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Abstract Brazil is a large sheep and cow producer, and the development of new strategies for the treatment of lamb umbilical cord healing as well as the bovine mastitis is very important. The aim of this study was to develop emulgels containing propolis, curcumin and andiroba oil for the treatment of mastitis and umbilical cord healing in animals. The formulations were composed of poly (acrylic acid) derivative (Carbopol 974P or polycarbophil), Brazilian green propolis extract, curcumin, and andiroba oil. The systems were investigated as the activity on umbilical cord healing of newborn lambs, and evaluation of the prevention of mastitis in dairy cows. The emulgels effectively promoted umbilical cord healing, preventing infections. Moreover, they were effective for reducing the somatic cell count a health indicator for mammary glands in cows. These findings suggest that these formulations can potentially treat cattle mastitis and improve lambs' umbilical cord healing.

The use of edible coating is an option to improve food quality and increase product shelf life. Photodynamic therapy and acid addition may be another option which decreases the number of viable microorganism cells, including Gram-negative bacteria. The present work aimed to evaluate the application of edible coatings that have the ability to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, using acidic pH and photodynamic therapy, in order to increase shelf life of fresh cheese. Coatings were prepared with the addition of lactic, malic and citric acids. The control coating micrograph showed surface stains, and crystal formation was apparently accentuated by the presence of citric and malic acid, not observed in the control coating or lactic acid coating. The surface micrograph of the lactic acid alginate coating showed greater homogeneity without stains and cracks. The addition of citric acid to the coating was the best result for in vitro bacterial survival tests and was therefore chosen, this coating decreased microbiological counts in the first 7 days with smaller weight loss, controlled acidity and pH and lipid oxidation remained as expected.

A realização de pré e pós dipping visam reduzir bactérias nos tetos, evitando mastite e o uso de antibióticos. Avaliou-se a utilização de extrato alcoólico de própolis em comparação a um produto l a base de iodo para pré e pós dipping. Utilizaram-se 12 vacas leiteiras, multíparas, mestiças, utilizando o delineamento experimental delineamento em parcelas subdivididas, (1) controle, utilizando-se produto à base de iodo (2) utilização do extrato alcoólico de própolis. O experimento teve duração de 28 dias, com amostras de leite coletadas semanalmente. Não houve (P>0,05) efeito dos tratamentos sobre a concentração de proteína, lactose, gordura e contagem de células somáticas. O extrato de própolis reduziu (P = 0,0036) a carga microbiana nos tetos. O extrato de própolis pode ser usado como agente desinfetante para os tetos de vacas leiteiras em substituição à solução de iodo propiciando semelhantes características qualitativas no leite, com redução microbiana dos tetos.

Copaiba oil-resin (COR) extracted from Copaifera reticulata Ducke has been used as a natural chemotherapeutic agent for a wide range of therapeutic applications. This study presents an emulgel design with a high concentration of COR, designed to prevent and treat mastitis. The COR was stabilized in a gel matrix constituted by carbopol C934P and Pluronic® F127 (ECO formulation) ratios. The permeation study of ECO was accessed by Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR-PAS). The results reveal a high capacity of ECO to permeate deep skin layers. Dairy cows with a history of mastitis were used as in vivo models and exposed to ECO treatment. Monitoring of the teat’s inflammatory response showed that ECO effectively prevents mastitis. Furthermore, the ECO formulation was able to form a thin film gel on the application side, preventing fly proliferation and significantly reducing the pathogen load. This study reveals a drug that can used as an alternative application for mastitis in human or veterinary clinics.

