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Background and purpose: The new plan of using molecular targeted agents in combination with cytotoxic drugs may represent a promising strategy to increase the efficacy of chemotherapy. Hence, we examined whether α2β1 integrin-specific inhibitor, BTT-3033, could modulate the susceptibility of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 ovarian cancer cells to paclitaxel (PTX). Experimental approach: Ovarian cancer cell lines were treated with BTT-3033 and different concentrations of PTX. To determine the mechanisms involved in the PTX/BTT-3033 combination-induced cell death, cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and caspase-3 activity were evaluated. Findings/Results: Both BTT-3033 (≥ 1 μM) and PTX (≥ 0.01 μM) suppressed the proliferation of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cells in a concentration-related manner. Pretreatment with BTT-3033 (1 μM), followed by PTX-induced synergistic antiproliferative effects, decreased the IC50 values of PTX from 0.45 to 0.03 μM in OVCAR3 and 0.35 to 0.02 μM in SKOV3 cells. All of the coefficients of drug interaction for various PTX and BTT-3033 combinations were found to be less than 1. Moreover, PTX/BTT-3033 combination induced more apoptotic cells (from 4.2% to 87.0% in OVCAR3 and 2.4% to 88.5% in SKOV3) than PTX alone. Combination therapy also decreased MMP and increased the caspase-3 activity. Additionally, we found that the PTX/BTT-3033 combination enhanced ROS production in OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cells. Conclusion and implications: BTT-3033 has demonstrated the ability to enhance the susceptibility of ovarian cancer cells to PTX by inducing MMP loss, ROS production, and mitochondrial apoptosis, therefore this combination therapy might represent a promising strategy for ovarian cancer treatment.

Abstract Background Trichomoniasis is a parasitic infection of the urinary and genital tract, caused by Trichomonas vaginalis. This study aimed to investigate the molecular diagnosis of T. vaginalis infection in liquid-based Papanicolaou samples in Shiraz, southern Iran. Materials and methods In this cross-sectional study, 534 liquid-based Papanicolaou samples were collected from women referring to the laboratory of Motahari Clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in 2021. Genomic DNA were extracted from the samples and examined for evidence of T. vaginalis using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using TVK3 and TVK7 specific primers. Results The mean age of participants was 39.28 ± 9.89 with a maximum age of 65 and a minimum age of 19 years. T. vaginalis DNA fragments were detected in 4.86% (26/534) of the cases. There was significantly higher prevalence in the age groups of 21 to 30 and 41 to 50 years (46.15%, p = 0.001 and 38.46%, p = 0.015, respectively). Furthermore, the results showed an association between a history of foamy discharge and Trichomonas positivity (p = 0.001). Conclusion T. vaginalis infection is common in liquid-based Papanicolaou samples of women who attended regular health check-ups in the study area. Screening for trichomoniasis in populations, particularly if using highly sensitive methods such as PCR, may lead to increased detection and treatment.

Abstract Background Pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is one of the rare endocrinal aetiologies of the abnormal short stature. This is a syndrome characterized by a specific tirade, an absent or hypoplastic anterior pituitary gland, thin or absent infundibulum, and ectopic posterior pituitary location. This type of pituitary dwarfism is usually presented in the first decade of life and may be first isolated with normal other pituitary hormones. Results Only 3 out of 117 dwarf patients (2.5%) were found to have pituitary stalk interruption syndrome. Conclusion Although of rare incidence, pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS) is an entity which leads to pituitary dwarfism and should be kept in mind while investigating a child with pituitary dwarfism and radiologists should be aware of its rarely encountered diagnostic MRI findings for early diagnosis and treatment.

Background and purpose: Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor nanocrystals that are widely used in biology due to their good optical properties. QDs, especially cadmium-based QDs, play an important role in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer due to their intrinsic fluorescence. . The aim of the present study was the evaluation of the cellular uptake mechanisms of CdTe QDs in ovarian cancer cell lines. Experimental approach: In this study, we used CdTe QDs coated with thioglycolic acid. The ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and OVCAR3 were treated with different concentrations of QDs, triamterene, chlorpromazine, and nystatin, and cell viability was evaluated through the MTT test. To find the way of cellular uptake of CdTe QDs, we used the MTT test and interfering compounds in endocytic pathways. Intrinsic fluorescence and cellular internalization of CdTe QDs were assessed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy imaging. Findings / Results: The viability of CdTe QDs-treated cells dose-dependently decreased in comparison to untreated cells. To evaluate the cellular uptake pathways of CdTe QDs, in most cases, a significant difference was observed when the cells were pretreated with nystatin. The results of flow cytometry showed the cellular uptake of CdTe QDs was dose- and time-dependent. Conclusion and implications: Nystatin had a measurable effect on the cellular uptake of CdTe QDs. This finding suggests that caveola-mediated endocytosis has a large portion on the internalization of CdTe QDs. According to the results of this study, CdTe QDs may have potential applications in cancer research and diagnosis.

Background: Intestinal parasitic infections (IPIs) are still considered a public health problem of mankind, particularly in immunocompromised patients. We aimed to determine the prevalence of IPIs with an emphasis on immunocompromised patients in a referral hospital in Tehran Province, Iran. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 442 fecal specimens were collected randomly from patients, referred to Baqiyatallah Hospital in Tehran Province, Iran from May to September 2020. The collected specimens were examined using wet-mount, trichrome and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining, formalin-ether concentration, and agar plate culture. Results: The prevalence of IPIs was found 17.0% (95% CI: 13.6-20.8%). The prevalence of protozoan parasites (16.3%; 95% CI: 13.0-20.1%) was significantly higher than helminthic parasites (0.7%; 95% CI: 0.1-2.0%). Blastocystis spp., Giardia lamblia, and Entamoeba coli were the most common intestinal protozoan with a prevalence of 12.2%, 1.6%, and 1.4%, respectively. E. histolytica/E. dispar/E. moshkovskii, Iodamoeba bütschlii, Cryptosporidium spp., Chilomastix mesnili as protozoan species and Hymenolepis nana, Dicrocoelium dendriticum, and Ascaris lumbricoides as helminthic species were the other detected parasites. Multiple logistic regression revealed a significant association of IPIs infections with stool consistency and the status of immune system. Conclusion: The prevalence of IPIs among the patients who are immunocompromised was significantly higher than immunocompetent patients (P< 0.05). Periodic stool examinations for screening of IPIs should be included as a part of routine medical check-up in these patients.

