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AbstractBackgroundAims/objectivesMethodsResultsConclusions and significanceInverted papilloma is a benign epithelial tumour located in the sinonasal tract with a high recurrence rate and a potential of malignant transformation. From 2017, patients with IP were included in our fast-track regime similar to head and neck cancer patients, including follow-up at 2, 6, 12, 18 and 24 months after surgery, then yearly for a total of 5 years.This study aims to compare the recurrence rate and malignant transformation of patients with IP treated at a university centre following the implementation of a fast-track regime including a close follow-up.A retrospective study was performed on all patients with IP diagnosed between 2018 and 2022.The study included 125 patients, all surgically treated for IP. Eight patients (6%) also presented with SCC at the time of diagnosis. The recurrence rate of benign IP was 17%. Most tumours originated in the maxillary sinus (48/117, 41%). No cases of metachronous cancer were seen during the follow-up.The majority of recurrences (90%) occurred within the first 2 years after treatment. No cases of malignant transformation were seen in the follow-up period. The rigorous follow-up program potentially contributed to the detection of recurrence before malignant transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory oral condition previously known to have a rate of malignant transformation of around 1%. Additionally, erosive lichen planus, a subtype of lichen planus, which is a known risk factor for malignant transformation, has previously been unquantified in a large cohort of patients. In a single unit observation between 2005 and 2021 we retrospectively assessed 1,920 patients who underwent histological analysis for suspected oral lichen planus, and followed the progression of their disease to assess the rate of malignant transformation. In total, 1.39% of OLP transformed to oral squamous cell carcinoma over an average of 5.8 years. However, we found that the transformation rate of erosive OLP into malignancy was 5.98% with an aggressive clinical pathway. To our knowledge the incidence of erosive OLP has not previously been quantified in a large cohort of patients. This retrospective study sheds light on, and raises warning signs about, the seriousness of this condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion Borderline ovarian tumours (BOT) are a common epithelial ovarian tumours. Typically diagnosed at an early stage with a good prognosis, many BOT are treated conservatively. Recurrence is common. This update to our last audit in 1997 represents one of the largest audits of BOT to date.All patients with BOT managed at ‘the hospital’ from 1984 to 2021 were included. Expert pathology review was available.There were 549 cases included. The recurrence rate was 5% (n = 29/549) with 1.4% (n = 8/549) undergoing malignant transformation. Three of the eight women who recurred as cancer died from their disease. Frozen section was predictive of histologic diagnosis in 92% (n = 55/60) of serous tumours (SBOT), but only 62% (n = 54/87) of mucinous tumours (MBOT). In MBOT where the appendix appeared normal intra‐operatively, it was histologically benign in all cases (n = 63). In SBOT, the recurrence rate was 5/23 (22%), 12/52 (23%), 1/29 (3%) and 3% (P = <0.01) for unilateral cystectomy, unilateral oophorectomy ± cystectomy, bilateral oophorectomy, and bilateral oophorectomy with hysterectomy, respectively, as index procedure. In MBOT this correlated to 2/20 (10%), 3/93 (3%), 0 and 1/58 (2%), respectively.This study describes important information correlating first surgical procedure and fertility‐sparing surgery to recurrence and malignant transformation. For all BOT subtypes, fertility‐preserving surgery increased the risk of recurrence and hysterectomy was not superior to removal of both ovaries. In MBOT, frozen section is of limited utility and the macroscopically normal appendix is very unlikely to be anything but benign, if MBOT is the true histologic diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis (EMs) is a prevalent chronic gynecological condition that depends on estrogen, marked by the presence of active endometrial tissue (glands and stroma) outside the uterus. Although pathologically benign, it exhibits biological behaviors such as invasion and metastasis akin to malignant tumors. Endometriosis-associated ovarian carcinoma (EAOC), arising from malignant transformation of EMs, poses significant clinical challenges. However, the mechanisms underlying EAOC pathogenesis remain incompletely understood, with a lack of reliable biomarkers for early diagnosis and personalized treatment strategies. Considering the significant number of EMs patients and the extended period during which malignant transformation can occur, EAOC deserves significant attention. Current research both domestically and internationally indicates that the pathogenesis of EAOC is complex, involving genetic mutations, immune microenvironment, oxidative stress, epigenetic changes, and related areas. This review summarizes the mechanisms underlying the development of EAOC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rare cases of arsenical keratosis are attributed to the ingestion of arseniccontaining traditional Chinese medicines for conditions such as psoriasis. Arsenic is a potent carcinogen, and squamous cell carcinoma is known to develop in arsenical keratosis. A 51-year-old male patient with a 30-year history of psoriasis and a history of arsenic poisoning presented with suppuration, ulceration, and pain one and a half years after trauma to the right thumb. These symptoms had recurred after wound debridement, lesion resection, and pedicle flap transplantation. Histopathological examination of the skin lesions had suggested squamous cell carcinoma, and subsequent PET-CT examination had shown proliferation and enlargement of lymph nodes. Following right forearm amputation and radiofrequency ablation, additional lumps had been observed, but the patient had declined further surgery. Physical examination showed palpable enlarged axillary lymph nodes, which was confirmed by ultrasound. After three cycles of first-line immunotherapy with toripalimab combined with albumin paclitaxel and cisplatin chemotherapy, masses in the right upper arm were reduced. This case highlights the risks of arsenic-containing medicines used for treating psoriasis. Attention should be paid to the use of standardized treatments in psoriasis, as well as the probability of malignant transformation in arsenical keratosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory condition that can impact patients' quality of life. While its exact etiology remains unclear, it is associated with an increased risk of malignant transformation. Currently, the diagnosis of OLP relies on clinical examination and histopathological analysis, which can be invasive. Therefore, there is an urgent need for non-invasive and accurate diagnostic biomarkers. This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to investigate the potential of salivary microRNAs as promising candidates for OLP diagnosis. This meta-analysis seeks to identify specific microRNAs that are differentially expressed and could serve as reliable biomarkers for OLP diagnosis. Methods: Our strategy involved searching for pertinent keywords in multiple academic databases including Cochrane Library, Embase, LIVIVO, MEDLINE, Ovid, ProQuest, Scopus, Web of Science, Espacenet, and Google Scholar search engine. Upon identification, articles were screened and data extracted from the eligible studies. Split component synthesis method was utilized to assess specificity, sensitivity, likelihood and diagnostic odds ratios. The random-effects meta-analysis approach was used to combine study findings and develop pooled diagnostic performance metrics. Hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic (ROC) plots were generated to determine area under the curve. Subgroup analyses concerning the type of saliva and control groups were also performed. Results: Among the fourteen studies included in our systematic