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An effective and sustainable solar energy generating system is needed given the current global energy problem. The need to use solar energy properly is necessary because it is one of the most readily available sources of energy. The conversion of solar energy to electric energy uses silicon solar panels, which have an efficiency of between 15% and 20%. The solar cell efficiency is nevertheless decreased by the dust that wind and storms bring. In this study, a sensor-based system is used to monitor the dust buildup on the solar panel and to remove the dust by washing and moistening the panel's surface. The output conversion efficiency and sensor data are taken into consideration by a fuzzy logic system, which forecasts when the solar panel will need to be cleaned., {"references":["[1]\tM. Benghanem, \"Optimization of tilt angle for solar panel: Case study for Madinah, Saudi Arabia,\" Applied Energy, vol. 88, no. 4, pp. 1427-1433, 2011. [2]\tM. R. Maghami, H. Hizam, C. Gomes, M. A. Radzi, M. I. Rezadad, and S. Hajighorbani, \"Power loss due to soiling on solar panel: A review,\" Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 59, pp. 1307-1316, 2016. [3]\tM. S. Mozumder, A.-H. I. Mourad, H. Pervez, and R. Surkatti, \"Recent developments in multifunctional coatings for solar panel applications: A review,\" Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 189, pp. 75-102, 2019. [4]\tR. Zakharchenko et al., \"Photovoltaic solar panel for a hybrid PV/thermal system,\" Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, vol. 82, no. 1-2, pp. 253-261, 2004. [5]\tR. Arshad, S. Tariq, M. U. Niaz, and M. Jamil, \"Improvement in solar panel efficiency using solar concentration by simple mirrors and by cooling,\" in 2014 international conference on robotics and emerging allied technologies in engineering (iCREATE), 2014: IEEE, pp. 292-295. [6]\tM. Rosu-Hamzescu and S. Oprea, \"Practical guide to implementing solar panel MPPT algorithms,\" Microchip Technology Inc, vol. 58, 2013. [7]\tA. M. Bagher, M. M. A. Vahid, and M. Mohsen, \"Types of solar cells and application,\" American Journal of optics and Photonics, vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 94-113, 2015. [8]\tM. R. S. Shaikh, \"A review paper on electricity generation from solar energy,\" 2017. [9]\tZ. Wu, Y. Hu, J. X. Wen, F. Zhou, and X. Ye, \"A review for solar panel fire accident prevention in large-scale PV applications,\" IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 132466-132480, 2020. [10]\tW. Javed, Y. Wubulikasimu, B. Figgis, and B. Guo, \"Characterization of dust accumulated on photovoltaic panels in Doha, Qatar,\" Solar Energy, vol. 142, pp. 123-135, 2017. [11]\tK. Terashima, H. Sato, and T. Ikaga, \"Development of an environmentally friendly PV/T solar panel,\" Solar Energy, vol. 199, pp. 510-520, 2020. [12]\tA. Parikh, F. Pathan, B. Rathod, and S. Shah, \"Solar panel condition monitoring system based on wireless sensor network,\" International Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology Research (IJSETR), vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 4320-4324, 2015. [13]\tS. Tayyaba et al., \"Simulation, analysis, and characterization of calcium-doped ZnO nanostructures for dye-sensitized solar cells,\" Energies, vol. 13, no. 18, p. 4863, 2020. [14]\tM. K. Hossain et al., \"A comparative study on the influence of pure anatase and Degussa-P25 TiO2 nanomaterials on the structural and optical properties of dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) photoanode,\" Optik, vol. 171, pp. 507-516, 2018. [15]\tS. A. Sulaiman, H. H. Hussain, N. Leh, and M. S. Razali, \"Effects of dust on the performance of PV panels,\" World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 58, no. 2011, pp. 588-593, 2011. [16]\tS. A. Abdulgafar, O. S. Omar, and K. M. Yousif, \"Improving the efficiency of polycrystalline solar panel via water immersion method,\" International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 8127-8132, 2014. [17]\tS. Mehrotra, P. Rawat, M. Debbarma, and K. Sudhakar, \"Performance of a solar panel with water immersion cooling technique,\" International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 1161-1172, 2014. [18]\tS. Nada and D. El-Nagar, \"Possibility of using PCMs in temperature control and performance enhancements of free stand and building integrated PV modules,\" Renewable energy, vol. 127, pp. 630-641, 2018. [19]\tQ. Hassan, M. Jaszczur, E. Przenzak, and J. Abdulateef, \"The PV cell temperature effect on the energy production and module efficiency,\" Contemporary Problems of Power Engineering and Environmental Protection, vol. 33, p. 1, 2016. [20]\tP. Dash and N. Gupta, \"Effect of temperature on power output from different commercially available photovoltaic modules,\" International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 148-151, 2015. [21]\tA. S. Alghamdi, A. S. Bahaj, L. S. Blunden, and Y. Wu, \"Dust Removal from Solar PV Modules by Automated Cleaning Systems,\" Energies, vol. 12, no. 15, p. 2923, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/12/15/2923. [22]\tC. Huang et al., \"Development of Intelligent Solar Panel Cleaning System with Fuzzy Logic Theorem,\" Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 479-480, pp. 565-569, 12/01 2013, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMM.479-480.565. [23]\tM. F. Wasim, M. W. Ashraf, S. Tayyaba, B. Ali, and N. Afzulpurkar, \"Nano Generator Simulation Using Fuzzy Logic,\" Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol. 2, no. 4, 2016. [24]\tB. Ali, M. W. Ashraf, S. Tayyaba, and M. F. Wasim, \"MEMS Based Energy Harvesting Controler Using Fuzzy Logic,\" Journal of Engineering Research and Technology, vol. 2, no. 3, 2016."]}