Opportunistic pathogens such as Cryptosporidium, Cystoisospora belli, and Cyclospora cayetanensis cause various gastrointestinal and non-digestive disorders in people with HIV/AIDS. These symptoms are especially severe in HIV-infected people who have a CD4+ count of less than 200 cells/mL. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of C. belli and C. cayetanensis infections among people living with HIV in Tabriz, northwest of Iran. This descriptive study was performed on 137 people with HIV who had been referred to behavioral disease counseling centers in Tabriz. Then, after receiving written consent, fecal samples were collected and evaluated for the detection of parasitic infections using direct methods and modified acid fast staining, as well as polymerase chain reaction (PCR).From the 137 fecal samples collected (98 males and 39 females, between 20 and 40 years old), 1.5% were positive for C. cayetanensis and 2.9% were positive for C. belli. Due to the prevalence of C. cayetanensis and C. belli in people with HIV in Tabriz, essential measures, including personal hygiene training for infection control and prevention, seem necessary.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis is the most common form of leishmaniasis that is distributed in around 100 countries. Preparing essential oil-based nanoformulations with the leishmanicidal effect is a promising strategy for the development of new drugs. In this study, the leishmanicidal effects of three essential oils of Artemisia dracunculus, Zataria multiflora, and Zingiber officinale against promastigotes of Leishmania tropica and Leishmania major were first investigated. The essential oil of A. dracunculus showed the most potent activity. After that, by adding carbomer 940, 1.5% w/v, to the prepared nanoemulsion with particle size of 7.86 ± 4 nm and particle size distribution (SPAN) of 0.96 ± 0.1, nanogel of ADEO was prepared. The leishmanicidal effect of the nanogel was significantly better than the non-formulated A. dracunculus essential oil. Interestingly, the promastigotes' viabilities at a 160 µg/mL concentration were decreased to ~ 0%. The prepared green nanoformulation could be used as supplementary drugs in cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Background and purpose: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a type of cancer of blood and bone marrow characterized by abnormal proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells. Galectin-9 is a tandem-repeat type galectin expressed in various tumor cells. It seems that the connection between galectin-9 and T cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 receptor acts as a negative regulator of cancer cells proliferation. Experimental approach: In this research, the effects of galectin-9 were investigated using MTS cell proliferation colorimetric, colony-forming, annexin V-FITC/PI, and caspase-3 assays in the Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines of ALL. Furthermore, the western blotting technique was used to evaluate the levels of apoptotic proteins such as Bax and Bcl-2 in these cell lines. Findings/Results: Our results indicated that galectin-9 can considerably reduce the cell growth and colony formation ability of both Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines in a concentration-dependent manner. Besides, galectin-9 induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner in ALL cells by a mechanism associated with Bax/Bcl-2 expression and activation of the caspase-3 activation. Conclusion and implications: Galectin-9 inhibited the growth and proliferation of cell lines with increased programmed cell death, therefore it can be considered as a potential factor in the progression of ALL therapeutics that needs more research in this context.

Background & Objective: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has changed the epidemiology and prognosis of intestinal opportunistic parasitic infections. The present study was done to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal coccidiosis in HIV/AIDS patients with gastroenteritis. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Laboratory of HIV/AIDS Research Station of Fasa University of Medical Sciences, in southern Iran, from October 2013 to July 2020. Demographic data were collected by interviewing 68 participants (54 males and 14 females). Fecal samples were sent and examined for opportunistic parasites using wet mount, formalin-ethyl acetate method, acid-fast stain, nested polymerase chain reaction for the detection and confirmation of Cryptosporidium spp., Isospora belli, Cyclospora cayetanensis. Results: The findings confirmed 2 cases (2.9%) infected with Giardia cysts, 1 case (1.5%) infected with Entamoeba coli cysts and 1 case (1.5%) infected with Cryptosporidium and I. belli co-infection in a man suffering from gastroenteritis. Conclusion: This is the first detected case of gastroenteritis caused by co-infection of Cryptosporidium and I. belli in a man with AIDS occurring in the city of Fasa. If there are no other agents for gastroenteritis, the intestinal coccidiosis in such patients in Iran should not be ignored.

Introduction: This study aimed to determine relationship between team working and organizational agility among nurses of Shahid Chamran Hospital in Saveh, Iran. Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytical research. The statistical population consisted of nurses who worked in the Shahid Chamran Hospital in Saveh, Iran. From whom 120 were randomly selected. The Sharifi and Zhang organizational agility standard questionnaire and the Lichoni teamwork questionnaire were used to measure the variables of the study. Data was analysed by SPSS 21 using descriptive analysis and linear multiple regression analysis at a significance level less than 0.05. Results: Based on the findings, ddimensions of teamwork including commitment, trust, responsibility, constructive attitude and purposefulness influenced the organizational agility in nurses (P

The main objective of this study is to propose a systematic way to develop and validate a model of competency and to provide an instrument for measuring the competencies of state-owned bank managers at basic, intermediate, and senior levels. To achieve this goal, a combination of qualitative and quantitative research approaches were used. Questionnaires and deep interviews were administered to 100 managers of these banks. Findings show that to evaluate the competencies of the managers, we need to apply 111 indexes, each bearing a different multiplier, compiled in 5 dimensions including individual-personality, individual-mental (cognitive), interpersonal (social), organizational, and managerial. Moreover, we need 16 factors including sticking to values and ethics, personality credibility, action orientation, thinking and analyzing ability, ability to learn, mega capability, effective communication, ability to negotiate, ability to work with teams, general knowledge and skills, specialty knowledge, marketing and customer orientation, strategic leadership, managing an organizational unit, managing people, and basic managerial skills. This research also provides some managerial and research recommendations based on which, one can introduce competency management in the Iranian state-owned banks.

Diabetes incidence showed ascending trends in recent years indicating urgent need for new therapeutic agents. Extracellular adenosine signaling showed promising results. However, role of its A3 receptor in pancreatic β-cells proliferation and insulin secretion is not well established. Thus, we aimed to determine its main signaling mediators in MIN6 insulinoma cell line. A3 adenosine receptor (A3AR) expression was confirmed using RT-PCR. Receptor functionality was evaluated by measurements of cAMP, using ELISA kit, and intracellular Ca2+ levels, using Fura 2/AM probe in response to the specific A3AR agonist (Cl- IBMECA). Insulin ELISA kit was used to measure insulin release. Herein, we mentioned that MIN6 cells express active form of A3AR, which decreased cAMP levels with the half maximal effective concentration (EC50) value of 5.61. [Ca2+]i Levels transiently (approximately 120 sec) increased in response to the agonist. Cl-IBMECA increase insulin secretion at 0.01-1 μM, but showed an inhibitory effects at higher concentrations (1-10 μM). Altogether, we found that in MIN6 cells, A3AR, possibly through Ca2+ mediated signaling pathways, potentiated glucose-induced insulin secretion.

Plant tissue culture is used to grow plant cells, tissues, or organs under sterile and determined conditions on culture media. It is alternative to traditional vegetative propagation, and is applied as an effective technology for the production of valuable secondary metabolites. The Artemisia aucheri (A. aucheri) was obtained from shoot culture grown on MS (Murashige and Skoog 1962) medium. Shade-dried aerial parts of in vitro grown A. aucheri (50 g) were extracted with dichloromethane-acetone (90:10). The extract was submitted for isolation to sephadex gel chromatography and preparative thin layer chromatography, which resulted in identification of one known eudesmanolide named artemin or 2,5-dihydroxy-12, 6-eudesmanolide-4(15)-en for the first time in this plant. In cell cytotoxicity test, artemin showed cytotoxic activity against DU-145,LNCaP prostate cancer, and MCF-7 breast cancer cells with IC50 values of 82.2 ± 5.6, 89.1 ± 6.3 and 111.5 ± 6.7 μM , respectively. Artemin was more active against prostate cancer cells with approximately same cytotoxicity against LNCaP androstane dependent cells and DU 145 which is androstane independent.