Recently, the number of new cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis has been of concern among health agencies. Research that offers new therapeutic alternatives is advantageous, especially those that develop innovative drugs. Therefore, this paper presents the incorporation of Copaifera reticulata Ducke and chlorophyll extract into Pluronic®® F127 and Carbopol gels, under optimized polymer quantities. The chlorophyll extract (rich in photosensitizing compounds) was obtained by continuous-flow pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), a clean, environmentally friendly method. The system aims to act as as a leishmanicidal, cicatrizant, and antibiotic agent, with reinforcement of the photodynamic therapy (PDT) action. Rheological and mechanical analyses, permeation studies and bioadhesiveness analyses on human skin, and PDT-mediated activation of Staphylococcus aureus were performed. The emulgels showed gelation between 13° and 15 °C, besides pseudoplastic and viscoelastic properties. Furthermore, the systems showed transdermal potential, by releasing chlorophylls and C. reticulata Ducke into the deep layers of human skin, with good bioadhesive performance. The application of PDT reduced three logarithmic colony-forming units of S. aureus bacteria. The results support the potential of the natural drug for future clinical trials in treating wounds and cutaneous leishmania.

Chronic wound healing represents an impactful financial burden on healthcare systems. In this context, the use of natural products as an alternative therapy reduces costs and maintains effectiveness. Phytotherapeutic gels applied in photodynamic therapy (PDT) have been developed to act as topical healing medicines and antibiotics. The bioactive system is composed of Spirulina sp. (source of chlorophylls) and Copaifera reticulata oil microdroplets, both incorporated into a polymeric blend constituted by kappa-carrageenan (k-car) and F127 copolymer, constituting a system in which all components are bioactive agents. The flow behavior and viscoelasticity of the formulations were investigated. The photodynamic activity was accessed from studies of the inactivation of Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, the main pathogen of hospital relevance. Furthermore, in vivo studies were conducted using eighteen rabbits with dermatitis (grade III and IV) in both paws. The gels showed significant antibiotic potential in vitro, eliminating up to 100% of S. aureus colonies in the presence or absence of light. The k-car reduced 41% of the viable cells; however, its benefits were enhanced by adding chlorophyll and copaiba oil. The animals treated with the phytotherapeutic medicine showed a reduction in lesion size, with healing and re-epithelialization verified in the histological analyses. The animals submitted to PDT displayed noticeable improvement, indicating this therapy’s viability for ulcerative and infected wounds. This behavior was not observed in the iodine control treatment, which worsened the animals’ condition. Therefore, gel formulations were a viable alternative for future pharmaceutical applications, aiming at topical healing.

In this study, we developed a bioadhesive emulsion-filled gel containing a high amount of Copaifera reticulata Ducke oil-resin as a veterinary or human clinical proposal. The phytotherapeutic system had easy preparation, low cost, satisfactory healing ability, and fly repellency, making it a cost-effective clinical strategy for wound care and myiasis prevention. Mechanical, rheological, morphological, and physical stability assessments were performed. The results highlight the crosslinked nature of the gelling agent, with three-dimensional channel networks stabilizing the Copaifera reticulata Ducke oil-resin (CrD-Ore). The emulgel presented antimicrobial activity, satisfactory adhesion, hardness, cohesiveness, and viscosity profiles, ensuring the easy spreading of the formulation. Considering dermatological application, the oscillatory responses showed a viscoelastic performance that ensures emulgel retention at the action site, reducing the dosage frequencies. In Vivo evaluations were performed using a case report to treat ulcerative skin wounds aggravated by myiasis in calves and heifers, which demonstrated healing, anti-inflammatory, and repellent performance for the emulsion-filled gel. The emulgel preparation, which is low in cost, shows promise as a drug for wound therapy.

