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Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a popular fruit grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Mango has a distinctive aroma, flavour, and nutritional properties. Annual global mango production is >50 million tonnes. Major producers of mango include India, Bangladesh, China, Mexico, Pakistan, Indonesia, Brazil, Thailand, and the Philippines, and it is shipped worldwide. Harvested mango fruit are highly perishable, with a short shelf life. Physiological disorders are among the major factors limiting their postharvest quality and shelf life, including when fruit need phytosanitary treatments, such as hot water treatment, vapour heat treatment, and irradiation. This review focuses on problematic physiological disorders of mango flesh, including physiology and biochemistry. It considers factors contributing to the development and/or exacerbation of internal disorders. Improved production practices, including pruning, nutrient application, and irrigation, along with monitoring and managing environmental conditions (viz., temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit), can potentially maintain fruit robustness to better tolerate otherwise stressful postharvest operations. As demand for mangoes on international markets is compromised by internal quality, robust fruit is crucial to maintaining existing and gaining new domestic and export consumer markets. Considering mango quality, a dynamic system, a more holistic approach encompassing pre-, at-, and post-harvest conditions as a continuum is needed to determine fruit predisposition and subsequent management of internal disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangifera indica L., a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is widely cultivated across the globe. The leaves of M. indica are renowned for their medicinal properties, attributed to the abundance of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the effects of mango leaf extract on oxidative stress in HeLa cells. Notably, the n-hexane fraction (MLHx) significantly enhanced antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase activity at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, surpassing other fractions. MLHx also promoted the expression of HO-1 mRNA by increasing nuclear NRF2 levels. The molecular mechanism of MLHx involves increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and stabilization of NRF2. Bioactivity-guided isolation resulted in the identification of six oxylipins: 13(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-(9Z,11E,15Z)-trienoic acid (C-1), 9(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-(10E,12Z,15Z)-trienoic acid (C-2), 13(R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acid (C-3), 9(R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid (C-4), 9-oxo-(10E,12E)-octadecadienoic acid (C-5), and 9-oxo-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid (C-6). These structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic techniques, including MS and 1H NMR. Additionally, compounds C-7 (9-oxo-(10E,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid) and 8 (13-oxo-(9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid) were characterized by LC-MS/MS mass fragmentation. This study reports the isolation of compounds 1–6 from M. indica for the first time. When tested for their effect on NRF2 activity in HeLa cells, compounds 3, 5, and 6 showed strong stimulation of ARE-luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mangifera indica L. (mango), a medicinal plant rich in biologically active compounds, has potential to be used in disease‐preventing and health‐promoting products. The present investigation reveals and uncovers bioactive metabolites with remarkable therapeutic efficiency from mango (family: Anacardiaceae) seeds. RESULTS: Biological activity was determined by antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer assays, and metabolite profiling was performed on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC‐QTOF‐MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS) platforms. Validation of active metabolites was carried out by in silico molecular docking (Molinspiration Cheminformatics Server and PASS). Extracted and identified metabolites were screened; 54 compounds associated with various groups were selected for the in silico interaction study. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular docking revealed lead molecules with a potential binding energy score, efficacy and stable modulation with a selected protein domain. Investigation, directed by in vitro and in silico analysis, confirms mango seeds as an excellent source of potential metabolites as a therapeutic agent. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alternative pre-treatment strategies before drying offer the prospect to minimize drying time, replacing the use of chemicals, and preserving quality of dried fresh products. This study explored the application of low-pressure atmospheric cold plasma (CP) for 5- and 10 min (CP5 and CP10) as pre-treatments prior to processing and hot air drying (60 °C) of 'Heidi' mango, while non-treated samples served as control. Changes in tissue microstructure and physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds, and microbial load were evaluated, and seven thin layer drying models were applied. Scanned electron microscope images showed that CP pre-treatments altered the tissue microstructure of dried mango slices compared to control. 'Heidi' mango slices with the initial moisture content of 80 ± 0.2% on a wet basis was reduced by 81% and 76% in dried CP5 and CP10 samples, respectively. Drying time was reduced by 20% for CP pre-treated samples in comparison to control samples, and the drying behavior of 'Heidi' mango slices was best described by the Logarithmic model (R2, 0.9999 and RMSE, 0.0122). Colour attributes were best retained by sodium metabisulphite (SMB) pre-treated samples, followed by CP5 pre-treated, which performed better than CP10 and control (p ≤ 0.05). Highest total flavanols (15.0 ± 0.4 mg CE 100 g−1) and higher total phenolics (1528.2 ± 23.6 mg GA 100 g−1) were found in CP5 pre-treated samples compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). Lowest antioxidant activities were found in CP10 pre-treated samples compared to the control (p ≤ 0.05). CP-pretreatment and drying resulted in ≥ 2 Log reduction in microbial load on mango slices. These results demonstrate to the role players in mango value addition chain, the potential of low-pressure CP pretreatment in enhancing/maintaining the bioactive compounds, reducing drying time and microbial load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Drying is an essential stage at the industrial level in the strategy of transforming agro-industrial by-products into functional ingredients. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of convective drying at three different temperatures (50, 60, and 70 °C) with an air flow rate of 1.0 m/s and freeze-drying (− 50 °C/72 h) on the drying characteristics, the content of bioactive compounds, and the physical properties of Maranhão mango peels. In addition, empirical and diffusive models were used to describe the behavior of the convective drying kinetics of the peels. Both strategies employed resulted in a reduction in water content (p < 0.05). Among the mathematical models tested, the Diffusion Approximation and Midilli models provided better fits (R2 ≥ 0.9996). Increasing the drying temperature up to 70 °C increased the effective diffusivity (1.48 × 10–10 m2/s) and reduced the thermodynamic properties of the process. However, freeze-drying preserved the levels of total phenolic compounds (2654.56 mg GAE/100 g), total tannins (2815.68 mg TAE/100 g), flavonoids (130.79 mg/100 g), and carotenoids (244.92 mg/100 g). The resulting powders for all conditions were extremely hygroscopic and exhibited intermediate cohesiveness but with free flowability. Finally, the results presented open new perspectives for the application of convective drying (70 °C) and freeze-drying for Maranhão mango peel drying, paving the way for the development of creative, innovative, and simple routes for the management and recycling of agri-food waste, which could expand this knowledge to new food matrices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using microorganisms can develop into a promising strategy for increasing photosynthetic activity and greater accumulation of assimilates in crops. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of Rhodopseudomonas palustris on fruit yield and quality of 'Keitt' mangoes grown under semi-arid environmental conditions. The experiment was carried out simultaneously in two mango orchards in Petrolina, Pernambuco, Brazil. The study comprised a randomized block design with treatments distributed in 7 treatments, 4 replications, and 3 plants per plot. The treatments consisted of different strategies for applying R. palustris. These treatments were T1) control treatment; T2) 1.43 × 107 CFU/plant via fertigation; T3) 2.85 × 107 CFU/plant via fertigation; T4) 4.27 × 107 CFU/plant via fertigation; T5) 5.70 × 107 CFU/plant via fertigation; T6) 1.43 × 107 CFU/plant via fertigation + 1.43 × 107 CFU/plant via leaf spray; T7) 2.85 × 107 CFU/plant via fertigation + 1.43 × 107 CFU/plant via leaf spray. The treatments were a pplied monthly, totaling seven applications. We evaluated fruit yield (M g ha-1), longitudinal diameter, ventral diameter and transverse diameter, fruit mass, pulp firmness, pulp percentage, soluble solids (SS), pH, titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, and dry pulp mass. R. palustris improved mango yield and fruit quality characteristics regarding longitudinal and transversal diameters and the SS/TA ratio. Mango plants treated with R. palustris at 1.43 × 107 CFU/plant via fertigation (T2) produced 10 Mg ha-1 more than the control group, without loss of fruit quality while considering the European market demand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango cultivation is expanding at latitudes further away from the equator. It is necessary to describe the behaviour of the species in response to the new environmental conditions and cultivation techniques it undergoes. Three years of phenological observations on mango (cvs. Keitt, Osteen, Tommy Atkins) grown in open air and greenhouse orchards located in Sicily, Italy, were clustered and synthesized into the main phenological phases of the species' annual cycle, together with their duration. An accurate depiction of the environmental conditions and of the phenological phases on the mango tree throughout the year in the Mediterranean climate is presented. All three cultivars behaved similarly, and differences have emerged between the phenological cycle of mango in the Mediterranean and the one of its traditional cultivation areas: vegetative flushes in the open air happen after flowering rather than after harvest and are less intense. Flowering is consistently anticipated in the greenhouse with respect to open air, beginning before the end of winter, but this does not reflect in an earlier harvest. Mango trees in the open air remain quiescent for many months, while in the greenhouse the fruit development period is prolonged by the high temperatures. The description of the phenological cycle of mango in two different cropping conditions in the Mediterranean climate constitutes a reference for growers and researchers interested in the adaptation of the species to different growing conditions and allows to reconsider the thresholds for its cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Mango (Mangifera indica L.) faces escalating challenges from increasing drought stress due to erratic climate patterns, threatening yields, and quality. Understanding mango's drought response mechanisms is pivotal for resilience and food security. Results Our RNA-seq analyses unveil 12,752 differentially expressed genes linked to stress signaling, hormone regulation, and osmotic adjustment. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis identified three essential genes—WRKY transcription factor 3, polyamine oxidase 4, and protein MEI2-like 1—as drought defense components. WRKY3 having a role in stress signaling and defense validates its importance. Polyamine oxidase 4, vital in stress adaptation, enhances drought defense. Protein MEI2-like 1's significance emerges, hinting at novel roles in stress responses. Metabolite profiling illuminated Mango’s metabolic responses to drought stress by presenting 990 differentially abundant metabolites, mainly related to amino acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, contributing to a deeper understanding of adaptation strategies. The integration between genes and metabolites provided valuable insights by revealing the correlation of WRKY3, polyamine oxidase 4 and MEI2-like 1 with amino acids, D-sphingnosine and 2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine. Conclusions This study provides insights into mango's adaptive tactics, guiding future research for fortified crop resilience and sustainable agriculture. Harnessing key genes and metabolites holds promise for innovative strategies enhancing drought tolerance in mango cultivation, contributing to global food security efforts.

Mangiferin, a prominent phytochemical found abundantly in mango leaves, possesses a wide range of pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer, and antidiabetic effects (Lee, Kim, & Kim, 2019). However, its minted solubility hinders its pharmaceutical applications. This study aimed to optimize the parameters of the spray-drying process to improve the dissolution of mangiferin in Mangiferin indica L. leaf extract and formulate capsules for diabetes treatment. Fourteen experiments were designed using Design Expert software and optimized with BC Pharsoft OPT software. Three independent variables were investigated: the ratio of mangiferin to excipients (X1), the ratio of maltodextrin in spray fluid composition (X2), and inlet air temperature (X3). The dissolution of mangiferin was measured as the percentage released within 5 minutes (Y1), 15 minutes (Y2), and 30 minutes (Y3), and the percentage of hygroscopicity at 25oC (Y4). The results showed that the optimized spray drying process and formula, which included the ratios of mangiferin and maltodextrin in the spray drying solution of 8.30% and 9.63%, respectively, the inlet air temperature of 156.26oC, blowing speed of 50 m3/s, and pump flow of 3 mL/min, possessed a dissolution of mangiferin in the spray drying powder of 91.89 ± 2.43% at 30 minutes, and a percentage hygroscopicity of 0.13 ± 0.13% at 25oC. This study, for the first time, explored the cause-effect relationships and optimization of the formulation of Mangifera indica L. leaf extract powder. The spray-dried powder capsule released more than 90% mangiferin within 30 minutes and showed significant hypoglycemic effects in inhibiting the a-glucosidase enzyme (IC 50 of 36.94 µg/mL equivalent to mangiferin in comparison with the commercial drug Glucobay (acarbose 176.09 µg/mL). In summary, the capsules containing the optimized formula of mangiferin spray-dried powder from Mangifera indica L. leaf extract have been successfully prepared and have potential antidiabetic effects in in-vitro settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous studies have shown that 'Palmer' mangoes immersed in solutions containing 2.5% sorbitol and stored under a controlled atmosphere (CA) at 8 °C for 30 days had fewer symptoms of a chilling injury. However, there is no information regarding the effectiveness of sorbitol treatment in other atmospheres and/or in combination with lower temperatures. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of dipping 'Palmer' mangoes in 0.1% and 2.5% (w/v) sorbitol solutions and storing the fruit under a CA without atmosphere modification (21 kPa O2 + 0.03 kPa CO2) at 8 °C/95% relative humidity (RH) or with 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 at 4 °C/95% RH for 28 days. The fruits were evaluated periodically for chilling injuries, quality, and oxidative metabolism. A chilling injury (CI) was correlated with increased fresh weight loss (FWL) and changes in the color of the epicarp (Lpeel, h°peel, and Cpeel) and mesocarp (L*pulp). Lipid peroxidation (LPpulp and LPpeel) and the hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2peel and H2O2pulp) were associated with the development of a CI, particularly after being transferred to ambient. The treatment with 2.5% sorbitol was more effective in minimizing the chilling injury symptoms and did not compromise the fruit quality, especially when it was stored at 4 °C in association with a CA containing 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2. This treatment reduced lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes in the epicarp and mesocarp, providing greater cold tolerance. The use of 2.5% sorbitol has been identified as the most efficacious approach for mitigating the adverse impacts of chilling injuries, preserving the fruit quality, and enhancing oxidative metabolism, even at lower temperatures. Thus, this treatment represents a viable alternative for managing chilling injuries in mangoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mango (Mangifera indica L.) faces escalating challenges from increasing drought stress due to erratic climate patterns, threatening yields, and quality. Understanding mango's drought response mechanisms is pivotal for resilience and food security. Results: Our RNA-seq analyses unveil 12,752 differentially expressed genes linked to stress signaling, hormone regulation, and osmotic adjustment. Weighted Gene Co-expression Network Analysis identified three essential genes—WRKY transcription factor 3, polyamine oxidase 4, and protein MEI2-like 1—as drought defense components. WRKY3 having a role in stress signaling and defense validates its importance. Polyamine oxidase 4, vital in stress adaptation, enhances drought defense. Protein MEI2-like 1's significance emerges, hinting at novel roles in stress responses. Metabolite profiling illuminated Mango's metabolic responses to drought stress by presenting 990 differentially abundant metabolites, mainly related to amino acids, phenolic acids, and flavonoids, contributing to a deeper understanding of adaptation strategies. The integration between genes and metabolites provided valuable insights by revealing the correlation of WRKY3, polyamine oxidase 4 and MEI2-like 1 with amino acids, D-sphingnosine and 2,5-Dimethyl pyrazine. Conclusions: This study provides insights into mango's adaptive tactics, guiding future research for fortified crop resilience and sustainable agriculture. Harnessing key genes and metabolites holds promise for innovative strategies enhancing drought tolerance in mango cultivation, contributing to global food security efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Abstract: The imposition of water deficit in mango cultivation, combined with branch maturation, favors the accumulation of essential reserves for flowering. However, simultaneous abiotic stresses such as high temperatures and low humidity, disrupt crucial physiological processes. Alternatives have been sought to mitigate these adverse effects in plants exposed to unfavorable conditions. In this scenario, this study evaluated the physiological performance of ‘Kent’ mango trees in the Brazilian semiarid region treated with triacontanol. The experiment was conducted over two consecutive crop years (2018 and 2019), using a randomized block design with five treatments and four replications, by evaluating four plants per plot. The treatments consisted of five concentrations of triacontanol: 0.00 (Control), 3.75, 7.50, 11.25, and 15.0 ppb. The product containing the active ingredient triacontanol was Revigor® at a concentration of 0.05 g L-1 (50 ppm). The application of Triacontanol affects photosynthetic pigments, increases the level of total soluble carbohydrates in leaves and branches, positively influences the number of panicles and leads to productivity increases in irrigated ‘Kent’ mango trees grown in the semiarid conditions of Pernambuco, with oscillations between factors and between harvests. There was an increase in productivity of 64.91% (estimated concentration - 10.51 ppb) in the 2019 harvest.

Mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a popular fruit grown in tropical and subtropical regions. Mango has a distinctive aroma, flavour, and nutritional properties. Annual global mango production is >50 million tonnes. Major producers of mango include India, Bangladesh, China, Mexico, Pakistan, Indonesia, Brazil, Thailand, and the Philippines, and it is shipped worldwide. Harvested mango fruit are highly perishable, with a short shelf life. Physiological disorders are among the major factors limiting their postharvest quality and shelf life, including when fruit need phytosanitary treatments, such as hot water treatment, vapour heat treatment, and irradiation. This review focuses on problematic physiological disorders of mango flesh, including physiology and biochemistry. It considers factors contributing to the development and/or exacerbation of internal disorders. Improved production practices, including pruning, nutrient application, and irrigation, along with monitoring and managing environmental conditions (viz., temperature, humidity, and vapour pressure deficit), can potentially maintain fruit robustness to better tolerate otherwise stressful postharvest operations. As demand for mangoes on international markets is compromised by internal quality, robust fruit is crucial to maintaining existing and gaining new domestic and export consumer markets. Considering mango quality, a dynamic system, a more holistic approach encompassing pre-, at-, and post-harvest conditions as a continuum is needed to determine fruit predisposition and subsequent management of internal disorders.

Mangifera indica L., a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is widely cultivated across the globe. The leaves of M. indica are renowned for their medicinal properties, attributed to the abundance of bioactive compounds. This study investigated the effects of mango leaf extract on oxidative stress in HeLa cells. Notably, the n-hexane fraction (MLHx) significantly enhanced antioxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase activity at a concentration of 100 µg/mL, surpassing other fractions. MLHx also promoted the expression of HO-1 mRNA by increasing nuclear NRF2 levels. The molecular mechanism of MLHx involves increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and stabilization of NRF2. Bioactivity-guided isolation resulted in the identification of six oxylipins: 13(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-(9Z,11E,15Z)-trienoic acid (C-1), 9(R)-hydroxy-octadeca-(10E,12Z,15Z)-trienoic acid (C-2), 13(R)-hydroxy-(9Z,11E)-octadecadienoic acid (C-3), 9(R)-hydroxy-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid (C-4), 9-oxo-(10E,12E)-octadecadienoic acid (C-5), and 9-oxo-(10E,12Z)-octadecadienoic acid (C-6). These structures were elucidated using comprehensive spectroscopic techniques, including MS and 1H NMR. Additionally, compounds C-7 (9-oxo-(10E,12Z,15Z)-octadecatrienoic acid) and 8 (13-oxo-(9E,11E)-octadecadienoic acid) were characterized by LC-MS/MS mass fragmentation. This study reports the isolation of compounds 1–6 from M. indica for the first time. When tested for their effect on NRF2 activity in HeLa cells, compounds 3, 5, and 6 showed strong stimulation of ARE-luciferase activity in a dose-dependent manner.