review, five were eligible for meta-analysis. Salivary microRNAs showed the pooled sensitivity of 0.80 (95% Confidence Interval (95% CI): 0.68–0.88), specificity of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.82–0.94), diagnostic odds ratio of 28.45 (95% CI: 10.40–77.80), and area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93 for OLP diagnosis. Unstimulated saliva had higher sensitivity and specificity than oral swirl samples as the biomarker medium for OLP diagnosis. Meta-analysis uncovered that miR-27a, miR-137, miR-1290, miR-27b, miR-4484, miR-142, and miR-1246 had the highest diagnostic odds ratio for OLP. Conclusions: Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrate that salivary microRNAs can serve as valuable biomarkers for the diagnosis of OLP. The findings highlight the exceptional accuracy of salivary microRNAs in differentiating OLP patients from healthy controls and assessing the risk of malignant transformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Incidental brain tumor findings in children involve the unexpected discovery of brain lesions during imaging for unrelated reasons. These findings differ significantly from those in adults, requiring a focus on pediatric-specific approaches in neurosurgery, neuroimaging, and neuro-oncology. Understanding the prevalence, progression, and management of these incidentalomas is crucial for informed decision-making, balancing patient welfare with the risks and benefits of intervention. Incidental brain tumors are observed in about 0.04–5.7% of cases, with most suspected low-grade lesions in children showing a benign course, though up to 3% may undergo malignant transformation. Treatment decisions are influenced by factors such as patient age, tumor characteristics, and family anxiety, with conservative management through surveillance often preferred. However, upfront surgery may be considered in cases with low surgical risk. Initial follow-up typically involves a comprehensive MRI after three months, with subsequent scans spaced out if the lesion remains stable. Changes in imaging or symptoms during follow-up could indicate malignant transformation, prompting consideration of surgery or biopsy. Several challenges and controversies persist, including the role of upfront biopsy for molecular profiling, the use of advanced imaging techniques like PET-CT and magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the implications of the child's age at diagnosis. These issues highlight the need for further research to guide management and improve outcomes in pediatric patients with incidental brain tumor findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intracranial epidermoid tumors (ETs) are rare, benign lesions that present significant challenges in neurosurgical management due to their propensity to encase vital neurovascular structures. We aimed to evaluate the impact of clinical, demographic, and tumor-specific factors on surgical decisions (gross total resection [GTR] vs. subtotal resection [STR]) and outcomes and identify patient clusters with distinct profiles and outcomes post-resection. We retrospectively analyzed 72 patients with ET treated from 1998 to 2022, employing multivariable logistic regression for GTR versus STR predictors and Kaplan-Meier curves for progression-free survival (PFS). K-prototype clustering classified patients based on clinical data. The mean age of our cohort was 39.8 ± 20.1 years. About 13.9% of patients had a recurrence, with a median PFS of 108 months (interquartile range: 57 –206). Seizures significantly predicted GTR (P < 0.05), whereas adherence to critical structures reduced GTR likelihood (P < 0.05). Initial surgeries more often achieved GTR, correlating with longer PFS (P < 0.0001) and reduced recurrence (P < 0.01) versus re-operations. Cluster analysis identified three distinct groups, with the initial GTR cluster showing superior PFS and the lowest recurrence (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.01, respectively). Statistically significant predictors of PFS included age and preoperative seizure presence, with older age favoring longer PFS (P < 0.01) and seizures associated with reduced PFS (P < 0.01). In addition, patients with previous surgeries showed a trend toward shorter PFS (P < 0.05). This study emphasizes the importance of tailored surgical strategies in managing intracranial ETs, advocating for GTR to optimize long-term outcomes where possible. Future prospective studies are essential to further refine treatment approaches, enhancing survival for ET patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents interim trial results comparing the effectiveness of diode laser (DL) and traditional scalpel (TS) in treating oral leukoplakia (OL) concerning recurrence and malignant transformation (MT). Topics discussed include the surgical techniques employed, the rates of recurrence and malignancy observed in each treatment group, and the statistical analysis conducted to evaluate the outcomes of the two methods.

Purpose: We evaluated the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of ovarian teratomas with somatic-type malignancy (TSMs) and benign ovarian mature cystic teratomas (MCTs) to determine the diagnostic contribution of the MRI findings for differentiating these two teratomas. Methods: We compared the MRI findings between ovarian TSMs (n = 10) and MCTs (n = 193), and we conducted a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis to determine the MRI findings' contribution to the differentiation of TSMs from MCTs. Results: The maximum diameters of whole lesion and the largest solid component in the TSMs were larger than those of the MCTs (p = 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). Fat tissue in solid components was seen in 73/116 (62.9%) MCTs but in none of the TSMs (p = 0.0001). Ring-like enhancement in solid components was seen in 60/116 (51.7%) MCTs and none of the TSMs (p = 0.0031). On dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE MRI), all of the solid components in the TSMs showed a high- or intermediate-risk time intensity curve (TIC), and those in 113 of the 116 (97.4%) MCTs showed a low-risk TIC (p < 0.0001). The area under the curve of the ROC analysis using the high-/intermediate-risk TIC on DCE MRI was the highest (0.99) for differentiating TSMs from MCTs: sensitivity 100%, specificity 97.4%, positive predictive value 75.0%, negative predictive value 100%, and accuracy, 97.6%. Conclusion: Compared to ovarian MCTs, ovarian TSMs are larger and have larger solid components with high- or intermediate-risk TICs on DCE MRI. Ovarian MCTs frequently show small solid components with fat tissue, ring-like enhancement, and a low-risk TIC on DCE MRI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The malignant transformation of mature cystic teratomas during pregnancy is a rare occurrence in medical literature. In this case report, we present a remarkable instance of mucinous intestinal adenocarcinoma arising from a mature ovarian cystic teratoma diagnosed during pregnancy. This is among the few reports detailing the effective use of the FOLFOX 6 chemotherapy regimen for treating this type of intestinal cancer. Furthermore, we emphasize the immunohistochemical results that confirm the colorectal histological origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lichen planus (LP) is a representative mucocutaneous disease involving oral mucosa and skin. The aim of this study was to compare the scientometric characteristics of LP publications in stomatology and dermatology journals. All the papers on LP were comprehensively searched and then ones published in stomatology and dermatology journals were retrieved. Among all the 5633 papers on LP, 1344 (23.9%) and 2528 (44.9%) were published in stomatology and dermatology journals, respectively. Among the most-cited top-100 papers, 58 and 30 were published in stomatology and dermatology journals, respectively. Moreover, citation count (11,908) and citation density (640.2) of the 58 stomatology publications were obviously higher than the 2 numbers (5096, 260.3) of the 30 dermatology publications. Based on the frequency of research keywords, the