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Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Urban and suburban transport within Functional Urban Areas (FUAs) is now considered an integrated system. In these regions, many residents commute from the suburbs to the city daily for work, education, and social purposes. Transport planning must consider these dynamics to ensure consistent and convenient connections between the city and its suburbs. This article stresses the need for a standardized tool to collect data on transport management models in FUAs across 38 OECD-affiliated countries.

Despite the billions of euros used as subsidies over recent decades, Portugal's water sector continues to struggle, being characterized by significant inefficiencies and differences between high- and low-performing water and sanitation services (WSSs). Current subsidy policies lack transparency and are not linked to performance results, undermining efforts to promote efficiency and sustainability in both environmental and financial dimensions. To address these issues, this article highlights relevant aspects to be taken into account in the redefinition of funding allocation in the Portuguese WSS sector. By implementing performance-based criteria for subsidy allocation and prioritization, regardless of the identity of beneficiaries or providers, we aim to instigate accountability and efficiency in this process. The analysis draws on empirical data to highlight the shortcomings of existing practices and demonstrates the potential benefits of adopting the "user-pays" principle. This principle is able to improve the definition of tariffs aiming for full cost recovery, while still providing for disadvantaged and vulnerable customers through social tariffs or assistance programs. Key findings indicate that coordinated efforts among government agencies, regulators, public and private utilities, and municipalities are essential to develop and promote effective financing strategies. This stakeholder's cooperation is essential for managing the urban water cycle sustainably and addressing the sector's long-term challenges. This research implies that a strategic shift in subsidy allocation is required, to develop accountability, efficiency, and equity in the WSS sector. The allocation of financial resources must be better justified to enhance overall performance in the sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

For companies to survive in the long term, they need to sell products and services that are recognised by the market in terms of environmental and sustainability criteria. Meeting these challenges in the business environment requires companies to adapt and improve their existing business models. The research underlying the present study focused on the largest companies in Hungary in terms of number of employees (mainly medium and large companies), focusing on the current and expected levels of development of environmental strategies. The research was conducted through a questionnaire survey and used cluster analysis method to analyse the data. The clustering by level of environmental strategies resulted in three distinct groups of companies (Leaders, Awakening, and Laggards). The research results indicate that the companies in the study are already actively tackling environmental challenges and anticipate that innovations addressing these issues will play a more prominent role in their future objectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to form all elements of company management, it is necessary to choose the right management model that fully corresponds to the peculiarities of the sphere of existence, the personnel’s needs and the activity goals. The purpose of the study is to examine the management systems existing models and evaluate them with regard to their use in Russian companies. Within the framework of the work, theoretical and empirical methods were used to analyze the existing management experience. Studies of Russian and foreign specialists in the field of evaluation of management systems existing models and their effectiveness have been studied. In the course of the work it has been revealed that each of the existing national management systems was formed over many years, based on the peculiarities of the employees’ mentality and the market specifics. The American and European systems are more focused on obtaining economic results (profit), and the Japanese and Arab systems are more focused on meeting the needs of society and their employees. Each of them is to a certain extent effective within the framework of its state, but their application in other countries requires considerable adaptation. In recent years, several new management models have been developed that are able to adapt to environmental changes and are aimed at high performance. In Russian companies, modern models may be the most effective (marketing, “full” or integration models), but it is necessary to develop their own management systems to ensure high efficiency.