Anthracnose is one of the most relevant diseases of mango crops in producing regions, affecting 60% of production. Currently, its detection is carried out in late stages by human visual inspection. Hyperspectral imaging systems allow the development of non-destructive solutions to inspect and detect internal damage. This work aimed to develop a system for detecting anthracnose in mango fruits using Vis–NIR hyperspectral imaging and discriminant analysis. The usefulness of three-dimensionality reduction methods to minimise redundancy in the spectral data and to obtain a compact number of wavelengths that effectively allow the detection of anthracnose symptoms in mango fruits is also explored. As a result, a classification model based on discriminant analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient was obtained, showing the potential of hyperspectral data to robustly allow the detection of anthracnose symptoms with full or reduced spectra. The findings reported in this study can serve as the basis for developing an anthracnose detection system in mango fruits with multispectral cameras. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The peel from mango (Mangifera indica L.) var. "Kent" is a good source of bioactive compounds (BC). BC are sensitive to oxygen, temperature, humidity, light, and gastrointestinal digestion, which change their biological function and health benefits. This study was aimed at the extraction of the bioactive compounds present in the peel from mango var. "Kent" and their microencapsulation using spray drying (SD) and spout-fluid bed drying (SFB). The bioaccessibility of BC was also evaluated. Two consecutive extractions of 90 min at 30 °C and 80% v/v ethanol were used. The microcapsules produced via SD and SFB presented high retention and encapsulation percentages of the bioactive compounds; nevertheless, SFB showed better protection during in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The non-encapsulated extract showed a decrease (p ≤ 0.05) of BC at the end of in vitro gastrointestinal digestion. The results show that these microcapsules might be used in the food industry as an ingredient to produce functional foods and, thereby, to obtain the health benefits that the bioactive compounds provide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the anti-hyperglycemic action of mango seed kernel extract (MKE) and various mechanisms involved in its actions to improve pancreatic β cells and hepatic carbohydrate metabolism in diabetic rats. An intraperitoneal injection of 60 mg/kg of streptozotocin (STZ) followed by 30 consecutive days of treatment with MKE (250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg body weight) was used to establish a study group of diabetic rats. Using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS) for identification, 26 chemical compounds were found in MKE and the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of the MKE also revealed the existence of mangiferin, gallic acid, and quercetin. The results confirmed that in each diabetes-affected rat, MKE mitigated the heightened levels of fasting blood glucose, diabetic symptoms, glucose intolerance, total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). As demonstrated by a remarkable increment in serum and pancreatic insulin, the diabetic pancreatic β cell function was potentiated by treating with MKE. The effect of MKE on diabetic pancreatic apoptosis clearly reduced the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, which was related to diminished levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Bax and an increase in Bcl-xL protein expression. Furthermore, diabetes-induced liver damage was clearly ameliorated along with a notable reduction in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and abnormal liver histology. By enhancing anti-oxidant superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities, MKE alleviated diabetes-induced pancreatic and liver oxidative damage, as demonstrated by diminished levels of malondialdehyde. In minimizing the expression levels of glucose 6-phosphatase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase-1 proteins in the diabetic liver, MKE also enhanced glycogen content and hexokinase activity. Collectively, these findings indicate that by suppressing oxidative and inflammatory processes, MKE exerts a potent anti-hyperglycemic activity in diabetic rats which serve to protect pancreatic β cell apoptosis, enhance their function, and improve hepatic glucose metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango and its by-products have traditional medicinal uses. They contain diverse bioactive compounds offering numerous health benefits, including cardioprotective and metabolic properties. This study aimed to explore the impact of mango fruit and its by-products on human health, emphasizing its metabolic syndrome components. PUBMED, EMBASE, COCHRANE, and GOOGLE SCHOLAR were searched following PRISMA guidelines, and the COCHRANE handbook was utilized to assess bias risks. In vivo and in vitro studies have shown several benefits of mango and its by-products. For this systematic review, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria. The collective findings indicated that the utilization of mango in various forms—ranging from fresh mango slices and mango puree to mango by-products, mango leaf extract, fruit powder, and mangiferin—yielded many favorable effects. These encompassed enhancements in glycemic control and improvements in plasma lipid profiles. Additionally, mango reduces food intake, elevates mood scores, augments physical performance during exercise, improves endothelial function, and decreases the incidence of respiratory tract infections. Utilizing mango by-products supports the demand for healthier products. This approach also aids in environmental conservation. Furthermore, the development of mango-derived nanomedicines aligns with sustainable goals and offers innovative solutions for healthcare challenges whilst being environmentally conscious. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to estimate genetic parameters and select superior mango genotypes using the mixed-models approach. The 16 genotypes, varieties and hybrid selections, were evaluated regarding physical and physical-chemical traits of the fruit using the REML/BLUP methodology. Mango fruit weight and pulp weight can be selected indirectly based on fruit length and diameter, which are more easily evaluated. The hybrids CPAC 26394, Lita, and Rosa 46 stand out in regard to fruit size. The genotypes R12P09, CPAC 2293, Roxa, Omega, Alfa, and Lita have better quality fruit than the Tommy Atkins variety that is widely used in commercial orchards. The Roxa variety has pulp with little or no fiber, a trait that is of great importance to consumers and for industrial processing. The genotypes Alfa, CPAC 5895, Ômega, R10P08, R12P09, R13P10, Rosa 2, Rosa 36, and Rosa 46 have pulp free of internal breakdown. The varieties and hybrid selections of mango show variability regarding fruit traits, and the REML/BLUP methodology is efficient for selection of genotypes with desirable fruit traits in mango.

Calcium (Ca) is a nutrient responsible for maintaining plant quality and fruit yield. The production of new Ca sources, such as micronized (CaM) and complexed Ca (CaC), and their supplementation provide a better yield in mango cultivation. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ca sources (micronized and complexed with Ascophyllum nodosum) and application methods on mango cultivation, in semi-arid Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a 6 x 6 factorial scheme. The Ca supplementation strategies (control; 1 L ha-1 of CaM; 2 L ha-1of CaM; 2 L ha-1 of CaC with A. nodosum extract; 2 L ha-1 of CaC with A. nodosum extract + application of 2.5 L ha-1 via CaC fertigation; and 2.5 L ha-1 via CaC fertigation) were evaluated on six dates regarding nutritional aspects. For biochemical and production aspects, the six supplementation strategies with Ca were evaluated. The Ca concentration in leaves and fruits significantly affected the interaction among the factors. The fertilization strategy with 2.5 L ha-1 of complexed calcium via fertigation was fundamental to provide increases in the nitrogen and Ca concentration of the fruits from 65 days after full flowering, and had positive effects on fruiting and production of mangoes cv. Kent.