Symbolism exists in the thoughts and dreams of various human races and leads man to a range of non-speech thinking. From the past, the Iranian people have paid special attention to Shahnameh and established a close relationship with it according to its texture. During the Safavid period, the narratives in the cafes described the stories of Shahnameh with Pardeh-Xani and arrangement of scenes for entertainment. This research examines and decoding symbols in the images of Haft khan-e Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. Rostam passes the seven-step test to save Kay Kāvus and achieving the championship base. Each khan (step) is a symbol of Rostam's confrontation with the hidden creatures that confronts him with the difficulty of reaching perfection. Rostam faces in the first step with lion (a symbol of pride and evil force), in the second step with thirst and warmth (the symbol of power without shape and spirit, as well as its hidden and unknown motive), in the third step with dragons (the symbol of drought), in the fourth step with the witch's wife (the symbol of the negative Anima), in the fifth step with the Devil who named Aowlad (symbol of door guard), in the sixth step with Arjhang Dave (the symbol of the anti-heroic helper) and in the seventh step with the white demon (the symbol of death and his blood symbol of life). The purpose of this research is to analyze the symbols in the illustrated images related to Haft khan-e Rostam in Ferdowsi's Shahnameh. The method of this study is descriptive-analytical. The results of the research show that in all the pictures, the symbols in the story of Haft khan-e Rostam in Shahnameh are presented in the pictures and it has made meaningful the relationship between the image and the original text for the audience.

Objective: The study aims to clarify the sensitivity of the CTU, and if is it coast effective and time effective to be used as first and the one-stop shop imaging modality for the diagnosis of the different ureteric diseases. Patients and methods: 400 patients with different urinary tract complaints (hematuria and/or renal colic) did triphasic CTU examinations, for diagnosis of suspected obstructive or traumatic ureteric uropathy from January 2014 to October 2016. These patients were filtered from a larger number of patients – who were presented with urinary tract complaints by plain KUB X ray and US, which showed no explaining kidneys or urinary bladder pathology. Results: Ureteric duplication was detected in 5 (1.25%) patients, ectopic ureter in one patient (0.25%), UPJ stricture in 4 patients (1%), PUJ vascular impression in 2 patients (0.5%), ureteric calculus in 103 patients (25.75%), pyogenic ureteritis in 8 patients (2%), ureteritis cystica in one patient (0.25%) TCC in 3 patients (0.75%), PRPF in one patient (0.025%) and Trauma in one patient (0.025%). Conclusion: CTU is very sensitive tool of imaging and could be confidently considered the one-stop shop imaging tool for accurate diagnosis of the different ureteric lesions.

This study aims to clarify the common pitfalls, frequently seen in different MRCP sequences. Patients and methods: 200 patients were evaluated with (T2_TSE_Cor_BH) thick slab (group A) and (3D-MRCP HR) thin slab sequences (group B), in correlation with routine MRI, CT scan and ERCP. Results: Partial volume overlap pitfalls were noted in 16 patients (8%) in group A. Little bile pitfalls in 4 (2%) in each group, ampullary stones pitfalls in 3 (1.5%) group A, one (0.5%) in group B, respiratory motions pitfalls in 11 (5.5%) group A. Vascular impression pitfalls in 9 (4.5%) group A, two (1%) in group B, and cystic duct-CBD junction pitfalls 2 (1%) in group A. Sphincter of Oddi contraction pitfalls 3 (1.5%) and Pneumobilia pitfalls 2 (1%) in each group. ERCP was the standard reference in this study, with calculated 80% sensitivity and 80% specificity of group A, compared to group B images which were 95.7% and 88% respectively. Conclusion: Many pitfalls could be encountered in MRCP, with resultant false judgment. So it should be carefully monitored with revisions of the source images, MRI and CT if needed, by the radiologist. Also, full past history is required before the final radiological conclusion. Keywords: MRCP, Pitfalls, Technical, Anatomical, Physiological, Post-intervention

Natural products isolated from plants provide a valuable source for expansion of new anticancer drugs. Nardosinen (4,9-dihydroxy-nardosin-6-en) is a natural sesquiterpene extracted from Juniperus foetidissima. Recently, we have reported the cytotoxic effects of nardosinen in various cancer cells. The aim of the current study was to investigate the anticancer features of nardosinen as well as its possible molecular mechanisms of the nardosinen cytotoxic effect on breast tumor cells. MTT assay showed that nardosinen notably inhibited cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The growth inhibitory effect of nardosinen was associated with the induction of cell apoptosis, activation of caspase-6, increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and loss of mitochondrial membrane potentials (ΔΨm). Western blot assay following treatment with nardosinen showed that the expression levels of the Bax were significantly up-regulated and the expression levels of the Bcl-2 were significantly down-regulated. Our results finally exhibited that nardosinen induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells via the mitochondrial and caspase pathways.

Estrogen is a steroid hormone that plays a key role in the development and regulation of reproductive system. It has been shown that estrogen is related to breast cancer development through binding to its receptors. In order to uncover the estrogen effects on adenosine receptor expression, estrogen-positive MCF-7 cells were used to treat with agonist and antagonist of estrogen and then the mRNA expression of adenosine receptor subtypes were evaluated. Estrogen-positive MCF-7 cells were treated with various concentrations of 17β estradiol (E2) as an estrogen agonist, and ICI 182,780 as an estrogen antagonist. The gene expression of adenosine receptor subtypes were detected by real time RT-PCR. The results of MTT assay showed that E2 increased cell viability in a dose dependent manner. The expression pattern of all adenosine receptor subtypes are as follow; A2b > A1 > A2a > A3 in untreated MCF-7 cells. Obtained results showed that E2 incubation at 0.001-0.01 μM led to up-regulation of A1ARs, A2aARs and A3ARs dose dependently. E2 at 0.001 μM also had no significant effect on A2bARs expression but, at higher doses induced a considerable decrease in mRNA A2bARs expression. Treatment with antagonist confirmed that up-regulation of these receptors is mediated by estrogen receptor. Taken together, our results indicate that treatment of MCF-7 cells with E2 led to up-regulation of adenosine receptors. However, these effects were partially restored by treatment with antagonist suggesting that such effects are mediated by estrogen receptors.

Cadmium (Cd), a ubiquitous environmental and occupational pollutant, acts as a metalloestrogen to induce cell proliferation. It is suggested that Cd may also contribute to the development of estrogen-related cancers like ovarian cancer which is the most lethal cancer in women. Furthermore, it was shown that melatonin has antiproliferative effect on estradiol (E2)-induced proliferation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether melatonin inhibits Cd-induced proliferation in ovarian cancer cell lines and also whether Cd and melatonin can modulate estrogen receptor α (ERα) expression. OVCAR3 and SKOV3 human ovarian cancer cell lines were treated with CdCl2 (1-100 nM) and melatonin (1 μM) for 48 h. Cell proliferation evaluation was carried out by bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay. ERα expression was detected by western blotting method 24 h after cell treatment. The results were demonstrated that Cd increased proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines in a dose dependent manner. Melatonin inhibited Cd-induced proliferation of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell lines. Moreover, CdCl2 significantly increased ERα expression in both OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell lines compared to control. Melatonin significantly inhibited Cd inducing effect on ERα expression of OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cell. In conclusion, due to the proliferative effect on ovarian cancer cell lines, Cd could play an important role in the etiology of ovarian cancer by inducing cells ERα expression. Furthermore, melatonin has the protective role on Cd-induced cell proliferation by inhibition of ERα expression.