ANSYS fluid flow simulation is used to design two inlets, one donating the human blood and other donating the anticoagulant and an outlet with consist of the mixture of both inlet fluids. The results show that the basic parameters can largely affect the passive micromixers resulting in better mixing of the fluid owning the change in their velocity, pressure and temperature profiles., {"references":["[1]\tG. Cai, L. Xue, H. Zhang, and J. Lin, \"A Review on Micromixers,\" Micromachines, vol. 8, p. 274, 2017. [2]\tJ. M. Morrissette, P. S. Mahapatra, A. Ghosh, R. Ganguly, and C. M. Megaridis, \"Rapid, Self-driven Liquid Mixing on Open-Surface Microfluidic Platforms,\" Scientific Reports, vol. 7, p. 1800, 2017/05/11 2017. [3]\tX. Liu and S. Li, \"Fabrication of a Three-Layer PDMS Pneumatic Microfluidic Chip for Micro Liquid Sample Operation,\" SLAS TECHNOLOGY: Translating Life Sciences Innovation, vol. 25, pp. 151-161, 2020/04/01 2019. [4]\tB. Yin, W. Yue, A. S. M. M. F. Sohan, T. Zhou, C. Qian, and X. Wan, \"Micromixer with Fine-Tuned Mathematical Spiral Structures,\" ACS Omega, vol. 6, pp. 30779-30789, 2021/11/16 2021. [5]\tL. Falk and J. M. Commenge, \"Performance comparison of micromixers,\" Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 65, pp. 405-411, 2010/01/01/ 2010. [6]\tJ.-N. Kuo, H.-S. Liao, and X.-M. Li, \"Design optimization of capillary-driven micromixer with square-wave microchannel for blood plasma mixing,\" Microsyst. Technol., vol. 23, pp. 721–730, 2017. [7]\tL. Diéguez, M. Winter, S. Molan, P. Monis, B. King, and B. Thierry, \"Disposable microfluidic micromixers for effective capture of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts from water samples,\" Journal of Biological Engineering, vol. 12, p. 4, 2018/03/27 2018. [8]\tK. Karthikeyan and L. Sujatha, \"Study of Permissible Flow Rate and Mixing Efficiency of the Micromixer Devices,\" International Journal of Chemical Reactor Engineering, vol. 17, 2019. [9]\tX. Luo, Y. Cheng, W. Zhang, K. Li, P. Wang, and W. Zhao, \"Mixing performance analysis of the novel passive micromixer designed by applying fuzzy grey relational analysis,\" International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 178, p. 121638, 2021/10/01/ 2021. [10]\tN. Tran-Minh, F. Karlsen, T. Dong, and H. Le-The, \"A Simple and Low Cost Micromixer for Laminar Blood Mixing: Design, Optimization, and Analysis,\" in Biomedical Informatics and Technology, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2014, pp. 91-104. [11]\tC. P. Fonte, D. F. Fletcher, P. Guichardon, and J. Aubin, \"Simulation of micromixing in a T-mixer under laminar flow conditions,\" Chemical Engineering Science, vol. 222, p. 115706, 2020/08/31/ 2020. [12]\tJ. J. Hathcock, \"Flow Effects on Coagulation and Thrombosis,\" Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, vol. 26, pp. 1729-1737, 2006/08/01 2006. [13]\tP. N. Immanuel, Y.-H. Chiu, and S.-J. Huang, \"Microfluidic Simulation and Optimization of Blood Coagulation Factors and Anticoagulants in Polymethyl Methacrylate Microchannels,\" Coatings, vol. 11, 2021. [14]\tZ. Abdelmalek and M. Y. Abdollahzadeh Jamalabadi, \"Numerical Simulation of Micromixing of Particles and Fluids with Galloping Cylinder,\" Symmetry, vol. 12, 2020. [15]\tM. J. Afzal, M. W. Ashraf, S. Tayyaba, A. H. Jalbani, and F. Javaid, \"Computer Simulation Based Optimization of Aspect Ratio for Micro and Nanochannels,\" Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 39, pp. 779-791, 2020. [16]\tM. J. Afzal, S. Tayyaba, M. W. Ashraf, M. K. Hossain, and N. Afzulpurkar, \"Fluidic simulation and analysis of spiral, U-shape and curvilinear nano channels for biomedical application,\" in 2017 IEEE International Conference on Manipulation, Manufacturing and Measurement on the Nanoscale (3M-NANO), 2017, pp. 190-194. [17]\tM. J. Afzal, S. Tayyaba, M. W. Ashraf, M. K. Hossain, M. J. Uddin, and N. Afzulpurkar, \"Simulation, fabrication and analysis of silver based ascending sinusoidal microchannel (ASMC) for implant of varicose veins,\" Micromachines, vol. 8, p. 278, 2017. [18]\tM. J. Afzal, M. W. Ashraf, S. Tayyaba, M. K. Hossain, and N. Afzulpurkar, \"Sinusoidal Microchannel with Descending Curves for Varicose Veins Implantation,\" Micromachines, vol. 9, p. 59, 2018. [19]\tM. J. Afzal, F. Javaid, S. Tayyaba, M. W. Ashraf, and M. I. Yasin, \"Study of Constricted Blood Vessels through ANSYS Fluent,\" Biologia, vol. 66 (II), pp. 197-201, 2020. [20]\tM. J. Afzal, F. Javaid, S. Tayyaba, M. W. Ashraf, and M. K. Hossain, \"Study on the Induced Voltage in Piezoelectric Smart Material (PZT) Using ANSYS Electric & Fuzzy Logic,\" 2020. [21]\tK. Muhammad Talha, \"STUDY OF THERMAL DEFORMATION ANALYSIS IN AL-STEEL AND CU-STEEL BIMETAL COMPOSITES BY ANSYS STATIC STRUCTURAL \" PJEST, vol. 1, p. 11, 11 May 2021. [22]\tM. J. Afzal, F. Javaid, S. Tayyaba, A. Sabah, and M. W. Ashraf, \"Fluidic simulation for blood flow in five curved Spiral Microchannel,\" Biologia, vol. 65, p. 141, 2019."]}