distinctive keywords such as malignant transformation, precancerous, genetics, genotype, gene expression, saliva, blood, cytokines, smoking, anxiety, and depression were identified in stomatology publications. On the other side, hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, erythema, epiluminescence microscopy, and dermoscopy were identified in dermatology publications. Furthermore, drug research including drug withdrawal, drug safety, and drug dose reduction with a dozen of drugs are frequent keywords in dermatology but not in stomatology publications. The distinctive keywords of LP publications in stomatology and dermatology journals correspond to the research priority in stomatology and dermatology. We hope that the observations of this analysis will aid clinicians and investigators in promoting mutual understanding and more reciprocal cooperation regarding LP in stomatology and dermatology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of oral leukoplakia (OL) is challenging because of a high risk for recurrence and malignant transformation (MT), and recurrent OL is associated with a higher risk of MT than nonrecurrent OL. The present meta-analysis aimed to examine the association between OL recurrence and surgical techniques used for their management as well as their clinicopathological factors. Electronic searches were conducted in EMBASE, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to retrieve studies reporting OL recurrence after surgery. The pooled proportion of OL recurrence after surgical excision was estimated. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on the surgical technique, data type, grades of epithelial dysplasia, anatomical subsites, clinical type and size of the lesion, surgical margin, and risk habits. Meta-regression analyses were conducted to identify the association between age, sex, and follow-up duration and OL recurrence. The risk of MT based on the recurrence status was also estimated. A network meta-analysis was performed to determine the surgical modality associated with the least OL recurrence. Eighty studies with a total of 7,614 samples and various surgical modalities (laser-based techniques, conventional scalpel surgery, cryosurgery, and photodynamic therapy) were included in the meta-analysis. A pooled proportion of recurrence of 22% was observed. Laser-based surgeries resulted in fewer OL recurrences than other surgical modalities, and the combination of laser excision and vaporization was identified to be the best treatment approach. OL in the retromolar area and multiple sites, nonhomogeneous OL, advanced age, female sex, inadequate surgical margin, retrospective data, and betel quid chewing habit were significantly associated with higher OL recurrence. Recurrent OL showed a 7.39 times higher risk of MT than nonrecurrent OL. These results suggest that the combination of laser excision and vaporization might reduce OL recurrence. Furthermore, OL in older patients, females, and nonhomogeneous OL need close monitoring after any surgical therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Materials and Methods Results Conclusions To update the current evidence on the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia (OL), including all studies published worldwide on the subject, selected with the maximum rigor regarding eligibility.MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus were searched for studies published before June‐2024, with no lower date limit. The risk of bias was analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for meta‐analyses of proportions. We carried out meta‐analyses, explored heterogeneity across subgroups and identified risk factors with potential prognostic value.Fifty‐five studies (41,231 with OL) were included. The pooled malignant transformation proportion for OL was 6.64% (95% CI = 5.21–8.21). The malignant transformation did not significantly vary by time periods (p = 0.75), 5.35% prior to 1978, 7.06% from 1979 to 2007 and 6.97% during more recent times. The risk factors that significantly had a higher impact on malignant transformation were the non‐homogeneous leukoplakias (RR = 4.23, 95% CI = 3.31–5.39, p < 0.001), the larger size (RR = 2.08, 1.45–2.96, p < 0.001), leukoplakia located on the lateral border of tongue (malignant transformation = 12.71%; RR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.48–2.95, p < 0.001), smoking (RR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.25–2.15, p < 0.001), and the presence of epithelial dysplasia (RR = 2.75, 95% CI = 2.26–3.35, p < 0.001).OL presents a considerable malignant transformation probability that is especially increased in large non‐homogeneous lesions in smokers, located on the lateral border of the tongue, with epithelial dysplasia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BackgroundGastric carcinogenesis is a multifactorial and complex process, in which long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles as oncogenes or antioncogenes. Research has found that the expression of lncRNA LINC02859 is down-regulated in gastric cancer tissues and correlated with the degree of tumor differentiation and TNM stage, and also plays an important role in the development of malignant transformation of cells induced by environmental carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), but its mechanism of action is still unclear. ObjectiveTo explore the role and potential regulatory mechanism of gastric cancer-associated lncRNA LINC02859 in MNNG-induced malignant transformation of human normal gastric mucosal cells (GES-1). MethodsA total of 110 gastric cancer patients from a high incidence area of gastric cancer in Gansu Province were selected, and their cancer tissues and normal gastric mucosa tissues adjacent to the cancer were collected to detect the expression level of LINC02859 by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). High-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis of the tissues were used to identify the potential signaling pathways regulated by the genes co-expressed with LINC02859. GES-1 cells at 70%-80% cell fusion with low cell passage number and normal morphology were incubated with 0, 0.25 and 0.5 μmol·L−1 MNNG solution for 48 h and the LINC02859 expression level was detected. Cell proliferation activity was detected by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), clone formation was detected by plate clone formation assay, and cell migration ability was detected by scratch assay to evaluate the effects of MNNG on cell morphology and function. The expression levels of key proteins of Wnt signaling pathway were detected by RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Results The RT-qPCR results showed that LINC02859 was lowly expressed in the gastric cancer tissues compared with the paracancerous tissues, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). The pathway enrichment analysis showed that LINC02859 potentially regulated the Wnt pathway. The in vitro malignant transformation assay suggested that after the MNNG exposure, the malignant cells of passage 5 (MC-5) had altered morphology, increased number of colony formation, and higher proliferation and migration ability than the control cells; compared with the normal GES-1 cells, LINC02859 gene expression levels were reduced in the 0.25 μmol·L−1 and the 0.5 μmol·L−1 MNNG-exposed GES-1 cells; the expression levels of key proteins of the Wnt pathway, transcription factor 7 (TCF7), Axis inhibitor (Axin1), phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta (p-GSK-3β), casein kinase 1 (CK1), and β-catenin, were elevated in the cells after 0.5 μmol·L−1 MNNG exposure (P < 0.05); whereas, overexpression of LINC02859 suppressed the activating effect of MNNG on the Wnt pathway. ConclusionLINC02859 is lowly expressed in the cancer tissues of gastric cancer patients. MNNG exposure induces morphological and functional changes in GES-1 cells, down-regulated expression of LINC02859, and activation of the Wnt signaling pathway; overexpression of LINC02859 inhibits the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway in the gastric carcinogenesis induced by MNNG exposure.