Mango productivity and fruit quality in Australia can be improved through transforming low-density plantings to high-density plantings and intensive training systems. Several planting density and training systems were established in Australia to investigate optimizing light interception and distribution, yield and fruit quality, and to reduce tree vigor and biennial bearing through the manipulation of canopy architecture. In this research, we studied light relations and yield in conventional low-density commercial orchards of different ages and investigated light relations and yield of 'National Mango Breeding Program NMBP1243', 'Keitt' and 'Calypso' grafted to 'Kensington Pride (KP)' rootstock in a replicated experiment. Trees were trained to five planting systems: high-density espalier and conventional, medium-density single leader and conventional, and low-density conventional. Our study in commercial orchards showed that maximum yield was ~16,000 kg/ha when light interception reached ~49% and declined at higher levels of light interception. In the high-density intensive training systems, we found that light interception increased with canopy volume, with high-density espalier training systems intercepting more available light compared to medium-density training systems and low-density conventional trees. Yield/ha increased to ~50,000 kg/ha in espalier training systems when light interception was ~40%. Light interception, canopy volume and yield/ha varied between varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango is a climacteric fruit that requires efficient postharvest technologies to maintain quality during storage and transportation. This study aimed to investigate the effect of biodegradable packaging from chitosan (CS) incorporated with graphene oxide (GO) on the quality, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of cold-stored 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes. Mangoes harvested at physiological maturity were stored without packaging or in CS, CS-GO or non-biodegradable polyethylene (PE) packaging at 12.0 °C and 89% relative humidity for 42 days. The results show that GO improved the water barrier and mechanical properties of CS packaging. All packaging delayed fruit ripening by reducing the respiration rate, mass loss, softening and changes in color, soluble solids, titratable acidity and beta-carotene content, also preserving the mangoes' visual appearance. In addition, all packaging maintained higher ascorbic acid, yellow flavonoid, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity levels in the fruit, compared to non-packed ones. Chitosan packaging is a promising, eco-friendly alternative for the preservation of quality, bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of cold-stored 'Tommy Atkins' mangoes, extending their postharvest life by at least 14 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: PITOTAL, PIABS, DI0/RC, and δR0 are good markers of water stress in mango trees, demonstrating that consecutive drought cycles can develop differential acclimatization, depending on the rootstock used. Drought stress is one of the premier limitations to global agricultural production due to the complexity of the water-limiting environment and changing climate. In addition to indicating plant drought stress, photosynthetic performance is also determined by the scion/rootstock combination. The chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis is a reliable method to identify the most promising rootstock in the production of 'Uba' mango seedlings. We tested the hypothesis that different rootstocks can change the physiological responses related to chlorophyll a fluorescence, gas exchange, and proline content of different combinations of mango scion/rootstocks after three consecutive drought cycles, identifying the most vigorous rootstock with the ability to generate 'Uba' mango trees with greater differential resistance to drought. The Oleo rootstock (UC2/Oleo combination) has the greatest ability to imprint differential drought resistance in 'Uba' mango scions, generating plants with more vigor and better resistance to water deficit. The results suggest that the plant's consecutive cycles of drought have been "learned" as a resistance mechanism to cope with severe water shortages in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present investigation was aimed at assessing the efficacy of N1-(2-chloro-4-pyridyl)-N3-phenylurea (CPPU) and salicylic acid on fruit retention, yield, and quality of mango cv. Dusehri. The research was carried out at the Department of Fruit Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India. The experiment was conducted simultaneously at two different locations for two cropping seasons during 2019–20 and 2020–21. Fruit retention enhancing treatments of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) (@20 ppm), CPPU (@5, 10, and 15 ppm), and salicylic acid (@100, 200, and 300 ppm) were applied at pea stage of fruit growth. Experimental plants were observed for various reproductive, yield, and fruit quality parameters. The results indicated that foliar application of CPPU (T6-CPPU @10 ppm) significantly enhanced fruit retention during marble and harvest stages at both locations in both seasons. The novel growth hormone also improved fruit yield, fruit weight, and fruit quality in mango cv. Dusehri. Foliar applied salicylic acid recorded intermediate values for observed parameters. Therefore, foliar application of CPPU can be considered as a better alternative to 2,4-D for fruit drop management of mango. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) are an important kind of perennial fruit tree, but their biochemical testing method and transformation technology were insufficient and had not been rigorously explored. The protoplast technology is an excellent method for creating a rapid and effective tool for transient expression and transformation assays, particularly in plants that lack an Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation system. This study optimized the conditions of the protoplast isolation and transformation system, which can provide a lot of help in the gene expression regulation study of mango. The most beneficial protoplast isolation conditions were 150 mg/mL of cellulase R-10 and 180 mg/mL of macerozyme R-10 in the digestion solution at pH 5.6 and 12 h of digestion time. The 0.16 M and 0.08 M mannitol in wash solution (WI) and suspension for counting (MMG), respectively, were optimal for the protoplast isolation yield. The isolated leaf protoplasts (~5.4 × 105 cells/10 mL) were transfected for 30 min mediated by 40% calcium-chloride-based polyethylene glycol (PEG)-4000-CaCl2, from which 84.38% of the protoplasts were transformed. About 0.08 M and 0.12 M of mannitol concentration in MMG and transfection solutions, respectively, were optimal for protoplast viability. Under the florescence signal, GFP was seen in the transformed protoplasts. This showed that the target gene was successfully induced into the protoplast and that it can be transcribed and translated. Experimental results in this paper show that our high-efficiency protoplast isolation and PEG-mediated transformation protocols can provide excellent new methods for creating