Phlomis bruguieri (P. bruguieri) is a large genus in the Lamiaceae family, with a wide variety distributed in Euro-Asia, Central Asia, Iran, and China. Phlomis flowers have been used as herbal tea for gastrointestinal disturbances, protection of liver and cardiovascular systems. The aim of this study was to analyse phytochemical of flavonoid constituents in semi polar fraction of P. bruguieri. Methanol extract of plant material (4 kg) yielded 361 g dark green concentrated extract gum. After preliminary fractionation by normal column chromatography on silica gel, Fr. 2 eluted with chloroform: methanol (90:10) selected as semi polar fraction and was more purified using different chromatography columns on silica gel, polyamide SC6 and Sephadex LH-20 adsorbents. Finally one new and three known flavonoids (1-4) were characterized in semi polar fraction. Isolated structures were identified using 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 31P-NMR, HSQC, HMBC, negative ESI mass, and UV spectra using different shift reagents. Using standard MTT assay, cytotoxicity of isolated new compound was done against michigan cancer foundation-7 (MCF-7) breast cancer cells. Phytochemical analysis of P. bruguieri resulted in identification of one new 4’-methoxy-luteolin-7-phosphate and three known flavones including luteolin, apigenin, and tricin for the first time in this plant. In MTT cytotoxicity test, 4’-methoxy-luteolin-7-phosphate showed cytotoxicity with IC50 value of 43.65 ± 8.56 μM agasint MCF-7 breast cancer cells.

Cadmium (Cd) as a metalloesterogen may have a role in development of ovarian cancer. One of the critical target genes of estrogens is progesterone receptors (PRs). There are controversial studies on association between Cd, PRs, and cell proliferation. This study investigates the effect of Cd on proliferation of ovarian cancer cell lines, PRA and PRB expression and their relationship. OVCAR3 and SKOV3 cells were treated with CdCl2 (1-100 nM) and cell proliferation was assayed using bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) method. The mechanism underlying the proliferative effect of Cd mediated by PRs was examined using cell transfection with PR- small interfering RNA (siRNA) and western blot analysis. Our results showed the involvement of PRs in Cd induced proliferation of ovarian cancer cells. Progesterone receptors are involved in proliferative effect of Cd. Moreover, Cd modified the expression of PRA and PRB and induced ovarian cancer cell proliferation through the change of PRA/PRB ratio. In conclusion, there is a mechanistic association between Cd effects on ovarian cancer cell proliferation, estrogen receptors and PRs expression.

Galectin-9 (Gal-9), a member of animal lectins' family, is implicated in the induction of apoptosis in various cancer cells. Here, we evaluated the anti-tumor effect of Gal-9 in OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells. The effect of the Gal-9 on cell viability was evaluated using MTT assays. Apoptosis was assessed using Annexin-V staining. The assessment of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was performed using a JC-1 probe. The activity of caspase-3 and caspase-6 were evaluated with colorimetric assay. The production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was applied by fluorescent probe. The expression levels of Bax and Bcl-2 were assessed using western blotting. The result showed that Gal-9 inhibits cell viability. Flow cytometry analysis showed that Gal-9 induces apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, Gal-9 decreased ΔΨm and increased the generation of ROS and caspase-3 and caspase-6 activities in ovarian cancer cells. Moreover, Gal-9 induced expression of Bax as well as inhibited expression of Bcl-2. In conclusion, our results indicated that Gal-9 induced apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells through mitochondrial pathway.

l-Type amino acid transporter 1 (LAT1), expressed abundantly in the brain and placenta and overexpressed in several cancer cell types, has gained a lot of interest in drug research and development, as it can be utilized for brain-targeted drug delivery, as well as inhibiting the essential amino acid supply to cancer cells. The structure of LAT1 is today very well-known and the interactions of ligands at the binding site of LAT1 can be modeled and explained. However, less is known of LAT1′s life cycle within the cells. Moreover, the functionality of LAT1 can be measured by several different methods, which may vary between the laboratories and make the comparison of the results challenging. In the present study, the usefulness of indirect cis-inhibition methods and direct cellular uptake methods and their variations to interpret the interactions of LAT1-ligands were evaluated. Moreover, this study also highlights the importance of understanding the intracellular kinetics of LAT1-ligands, and how they can affect the regular function of LAT1 in critical tissues, such as the brain. Hence, it is discussed herein how the selected methodology influences the outcome and created knowledge of LAT1-utilizing compounds.

The knee PLC injuries are frequently seen, with other major knee injuries, such as ACL and PCL. Objective: This article aimed to clarify PLC injuries that could be diagnosed by MRI, and may have an impact on the management of the associated major knee injuries. Patient and methods: It was conducted through retrospective MRI revision of 1000 patients who were presented with post-traumatic knee complaints, from January 2011 to March 2016. Results: ITB band injuries were seen in 113 patients (11.3%), biceps tendon injury in 59 patients (5.9%), FCL injuries in 223 patients (22.3%), popliteus muscle injury in 53 patients (5.3%), PFL in 17 (1.7%), arcuate ligament injury in 38 patients (3.8%) and arcuate bone fracture (fibular styloid fracture) in 22 patients (2.2%). Overall PLC injuries recorded 283 patients, either as separate or combined PLC items. Of these 283 patients, 96 patients had associated ACL tear (33.9%), 19 had PCL tear (6.7%), 73 had medial corner injury (25.7%), 55 combined injuries (19.4%) and 40 isolated PLC injuries (14.1%). Conclusion: Different types of PLC injuries may occur in association with other major knee sectorial injuries that may require repair before the associated injured major sector correction, in an attempt to avoid early ACL or PCL graft failure.

The aim of this study was to form a functional layer on the surface of titanium (Ti) implants to enhance their bioactivity. Layers of polyurethane (PU), containing hydroxyapatite (HAp) nanoparticles (NPs) and magnesium (Mg) particles, were deposited on alkali-treated Ti surfaces using a cost-effective dip-coating approach. The coatings were assessed in terms of morphology, chemical composition, adhesion strength, interfacial bonding, and thermal properties. Additionally, cell response to the variably coated Ti substrates was investigated using MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells, including assessment of cell adhesion, cell proliferation, and osteogenic activity through an alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay. The results showed that the incorporation of HAp NPs enhanced the interfacial bonding between the coating and the alkali-treated Ti surface. Furthermore, the presence of Mg and HAp particles enhanced the surface charge properties as well as cell attachment, proliferation, and differentiation. Our results suggest that the deposition of a bioactive composite layer containing Mg and HAp particles on Ti implants may have the potential to induce bone formation.

Cellular protein homeostasis in the lungs is constantly disrupted by recurrent exposure to various external and internal stressors, which may cause considerable protein secretion pressure on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), resulting in the survival and differentiation of these cell types to meet the increased functional demands. Cells are able to induce a highly conserved adaptive mechanism, known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), to manage such stresses. UPR dysregulation and ER stress are involved in numerous human illnesses, such as metabolic syndrome, fibrotic diseases, and neurodegeneration, and cancer. Therefore, effective and specific compounds targeting the UPR pathway are being considered as potential therapies. This review focuses on the impact of both external and internal stressors on the ER in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and discusses the role of the UPR signaling pathway activation in the control of cellular damage and specifically highlights the potential involvement of non-coding RNAs in COPD. Summaries of pathogenic mechanisms associated with the ER stress/UPR axis contributing to IPF and COPD, and promising pharmacological intervention strategies, are also presented.