In the present study, we aimed to develop and apply a model to evaluate the social, economic, and environmental sustainability of dairy production systems (DPS). In addition, we sought to analyze structural and production characteristics of DPS of different sustainability levels. Semi-structured questionnaires were used to collect structural and production data as well as information on sustainability actions taken by rural producers in 152 DPS located in Paraná, Brazil. The proposed model was applied to analyze the data. Each DPS received a score to represent its level of social, environmental, and economic sustainability, and DPS with similar sustainability levels were grouped according to these indicators using hierarchical cluster analysis. Three groups were formed: G1, comprising the largest proportion of DPS (63.8%); G2 comprising 20.4% of DPS; and G3, comprising 15.8% of DPS. The mean values of the sustainability indicators of each group were compared to those of other groups using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey’s test. Subsequently, groups were analyzed in terms of structural and production characteristics. G2 was characterized by the highest levels of environmental, social, and economic sustainability. G1 had intermediate sustainability levels, and G3 achieved the worst results in the three sustainability indicators. The best sustainability performance of the three DPS groups was in the environmental dimension, followed by the economic dimension and lastly the social dimension. DPS with large-scale production and high productivity showed the highest sustainability indicators. The sustainability assessment model was suitable for DPS, having the advantages of being easy to apply, easy to interpret, and low cost.

The jamelão fruit has been used in traditional Indian medicine and has recently attracted interest as a functional food, as it is rich in anthocyanins. Anthocyanins are of interest of the food industry due to their antioxidant power, attractive color and stability in acid-rich foods. This research used the gelation process with sodium alginate solution to obtain bioactive yogurt from the production of jamelão capsules added to natural yogurt. The proportion was 80% yogurt and 20% jellybean pulp capsules. The treatments were control yogurt (without the addition of jamelão capsules), jamelão capsules and bioactive yogurt (with the capsules). The objective was to study the antioxidant activity, physical-chemical, nutritional and microscopic stability of the product kept under refrigeration for 28 days at 4±1ºC. The addition of jamelão capsules in the yogurt changed the product's physical properties (increased humidity and decreased Brix and ash). There was an increase in the amount of phenols and anthocyanins, in addition to the antioxidant potential at 28 days of storage. The interior of the microcapsules was composed of a mesh structure through which the encapsulated material was distributed, as the capsules can be added to yogurt, to improve the antioxidant and nutritional capacity, which proves to be a promising and viable alternative.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to identify a typology of corporate and family dairy farms in eastern Goiás, Brazil. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to 170 farm operators in the municipalities of Cristalina, Luziânia, and Silvânia. Dairy farms were categorized into two groups, corporate and family farms. Data were analyzed by exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis extraction. Four factors were identified: Milking management (F1), Production scale (F2), Productivity (F3), and Sociodemographic characteristics (F4). Corporate and family farms were then compared in terms of factor scores. Corporate farms scored higher on F1 and F2 and were characterized by larger production scale, greater adoption of milking management and hygiene practices; and consequently, greater alignment with institutional and market demands. These results indicated that corporate dairy farms in eastern Goiás have higher sustainability and are more likely to remain in business than family dairy farms.

This study aimed to determine the SID isoleucine (Ile) requirement of starting barrows fed low crude protein. Two experiments were carried out. Experiment 1: Ten crossbred barrows were used in order to determine the SID AA of the basal diet (treatment with the lowest SID Ile level used in the growth performance experiment), averaging 15.00 ± 0.27 kg of initial weight, individually housed in metabolic cages and allotted in a complete randomized design, with two treatments, five replicates and one animal per experimental unit. Treatments consisted of a basal (14.13% CP and 0.450% of SID Ile) and a free protein diet. Experiment 2: A performance experiment was carried out to determine the SID Ile requirement when using low crude protein diets. Forty crossbred barrows were used, averaging 15.00 ± 0.87 kg of initial weight and distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments (0.450, 0.520, 0.590, 0.660 and 0.730% of SID Ile) and two animals per experimental unit. The average daily gain (ADG) (P=0.049) and protein deposition (P=0.01) were affected by the studied SID Ile levels. The daily need of SID Ile was estimated at 5.9 g when considering 0.61% as the optimum level of SID Ile in the diet for an improved ADG and protein deposition.