Despite the significant role of beef in the European agri-food industry, its intensification challenges environmental sustainability, a focus of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) 2023–2027. Balancing industry importance with sustainability is crucial. This study aims to address sustainability issues in livestock production by establishing a correlation between sustainability levels and regional specificities at the NUTS 2 level. The study aims to categorize more sustainable models, with a particular focus on cattle farming activities that exert minimal environmental pressure on renewable resources. The goal is to identify eco-friendly practices that align the best with environmental conservation efforts in agricultural settings within European Union countries. To achieve this, a survey was conducted, utilizing principal component analysis, followed by cluster and georeferenced analyses of structural and socio-economic data from the beef sector. This encompassed factors such as land use, physical farm dimensions, socio-economic and management characteristics, and environmental indicators. Sixteen indicators were extracted and analyzed from EUROSTAT datasets, referencing NUTS 2 regions, and the comprehensive analysis identified five clusters as distinct farm management models, distributed variably across the territory. The results demonstrate that the best-performing models exhibit significant differences in terms of farming intensiveness, geographical distribution, and economic profitability, underscoring a certain polarization between economic and environmental sustainability. This study innovatively guides EU sustainable agriculture initiatives by categorizing sustainability levels in diverse cattle farming contexts, considering regional specificity, and emphasizing environmental impact reduction. The results can inform policy decisions, guide financial incentives, and promote eco-friendly practices, shaping a more targeted and resilient European agricultural policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Central Asian Economic Review is the property of Narxoz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The purpose of the article is to develop a model for managing a corporate trading system and define the principles that ensure its use. Methodology. The research methodology is based on the dialectical and systemic approach, i.e., the activities of the components of the business system are considered in their interconnection and interdependence. The methods of multidimensional logic, formalisation, structural synthesis, modelling and scientific generalisation are used to develop the management model of the business system. Results. The evolution of the business trading system reflects changes in space and time. It is impossible to change the scale of its activities without introducing managerial and organisational innovations. Corporate management is based on a three-level hierarchical structure: shareholders, board of directors and top management. The effectiveness of corporate management in commerce is determined by the degree of centralisation of management decisions. Corporate management and its senior executives ensure the achievement of the system's objectives, control and plan its development. A unified strategic management centre carries out strategic management of business units and internal coordination of actions, change management, while at the same time giving them the right to independent operational management. Separation of strategic and operational management subsystems allows to create a management system combining strategic objectives and performance parameters. Practical implications. The practical results can serve as a basis for further research on ways to improve the strategic and operational management of business units that are part of the corporate trading system, taking into account changes in the internal and external environment. Value/Originality. The proposed model of corporate trading system management allows to better understand the essence of the management process, provides strategic management of their activities from a single strategic management centre and gives the right to independent operational management.

Urbanisation has had an impact on people's livelihoods, and on social infrastructures as well as on the consumption of resources. In the last century, we have witnessed many transformations at the urban scale that in many cases led to the commodification and enclosure of public areas and, especially, green areas. With the turn of the millennium and following the adoption of the UN Agenda 2030, the trend has been partially reverted and cities in Europe are becoming progressively greener, although the phenomenon do not always bring positive societal outcomes and it is not able to re-distribute benefits among community members, promoting unequal access to green areas. Instead, in many cases the so-called green gentrification phenomenon has been identified as a primary societal challenge connected with urban regeneration projects. Building on this, the paper aims to find an answer to the question of whether or not the governance model adopted for urban green areas influences how benefits connected with ecosystem services are perceived by stakeholders and re-distributed at the community level. Based on the gaps highlighted in the theoretical background and direct observation of Biblioteca degli Alberi Milano (BAM), a recently developed urban park in Milan, an analytical framework was developed and tested. The results allow us to identify innovative practices for the management of green areas capable of maximising ecosystem services' benefits beyond the intervention area. This will support the adaptability, replicability, and scalability of these initiatives while providing effective tools for practitioners and planners when developing a collaborative management model for urban green areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, considerable advances in connecting industrial equipment to the Internet allowed a higher level of operational efficiency, productivity, and automation. Nevertheless, the construction industry still presents challenging requirements, like long-distance wireless communication, interconnection of out-of- coverage areas, constant mobility of machinery, and support for legacy and proprietary systems. All these requirements pose different challenges when compared with traditional smart factory Industry 4.0 solutions. This paper discusses some of the current key questions regarding fleet management in the construction industry, identifies requirements for heavy-duty machinery, and proposes an Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)-based solution for the integrated monitoring of such machinery. Also, it proposes and presents an open, innovative solution for the integrated management of non-standardized civil construction vehicle technologies. The developed prototype uses the J1939 protous and protocol to collect machinery status and Long-Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) to communicate the monitored data. The solution was assessed at the construction site of the new port of Sines in Portugal. A detailed description of the proposed system is provided, along with information on trials and evaluation results regarding its performance. Additionally, the paper provides insights into open issues and challenges in this field and how our solution can contribute to overcoming them.