An inverted papilloma is a medical condition in which epithelial cells placed on the surface grow in depth into the underlying supporting tissue. The case of a 68-year-old man with a 6-month history of right-sided complete nasal obstruction, who was referred to the ENT Department of our hospital, is presented. The associated symptoms were represented by repeated epistaxis, rhinorrhea and anosmia. From a clinical point of view, a polypous reddish-gray irregular mass, with cauliflower-like appearance, has been described. The formation was friable, richly vascularized, and with minor bleeding on light touch. The patient was diagnosed with inverted papilloma which was treated by endoscopic surgery. By analyzing the clinical, histochemical and immunohistochemical aspects of this case, the cause of tumor growth and its potential for malignant transformation were established. Many particularities are presented in this article: increased regional aggressiveness, its ethmoidal sinus origin, specific symptomatology, paraclinical examinations, all of which were useful in choosing a customized therapy and follow-up program.

Background/purpose: Lichen planus (LP) is a representative mucocutaneous disease involving oral mucosa and skin. The aim of this study was to compare the scientometric characteristics of LP publications in stomatology and dermatology journals. Materials and methods: All the papers on LP were comprehensively searched and then ones published in stomatology and dermatology journals were retrieved. Results: Among all the 5633 papers on LP, 1344 (23.9%) and 2528 (44.9%) were published in stomatology and dermatology journals, respectively. Among the most-cited top-100 papers, 58 and 30 were published in stomatology and dermatology journals, respectively. Moreover, citation count (11,908) and citation density (640.2) of the 58 stomatology publications were obviously higher than the 2 numbers (5096, 260.3) of the 30 dermatology publications. Based on the frequency of research keywords, the distinctive keywords such as malignant transformation, precancerous, genetics, genotype, gene expression, saliva, blood, cytokines, smoking, anxiety, and depression were identified in stomatology publications. On the other side, hyperkeratosis, hyperpigmentation, erythema, epiluminescence microscopy, and dermoscopy were identified in dermatology publications. Furthermore, drug research including drug withdrawal, drug safety, and drug dose reduction with a dozen of drugs are frequent keywords in dermatology but not in stomatology publications. Conclusion: The distinctive keywords of LP publications in stomatology and dermatology journals correspond to the research priority in stomatology and dermatology. We hope that the observations of this analysis will aid clinicians and investigators in promoting mutual understanding and more reciprocal cooperation regarding LP in stomatology and dermatology.

Pilonidal sinus disease is a frequent and recurrent pathology in young adults, with a male predominance, while malignant transformation of the pilonidal sinus is a rare complication, it occurs in 0.1% of patients, with a poor prognosis. Early surgical removal of the primary lesion remains the best treatment. We report a case of malignant transformation of pilonidal disease into squamous cell carcinoma.

Abstract Extracranial metastasis of glioma is extremely rare. Herein, we report a case of glioblastoma that originated and showed stepwise malignant transformation from a low‐grade glioma (LGG) along with the presence of lung and mediastinal lymph node metastases after repeated craniotomy. A 30‐year‐old man presented with hemoptysis. Thoracic computed tomography revealed a space‐occupying lesion in the right upper lung with mediastinal nodal and metastases in both lungs; lung cancer was suspected. The patient's medical history showed that he had undergone craniotomy three times in 7 years for a primary LGG disease relapse, and stepwise malignant‐transformed high‐grade glioma (HGG). However, brain magnetic resonance imaging did not reveal any relapse of intracranial tumors. The diagnosis of extracranial metastatic glioblastoma was confirmed using the morphology and staining results for specific immunohistochemistry markers using the specimen obtained via endobronchial ultrasound transbronchial needle aspiration. Subsequently, the patient received a combination of systemic and local treatments; however, he died of massive hemoptysis after 6 months. The survival time of this glioma patient improved after transformation and metastasis. Detailed descriptions will help us understand the biological behavior of glioma, but more studies are needed to confirm the complex mechanism of extracranial metastasis.

The MYC oncogenic transcription factor is acetylated by the p300 and GCN5 histone acetyltransferases. The significance of MYC acetylation and the functions of specific acetylated lysine (AcK) residues have remained unclear. Here, we show that the major p300-acetylated K148(149) and K157(158) sites in human (or mouse) MYC and the main GCN5-acetylated K323 residue are reversibly acetylated in various malignant and nonmalignant cells. Oncogenic overexpression of MYC enhances its acetylation and alters the regulation of site-specific acetylation by proteasome and deacetylase inhibitors. Acetylation of MYC at different K residues differentially affects its stability in a cell type-dependent manner. Lysine-to-arginine substitutions indicate that although none of the AcK residues is required for MYC stimulation of adherent cell proliferation, individual AcK sites have gene-specific functions controlling select MYC-regulated processes in cell adhesion, contact inhibition, apoptosis, and/or metabolism and are required for the malignant cell transformation activity of MYC. Each AcK site is required for anchorage-independent growth of MYC-overexpressing cells in vitro, and both the AcK148(149) and AcK157(158) residues are also important for the tumorigenic activity of MYC transformed cells in vivo. The MYC AcK site-specific signaling pathways identified may offer new avenues for selective therapeutic targeting of MYC oncogenic activities.

Malignant Proliferating Trichilemmal Tumour (MPTT) is a rare, malignant cutaneous adnexal tumour that originates from the outer root sheath cells of the isthmus of hair follicles. This article aims to report a rare case of a high-grade malignant trichilemmal tumour arising in the context of a proliferating Trichilemmal Cyst (TC) in a 65-year-old female who presented with a painless swelling in the left gluteal region that had been present for two months. There have been only about 100 cases reported so far. Both the clinical features and the imaging findings were suggestive of an ostensibly benign lesion. As a result, the cyst was excised; however, further histopathological evaluation revealed an unexpected case of rare MPTT. Consequently, a timely second revision surgery was performed to ensure tumour-free margins. This case illustrates that the diagnosis of MPTT is highly challenging. Without prior knowledge and a high index of suspicion, the diagnosis of MPTT could easily be missed. MPTT is often misdiagnosed as a variant of Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). The subtle nuances of the unique histopathological pattern of MPTT can help differentiate it from SCC.