Cholecystitis is one of the common surgical indications affecting human beings in many countries. A variety of infectious agents can be associated with acute or chronic acalculous cholecystitis, especially in HIV/AIDS patients. In this investigation, the authors aim to describe two cases of histologically and molecularly documented cystoisosporiasis (syn. isosporiasis) as the cause of chronic acalculous cholecystitis in two immunodeficient patients. During microscopic examinations of more than 2500 diarrheic patients’ samples, 11 cases of cystoisosporiasis-related recurrent persistent/chronic diarrhea were detected. A review of the medical records of Cystoisospora belli (syn. Isospora belli)-positive patients showed that two of them, i.e. a patient with prolonged corticosteroid therapy and an AIDS patient, several months prior to fecal examinations had undergone cholecystectomy due to acalculous cholecystitis. The study was continued by a review of the histopathological investigation of the recuts prepared from the excised gallbladder tissue sections and stained with hematoxylin and eosin in order to detect a possible specific clinical correlation with cystoisosporiasis. Light microscopic examination revealed the presence of various developmental stages of a coccidial parasite, namely Cystoisospora belli , in both patients’ gallbladder tissue sections. To the best of our knowledge, C. bellii -associated cholecystitis has not been previously reported in a patient with prolonged corticosteroid therapy.

Background: Colorectal cancers (CRCs) including colon, rectum and anal cancers are the third most prevalent cancers in the world. There are strong evidence showing the risk of the cigarette smoking, alcohol use, low physical activity and some types of diets in CRCs; however, few studies explored the relationship between opium use and CRCs. This study aimed to investigate the association between opioid use and the incidence of CRCs. Methods: In a population-based matched case-control study in Kerman, Iran, 175 patients with colorectal cancers and 350 healthy controls (matched for age, sex, and place of residence) were interviewed from Sep 2014 to Nov 2014. Opium and its derivatives, cigarette, alcohol, and diet use were collected using a valid and reliable questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals. Results: The use of opioids was associated with an increased risk of CRCs (adjusted odds ratio= 4. 5, 95% CI: 2. 4-8. 7). In addition, a dose-response relationship was observed between the cumulative use of opioids and the incidence of CRCs (with low use OR=3. 7; 95% CI: 1. 5-8. 6 and high use OR= 8. 0; 95% CI: 2. 9-21. 7). This dose-response relationship was also strong in patients with colon cancers, with OR= 3. 9 (95% CI: 1. 5-9. 9) and 9. 4 (95% CI: 3. 3-27. 0) for the low and high uses of opioids, respectively. Conclusion: Opioid use can lead to an increased risk of CRCs. Therefore, it is necessary to implement preventive policies to control the use of opioids.

Objective: This study aimed to check the sensitivity of multiple newly developed 3T MRI breast sequences using CAD software, in pre-sampling diagnosis of breast cancer, in an attempt to minimize unnecessary invasive sampling or surgical procedures. Patients and methods: This was a prospective study, included 120 female patients, presented with debatable or malignancy suspected mammo-sonographic results. The study protocol was approved by the ethics committee in Al-Mana General Hospital. Results: 36 patients’ tumors were reported as benign and 84 were reported as malignant. Biopsy approved 33 tumors as benign and 87 as malignant tumors. These results gave indices of 93.1% sensitivity and 90.9% specificity. Conclusion: 3T MRI breast with CAD is very sensitive imaging tool, that can help to avoid unnecessary invasive procedures.

The study aims to clarify the ideal technique of virtual colonoscopy and how to avoid pitfalls. Patient and methods: 200 patients were referred for VC screening. Results: 3D VC false positive results were as follows: Pseudopolyps due to fecal residue (17.5%), under-distended colon (2%), segmental spasm (1%), respiratory motion artifacts (3%), prominent colonic haustrations (8.5%), prominent ileocecal valve (4.5%), prominent appendicular stump (0.5%) and false pits due to shine-through (1.5%). 3D false negative results were proved secondary to fecal residue (1.5%), retained fluid (2.5%), colonic under-distention (5%), prominent colonic folds (1%) and sessile polyps (1%). 2D navigation: There were no false positive results. 3.5% false negative results were due to different combinations of fecal residue (3%), fluid (2%), under-distended colon (1%), prominent colonic haustrations (2.5%) and sessile polyps (1%). Finally, true positive results were proven in 40% of 3D and 47.5% of 2D navigations, true negative: 29.5% in 3D and 49% 2D. False positive results were proven in 19.5% of 3D, false negative results: 11% 3D and 3.5% 2D. 3D 78.4%, 2D 93% sensitivity and 3D 60.2% & 2D 100% specificity records. Conclusion: Many overestimating or underestimating VC pitfalls could be avoided, through mastering the technique and being more familiar with different navigation methods and these technical pitfalls.

Early detection of breast cancer is the most effective way to improve the survival rate in women. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers high spatial resolution and good anatomic details, and its lower sensitivity can be improved by using targeted molecular imaging. In this study, AS1411 aptamer was conjugated to Fe3O4@Au nanoparticles for specific targeting of mouse mammary carcinoma (4T1) cells that overexpress nucleolin. In vitro cytotoxicity of aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles was assessed on 4T1 and HFFF-PI6 (control) cells. The ability of the synthesized nanoprobe to target specifically the nucleolin overexpressed cells was assessed with the MRI technique. Results show that the synthesized nanoprobe produced strongly darkened T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) images with 4T1 cells, whereas the MR images of HFFF-PI6 cells incubated with the nanoprobe are brighter, showing small changes compared to water. The results demonstrate that in a Fe concentration of 45 μg/mL, the nanoprobe reduced by 90% MR image intensity in 4T1 cells compared with the 27% reduction in HFFF-PI6 cells. Analysis of MR signal intensity showed statistically significant signal intensity difference between 4T1 and HFFF-PI6 cells treated with the nanoprobe. MRI experiments demonstrate the high potential of the synthesized nanoprobe as a specific MRI contrast agent for detection of nucleolin-expressing breast cancer cells.

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignancy with aggressive tumors of immature lymphocytes. T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin-domain 3 (TIM-3) is a Type I transmembrane glycoprotein which is involved in cell proliferation. The objective of this research is to determine the TIM-3 expression in peripheral blood (PB) and bone marrow (BM) of 80 samples of normal and ALL patients. Materials and Methods: The amount of mRNA and protein of TIM-3 measured in the BM and PB the mononuclear layer of samples by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting. Results: Our findings indicated that relative mRNA expression of TIM-3 in PB and BM of the mononuclear layer of ALL patients was 1.7 and 5 times higher than normals, respectively. We also reported that the protein level of TIM-3 in mononuclear cells of ALL patients was 3.2-fold in BM and two-fold in PB more than normals. Conclusion: In conclusion, this study shows that TIM-3 increases in ALL patients, thus the expression of TIM-3 in tumor cells may be considered as a potential predictive factor in ALL patients, which needs to be explored in future.

Preoperative bowel preparation was previously strictly done for all patient undergoing colorectal surgeries. With advances in thesurgical techniquesandpatient care, the role of bowel preparation in surgical complications is questioned. In this studywedescribea non-randomized retrospective analysis of 193 patients who underwent left colon and rectal resections in two different hospitals,the preoperative bowel preparation regimens were different in two hospitals. Both regimens contain mechanical preparation withpolyethylene glycol, however, one hospital administered erythromycin and neomycin and the other hospital did not. From 74 patientsreceiving oral antibiotic eight (10.8%) one developedwoundinfection and from 119 patientswhodid not receive oral antibioticthree (2.5%) patient developed wound infection. This difference was statistically significant. Regarding literature review, it is suggestedto omit oral antibiotic from preoperative bowel preparation regimens elective colorectal resections.