a rapid and effective tool for the molecular mechanism study of mangoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste pollution resulting from the production process of synthetic batik dyes is against the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the aspects of waste management systems and clean water. One effort to cut down the amount of pollution is the use of natural dyes for coloring batik clothes. This undertaking is not only healthy but also expected to bring in some added value economically, community empowerment, and intergenerational inheritance. This experimental research was carried out collaboratively between the Textile and Batik Craft Studio at the Indonesian University of Education, the Umymay Batik Studio, and the Yogyakarta Batik and Craft Center. A batik cloth was dyed 5 times with a mango seed extract solution as the dependent variable, then fixed with lime solution (Ca(OH)2) and Ferrous Sulfate solution (FeSO4.7H2O) as the independent variables. The dyed fabrics were tested for their colorfastness against washing and sun exposure. The results of the study: 1) The process of dyeing the batik cloth was performed through several stages, that is, by cutting the cloth with a canting stamp, dyeing the cloth, and fixing it with Ca(OH)2 and FeSO4.7H2O, the batik cloth fixed with Ca(OH)2 tended to be brown in color while the other one fixed with FeSO4.7H2O resulted in black; 2) The results of the Color Fastness Test against Washing at 40° on the batik cloth that has been dyed with mango seed extract fixed with Ca(OH)2 and FeSO4.7H2O were considered a good category with respective values of 4 on a scale of 5. Likewise, the results of the Color Resistance to Light: Day Light Ray Resistant Test Value with the fixation of Ca(OH)2 and FeSO4.7H2O was in the moderate category with a value of 3 each on a scale of 5. There should be a governmental policy to promote a green industry. As for batik artisans, they can utilize an eco-friendly alternative dye for batik clothes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous studies have shown that ‘Palmer’ mangoes immersed in solutions containing 2.5% sorbitol and stored under a controlled atmosphere (CA) at 8 °C for 30 days had fewer symptoms of a chilling injury. However, there is no information regarding the effectiveness of sorbitol treatment in other atmospheres and/or in combination with lower temperatures. Thus, the objective of this study was to assess the impact of dipping ‘Palmer’ mangoes in 0.1% and 2.5% (w/v) sorbitol solutions and storing the fruit under a CA without atmosphere modification (21 kPa O2 + 0.03 kPa CO2) at 8 °C/95% relative humidity (RH) or with 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2 at 4 °C/95% RH for 28 days. The fruits were evaluated periodically for chilling injuries, quality, and oxidative metabolism. A chilling injury (CI) was correlated with increased fresh weight loss (FWL) and changes in the color of the epicarp (Lpeel, h°peel, and Cpeel) and mesocarp (L*pulp). Lipid peroxidation (LPpulp and LPpeel) and the hydrogen peroxide content (H2O2peel and H2O2pulp) were associated with the development of a CI, particularly after being transferred to ambient. The treatment with 2.5% sorbitol was more effective in minimizing the chilling injury symptoms and did not compromise the fruit quality, especially when it was stored at 4 °C in association with a CA containing 5 kPa O2 + 5 kPa CO2. This treatment reduced lipid peroxidation and increased the activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzymes in the epicarp and mesocarp, providing greater cold tolerance. The use of 2.5% sorbitol has been identified as the most efficacious approach for mitigating the adverse impacts of chilling injuries, preserving the fruit quality, and enhancing oxidative metabolism, even at lower temperatures. Thus, this treatment represents a viable alternative for managing chilling injuries in mangoes.

Abstract Essential oils have been widely studied because they are natural sources of substances that have antimicrobial properties. In fruit growing, especially in mango crop, anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) is considered the main disease because it causes series of damages in the fruit production chain and, in this sense, essential oils can be an option in this disease control. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of essential oils obtained from the leaves of Chá-de-moça (Pectis brevipedunculata) and Melosa (Dizygostemon riparius) in the in vitro and in vivo control of the C. gloeosporioides fungus, in seedlings and mango fruits. The in vitro bioassays were performed by testing the effect of different concentrations of essential oils (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 µl/mL) on the reduction of mycelial growth of the C. gloeosporioides fungus. Additionally, the anthracnose control in mango seedlings (Tommy Atkins, Constantina, Comum and Rosa cultivars) was evaluated by foliar application of essential oils at 4 µl/mL concentration. Disease control in fruits of the same mango cultivars was evaluated at 3 µl/mL concentration of essential oils. The evaluation was carried out by measuring the average diameter of the colonies, for the in vitro treatment, and the lesions for the in vivo treatments, in two diametrically opposite directions. There was a decrease in the fungus mycelial growth in all tested concentrations. There was a decrease in the disease severity from the sixth day after the oils application in Tommy Atkins cultivar seedlings, when treated with both essential oils at 4 µl/mL concentration. As for preventive treatments with fruits, it was observed that all cultivars achieved a reduction in severity from 54.83% at 3 µl/mL concentration with the use of both essential oils. Given the results obtained, it was observed that the essential oils P. brevipedunculata and D. riparius can be a viable alternative in the anthracnose control in mango culture.

ABSTRACT The study aimed to determine the evapotranspiration (ETc) of the mango cv. ‘Palmer’ over two productive cycles, analyzing water-use efficiency (WUE) and crop water productivity (CWP) to propose average crop coefficient (Kc) values for improving irrigation management under cultivation conditions in the Low-Middle São Francisco Valley. The study was conducted from July 2019 to May 2021 in a commercial ‘Palmer’ mango orchard in Petrolina, State of Pernambuco, Brazil. Micrometeorological data was collected throughout the experimental period. The crop evapotranspiration (ETc) was determined using Bowen ratio energy balance (BREB), and then the Kc, WUE, and CWP were determined. The highest ETc values occurred during the floral induction phase (5.14 ± 0.85 mm day-1), with a Kc of 0.85; however, the lowest values were observed during the fruit maturation phase (3.60 ± 0.73 mm day-1), with a Kc of 0.91. Average water consumption per cycle was 1445 mm, with a daily average of 4.39 mm day-1. WUE and CWP were 16.9 and 24.5 kg ha-1 mm-1, respectively. Average Kc values of 0.81, 0.76, 0.85, 0.90, 0.95, and 0.91 are recommended for the vegetative growth, rest period and shoot maturation, floral induction, flowering, fruit development, and fruit maturation phases, respectively.