Oral epithelial dysplasia includes a range of clinical oral mucosal diseases with potentially malignant traits. Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) are potential candidates for cell-based therapies targeting various diseases. However, the effect of DPSCs on the progression of oral mucosal precancerous lesions remains unclear. Animal experiments were conducted to assess the effect of human DPSCs (hDPSCs). We measured the proliferation, motility and mitochondrial respiratory function of the human dysplastic oral keratinocyte (DOK) cells cocultured with hDPSCs. Mitochondrial transfer experiments were performed to determine the role mitochondria from hDPSCs in the malignant transformation of DOK cells. hDPSCs injection accelerated carcinogenesis in 4NQO-induced oral epithelial dysplasia in mice. Coculture with hDPSCs increased the proliferation, migration, invasion and mitochondrial respiratory function of DOK cells. Mitochondria from hDPSCs could be transferred to DOK cells, and activated mTOR signaling pathway in DOK cells. Our study demonstrates that hDPSCs activate the mTOR signaling pathway through mitochondrial transfer, promoting the malignant transformation of oral precancerous epithelial lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant transformation (MCT) of ovary is rare complications affecting elderly, squamous cell carcinoma being the most common. The prognosis worsens with extraovarian spread. We present two cases of MCT-derived SCC. Patients exhibited abdominal lump, pain, bowel symptoms, sometimes with weight loss; imaging revealed MCT. Age (51–60), postmenopausal status, large size (>20 cm), bilaterality, and complex ovarian lesions raised suspicion of malignancy. Elevated tumor markers (e.g., cancer antigen-125 and lactate dehydrogenase) were noted in one case. Intraoperative frozen section confirmed malignancy, guiding staging laparotomy. One case was advanced stage on histopathology. Intraoperative frozen section aids optimal staging.

Abstract Background Mature cystic teratomas (MCT) of the ovary are benign ovarian germ cell neoplasms. Malignant transformation is possible but rare and ovarian carcinoid tumors in MCT are among the most extremely rare subtypes. Case presentation We report a case of a 60-year-old Iranian woman suffering from postmenopausal bleeding and hypogastric pain for the last 40 days. An adnexal mass was detected during the physical examination. Ultrasound imaging showed a (55 × 58) mm mass in the left ovary. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingooophorectomy and comprehensive staging surgery were performed for the patient. Intraoperative frozen section of the left ovarian mass was indicative of a malignant tumor. She was diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor with benign mucinous cystadenoma arising on MCT of the ovary, confirmed in the histopathology and immunohistochemistry examination. The tumor was classified as low grade and no chemotherapy cycles were considered. The patient was followed up long-term and no recurrence was observed during 14 months of examinations. Conclusion Ovarian carcinoids arising from MCT are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms, and proper diagnosis of these tumors requires careful histopathology evaluation and appropriate examination. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these tumors as a possible differential diagnosis and evaluate them in individuals (especially postmenopausal women) who have abdominal pain or abnormal bleeding and a palpable mass.

Background: Despite their rarity, malignant odontogenic tumors (MOT) represent an important group of oral lesions characterized by their variable clinical presentations and sometimes unexpected biological behavior. Objectives: The purpose of this retrospective cross-sectional study was to evaluate the number, types, and frequency of MOT and to investigate the relative rate of malignant transformation in recurrent odontogenic tumors (OT). Methodology: The records of patients diagnosed with OT in the hospital of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, were reviewed over 10 years (2013-2022). The OT were investigated for frequency, age, gender, site, and recurrence. The data were recorded and then analyzed using SPSS software version 25. Results: Among 5543 oral excisions, 357 cases of them were OT, including 336 benign (94.1%) and 21 malignant neoplasms (5.9%). Among the odontogenic malignancies, 18 lesions (85.7%) appeared de novo, and 3 lesions (14.3%) developed as recurrent of previously classified benign tumors. A high incidence was observed in the middle and old age groups (90.4%) with a median age being 42. Slight male predilection (1.3:1) was noticed. The mandible was the highly affected site but all recurrent cases were diagnosed in the maxilla as ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma (n = 2, 66.6%) and primary intraosseous carcinoma (n = 1, 33.3%). Conclusion: Retrospective analysis of the relative frequency of MOT and the documentation of the unusual recurrence of benign OT as a malignancy enhances our understanding of OT behavior and the need for appropriate therapy and clinical follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transformation of an adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) to an adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is extremely rare. Current guidelines suggest against further imaging studies and follow-up in patients with nonfunctional adrenal incidentalomas (NFAIs) with benign imaging characteristics. Herein, we present a 64-year-old male patient diagnosed initially with a NFAI of 3 cm in size with imaging characteristics consistent with an ACA. However, 13 years after initial diagnosis, this apparent ACA developed into a high-grade cortisol and androgen-secreting ACC with synchronous metastases. The literature review revealed a further 9 case reports of adrenal incidentalomas initially characterized as ACA that subsequently developed into ACC within a period ranging from 1 to 10 years. The pathogenesis of transformation of an initially denoted ACA to ACC is not fully delineated, although the existing literature focuses on the preexisting or changing genetic background of these lesions, highlighting the need to develop robust prognostic markers to identify patients at risk and individualize the follow-up of these unique cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis, affecting 6%–10% of women of reproductive age, can lead to severe symptoms such as chronic pelvic pain and infertility. Among its rarer manifestations is abdominal wall endometriosis (AWE), which has been increasingly reported following cesarean deliveries. This case discusses a 39‐year‐old woman who presented with a 13‐year history of cyclical pain at her cesarean section scar, exacerbated over the last year by the development of a painful abdominal mass. Medical evaluations indicated endometriosis at the scar, with further investigations including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging showing involvement of the rectus abdominis muscle. Elevated tumor markers HE4 and CA‐125, along with a biopsy, confirmed adenocarcinoma. The patient underwent extensive surgical treatment, including the resection of the mass, hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo‐oophorectomy, and lymphadenectomy. Pathology confirmed moderately differentiated infiltrative adenocarcinoma originating from endometriosis. Despite the absence of postoperative chemotherapy, the patient showed no recurrence, emphasizing the effectiveness of comprehensive surgical management. This case highlights the critical importance of recognizing the potential for malignant transformation in AWE, particularly following cesarean deliveries, and underscores the necessity for vigilant monitoring and personalized treatment strategies. The management of AWE, especially when malignant transformation is suspected, necessitates a multidisciplinary approach similar to that used in ovarian cancer, focusing on rigorous surgical intervention and the potential for adjuvant therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Long non-coding RNA (LncRNA) plays an important role in malignant transformation of cells. This study aimed to explore the role of Lnc-ENST00000535078 in the malignant transformation of immortalized human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B) induced by coal tar pitch extract (CTPE). The malignant