Background and Objectives: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the most common viral opportunistic infection causing gastrointestinal diseases such diarrhea and colitis in immunocompromised patients. The development and performance of a robust and sensitive PCR assay are usually evaluated to detect CMV DNA in human fecal specimens. In this study, our aim was to detect CMV DNA in stool samples taken from patients with HIV/AIDS, cancer, and transplant recipient patients with chronic and persistent diarrhea using a non-invasive method. Materials and Methods: A total of 633 immunocompromised patients (451 males and 182 females) suffering from persistent or chronic diarrhea were included in this study. Among them, 392 were HIV/AIDS patients, 151 had cancer and were receiving chemotherapy, and 90 were recipients of a solid organ or bone marrow transplant. CMV genome was extracted from the stool samples using phenol: chloroform: isoamyl alcohol method. CMV DNA was identified by polymerase chain reaction using sequence specific primers on genomic DNA. Results: Looking at the frequency of CMV DNA in 392 HIV/AIDS patients, we found that only 5 patients (1.27%) were positive for CMV genome, while this frequency was 4.63% (7/151) and 5.5% (5/90) in patients with cancer receiving chemotherapy and in those with solid organ or bone marrow transplant, respectively. Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that the cause of chronic or persistent diarrhea in HIV/AIDS, cancer, and graft recipient patients might be related to CMV infection. Accordingly, we recommend a non-invasive method, such as stool sample, as a first line of diagnosis of enteritis when the physician suspects that a patient has CMV infection.

Background: T-cell immunoglobulin-mucin (TIM) is a cell-surface and transmembrane glycoprotein. TIM-3 plays a pivotal role in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. The present study was designed to evaluate the expressions of the TIM-3 and the role of the galectin-9, as TIM-3 ligand, in the regulation of cell proliferation in human acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell lines. Methods: The expression level of TIM-3 was examined in the Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines using real-time polymerase chain reaction method. MTS [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] viability test was used to study the cell proliferation effect of galectin-9. Findings: TIM-3 mRNAs were detected in the both Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines. The expression of TIM-3 in Jurkat cell line was higher than KE-37 cell line (P < 0.001). The MTS assay revealed that galectin-9 reduced cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (> 1 nM) in the both cell lines (P < 0.050). Conclusion: The present investigation introduced a possible mechanism for the control of acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell proliferation through TIM-3 and demonstrated that galectin-9 can inhibit the proliferation of Jurkat and KE-37 cell lines.

Shoulder joint pain due to anterior microinstability is not an unusual complaint of young active individuals. Different etiologies of such shoulder microinstability are encountered, mainly affecting the anterior–inferior labro-ligamentous capsular structures. These injuries include Perthes lesion, ALPSA, GLAD, RIT, SLAP and glenohumeral ligamentous injuries. The aim of this study: The aim of this study is to enhance the role of MR arthrogram over routine MRI in the diagnosis of such subtle lesions. Patients and methods: This is a prospective study, involving 30 consecutive patients of shoulder microinstability complaints, evaluated by MR arthrogram of the affected shoulder. Results: Perthes lesions were diagnosed in 6 patients, ALPSA in 3 patients, GLAD in 2 patients, RIT in 2 patients and SLAP in 11 patients. Ligamentous injuries that include tear of MGHL, were found in 2 patients and IGHL in 4 patients. Conclusion: MR arthrogram is highly recommended for the management of young patients with shoulder microinstability or unexplained painful movement complaints.

Background: Cadmium is a heavy metal widely used in industry and a major environmental pollutant which cytotoxic effects in different cell lines were investigated. MCF-7 cell line is one of breast cancer cell lines which cadmium effects have not been studied on it, so far. The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic effects of cadmium chloride in MCF-7 breast cancer cell line. Methods: First, the MCF-7 cells were cultured in RPMI-1640 (Roswell Park Memorial Institute) medium, at 37◦C in a 5% CO2, 95% air-humidified incubator. Then, the cells were transferred to a 96-well plate with various concentrations of cadmium chloride (0.1-1000 μM) and treated for 48 hours. Percentage of cell viability was measured via MTT assay [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide]. Also, microscopic studies of cadmium chloride-treated cells apoptosis were performed using Hoechst 33342 fluorescent dye and were observed via fluorescence microscopy. Findings: Increasing cadmium chloride concentration significantly decreased the percentage of living cells compared to the control groups (P < 0.05). The viability reducing started in concentration of 25 μM and reached to its maximum in concentrations of 1000 μM. Conclusion: The results of this study showed that cadmium have cytotoxic effects on MCF-7 cell line in concentrations higher than 25 μM. In addition, the study showed that cell death induced mechanism by cadmium is apoptosis.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the value of high resolution CT scan (HRCT) in diagnosis and management of congenital hearing loss. Patients and methods: This is a prospective study including 60 patients, 24 males and 36 females aged from 1 to 7 years, who were presented by unilateral or bilateral congenital conductive (CHL) or/and sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL). All patients were evaluated by HRCT scan with post-processing multiplanar reconstruction (MPR). Only three Results: External auditory canal atresia (EACA) was diagnosed in 10 patients, while both EACA and middle ear anomalies were diagnosed in another 6 patients. Variable inner ear anomalies were diagnosed in the patients with SNHL. One patient with SNHL had cochlear nerve aplasia that was missed by HRCT and was diagnosed by MRI, in addition to the CT diagnosed vestibulocochlear anomalies. Conclusion: Although HRCT scan can be used as a solitary diagnostic imaging tool for diagnosis of pure CHL, combined CT and MRI examination is crucial for preoperative evaluation of SNHL patients.

The “Cold sooran” novel was writen to show not only holy war but also war between groops in Kurdistan and the resulted mental and emotional pressure. It can be analyzed from Froid’s psychoanalysis theory. Fear, anxiety and defensive mechanism are the most emportant factors that come to patient when he or she is anxious. Whereas war brings anxiety and fears for people who are involved, thes factor also are displayed in works related to war. The aim of thin stady is ti analyze fear anxiety and defensive mechanism of Froid’s theory in the “Cold sooran”. The present study uses a descriptive and analytical method. The result shows that characters in the novel use defenses mechanism in order to lessen the mental pressure and scape frome real situation they also show some behaverial signs in causd – anxiety situation.

Background: Quercetin is a health-enhancing antioxidant bioflavonoid (1-3). This flavonoid occurs in variety of natural fruits and vegetables such as apple, cranberry, onion, broccoli, and teas. Many studies have shown that quercetin has possible positive effects on exercise performance. The aim of this study is the evaluation of effects of quercetin supplementation on VO2max and exercise performance in female athletes. Methods: This study was done on 26 young female swimmers. Participants were assigned in to groups and supplemented orally for 8 weeks with either Quercetin (Solaray; , USA, Inc) or placebo (dextrose). Before and after intervention, athletes performed a continuous graded exercise test (GXT) on an electronically braked cycle ergometer (Lode, The Netherlands) to determine VO2max and time to exhaustion (TTE). Results: Participants in the quercetin group consumed higher energy and protein and lower carbohydrates and fats. There was no significant differences in VO2max, TTE, lactate, and body fat between pre- and post-supplementation neither in the placebo group nor in the quercetin group. Conclusions: It is concluded that quercetin supplementation (1000 g/day) for 8 weeks in female athletes didn′t show any significant association with exercise performance.