The use of edible film can improve the quality and increase the shelf life of food. The objective of this study was to evaluate the application of films containing acacia gum and different percentages of lactic acid in ricotta cheese. Samples were coated with the film-forming solution (T2 containing 15 mL lactic acid and T3 containing 30 mL lactic acid in the film-forming solution) and uncoated samples (T1 control samples) were stored for 5 days under refrigeration. The water activity (Aw), pH, titratable acidity and counts of aerobic mesophilic bacteria and fungi were evaluated at 0, 2 and 4 days. There was a significant difference for Aw between the evaluated times (p < 0.05), with higher Aw values at two days of storage. The titratable acidity was significant for treatment (p < 0.05), with treatments T1 and T2 being the most effective and for the time, there was a decrease in values over the evaluated period. The microbiological evaluation of mesophilic aerobes and fungi was significant for the evaluated times (p < 0.05). Therefore, the proposal to develop an edible film resulted in similarity in microbiological efficiency in relation to the control treatment.

Aiming at identifying and characterizing the dairy production systems regarding the hygienic and sanitary practices in milking on the sanitary quality of milk, 32 properties were analyzed through the data collection by means of a semi-structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by multivariate statistical analysis, using the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and analysis of Ascending Hierarchical Classification - Cluster (CHA). Firstly, a cluster analysis was used for forming groups of variables. Through the groups formed was sought to obtain the explanatory variables through the PCA. Three PCA were obtained, which were named according to the variables of greatest effect in the analysis. The groups were called PCA-1: Equipment and contamination; PCA-2: Milking Technology; PCA-3: Scale of production. These results enabled the representation of the different characteristics of the production systems through cluster analysis, where for each PCA was performed a Cluster analysis, always with five groups of dairy production systems being formed with similar characteristics within each group. The formation of the groups enabled to identify that the performance of techniques and hygienic-sanitary managements of milking is more related to the age and producer’s education, linked to time in the dairy business.

Current milk production includes a large diversity between systems, which generates difficulties in defining a microbiological standard. The adapted practical and hygienic-sanitary management methods are diverse and introduce great complexity into the production systems. Based on this scenario, the objective of this study was to evaluate the types of dairy production systems of western Parana and to quantify Staphylococcus sp in three critical points in the dairy cattle production systems: the milking machines, milkers’ hands, the cooling tanks and raw milk. A total of 35 samples of refrigerated raw milk were collected, and a questionnaire referring to hygienic and sanitary management was administered. All of the data were collected during the period from September to October 2012 and involved 35 properties in the municipality of Marechal Cândido Rondon – PR. From these data, five groups were formed based on cluster analysis (CHA). The multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) presented in the first two dimensions, CP1 (81.43%) and CP2 (36.87%), showed the relevance of the variables used, which are sanitary and production management methods, and contamination and control of mastitis, respectively (CP1 and CP2). We found average contamination with 9.9 x 101 CFU/cm2, 2.2x104 CFU/cm2, 28 CFU/ cm2 and 3.8x103 CFU/mL; for milking machines, milkers’ hands, cooling tanks and milk, respectively. The results reveal the presence of staphylococcal agent in dairy production systems regardless of the adopted hygiene and health management protocols. The guidance, planning and adaptation of hygiene and health management systems can significantly improve the microbiological quality of the milk produced, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

The objective of evaluating the intake and digestibility of nutrients, milk production, production efficiency and composition, and blood parameters of Holstein cows fed silage of the residue from the extraction of cassava starch (SRECS), replacing 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% of the corn feed. Cows with average production of 35 kg of milk a day were assigned in a 5x5 Latin square design, and for the 21 days trial period, they were housed in stalls and fed individually to control the dietary food, stool samples were performed to estimate the digestibility of nutrients. Milking were held twice a day, measuring the production and analysis of milk composition in each experimental period. Blood collections were performed at the end of each period to evaluate the metabolic condition of the cows. The data were analyzed using variance analysis and polynomial regression. The replacement of corn by SRECS did not affect the intake of dry matter (DM) or total carbohydrates (TC). There was a linear decrease in the intake of ether extract (EE), and a linear increase in the intake of neutral (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF), indicating a quadratic regression with the intake of crude protein (CP). The use SRECS presented growing effect digestibility of the ADF, showing a positive linear effect. The total digestible nutrients (TDN) did not differ between the diets and had an average of 66.03%. There was a trend of reduction (10%) in the production, with consequent increase in delight in the concentration of its components. There was no change in the measured metabolites. The use of silage of the residue from the extraction of cassava starch to replace the ground corn on feed, negatively affects the nutrient intake without changing the efficiency of milk production, milk composition, in the same way as blood parameters of lactating cows.