transformation model of BEAS-2B cells exposed to CTPE. Cell proliferation was examined by Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Colony formation assay was used to assess the colony of cells. Cell migration and invasion were detected by Transwell analysis. Cell cycle progression and apoptotic status were assessed by flow cytometry. Differentially expressed genes were screened by RNA sequencing. The results showed that Lnc-ENST00000535078 expression was highest in malignantly transformed BEAS-2B cells passaged to the 30th generation. Knockdown of Lnc-ENST00000535078 inhibited the migration, invasion and anti-apoptotic abilities of malignantly transformed BEAS-2B cells. Transcriptome analysis found 608 differential genes. CCND1 and FOS genes were screened out because of their levels were positive correlation with the expression of Lnc-ENST00000535078, which were consistent with the RNA sequencing results. In conclusion, Low expression of Lnc-ENST00000535078 inhibits the migration and invasion of malignant transformed BEAS-2B cells and promotes apoptosis in these cells. Lnc-ENST00000556926 might affect the malignant transformation of cells through the regulation of CCND1 and FOS. This study may provide a potential target for intervention in CTPE-induced lung cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a benign, common, but controversial disease due to its enigmatic etiopathogenesis and biological behavior. Recent studies suggest multiple genetic, and environmental factors may affect its onset and development. Genomic analysis revealed the presence of cancer-associated gene mutations, which may reflect the neoplastic aspect of endometriosis. The management has changed dramatically with the development of fertility-preserving, minimally invasive therapies. Diagnostic strategies based on these recent basic and clinical findings are reviewed. With a focus on the presentation of clinical cases, we discuss the imaging manifestations of endometriomas, deep endometriosis, less common site and rare site endometriosis, various complications, endometriosis-associated tumor-like lesions, and malignant transformation, with pathophysiologic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nasopharyngeal angiofibroma is a relatively rare tumor, which is locally aggressive and histologically benign with transformation to a malignant sarcomatous form in a previously irradiated candidate. Here we are reporting the second known case according to literature of a non irradiated case of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma who was previously operated 11 times for the excision of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. All the previous biopsy reports were proven to be of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, but for the last time, when he was operated at our center, biopsy showed malignant transformation of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma. The patient was then subjected to intensity modulated radiotherapy and is in close surveillance, doing well till date. Hence this case presentation gives an insight about malignant transformation of nasopharyngeal angiofibroma in absence of irradiation, which is a very rare entity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An inverted papilloma is a medical condition in which epithelial cells placed on the surface grow in depth into the underlying supporting tissue. The case of a 68-year-old man with a 6-month history of right-sided complete nasal obstruction, who was referred to the ENT Department of our hospital, is presented. The associated symptoms were represented by repeated epistaxis, rhinorrhea and anosmia. From a clinical point of view, a polypous reddish-gray irregular mass, with cauliflower-like appearance, has been described. The formation was friable, richly vascularized, and with minor bleeding on light touch. The patient was diagnosed with inverted papilloma which was treated by endoscopic surgery. By analyzing the clinical, histochemical and immunohistochemical aspects of this case, the cause of tumor growth and its potential for malignant transformation were established. Many particularities are presented in this article: increased regional aggressiveness, its ethmoidal sinus origin, specific symptomatology, paraclinical examinations, all of which were useful in choosing a customized therapy and follow-up program. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mucinous ovarian cystadenoma is a common epithelial benign tumor in young women. However, recurrence and malignant transformation of mucinous ovarian cystadenoma are rarely reported. We report a 32-years old nulliparous woman who was diagnosed with mucinous ovarian cystadenoma, initially presenting with distended stomach and pelvic pain. After initial left partial oophorocystectomy, the patient had recurrence of abdominal mass, of which left salpingo-oophorocystectomy was performed. Several months after previous surgery, the abdominal mass recurred, which from imaging and pathological examination was diagnosed as borderline mucinous ovarian cystadenoma FIGO class IIIB. A systematic review of 19 articles showed risk of total recurrence and malignant transformation on mucinous ovarian cystadenoma were 13.9% and 1.8%, respectively. Furthermore, choosing fertility sparing surgery could increase the risk of recurrence of borderline ovarian cystadenoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction and aim: Retrospective study focused on clinically and biopsy-proven cases of proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL). The aim of the work is to point out the necessity of correlation of oral manifestations of PVL with clinical and radiological examination of the periodontium. Methods: The study evaluated the process of PVL disease in 53 patients followed between 1994 and 2024 at the Oral Medicine Department, Dentistry Clinic, University hospital in Pilsen. Apart from anamnestic-pathological correlations, also the aspects of coincidence with other lesions of the oral mucosa, the formation of dysplasia during this aggressive disease and the frequency of malignant transformation were assessed. The mucosal manifestation of the disease was regularly compared to the clinical and radiological state of the periodontium. Results: During dispensary, recurrence occurred in 56% of cases (n = 30/53) and transformation into oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) in 38% of patients (n = 20/53). Oncological recurrence was in five cases (9%). The majority of patients with malignant transformation were women with 70% (n = 14/20). Conclusion: In contrary to other diseases of the oral mucosa, taking OPG or CBCT images is diagnostically more beneficial within the PVL dispensary. In several patients with lesions in the area of the alveolar mucosa and gingiva, there is significant resorption of the alveolar bone in the corresponding locations in the case of an ongoing malignant transformation. Malignant transformation of PVL is indeed high, up to 38% in our group. Due to the risk of diagnostic confusion of oral lichen planus and chronic hyperplastic candidiasis with incipient PVL, it is necessary to tighten the dispensary rules for these cases as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study assessed the validity of nomograms for predicting malignant transformation (MT) among patients with oral leukoplakia (OL) and oral lichen planus (OLP). Materials and Methods: Two nomograms were identified following a systematic search. Variables to interrogate both nomograms were obtained for a retrospective OL/OLP cohort. Then, the nomograms were applied to estimate MT probabilities twice and their average was used to calculate the discriminatory performance, calibration, and potential net benefit of the models. Subgroup analyses were performed for patients with OL, OLP, and oral epithelial dysplasia. Results: Predicted probabilities were mostly significantly higher among OL/OLP patients who developed MT compared to those who did not (p = <0.001–0.034). AUC values and Brier scores of the nomograms were 0.644–0.844 and 0.040–0.088 among OL patients and 0.580–0.743 and 0.008–0.072 among OLP patients. Decision curve analysis suggested that the nomograms had some net benefit for risk stratification. However, the models did not best binary dysplasia grading in discriminatory validity and net benefit among patients with OL and oral epithelial dysplasia. Conclusion: Nomograms for predicting MT may have