Background: Shigellosis is an acute inflammatory infectious colitis which is caused by genus Shigella. The bacterial identification in large number of stool specimens and antimicrobial susceptibility test are useful for diagnosis and treatment. Methods: In this study the total number of 414 stool specimens of children under 8 years old were refered to various laboratory centers for determination of possible bacterial infection in Fasa city were. The diagnostic biochemical serological tests as well as antimicrobial susceptibility test were done. Results: Out of 414 stool specimens 48 (11.5%) cases were positive (S.flexneri, 50% S.sonnei, 31.% S.dysenteriae, 12.5% S.boydii, 6.%). Conclusion: This study emphasizes on the pediatric evaluation of resistancy of the antibiotics using in children.

Background: Dihydroartemisinin (DHA) is a semisynthetic derivative of artemisinin and has antiproliferative effect. However, such effects of DHA have not yet been revealed for bladder cancer cells. Methods: We used as bladder cancer cell lines to examine the effect of DHA on the cell viability, cell apoptosis, and monitoring of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) changes. Furthermore, the effect of DHA on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cytochrome c release were also detected. We employed MTT assay to investigate the cell proliferation effect of DHA on the EJ-138 and HTB-9 human bladder cancer cells. Annexin/PI staining, caspase-3 activity assay, Bcl-2/Bax protein expression, mitochondrial membrane potential assay, cytochrome c release, and ROS analysis were used for apoptosis detection. Results: DHA significantly reduced cell viability in a dose-dependent manner. Cytotoxicity of DHA was suppressed by N-acetylcysteine. The growth inhibition effect of DHA was related to the induction of cell apoptosis, which were manifested by annexin V-FITC staining, activation of caspase-3. DHA also increased ROS generation, cytochrome c release, and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) in cells. In addition, the downregulation of regulatory protein Bcl-2 and upregulation of Bax protein by DHA were also observed. Conclusions: These findings demonstrated that DHA induces apoptosis through mitochondrial signaling pathway. These suggest that DHA may be a potential agent for induction of apoptosis in human bladder cancer cells.

Background: Studies show that polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) may have an inhibitory role in carcinogenesis. It was previously shown that PLA2 group 2A (PLA2G2A) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression is associated with less frequent metastasis and longer survival in gastric adenocarcinoma. This study intends to investigate the effect of PUFAs on the expression of PLA2G2A in patients with gastric cancer. Materials and Methods: Thirty-four patients with gastric cancer (GC) were randomly divided into two groups. The first group received cisplatin medication. The second group received cisplatin medication and supplements of ω-fatty acids for three courses. The total RNA was extracted from the tissues and cDNA was synthesized. The gene expression of PLA2G2A was evaluated by the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. To confirm the changes in gene expression, frozen section was utilized. The frozen tissue samples were sectioned and stained using the immunohistochemistry technique. Results: After chemotherapy and chemotherapy plus supplement, the relative mean of PLA2G2A gene expression increased 1.5 ± 0.5-fold and 7.4 ± 2.6-fold, respectively (P = 0.006). The relative mean of gene expression in patients who received cisplatin and ω-fatty acids supplement increased more significantly (7.5 ± 3.3-fold) than in patients who received only cisplatin (P = 0.016). Conclusion: It was found that PUFAs increased the gene and protein expression of PLA2G2A in gastric cancer. Concerning the fact that studies reveal protective function of PLA2G2A in gastric cancer, it is suggested that increased expression of PLA2G2A is helpful. Furthermore, PUFAs can be considered as a useful therapeutic supplement for patients with gastric cancer.

Background Rubber band ligation is one of the most worldwide used treatments of hemorrhoids because of its effectiveness and low complication rate. Hemorrhoidectomy is the procedure of choice for treatment of grade four hemorrhoids, which is a painful method for a relatively benign disease. There are a few studies available analyzing the effectiveness of RBL as an initial treatment for grade four symptomatic internal hemorrhoids. Objectives This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of the staging rubber band ligation in the treatment of grade four hemorrhoids and compare it to hemorrhoidectomy. Patients and Methods A prospective randomized clinical trial was performed on all patients diagnosed with grade four symptomatic internal hemorrhoids from August 2011 to March 2013. Sixty four patients with grade four hemorrhoids were divided into two groups and underwent hemorrhoidectomy (H group) and rubber band ligation (R group).These patients were compared for any complications and recurrence in a six month period. Results Pain existed in 100% of the H group and 67.7% of the R group in the first visit one week postoperation (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups regarding the days off work. Patients’ satisfaction and recurrence were similar in the both groups after a period of six months. Conclusions This study showed that staging rubber band ligation is effective for treating grade four hemorrhoids. Few complications and low recurrence rates were noted, which enable us to recommend this modality as the procedure of choice for the management of selected patients with grade four symptomatic hemorrhoids.

Six organotin(IV) complexes, viz., [Me 2 Sn(L)] (1), [n-Bu 2 Sn(L)] (2), [n-Oct 2 Sn(L)] (3), [Bz 2 Sn(L)]·0.5C 7 H 8 (4), [n-BuSn(L)Cl] (5), and [PhSn(L)Cl] (6), were synthesized using a 2,6-diacetylpyridine bis(2-hydroxybenzoylhydrazone), H 2 L. Compounds were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and solutions Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectroscopies. The structures 1-6 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SC-XRD) analysis. Diffraction results evidenced that complexes 1-6 were seven-coordinated mononuclear species with the equatorial plane comprising the pentagonal N 3 O 2 chelate ring of the doubly deprotonated L and two axial ligands, either R (R = Me, n-Bu, n-Oct, Bz) or R (n-Bu or Ph) and Cl ligands. Additionally, the photophysical properties were examined due to the enhanced conjugation and rigidity of the molecules while thermogravimetric analysis was carried out to evaluate the thermal stabilities of compounds. The anti-proliferative activity of the complexes 1-6 was tested against prostate cancer cells (DU-145) and normal human embryonic kidney cells (HEK-293). Among the compounds, dibutyltin compound 2 exhibited increased anti-proliferative activity, with an IC 50 value of 6.16 ± 1.56 μM. The investigation of its mechanism of action involves using AO/EB (acridine orange/ethidium bromide) and ROS (reactive oxygen species) generation assays. This likely detects apoptotic morphological alterations in the nucleus of the cells, with ROS generation ultimately leading to apoptosis and cell death. The superior activity of 2 may be attributed to the C···H contacts and respective higher d e outside and d i inside distances from the Hirshfeld surface. Thus, these compounds could be a promising alternative to classical chemotherapy agents., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare no conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The novel hydrosoluble silver coordination polymer [Ag(NO 3 )(μ-1κ N ;2 κN ', N ″-TPM OH )] n ( 1 ) (TPM OH = tris(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)ethanol) was obtained and characterized. While single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of compound 1 disclosed an infinite 1D helical chain structure in the solid state, NMR analysis in polar solvents confirmed the mononuclear nature of compound 1 in solution. Compound 1 and the analogue [Ag(μ-1κ N ;2 κN ', N ″-TPMS)] n ( 2 ) (TPMS = tris(1 H -pyrazol-1-yl)methane sulfonate) were evaluated with regard to their antimicrobial activities towards the Gram-negative Escherichia coli , Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Burkholderia contaminans , the Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus , and the fungal species Candida albicans and Candida glabrata . Compound 1 exhibited minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranging from 2 to 7.7 µg/mL towards the tested Gram-negative bacteria, 18 µg/mL towards the Gram-positive S. aureus , and 15 and 31 µg/mL towards C. albicans and C. glabrata , respectively. Compound 2 was less effective towards the tested bacteria, with MIC values ranging from 15 to 19.6 µg/mL towards the Gram-negative bacteria and 51 µg/mL towards S. aureus ; however, it was more effective against C. albicans and C. glabrata , with MIC values of about 6 µg/mL towards these fungal species. The toxicity of compounds 1 and 2 was assessed by evaluating the survival of the Caenorhabditis elegans model organism to concentrations of up to 100 µg/mL. The value of 50% lethality (LD 50 ) could only be estimated as 73.2 µg/mL for compound 1 at 72 h, otherwise LD 50 was >100 µg/mL for both compounds 1 and 2 . These results indicate compounds 1 and 2 as novel silver complexes with interesting antimicrobial properties towards bacterial and fungal pathogens.