With the emergence in the field of developing small-scale systems, microrobots are gaining enormous attention due to their small size, wide number of application, and negligible effects on the surrounding. MEMS and microrobots both have electrical and mechanical parts which are situated on a single device and chip. This makes MEMS based microrobots and an excellent device due to its ease of fabrication and small size. MEMS-based microrobots have a wide number of applications in the field of bio-medical special drug delivery and invasive surgery. These tiny robots can be sent into the human body to send any medicine inside the human body. Various types of MEMS based microrobot can be used in drug delivery applications including magnetic nanoparticles based microrobots, magnetized spirulina microrobot, and electro-magnetic microrobots. However, the suitability of all these robots for drug delivery applications depends on the locomotion, navigation controlling, shape transformation, actuation requirement, and amount of drug wasted before moving to the destination. In this work, fuzzy rules based system is performed to confirm the dependence of the parameters including the locomotion, navigation controlling, shape transformation, actuation requirement, and amount of drug wasted on the working of microrobots in drug delivery applications. Similarly, fuzzy TOPSIS based study is performed to compare and analyze the most suitable microrobot for drug delivery application. Piezo-electric and electro-magnetic microrobots are considered the most suitable option with relative closeness to the ideal solution of 0.71 and 0.66, respectively, owing to their better shape transformation and movement.