satisfactory validity among patients with OL than OLP, but they do not outperform binary dysplasia grading in risk stratification of OL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study explored associations between histological features of dysplasia and malignant transformation, as well as genomic copy number alterations. Materials and Methods: Overall, 201 samples were collected from patients of oral leukoplakia. The associations of dysplastic features with malignant transformation and copy number alterations were investigated by Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and the Mann–Whitney U‐test. Results: Eight individual histological features, such as irregular epithelial stratification (p = 0.001), mitoses high in epithelium (p = 0.033), extension of changes along minor gland ducts (p < 0.001), etc., were associated with greater risk of malignant transformation. A model including histological features and age showed good performance for predicting malignant transformation (area under receiver operating characteristic curve: 0.806). Irregular epithelial stratification (p = 0.007), abnormal nuclear shape (p = 0.005), abnormal cell size (p = 0.004), etc. were associated with greater genomic instability. Conclusions: A Cox proportional hazards model using eight histological features and patient age reliably predicted the malignant potential of oral epithelial dysplasia. Identification of these histological features closely related to malignant transformation may aid the management of oral potentially malignant disorders and early detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Diagnosing oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) is critical to prevent oral cancer. This study aims to automatically detect and classify the most common pre-malignant oral lesions, such as leukoplakia and oral lichen planus (OLP), and distinguish them from oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) and healthy oral mucosa on clinical photographs using vision transformers. Methods: 4,161 photographs of healthy mucosa, leukoplakia, OLP, and OSCC were included. Findings were annotated pixel-wise and reviewed by three clinicians. The photographs were divided into 3,337 for training and validation and 824 for testing. The training and validation images were further divided into five folds with stratification. A Mask R-CNN with a Swin Transformer was trained five times with cross-validation, and the held-out test split was used to evaluate the model performance. The precision, F1-score, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were calculated. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve (AUC) and the confusion matrix of the most effective model were presented. Results: The detection of OSCC with the employed model yielded an F1 of 0.852 and AUC of 0.974. The detection of OLP had an F1 of 0.825 and AUC of 0.948. For leukoplakia the F1 was 0.796 and the AUC was 0.938. Conclusions: OSCC were effectively detected with the employed model, whereas the detection of OLP and leukoplakia was moderately effective. Clinical relevance: Oral cancer is often detected in advanced stages. The demonstrated technology may support the detection and observation of OPMD to lower the disease burden and identify malignant oral cavity lesions earlier. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular adenoma (HCA) represents a rare benign hepatic neoplasm with potential for malignant transformation into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the genomic landscape of this process to identify therapeutic strategies for blocking malignant transformation. Using micro‐detection techniques, we obtained specimens of adenoma, cancerous neoplasm and adjacent normal liver from three patients undergoing hepatic resection surgery. Whole‐exome sequencing (WES) was performed, and genomic interactions between HCA and HCC components within the same tumour were evaluated using somatic variant calling, copy number variation (CNV) analysis, clonality evaluation and mutational signature analysis. Our results revealed genomic heterogeneity among patient cases, yet within each sample, HCA and HCC tissues exhibited a similar mutational landscape, suggesting a high degree of homology. Using nonnegative matrix factorization and phylogenetic trees, we identified shared and distinct mutational characteristics and uncovering necessary pathways associated with HCA–HCC malignant transformation. Remarkably, we found that HCA and HCC shared a common monoclonal origin while displaying significant genetic diversity within HCA–HCC tumours, indicating fundamental genetic connections or evolutionary pathways between the two. Moreover, elevated immune therapy‐related markers in these patients suggested heightened sensitivity to immune therapy, providing novel avenues for the treatment of hepatic malignancies. This study sheds light on the genetic mechanisms underlying HCA–HCC progression, offering potential targets for therapeutic intervention and highlighting the promise of immune‐based therapies in managing hepatic malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Laryngeal leukoplakia (LL) is a white lesion with high potential of recurrence and malignant transformation. Currently, CO2 laser has become the primary surgical treatment for LL, and the recurrence and malignant transformation rates after treatment vary widely. Objective: We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis dedicated to evaluating the rates of recurrence and malignant transformation of LL lesions treated with CO2 laser and exploring relevant risk factors for recurrence or malignant transformation. Methods: Literature searches were conducted on ProQuest, PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, Embase, and Cochrane databases. Some articles identified through hand searching were included. Results: A total of 14 articles and 1462 patients were included in this review. Pooled results showed that the overall recurrence rate was 15%, and the malignant transformation rate was 3%. Subgroup analysis showed that the dysplasia grade was not a significant risk factor for the recurrence and malignant transformation of LL (P >.05). Conclusions: The results of this systematic review and meta‐analysis suggest that the CO2 laser is a safe and effective surgical instrument for the excision of LL, which yields low rates of recurrence and malignant transformation. The risk factors relevant to recurrence or malignant transformation remain unclear and require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The abnormality of the p53 tumor suppressor is crucial in lung cancer development, because p53 regulates target gene promoters to combat cancer. Recent studies have shown extensive p53 binding to enhancer elements. However, whether p53 exerts a tumor suppressor role by shaping the enhancer landscape remains poorly understood. In the current study, we employed several functional genomics approaches to assess the enhancer activity at p53 binding sites throughout the genome based on our established TP53 knockout (KO) human bronchial epithelial cells (BEAS-2B). A total of 943 active regular enhancers and 370 super-enhancers (SEs) disappeared upon the deletion of p53, indicating that p53 modulates the activity of hundreds of enhancer elements. We found that one p53-dependent SE, located on chromosome 9 and designated as KLF4-SE, regulated the expression of the Krüppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) gene. Furthermore, the deletion of p53 significantly decreased the KLF4-SE enhancer activity and the KLF4 expression, but increased colony formation ability in the nitrosamines 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone-induced cell transformation model. Subsequently, in TP53 KO cells, the overexpression of KLF4 partially reversed the increased clonogenic capacity caused by p53 deficiency. Consistently, KLF4 expression also decreased in lung cancer tissues and cell lines. It appeared that overexpression of KLF4 significantly suppressed the proliferation and migration of lung cancer cells. Collectively, our results suggest that the regulation of enhancer formation and activity by p53 is an integral component of the p53 tumor suppressor function. Therefore, our findings offer some novel insights into the regulation mechanism of p53 in lung oncogenesis and introduce a new strategy for screening therapeutic targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs) are a group of