The chalcogen bond (ChB) is a noncovalent attraction between an electrophilic chalcogen atom and a nucleophilic (Nu) region in the same (intramolecular) or another (intermolecular) molecular entity: R-Ch⋯Nu (Ch = O, S, Se or Te; R = substituents; Nu = nucleophile). ChB is comparable to the hydrogen and halogen bonds both in terms of strengths and directionality. However, in contrast to the monovalent halogen atoms, usually the divalent or tetravalent chalcogen atoms are able to display more than one electrophilic centre (on account of the existence of two or three species bonded to the chalcogen atom), which provides an additional opportunity in the use of this type of noncovalent binding in synthetic operations. In this work, the role of ChB at the secondary coordination sphere of metal complexes through copper(II)-mediated activation of dioxygen or of one nitrile group of a 1,2,5-selenadiazole-3,4-dicarbonitrile ligand to form a carbimidate or an imino-carboxylic acid is demonstrated. DFT calculations allowed evaluation of the strength of the ChBs and proved their relevant structure directing role in the solid state architectures. The effect of metal-coordination on the σ-hole opposite to the coordinated SeO bond has been analysed using molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces and explains the greater ability of the coordinated selenoxide derivatives to form strong ChBs.

Introduction  Tympanoplasty is the main treatment of mucosal type of chronic suppurative otitis media. Objective  The aim of the present study was to compare clinical outcomes in terms of healing and audiological outcomes of two groups. The authors used single layer graft (perichondrium with cartilage island) graft in one group and double layer grafts (perichondrium cartilage island composite plus temporalis fascia) were used in the second group. Methods  Forty patients complained of chronic suppurative otitis media safe type with subtotal perforation subdivided into two groups. The first group author used single-layer perichondrium with cartilage island graft (composite graft) while in the second group authors used double graft in the form of perichondrium/cartilage island (composite graft) plus temporalis fascia. Results  There was no significant difference in the mean Air bone gap (ABG) between pre- and post-operative audiometry in subjects who had single layer tympanoplasty. There was a significant difference in the mean ABG between pre- and postoperative audiometry in subjects who had double layer tympanoplasty. There was a significant difference in in the mean ABG differences between subjects who had single layer tympanoplasty and double layer tympanoplasty. Also, there was a significant difference in the healing of the tympanic membrane between subjects who had single layer tympanoplasty and double layer tympanoplasty. Conclusion  Tympanoplasty by double graft (temporalis fascia and tragal cartilage/perichondrium) achieved a considerable improvement in healing of the tympanic membrane ™ with lower risk for residual perforation or graft rejection., Competing Interests: Conflict of Interests The authors have no conflict of interests to declare., (Fundação Otorrinolaringologia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivative-NonCommercial License, permitting copying and reproduction so long as the original work is given appropriate credit. Contents may not be used for commercial purposes, or adapted, remixed, transformed or built upon. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ).)

Background: One of the most overspread postural abnormalities is forward head posture (FHP) and it is described as head projection anteriorly in relation to the trunk which appears mainly in sagittal plane. Scapular stabilization exercise (SSE) is capable of restoring each of thoracic cage and head neutral optimum position by neck and shoulder muscles interactions and through controlling scapular position and movement., Aim: This study was conducted to investigate the impact of adding scapular stabilization (SSE) to postural correctional exercises (PCE) on symptomatic FHP., Design: The pre-post single-masking (assessor) randomized experimental trial., Setting: Participants with postural dysfunction in form of FHP admitted to outer clinic of the Faculty of Physical Therapy., Population: Sixty participants (20 to 35 years) with symptomatic FHP and recruited from outer clinic at faculty of physical therapy., Methods: Participants were allocated randomly by opaque sealed envelope to two groups who are referred from an orthopedist: Group "A" received SSE and postural correction exercises, whereas Group "B" received only postural correctional exercises; treatments were performed three times/week for 10 weeks. The craniovertebral angle, pressure pain threshold, cervical flexor and extensor muscles endurance, Arabic neck disability index, upper trapezius and sternocleidomastoid muscle root mean square during rest and activity were used to evaluate the patients' pretreatment and post-treatment., Results: Within group analysis for sixty participants reported statistical significant difference between baseline and post-treatment as P value <0.05 with more refinement in stabilization exercise group., Conclusions: Adding SSEs to PCEs is more effective method than PCEs seldom for the management of FHP patients., Clinical Rehabilitation Impact: Both scapular stabilization and postural correction exercise increase craniovertebral angle and pressure pain threshold (PPT) and decrease muscle activity and disability. Scapular stabilization alone increase craniovertebral angle and PPT and decrease muscle activity and disability more than postural correction exercise. In addition of statistical significant difference in all variables but there were clinical change in disability only.

Background: Strain-counterstrain technique (SCS) or positional release therapy is strongly recommended for patients with mechanical neck pain (MNP) because this method has excellent benefits, but the clinical significance of this method is unclear., Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of adding the SCS technique to standard therapy on pain, pressure pain threshold, disability according to Neck Disability Index (NDI), and electrophysiological characteristics (amplitude and fatigue) of the upper part of trapezius in the axioscapular muscles of patients with mechanical neck pain., Design: Single-blind, randomized clinical trial., Setting: Outpatient clinic., Population: Sixty patients (19-38 years old) with mechanical neck pain participated in this study and were recruited from the outpatient clinic at the faculty of physical therapy after a referral from an orthopedist., Methods: Patients were randomly assigned by opaque sealed envelope to two treatment groups: group A received SCS, standard therapy in form of active range of motion, stretching exercises, and postural correction exercises (PCES), whereas group B, received standard therapy only; therapeutic sessions were performed three times/week for 4 weeks. The visual analogue scale, pressure pain threshold, NDI, upper trapezius median frequency, and root mean square were used to evaluate the patients' pretreatment and post-treatment status., Results: Multiple pairwise comparisons within each group revealed statistically significant differences in all outcome variables with favor to the SCS group., Conclusions: The Strain-counterstrain technique combined with traditional standard therapy is an effective method more than traditional standard therapy alone for the management of patients with MNP., Clinical Rehabilitation Impact: The present study has implications, especially for clinical decision-making about therapy of choice in MNP to reduce pain, improve function as measured through SCS technique and its impact on normal lifestyle, and to highlight the need for active intervention.