Anodization is an efficient and significant method for the production of hexagonal well-order and uniform nano-porous structures. The two steps of anodization define the nano-porous membrane and the pore widening respectively. In this paper fabrication of nano-porous aluminium oxide membrane using two step anodization with pore diameter in the range of 40–80 nm has been reported. The pore diameter is controlled by changing the time duration of the second step of anodization from 3 to 4.5 h. The size range and high order of pores of the fabricated membrane was confirmed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Fuzzy analysis was performed using Mamdani’s formula and the calculated result was compared with experimental results. This highly ordered porous membrane can be further utilized in Bio-MEMS.

MATLAB fuzzy logic controller (FLC) is used for the parametric estimation of the MEMS-based thermopneumatic micropump. The effect of voltage and frequency applied on the micropump were studied on the back pressure and flow rate. The increase in voltages and frequency were decreased the back pressure and fluid flow rate. Similarly, with a decrease in voltages and frequency were increased the back pressure and fluid flow rate. The difference between the MAMDANI calculated value and the simulated value from the rule viewer is 1.61% for both the output of back pressure and flow rate, {"references":["[1]\tO. C. Jeong and S. S. Yang, \"Fabrication of a thermopneumatic micropump with aluminum flap valves,\" J. Korean Phys. Soc., vol. 37, no. 6, pp. 873–877, 2000, doi: 10.3938/jkps.37.873. [2]\tH. K. Bardaweel and S. K. Bardaweel, \"Dynamic simulation of thermopneumatic micropumps for biomedical applications,\" Microsyst. Technol., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 2017–2024, 2013, doi: 10.1007/s00542-012-1734-3. [3]\tY. J. Yang and H. H. Liao, \"Development and characterization of thermopneumatic peristaltic micropumps,\" J. Micromechanics Microengineering, vol. 19, no. 2, 2009, doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/19/2/025003. [4]\tC. Joshitha, B. S. Sreeja, and S. Radha, \"A review on micropumps for drug delivery system,\" Proc. 2017 Int. Conf. Wirel. Commun. Signal Process. Networking, WiSPNET 2017, vol. 2018-Janua, pp. 186–190, 2018, doi: 10.1109/WiSPNET.2017.8299745. [5]\tP. K. Das and A. B. M. T. Hasan, \"Mechanical micropumps and their applications: A review,\" AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 1851, 2017, doi: 10.1063/1.4984739. [6]\tS. Mohith, P. N. Karanth, and S. M. Kulkarni, \"Experimental investigation on performance of disposable micropump with retrofit piezo stack actuator for biomedical application,\" Microsyst. Technol., vol. 25, no. 12, pp. 4741–4752, 2019, doi: 10.1007/s00542-019-04414-2. [7]\tM. W. Ashraf, S. Tayyaba, and N. Afzulpurkar, \"Micro Electromechanical Systems (MEMS) based microfluidic devices for biomedical applications,\" Int. J. Mol. Sci., vol. 12, no. 6, pp. 3648–3704, 2011, doi: 10.3390/ijms12063648. [8]\tS. Mohith, P. N. Karanth, and S. M. Kulkarni, \"Recent trends in mechanical micropumps and their applications: A review,\" Mechatronics, vol. 60, no. February, pp. 34–55, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.mechatronics.2019.04.009. [9]\tR. Barua, S. Datta, A. R. Chowdhury, and P. Datta, \"Advances in MEMS and Micro-Scale Technologies for Application in Controlled Drug-Dosing Systems,\" no. May, pp. 165–179, 2018, doi: 10.4018/978-1-5225-4969-7.ch007. [10]\tC. Huo, C. Bai, and P. Zhang, \"Micropumps for Microfluidic Devices and BioMEMS,\" J. Phys. Conf. Ser., vol. 1626, no. 1, 2020, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1626/1/012040. [11]\tP. Woias, \"Micropumps—past, progress and future prospects,\" Sensors Actuators B Chem., vol. 105, no. 1, pp. 28–38, 2005, doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2004.02.033. [12]\tB. D. Iverson and S. V. Garimella, \"Recent advances in microscale pumping technologies: A review and evaluation,\" Microfluid. Nanofluidics, vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 145–174, 2008, doi: 10.1007/s10404-008-0266-8. [13]\tP. P, \"Design , Fabrication and Finite Element Analysis of Thermo- Pneumatic Micro Pump for Biomedical Applications,\" Int. Res. J. Eng. Technol., vol. 10, no. 4, pp. 2008–2013, 2017. [14]\tY. N. Wang and L. M. Fu, \"Micropumps and biomedical applications – A review,\" Microelectron. Eng., vol. 195, pp. 121–138, 2018, doi: 10.1016/j.mee.2018.04.008. [15]\tP. S. Chee, M. Nafea, P. L. Leow, and M. S. M. Ali, \"Thermal analysis of wirelessly powered thermo-pneumatic micropump based on planar LC circuit,\" J. Mech. Sci. Technol., vol. 30, no. 6, pp. 2659–2665, 2016, doi: 10.1007/s12206-016-0527-5. [16]\tP. S. Chee, M. N. Minjal, P. L. Leow, and M. S. M. Ali, \"Wireless powered thermo-pneumatic micropump using frequency-controlled heater,\" Sensors Actuators, A Phys., vol. 233, pp. 1–8, 2015, doi: 10.1016/j.sna.2015.06.017. [17]\tMuhudin, Ghulam. Shah, Asad Ali, Khan, Maria. Akhlaq, Maham. Qasim, Faheem \"PARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF SURGICAL ROBOTIC ARM USING,\" vol. 1, no. 1, 2021. [18]\tM. Akhlaq and F. Qasim, \"Analysis of the Effect of N719 Dye Concentration and Anode Soaking Time on the Performance of DSSC Using Fuzzy Analysis,\" vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 39–51, 2020. [19]\tJavaid, Farah. M.El-Sheikh, \"FUZZY SIMULATION OF DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM THROUGH VALVE-LESS MICROPUMP,\" vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 1–9, 2021."]}