oral lesions or conditions with a higher risk of malignant transformation. OPMD affects 4.47% of people worldwide, with predilection in males. The high tendency of frequent tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption may lead the male motorcycle community to have a higher risk for developing OPMD and malignant transformation. Objectives This article determines the level of knowledge about OPMD within a male motorcycle community. Methods This study uses a survey research design that is a questionnaire-based and descriptive study. Data were obtained using a Google Form, and IBM SPSS was used for analysis. Simple random sampling is the sampling method applied. The total knowledge score is divided into three levels, low (0–4), moderate (5–9), and high (10–15). Results The questionnaire was finished by 60 people entirely. All respondents (100%) were men, and the majority (83.00%) was aged between 20 and 21. A total of 26 respondents (43.30%) had moderate knowledge levels, followed by 21 with high knowledge levels (35.0%), and 13 with low knowledge levels (21.70%). Conclusion The majority of the male motorcycle community (43.30%) has a moderate knowledge level regarding OPMD. This study indicates the need for educational measures to improve awareness regarding OPMD in a high-risk community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Mature cystic teratomas (MCT) of the ovary are benign ovarian germ cell neoplasms. Malignant transformation is possible but rare and ovarian carcinoid tumors in MCT are among the most extremely rare subtypes. Case presentation: We report a case of a 60-year-old Iranian woman suffering from postmenopausal bleeding and hypogastric pain for the last 40 days. An adnexal mass was detected during the physical examination. Ultrasound imaging showed a (55 × 58) mm mass in the left ovary. Total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingooophorectomy and comprehensive staging surgery were performed for the patient. Intraoperative frozen section of the left ovarian mass was indicative of a malignant tumor. She was diagnosed with a carcinoid tumor with benign mucinous cystadenoma arising on MCT of the ovary, confirmed in the histopathology and immunohistochemistry examination. The tumor was classified as low grade and no chemotherapy cycles were considered. The patient was followed up long-term and no recurrence was observed during 14 months of examinations. Conclusion: Ovarian carcinoids arising from MCT are rare neuroendocrine neoplasms, and proper diagnosis of these tumors requires careful histopathology evaluation and appropriate examination. Therefore, it is necessary to consider these tumors as a possible differential diagnosis and evaluate them in individuals (especially postmenopausal women) who have abdominal pain or abnormal bleeding and a palpable mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study sought to systematically compare the expression of molecular markers in benign cutaneous lesions and squamous cell cervical carcinoma associated with HPV infection to better understand the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in HPV-related lesions and their progression to malignancy. We included 200 patients recruited from a gynecological clinic divided into two groups: 100 patients with positive HPV tests presenting with cutaneous lesions and 100 patients diagnosed with squamous cell cervical carcinoma and testing positive for HPV. The participants were selected to ensure diverse ethnic and demographic representation. The study utilized different statistical analyses, including Chi-square tests to assess associations between categorical variables and logistic regression to evaluate factors influencing lesion progression and compare marker expressions across different lesion types. The results indicated significant differences in the expression of specific molecular markers between cutaneous lesions and cervical carcinomas, highlighting distinct molecular pathways involved in HPV-related lesion development. Notably, markers such as p16, p53, and E-cadherin showed varying expression, suggesting their potential role in distinguishing between benign and malignant lesions. The findings emphasize the significance of molecular marker profiling in improving diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for HPV-related lesions. The differential expression of molecular markers can offer valuable insights into the pathogenesis of HPV-induced lesions and help develop targeted interventions to prevent malignant transformation. Further research is necessary to validate these markers in larger cohorts and diverse populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gliomatosis peritonei (GP) is a rare entity characterized by multiple mature glial tissue implants in association with ovarian teratomas in the peritoneum and omentum. To date, only 100 cases have been published. Not much is known about the origin, clinicopathological profile or prognosis of GP. SOX2 and OCT4 are recently recognized markers of embryonic stem cell differentiation. Here, the role of SOX2 and OCT4 in the pathogenesis of 11 cases of GP are reported and clinicopathological factors are described. Material and Methods: This was a retrospective study of six years duration (2017-2022). All the cases of GP were retrieved from archives, the diagnosis was confirmed and clinicopathological factors were noted. Immunohistochemical (IHC) investigation for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) and S100 was noted wherever available. IHC for SOX2 and OCT4 was performed using an avidin-biotin technique. Results: There were 11 cases of GP identified. The median age was 29 years and 1/11 cases had nodal gliomatosis as well. There were eight cases of immature teratoma and three cases of mature cystic teratoma. SOX2 was positive in all foci of GP, while OCT4 was negative. These foci were also positive for GFAP and S100. Conclusion: A possibility of GP should be considered as a differential, clinically and radiologically, in cases of omental nodularity. Adequate sampling at the time of surgery is essential to rule out metastasis or growing teratoma syndrome. SOX2, a stem cell marker inducing neural differentiation, may play a crucial role in the development of GP in association with other transcription factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Dental Hygiene is the property of Canadian Dental Hygienists Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ovarian mature cystic teratomas comprise tissue derived from all three germ layers and constitute 10–20% of all ovarian neoplasms. Malignant transformation of mature cystic teratomas (MCT) is very rare with an incidence of 0.17–2%. The most frequently reported malignancies include squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Herein, we describe a case of a 56-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain and underwent total abdominal hysterectomy with bilateral oophorectomy and omentectomy for a ruptured dermoid cyst. Histological examination showed nests of pleomorphic cells with prominent nucleoli and melanin pigment in the background of a mature cystic teratoma. These cells showed immunoreactivity for Melan-A and HMB-45, thus confirming the diagnosis of malignant transformation of a mature cystic teratoma to a malignant melanoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi‐systemic metastasis in patients with Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome (PJS) is very rare, and there are nearly no relevant imaging reports, especially in contrast‐enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). We present here a 40‐year‐old male patient who underwent several partial small bowel resections and endoscopic polypectomy for intestinal polyps. After reviewing the patient's clinical diagnosis and treatment process, CEUS with sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles (SonoVue, Bracco, Milan, Italy) in the liver and gastrointestinal tract was performed. We imaged multiple abnormal masses with sonographic features consistent with malignancies. Combined with other imaging examinations and 18 gauge core‐needle puncture biopsy of liver masses, multiple metastases outside the gastrointestinal tract were considered. This case report suggests CEUS may be an easy, effective, and supplementary method for evaluating PJS patients with suspected multi‐systemic malignant lesions including the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]