Mango fruit undergoes rapid metabolic changes following harvest that decrease quality, limit shelf life and marketability. In a completely randomized design experiment, the effect of 2% ascorbic acid (AA) and 1% procyanidin (PN) postharvest dipping either alone or in combination on quality changes of 'Sensation' mangoes were evaluated during ripening at ambient (23±1 oC and 60-70% RH) for 10 days. AA and PN treated fruit retained higher green color, firmness, titratable acidity (TA) and membrane stability index (MSI) but lower total soluble solids (TSS), TSS/TA ratio and weight loss than control during ripening. Total phenol (TPC) and total flavonoid (TFC) contents in peel and pulp showed different changes pattern during ripening but were higher in treated fruit than control. DPPH radical scavenging capacity (RSC) in peel increased with fluctuations and was higher in treated fruit than control after 3 and 6 days. In pulp, RSC increased during ripening and was higher in treated fruit than control after 10 days. Vitamin C decreased during ripening and was not affected by treatments. Changes in degradative enzymes (polygalacturonase (PG), xylanase and a-amylase) and oxidative enzymes (Polyphenoloxidase (PPO) and peroxidase (POD)) activities in peel and pulp were evaluated in relation to fruit quality. It is concluded that postharvest dipping in 2% AA or 1% PN delayed ripening and retained quality of 'Sensation' mangoes via inhibiting degradative enzymes and enhancing fruit antioxidant system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mango (Mangifera indica L.), acclaimed as the 'king of fruits' in the tropical world, has historical, religious, and economic values. It is grown commercially in more than 100 countries, and fresh mango world trade accounts for ~3,200 million US dollars for the year 2020. Mango is widely cultivated in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world, with India, China, and Thailand being the top three producers. Mango fruit is adored for its taste, color, flavor, and aroma. Fruit color and firmness are important fruit quality traits for consumer acceptance, but their genetics is poorly understood. Methods: For mapping of fruit color and firmness, mango varieties Amrapali and Sensation, having contrasting fruit quality traits, were crossed for the development of a mapping population. Ninety-two bi-parental progenies obtained from this cross were used for the construction of a high-density linkage map and identification of QTLs. Genotyping was carried out using an 80K SNP chip array. Results and discussion: Initially, we constructed two high-density linkage maps based on the segregation of female and male parents. A female map with 3,213 SNPs and male map with 1,781 SNPs were distributed on 20 linkages groups covering map lengths of 2,844.39 and 2,684.22cM, respectively. Finally, the integrated map was constructed comprised of 4,361 SNP markers distributed on 20 linkage groups, which consisted of the chromosome haploid number in Mangifera indica (n =20). The integrated genetic map covered the entire genome of Mangifera indica cv. Dashehari, with a total genetic distance of 2,982.75 cM and an average distance between markers of 0.68 cM. The length of LGs varied from 85.78 to 218.28 cM, with a mean size of 149.14 cM. Phenotyping for fruit color and firmness traits was done for two consecutive seasons. We identified important consistent QTLs for 12 out of 20 traits, with integrated genetic linkages having significant LOD scores in at least one season. Important consistent QTLs for fruit peel color are located at Chr 3 and 18, and firmness on Chr 11 and 20. The QTLs mapped in this study would be useful in the marker-assisted breeding of mango for improved efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In years with unfavorable weather, winter frost during the blossoming season can play a significant role in reducing fruit yield and impacting the profitability of cultivation. The mango Naomi cultivar Mangifera indica L. has a low canopy that is severely affected by the effects of frost stress. As a result of the canopy being exposed to physiological problems, vegetative development is significantly inhibited. The current investigation aimed to study the influence of spraying nitric oxide and fogging spray systems on Naomi mango trees grafted on 'Succary' rootstock under frost stress conditions. The treatments were as follows: nitric oxide (NO) 50 and 100 μM, fogging spray system, and control. In comparison to the control, the use of nitric oxide and a fogging system significantly improved the leaf area, photosynthesis pigments of the leaf, the membrane stability index, yield, and physical and chemical characteristics of the Naomi mango cultivar. For instance, the application of 50 μM NO, 100 μM NO, and the fogging spray system resulted in an increase in yield by 41.32, 106.12, and 121.43% during the 2020 season, and by 39.37, 101.30, and 124.68% during the 2021 season compared to the control, respectively. The fogging spray system and highest level of NO decreased electrolyte leakage, proline content, total phenolic content, catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POX), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activities in leaves. Furthermore, the number of damaged leaves per shoot was significantly reduced after the application of fogging spray systems and nitric oxide in comparison to the control. Regarding vegetative growth, our results indicated that the fogging spray system and spraying nitric oxide at 100 μM enhanced the leaf surface area compared to the control and other treatments. A similar trend was noticed regarding yield and fruit quality, whereas the best values were obtained when the fogging spray system using nitric oxide was sprayed at a concentration of 100 μM. The application of fogging spray systems and nitric oxide can improve the production and fruit quality of Naomi mango trees by reducing the effects of adverse frost stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mango malformation disease (MMD) caused by Fusarium species has become an important disease of mango (Mangifera indica L.) orchards worldwide. In the Dominican Republic, MMD was first observed in 2008 in orchards of Azua and Peravia provinces, with incidence of up to 50%. This study aimed to estimate the malformation prevalence and distribution in the main mango growing areas of the Dominican Republic and to assess the susceptibility of six commercial cultivars commonly grown in this country. Mango malformation was found in 18 out of 58 orchards, all located in Peravia and Azua. Peravia showed the highest incidence, with values of up to 75% (2013) and 87.5% (2014), and the interpolative analysis made with ArcGIS showed this province as being more inductive for Fusarium spp. occurrence. Pathogenicity tests were conducted in 2013 and 2014 on 10-month-old healthymango plants per cultivar. Inoculation was done by infiltration of Fusarium pseudocircinatum and Fusarium decemcellulare conidial suspensions into the vegetative apical buds, singly and in combination. In inoculated plants, symptoms such as loss of apical dominance, excessive proliferation of apical or axillary buds with thickened stems, and reduction of leaf lamina were associated with F. pseudocircinatum. In addition to these symptoms, leathery protuberant buds and eventual death of infiltrated plants were associated with F. decemcellulare, singly or coinoculated with F. pseudocircinatum. Based on a disease severity index (DSI), "Tommy Atkins" was tolerant (DSI = 7.8%) and "Puntica" and "Banilejo" were highly susceptible (DSI = 22% and 28.5%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The mango (Mangifera indica L.) is a common tropical and subtropical fruit and the second main fruit crop in Egypt. In this work, start codon targeted (SCoT) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) markers were employed to study the genetic relationship among twenty-three mango genotypes grown under the El-Giza district conditions. These genotypes consist of four newly introduced cultivars, six new progenies and thirteen closely related mango cultivars which were included as cultivar references for the best definition. Based on the overall SCoT and ISSR data, a total of 52 bands were generated (18 for SCoT and 34 for ISSR) with a total polymorphic percentage equal to 53.84% (44.44% for SCoT and 58.82% for ISSR). Based on the whole set of SCoT and ISSR marker data, the genetic similarity coefficients ranged from 80 to 97% with a mean equal to 88.5% and the first two principal axes explained about 31% of the total genetic variation among the mango accessions. The SCoT and ISSR data revealed that the four newly introduced mango genotypes, namely 'Aya', 'Kasturi', 'Maya' and 'Omer', are novel genetic resources based on their genetic profiles, which can be used for future breeding programmes in Egypt.