Cten is an oncogene promoting EMT in many signaling pathways, namely through Snail. We investigated whether Cten function could be mediated through Src. Cten levels were modulated by forced expression in HCT116 and gene knockdown in SW620 CRC (colorectal cancer) cell lines. In all cell lines, Cten was a positive regulator of Src expression. The functional importance of Src was tested by simultaneous Cten overexpression and Src knockdown. This resulted in abrogation of Cten motility-inducing activity and reduction of colony formation ability together with failure to induce Cten targets. In SW620ΔCten reduced Src expression increased following restoration of Cten, also leading to increased cell motility and colony formation, which were lost if Src was concomitantly knocked down. By qRT-PCR we showed modulation of Cten had no effect on Src mRNA. However, a CHX pulse chase assay demonstrated stabilization of Src protein by Cten. Finally, expression of Cten and Src was tested in a series of 84 primary CRCs and there was a significant correlation between them (P = 0.001). We conclude that Src is a novel and functionally important target of the Cten signaling pathway and that Cten protein causes post-transcriptional stabilization of Src in promoting EMT and possibly metastasis in CRC.

PJEST journal is a peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to publishing high quality research papers, short communication articles and reviews. The multidisciplinary aspects of the journal encourage global collaboration between researchers in multiple fields and provide cross-disciplinary dissemination of findings. The journal publishes original and unpublished research articles, case studies, and state of the art papers. It seeks original research efforts based on theoretical, experimental and simulated work that fills the gap in current knowledge. The annual volume consists of two issues published biannually., no funding

PJEST journal is a peer-reviewed, open access journal dedicated to publishing high quality research papers, short communication articles and reviews. The multidisciplinary aspects of the journal encourage global collaboration between researchers in multiple fields and provide cross-disciplinary dissemination of findings. The journal publishes original and unpublished research articles, case studies, and state of the art papers. It seeks original research efforts based on theoretical, experimental and simulated work that fills the gap in current knowledge. The annual volume consists of two issues published biannually., no funding

Objective: To examine and to compare c-kit expression in benign and malignant endometrial lesions. Study Design: Comparative, Cross Sectional Study Place and Duration of Study: Department of Pathology, King Edward Medical University Lahore. Methodology: Patients undergoing Gynecological procedures (diagnostic dilatation and curettage or hysterectomies due to dysfunctional uterine bleeding). They were further sub classified into benign and malignant lesions. Patients age and histopathological diagnosis were recorded and described. Conclusion: This study showed, c-kit over expression was seen in 31/68 (45.6%) in endometrial carcinoma and 21/68 (30.9%) in benign endometrial lesions

Cten is an oncogene which promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in many signalling pathways. Having previously shown that Cten promotes EMT through Snail, we investigated whether Cten function could be mediated through Src (a known regulator of Snail).Cten levels were modulated by forced expression in colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines with low Cten expression (HCT116 and RKO) and gene knockdown in a cell line with high Cten expression (SW620). In all cell lines, Cten was a positive regulator of Src expression. The functional importance of Src was tested by forcibly expressing Cten and simultaneously knocking down Src. This resulted in abrogation of Cten motility-inducing activity (cell migration, cell invasion, wound healing – each pΔCten). SW620ΔCten showed reduced expression of Src which increased following restoration of Cten by forced expression. In SW620ΔCten, restoration of Cten increased cell motility (cell migration, cell invasion, wound healing) and colony formation (each pWe conclude that Src is a novel and functionally important target of the Cten signalling pathway and that Cten protein causes post-transcriptional stabilisation of Src protein in order to promote EMT and possibly metastasis in CRC.