The purpose of this paper was to study the storage of the residue from the extraction of cassava starch without the use of storage technologies, through chemical evaluation, pH values, temperature, development of microorganisms and mycotoxins. A randomized block design was used with eight treatments (different storage periods: 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18 and 21 days) and five replications. There was a significant difference for DM content, as a function of days in storage. The chemical composition of the residue from the extraction of cassava starch did not changed throughout the storage period. A negative linear effect was obtained for the pH values, which decreased with days in storage. There was significance of the storage period only for the fungus and yeast population, which increased up to 17 days of storage, with subsequent reduction. Mycotoxins were detected in the residue from the extraction of cassava starch. Despite it did not showed changes in the chemical composition the storage of residue from the extraction of cassava starch for 21 days proved to be an inefficient preservation process, due to the development of molds and mycotoxins

The objective of the present study was to characterize the food sources, as well as the composition and quality of milk obtained from household farms of western Paraná State (Brazil) with and without technical assistance during the different seasons. For such, 24 properties were selected, 12 of which only received assistance and technical support. Four milk samples were taken (summer, autumn, winter and spring) to assess the physicochemical composition, somatic cell count and total bacterial count and feed supplied to the animals to assess the chemical composition (crude protein, ash, dry matter and neutral detergent fiber). The data were analyzed in a completely randomized design with a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement; the first factor was the presence and absence of technical assistance and the second factor was the four seasons of the year. Due to the dairy tradition of properties in the region, technical assistance had no significant effects on the health and nutritional quality of food, the number of animals, the production, or total bacterial count, which suffered oscillations only depending on the seasons of the year. However, the presence of assistance contributed to reducing somatic cell counts of milk produced and marketed. The technical assistance does not affect the quality of forages and concentrates used or the milk composition; however, it improves the sanitary quality of the milk produced throughout the four seasons of the year in household farms of western Paraná.

