cover (straw) for control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in common bean. The experimental design was randomized blocks in factorial scheme 2x3, consisting of six treatments with four replications. The first factor was the management of crop residues, with two levels of management (with and without coverage of soil). The second factor was the spacing between lines, with three levels (20, 40 and 60cm). The variables were the area below the disease progress curve (AUDPC), incidence of white mold, sclerotia numbers, weight of 100 grains and yield. There was no significant interaction (P

A aplicação de fungicidas tem importante papel na cultura do trigo e sua eficácia está atrelada principalmente ao momento biológico para o controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a influência do momento de aplicação de fungicida nos danos decorrentes da ferrugem da folha do trigo (P. triticina). Um coletor de esporos Siga foi instalado na área experimental a fim de auxiliar na previsão da ocorrência da ferrugem antes da manifestação dos sintomas. O cultivar utilizado foi o CD 104 - susceptível à ferrugem - e as aplicações foram realizadas aos 7, 14 e 21 dias após a manifestação dos primeiros sintomas de ferrugem nas plantas. Avaliaram-se neste experimento a área abaixo da curva de progresso da doença, obtida pela sua severidade, e os índices de produtividade (kg/ha) e peso hectolitro (g) da cultura. O coletor Siga foi capaz de detectar esporos de ferrugem antes da manifestação sintomática da doença, auxiliando na sua identificação no campo nos primeiros sintomas. O atraso nas aplicações de fungicida aumentou os níveis de severidade, reduzindo significativamente o nível de controle e ocasionando danos consideráveis à produtividade da cultura. Verificaram-se perdas de produtividade na ordem de 80 kg por dia de atraso na aplicação.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of air-assisted boom sprayers and addition of adjuvants in the spray solution on control levels of pesticide sprays against weeds and pathogenic fungi by meta-analysis of scientific literature. To perform the meta-analysis, data were collected from the results presented in scientific papers. By these data, a variable was created, denominated as relative control that was used to quantify and test whether the use of air assistance or adjuvants affects the effectiveness of pesticide sprays. This variable was calculated as a difference between percentage of pesticide control in treatments with air assistance or adjuvants and treatments without these spray techniques. Data were analyzed statistically using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software. Results showed that the use of air assistance did not have any effect on the control levels of weeds and pathogenic fungi; whereas, the addition of adjuvants increased these levels by 6.45%.