The management of national parks (NPs) is a challenge because it is necessary to en­sure the conservation, improvement, sustainable use of natural and other values at NP area, as well as the management of NPs’ visitors. This paper aims to study the NPs’ management models in Serbia, as well as to compare them with selected countries of the Southeast Europe region (Slovenia, Croatia and Montenegro). In the paper were considered the possibilities of improving the NPs management model (institutional framework and organisation of NP management) in Serbia, based on best practice examples from the region and the views of NPs’ managers and stakeholders in Serbia. The research used primary data, collected through interviews with representatives of NPs’ managers and stakeholders, as well as secondary data, which were used for the analysis of organizational models of NPs’ management in selected countries. The management of NPs, as the most important protected areas in Serbia, is entrusted to public enterprises (PE NP). In Slovenia and Croatia, NPs are managed by public institutions, as public services established by the Government. In Montenegro, all NPs are managed by the Public enterprise for national parks of Montenegro, which was established by the Government as a single business entity. Respondents agree that the existing NPs management system in Serbia can be improved by strengthening the institutional framework and establishing a model of public institutions.

Clean water and sanitation is a global issue that has recently received special attention from governments and international organizations, as they essential to enhance people's health and foster socio-economic development in different countries. Therefore, one of the United Nations' Millennium Goals is to ensure access to safe drinking water for all as its target by 2030. However, ensuring water supply in rural regions, especially in developing countries, is a challenge. To meet the target, investing in infrastructure and maintaining the sustainability of water systems is crucial. This study takes into account the role of the management model of rural water supply systems and its relationship with the sustainability of the water systems. A weighing procedure for a sustainability assessment of rural water systems for the current study was proposed, then an ordered logit regression model was applied to examine the relationship between types of water system management models and the sustainability of the water systems in the context of Vietnam. The results from this study showed that type of management model had an influence on the sustainability of rural water supply systems, and the private management model was considered the one that significantly contributed to the sustainability of the rural water systems in the study area. The study provides some lessons learned for researchers in the field of rural water supply to select appropriate approaches to assess the sustainability of water systems and for policymakers to modify current policies toward more sustainable development of water infrastructure in the future, especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:the current legislation and servicing of the informal trading sector is fragmented, resulting in inefficient use of limited resources. The present article is based on an original study that was carried out in the inner city of Johannesburg, which comprised risk identification and impact management using quantitative methods including the development of a healthy integrated workplace management model. Methods: this article outlines the recommendations that support and seek to guide the local government in implementing the published model. The recommendations include the most effective control methods such as engineering controls and administrative controls and the least effective which is the use of appropriate protective clothing. The recommendations were presented using descriptive techniques, including the use of illustrations. Results: stalls or markets should be planned in such a way that is equipped, safe and secure; moreover, sidewalks and parking areas are to be left unobstructed in order to guarantee that pedestrian traffic is not hindered. Air pollution sampling in trading areas is required, including trading markets and stalls, food carts, and vehicle exhaust monitoring. Primary healthcare services should be extended to markets to accommodate informal vendors. Furthermore, informal vendors should be given the knowledge and skills needed for improvement in their trade. Conclusion: municipalities should restructure the current informal trading settings. Additionally, there is a need for rendering continuous services involving multi-sectoral departments and stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental challenges often present businesses with unexpected situations, and in order to address them, innovation in the direction of sustainability must become an unavoidable activity. This entails the transformation and development of the existing business models, assuming a great business risk. The occurrence of the risk and its extent can only be estimated, which is why it is important to have management models that are able to handle the challenges posed by new, constantly arising risk factors. We analyzed the largest companies based on the number of employees with headquarters or sites in Hungary with regard to the management methods used by them to manage environmental risks. The methods used were the analysis of variance and cluster analysis. Based on the results of the research it is clear that the companies surveyed are already very concerned with environmental opportunities and risks, and they expect that the role of innovations applied to manage them to play a more prominent role in their future target system. However, the level of this is significantly different and does not depend on the financial performance, and at the same time companies can be divided into distinct groups according to the level of environmental risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methods of complex certification systems “human-technique” workers places and models management parameters condition workers places and professionals qualification level of workers, are the basis of the mechanism of development management system workers places in enterprises.