Due to their low cost, toxicity, and health risks, medicinal plants have come to be seen as useful products and sources of biologically active compounds. Mangifera indica L., a medicinal plant with a long history, has a high bioactive metabolites content. Mangiferin (C19H18O11) is primary isolated from M. indica's leaves, which has many pharmacological benefits. In this investigation, ultrasonic-assisted extraction with ethanol as the extraction solvent was applied to obtain mangiferin from a local type of M. indica leaves. HPLC was performed after a dichloromethane-ethyl acetate liquid–liquid fractionation method. Further, UV–vis, FTIR, and NMR spectroscopy were utilized to elucidate the structure. Interestingly, purified mangiferin displayed promising antimicrobial efficacy against a diverse variety of fungal and bacterial pathogens with MICs of 1.95–62.5 and 1.95–31.25 µg/mL, respectively. Time–kill patterns also showed that mangiferin had both bactericidal and fungicidal action. Furthermore, it exhibited strong radical dosage-dependent scavenging activity (IC50 = 17.6 μg/mL) compared to vitamin C (Vc, IC50 = 11.9 μg/mL), suggesting it could be developed into a viable antioxidant agent. To our delight, the IC50 values of mangiferin for the MCF-7 and HeLa cell lines were 41.2 and 44.7 μg/mL, respectively, from MTT cell viability testing, and it was less harmful when tested against the noncancerous cell line. Notably, it significantly induced cell apoptosis in MCF-7 cells by 62.2–83.4% using annexin V-FITC/PI labeling. Hence, our findings suggest that mangiferin can be used in the medical industry to create therapeutic interventions and medication delivery systems for society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum spp. is one of the major problems in mango production worldwide, including Thailand. All mango cultivars are susceptible, but Nam Dok Mai See Thong (NDMST) is the most vulnerable. Through a single spore isolation method, a total of 37 isolates of Colletotrichum spp. were obtained from NDMST showing anthracnose symptoms. Identification was performed using a combination of morphology characteristics, Koch's postulates, and phylogenetic analysis. The pathogenicity assay and Koch's postulates on leaves and fruit confirmed that all Colletotrichum spp. tested were causal agents of mango anthracnose. Multilocus analysis using DNA sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, β-tubulin (TUB2), actin (ACT), and chitin synthase (CHS-1) was performed for molecular identification. Two concatenated phylogenetic trees were constructed using either two-loci of ITS and TUB2, or four-loci of ITS, TUB2, ACT, and CHS-1. Both phylogenetic trees were indistinguishable and showed that these 37 isolates belong to C. acutatum, C. asianum, C. gloeosporioides, and C. siamense. Our results indicated that using at least two loci of ITS and TUB2, were sufficient to infer Colletotrichum species complexes. Of 37 isolates, C. gloeosporioides was the most dominant species (19 isolates), followed by C. asianum (10 isolates), C. acutatum (5 isolates), and C. siamense (3 isolates). In Thailand, C. gloeosporioides and C. acutatum have been reported to cause anthracnose in mango, however, this is the first report of C. asianum and C. siamense associated with mango anthracnose in central Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The mango cultivation has shown considerable losses, due to the intense occurrence of physiological disorders in its fruits, and stenospermocarpy is the main disorder under tropical semiarid conditions. So, the experiment was carried out to evaluate the potential loss of yield of mango cv. Palmer by stenospermocarpy, its relation with the nutritional state of the plant and yield as a function of fertilization strategies. The study was conducted in two experimental areas in the Brazilian semiarid. There is evidence that the leaf contents of phosphorus (P), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) influenced the development of stenospermocarpy fruits, associated with high temperature and low relative humidity in the flowering period of the crop. The incidence of fruits affected by stenospermocarpy reaches 90%, with an estimated yield loss of 28.81 Mg ha-1 for the mango cv. Palmer.

IntroductionMango (Mangifera indica L.), acclaimed as the ‘king of fruits’ in the tropical world, has historical, religious, and economic values. It is grown commercially in more than 100 countries, and fresh mango world trade accounts for ~3,200 million US dollars for the year 2020. Mango is widely cultivated in sub-tropical and tropical regions of the world, with India, China, and Thailand being the top three producers. Mango fruit is adored for its taste, color, flavor, and aroma. Fruit color and firmness are important fruit quality traits for consumer acceptance, but their genetics is poorly understood.MethodsFor mapping of fruit color and firmness, mango varieties Amrapali and Sensation, having contrasting fruit quality traits, were crossed for the development of a mapping population. Ninety-two bi-parental progenies obtained from this cross were used for the construction of a high-density linkage map and identification of QTLs. Genotyping was carried out using an 80K SNP chip array.Results and discussionInitially, we constructed two high-density linkage maps based on the segregation of female and male parents. A female map with 3,213 SNPs and male map with 1,781 SNPs were distributed on 20 linkages groups covering map lengths of 2,844.39 and 2,684.22cM, respectively. Finally, the integrated map was constructed comprised of 4,361 SNP markers distributed on 20 linkage groups, which consisted of the chromosome haploid number in Mangifera indica (n =20). The integrated genetic map covered the entire genome of Mangifera indica cv. Dashehari, with a total genetic distance of 2,982.75 cM and an average distance between markers of 0.68 cM. The length of LGs varied from 85.78 to 218.28 cM, with a mean size of 149.14 cM. Phenotyping for fruit color and firmness traits was done for two consecutive seasons. We identified important consistent QTLs for 12 out of 20 traits, with integrated genetic linkages having significant LOD scores in at least one season. Important consistent QTLs for fruit peel color are located at Chr 3 and 18, and firmness on Chr 11 and 20. The QTLs mapped in this study would be useful in the marker-assisted breeding of mango for improved efficiency.

This study analyzed solid preparations (freeze-dried) for yoghurt (SPY) to infer about the balance between healthiness and desirable sensory characteristics associated with the addition of sugar in this potential food matrix. Effect of the factors (mango pulp and sucrose contents) on the technological properties of seven formulations was investigated at three levels (4, 8, and 12%) under experimental design matrix. Ash, lipids, proteins, and energy value increased (p