CTEN/TNS4 is a member of the Tensin gene family. It localizes to focal adhesions and induces cell motility. The mechanisms regulating Cten expression are unclear although we have shown regulation by Kras in the colon and pancreas. In normal mammary cell lines, it is reportedly upregulated by epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and STAT3 signalling and upregulation is accompanied by downregulation of Tensin 3 (Tensin switch). In this study, we investigated the roles of EGFR and STAT3 signalling in the regulation of Cten in colorectal cancer (CRC). In addition, we investigated calpain – a regulator of focal adhesion‐associated proteins whose relevance to Cten has not been investigated. CRC cell lines were stimulated with epidermal growth factor (EGF). This resulted in an increase in Cten and Tensin 3 protein. Kras was knocked down and this resulted in downregulation of Cten and Tensin 3. We next investigated the role of STAT3 signalling. Activation and knockdown of STAT3 resulted in downregulation and upregulation, respectively, of Cten. Inhibition of calpain resulted in upregulation of both Cten and Tensin 3. As the regulators of Cten also seemed to regulate Tensin 3, we tested the interaction between Cten and Tensin 3. Cten was forcibly expressed or knocked down resulting, respectively, in upregulation and downregulation of Tensin 3. We conclude that in CRC, Cten is upregulated by EGFR and Kras but downregulated by STAT3. We show that calpain may be a negative regulator of Cten and that a Tensin switch does not occur and, if anything, Cten stabilizes Tensin 3.

Cten promotes cell migration however the knowledge of underlying signalling pathways is sparse. We have shown that Cten downregulates E-cadherin, a feature of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). This prompted us to investigate whether Cten further contributed to EMT processes to regulate cell motility. The regulation of Snail by Cten was investigated following overexpression, knockdown (by RNA-interference) or knockout of Cten in HCT116, Caco-2 and SW620 colorectal cancer (CRC) cell lines. Subsequently, the cycloheximide (CHX) pulse chase assay was used to investigate changes in Snail protein stability and the functional relevance of Cten-Snail signalling was investigated. Snail was identified as a downstream target of Cten signalling using multiple approaches of Cten expression manipulation. Furthermore, this activity was mediated through the SH2 domain of Cten. The CHX assay confirmed that Cten was regulating Snail at a post transcriptional level and this was through the prevention of Snail degradation. Cell migration, invasion and colony formation efficiency were increased following forced expression of GFP-Cten but subsequently lost when Snail was knocked down, demonstrating a functional Cten-Snail signalling axis. In conclusion, we have described a novel Cten-Snail signaling pathway that contributes to cell motility in CRC, mediated by the stabilization of Snail protein. This finding potentially furthers the understanding of EMT regulatory networks in cancer metastasis.

Coronary CT Angiography high-risk plaque features have been linked to acute coronary syndrome (ACS). In the current study, we aim to assess the association of low attenuation plaque, enlarged diameter or positive remodeling, napkin ring, and spotty calcification (LENS) with the presence of ACS.

This cross sectional study was conducted to assess various clinicopathological parameters in 1785 patients from various regions of Punjab. Materials and methods: These cases were collected from Gulab Devi Chest Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. The data were collected from all patients during a period of 2 years, from June 2006 to June 2008. All the cases were diagnosed after routine hematoxylin and eosin staining. Results: Our observations revealed that the most prevalent lymphadenopathy in these patients was tuberculous lymphadenitis 53% (n = 946), and the most common group of lymph nodes involved is cervical lymph nodes. A significant association was observed between tuberculosis and gender (P < 0.01) as 69.13% (n = 654) of the females presented with tuberculous lymphadenitis that was seen only in 30.86% (n = 292) of the males. Hodgkin's lymphoma was seen in 72 (4.03%) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in 27 (1.51%) patients. These lymphomas were seen more in the male patients as compared to the female ones (P < 0.008 and