Methods of complex certification systems «human - technique» workers places and models management parameters condition workers places and professionals qualification level of workers, are the basis of the mechanism of development management system workers places in enterprises.

Dilemma: The case focuses on the dilemma of the children's footwear and clothing manufacturer Baby Gut related to changes in the company's management, as it is passed from father to son. But with the passing on of responsibility, a conflict emerges within the organization regarding the position and management model to be adopted by the new manager. Educational objective: The case aims to promote reflection on the characteristics of participatory management models and results-based management, giving the participants concepts of the practice of these models. Contextualization: The case presents the character Geraldo, former manager of the company and father of Lucas, successor to the position of manager. The father maintained a centralized management that shifted the control of decision-making to a purely strategic level. Lucas, when faced with the challenge of managing the company, must decide whether to follow the management model practiced by his father (which, it should be said, has had positive results so far), or follow a different path, one that he believes will contribute to solving some longstanding problems as well as some current and future ones. Main theme: The case contributes to the business dilemma of whether to choose a participatory management model or management by results, and important structure for the company's growth. Target Audience: The case can be applied to undergraduate and graduate courses in administration and management, especially in disciplines involving business management, entrepreneurship, and organizational strategies. Originality/value: The case encourages reflection on theories of centralized management models -- participatory or by results - providing a basis on the subject for decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Alcance is the property of Universidade do Vale do Itajai and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry / Glasnik Šumarskog Fakulteta is the property of University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The industrial success of Japan in the latter half of the twentieth century led to great interest in the Japanese management model and its associated concepts such as kaizen, JIT, and satei. When Japanese companies began expanding into the United States, the United Kingdom, and other Western countries, a debate ensued about whether the Japanese management model could be successfully transferred to Western firms. This transference was often termed the Japanization of the West. The debate was at its prime from 1980 to 2000. After outlining the key features of the Japanese model, this paper reviews relevant literature from the period to determine the prominent positions and arguments presented in the debate. The paper concludes by identifying several main themes reflected in the controversy and questioning the usefulness of the blanket term Japanization in examining the transference of the Japanese model to the West.

As part of the curricular internship activity carried out at the University of Bologna for the master's degree program Engineering of Building Processes and Systems, curriculum Historic Building Rehabilitation under the guidance of Professors Alessia Zampini and Leila Signorelli, it was possible to analyze the concepts of authenticity and monuments. The goal was to analyze how these concepts were interpreted for nine historic centers belonging to the UNESCO World Heritage List: Lyon, Provins, and Albi; Florence, Pienza and Urbino; Cordoba, Toledo e Ávila. The analysis revealed that the historic centers represent the development of a multitude of concepts of authenticities and monuments that can ultimately be assimilated into a single entity. Despite their geographical expansion several projects allowed historic centers to preserve their distinctive features, while maintaining the values of authenticity and outstanding universal value throughout the centuries.

Urbanisation has had an impact on people’s livelihoods, and on social infrastructures as well as on the consumption of resources. In the last century, we have witnessed many transformations at the urban scale that in many cases led to the commodification and enclosure of public areas and, especially, green areas. With the turn of the millennium and following the adoption of the UN Agenda 2030, the trend has been partially reverted and cities in Europe are becoming progressively greener, although the phenomenon do not always bring positive societal outcomes and it is not able to re-distribute benefits among community members, promoting unequal access to green areas. Instead, in many cases the so-called green gentrification phenomenon has been identified as a primary societal challenge connected with urban regeneration projects. Building on this, the paper aims to find an answer to the question of whether or not the governance model adopted for urban green areas influences how benefits connected with ecosystem services are perceived by stakeholders and re-distributed at the community level. Based on the gaps highlighted in the theoretical background and direct observation of Biblioteca degli Alberi Milano (BAM), a recently developed urban park in Milan, an analytical framework was developed and tested. The results allow us to identify innovative practices for the management of green areas capable of maximising ecosystem services’ benefits beyond the intervention area. This will support the adaptability, replicability, and scalability of these initiatives while providing effective tools for practitioners and planners when developing a collaborative management model for urban green areas.

Copyright of Revista Venezolana de Gerencia (RVG) is the property of Revista de Filosofia-Universidad del Zulia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Contemporary art biennials are one of the most important events that last for two years in the context of the contemporary art industry. Contemporary art events and biennials in different cities of the world are appreciated not only for their cultural or artistic value but also because they help to increase local popularity internationally from the economic perspective, thus, ensuring circulation of the art industry as well as the economy of local and international contemporary art market. The article analyses the case of Kaunas biennial revealing its evolution stages, structural and management changes, and creating its management model. The historical development of Kaunas Biennial started back in 1997, and in 2013, Kaunas biennial was included into one of the largest biennial foundations in the world. The biennial changed its management structure, and in 2013, Public Institution Kaunas Biennial was established. The comparative analysis presented herein reveals the general features of contemporary art biennials, their organizational structure and management models. Therefore, the input of this article into the management theory shall be based on a newly systematized theory basis by providing general contemporary art biennial development opportunities and applicability in further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Brazilian Business Law Journal / Administração de Empresas em Revista is the property of Administracao de Empresas em Revista and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Moneta e Credito is the property of Associazione Economia Civile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses the terminology of the concept of “management” and “management system” as the most important aspects of modern enterprises from the perspective of various authors, as well as a review of methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of modern enterprise management systems. The effectiveness of the management system is considered from the point of view of two approaches: economic and social efficiency. Both approaches are presented as a system of indicators that can be used to quantify the management system of a modern enterprise. The paper presents the calculation of performance indicators of the management system on the example of a hypothetical enterprise in quantitative determinants. For a more accurate assessment of the effectiveness of the management system based on the calculated indicators, the Lorenz - Meissel balanced scorecard models are used. In addition, in order to better characterize the management system operating in the enterprise, the concept of “management grid” is used, which includes two components of the Manager’s work: attention to solving production problems, and the second - attention to people. In order to increase the economic efficiency of the enterprise management system, the following measures are proposed: 1. Improvement of labor regulation of administrative and managerial personnel.2. Improving the organization of production and labor by improving the use of working time of administrative and managerial personnel. 3. Reduce the maintenance costs of the management unit. The economic feasibility of the proposed measures is proved using advanced modern methods that prove the effectiveness of the presented measures, which is reflected in the table of technical and economic indicators of the forecast period.

A banking institution becomes extremely vulnerable in its activities, when out of ability to create a mechanism for identifying and overcoming destabilizing factors of influence. Therefore, an important component in the overall management of bank is the introduction of a risk management system. The article is aimed at examining the conceptual bases of the bank’s risk management system and the methodological principles of its organization. The research has showed that the risk management process requires a systematic approach, based on a certain mechanism presented in the form of risk management. It includes a set of techniques, procedures and risk management policies and forms the risk management strategy and tactics. The foundations of the construction of the bank’s risk management system are the international standards Basel II and Basel III and the requirements of the regulator, in particular regarding the structure of the risk management process, its efficiency and some specific aspects. It is substantiated that the construction of a comprehensive system of risk management of the bank provides for the definition of: tasks, principles, objects and subjects, methods and instruments of risk management. The formation of a risk management system is carried out on the basis of modern approaches to corporate governance in banks and requires the development of a conceptual scheme of risk management along with compliance with the principles of the organization of the risk management system. It is emphasized that modern organizational measures of the risk management system are represented by three lines of defense and include four stages; provide for the use of effective models and instruments for assessing (measuring) risks and developing the intrabank (intragroup) risk management documents.

In Italia si assiste recentemente a un sensibile sviluppo delle forme associative comunali. Nel 2016 il 33,36% degli oltre 6000 comuni delle regioni a statuto ordinario ha svolto almeno una funzione/servizio fondamentale attraverso l’unione di comuni. Le regioni con la più alta percentuale di comuni aderenti a forme associative sono: l’Emilia-Romagna e il Piemonte. Questo articolo indaga se all’interno della forma associativa i modelli di gestione siano gli stessi o se siano differenti in termini strutturali e di performance. Dallo studio emergono almeno due modelli differenti: un modello definito piemontese, nel quale le unioni sono un fenomeno che coinvolge quasi esclusivamente i piccoli comuni, e un modello emiliano-romagnolo in cui le unioni si costituiscono attorno a un comune capofila di media dimensione. L’analisi mira a identificare le caratteristiche che distinguono i due modelli e a capirne le differenze in termini di obiettivi perseguiti e di performance.

In the context of globalization and the high degree of openness of most countries' economies, their prosperity is particularly dependent on their ability to advance their economic interests in the world. Economic diplomacy is adapted to this, dealing with the issues of the activities of state representatives at the bilateral level as well as at the multilateral level. The aim of this paper is to compare the management models of economic diplomacy and to describe the roles, functions and responsibilities of individual actors who are responsible for its performance. We focused on the description of the institutional provision of three models in selected countries, on the example of the Slovak Republic, Canada, the Czech Republic, Uzbekistan, Austria and the United Kingdom. The synthesis of the acquired knowledge and their comparison will evaluate the positive and negative aspects of the three models of economic diplomacy in the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper develops and deploys a theoretical framework for assessing the prospects of a cluster of technologies driving what is often called the digital transformation. There is considerable uncertainty regarding this transformation's future trajectory, and to understand and bound that uncertainty, we build on Schumpeter's macro-level theory of economy-wide, technological revolutions and on the work of several scholars who have extended that theory. In this perspective, such revolutions' trajectories are shaped primarily by the interaction of changes within and between three spheres—technology, organization, and public policy. We enrich this account by identifying the critical problems and the collective choices among competing solutions to those problems that together shape the trajectory of each revolution. We argue that the digital transformation represents a new phase in the wider arc of the information and communication technology revolution—a phase promising much wider deployment—and that the trajectory of this deployment depends on collective choices to be made in the organization and public policy spheres. Combining in a 2 × 2 matrix the two main alternative solutions on offer in each of these two spheres, we identify four scenarios for the future trajectory of the digital transformation: digital authoritarianism, digital oligarchy, digital localism, and digital democracy. We discuss how these scenarios can help us trace and understand the future trajectory of the digital transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As part of the curricular internship activity carried out at the University of Bologna for the master's degree program Engineering of Building Processes and Systems, curriculum Historic Building Rehabilitation under the guidance of Professors Alessia Zampini and Leila Signorelli, it was possible to analyze the concepts of authenticity and monuments. The goal was to analyze how these concepts were interpreted for nine historic centers belonging to the UNESCO World Heritage List: Lyon, Provins, and Albi; Florence, Pienza and Urbino; Cordoba, Toledo e Ávila. The analysis revealed that the historic centers represent the development of a multitude of concepts of authenticities and monuments that can ultimately be assimilated into a single entity. Despite their geographical expansion several projects allowed historic centers to preserve their distinctive features, while maintaining the values of authenticity and outstanding universal value throughout the centuries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]