Objetivou-se neste trabalho aplicar coberturas comestíveis à base de alginato e adição de óleos essenciais de alecrim e de orégano em ricota, a fim de avaliar as características físicas, químicas, microbiológicas e sensoriais. As amostras elaboradas foram: ricota sem cobertura, ricota com cobertura, ricota com cobertura adicionada de óleo essencial de orégano e ricota com cobertura adicionada de óleo essencial de alecrim. As amostras foram armazenadas a 5 °C durante 21 dias e realizaram-se análises instrumentais de cor, textura e perda de massa; contagens de coliformes totais e coliformes a 45 ºC, Estafilococos coagulase positiva, detecção de Salmonella sp., além de análise sensorial (teste de aceitação). Não houve diferença entre as amostras nas análises de perda de massa, textura e cor. Foram encontrados valores de 6,1×10² UFC/g de coliformes totais para amostras de ricota com cobertura e de 5,4×10² UFC/g para ricota com cobertura e adição de óleo de orégano. Verificou-se também ausência de coliformes a 45 ºC, estafilococos e Salmonella sp. para todas as amostras analisadas durante 21 dias, assim as amostras atenderam os padrões legais para contagem de Estafilococos coagulase positiva, coliformes a 35 ºC e 45 ºC e ausência de Salmonella sp. em 25 gramas. Não houve diferença entre as amostras em relação à análise sensorial. Assim, conclui-se que adição de cobertura comestível em ricota é uma alternativa, pois contribui favoravelmente na conservação e qualidade do produto.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of inulin inclusion levels in diets with ingredients of vegetable and animal origin, on the performance and carcass yield of broilers chickens. Were used 1056 chicks, of one day old, housed in reused poultry litter, distributed in a completely randomized design, in a factorial 2 x 4 (animal and vegetable diets x inclusion levels of inulin), totaling eight treatments, six replicates and 22 birds per experimental unit. The inulin levels were: 0, 0.25, 0.50 and 0.75%. At seven, 21 and 40 days of age were evaluated: final weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and viability. At 40 days were evaluated: productive efficiency, economic variables and carcass yield. No effects of inulin and type of diet were observed on the performance from one to seven days old (P>0.05). From one to 21 days, a feed consumption decreased (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the microbiological profile and aerobic stability of silage with Tifton 85 bermudagrass and different additives and wilting. The studied treatments were: pre-drying in the sun for two hours before ensiling; use of bacterial-enzymatic inoculant; addition of soybean peel; addition of corn grits and use of salt in the surface layer of the silo. The experimental design was completely randomized with six treatments and four replications. Plants of Tifton 85 bermudagrass with 38 days were ensiled in experimental silos with Bunsen valves, with compacting density of 236 kg silage per m³ for Tifton 85 bermudagrass, which was pre-dried in the sun; the average silage was 294 kg m-3 for the other treatments. The ratios between soybean hulls and corn grits, added to the silage, were calculated based on the initial DM content from Tifton 85 bermudagrass in order to obtain 320 g/kg DM of the material to be ensiled. There was an increase of lactic bacteria and Clostridium as well as an absence of enterobacteria after the silo opening. Fungi developed only in Tifton 85 bermudagrass and its treatments before the ensilage and yeasts developed in silages of Tifton 85 bermudagrass when they received soybean hulls or corn grits after silo opening. There was no breach regarding aerobic stability of silages during the studied period. The pH reached the highest values within 48 hours after opening the silos, but there were variations during this period.

Para avaliação das condições microbiológicas do leite cru de 24 propriedades leiteiras localizadas na região oeste do Paraná realizaram-se três coletas para análise de microorganismos aeróbios mesófilos, coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes. Foram coletadas amostras da água de dessedentação dos animais para verificação de microorganismos indicadores de qualidade sanitária (coliformes totais e termotolerantes). Para as análises de micro-organismos mesófilos 83,33% das amostras atendem o requisito para contagem padrão da Instrução Normativa nº 62. Para coliformes totais, verificou-se que 46,87% das amostras apresentam valores acima do recomendado. Para coliformes termotolerantes, verificou-se 31,25% de contaminação nas amostras. Quanto às amostras de água, todas estavam de acordo com a resolução do Conama (2005), porém a presença de coliformes termotolerantes é indesejável. Conclui-se que são necessárias alterações durante a produção do leite, com melhorias na qualidade e na higiene.

The ideal protein concept for pigs has allowed reducing levels of crude protein in the diet, since synthetic amino acids are included because the branched chain amino acids may be limiting. In order to determine the digestible isoleucine requirement for gilts from 15 to 30 kg, a performance assay was accomplished, using 40 crossbreed gilts of high genetic potential, averaging 15.00 ± 0.52 kg of body weight, alloted in a randomized blocks design, consisting of five treatments (0.45, 0.52, 0.59, 0.66, 0.73% of digestible isoleucine), four replicates and two animals per experimental unit. Performance traits were determined and at the end of the experiment one animal per experimental unit was slaughtered to determine carcass composition and organs weight. Levels from 0.45 to 0.73% of digestible isoleucine did not affect the carcass traits and organs weight of gilts from 15 to 30 kg. A quadratic effect (PO conceito de proteína ideal, para suínos, tem permitido reduzir os níveis de proteína bruta da dieta, desde que haja a inclusão de aminoácidos sintéticos, pois os aminoácidos de cadeia ramificada podem ser limitantes. Com o objetivo de determinar a exigência de isoleucina digestível para fêmeas suínas dos 15 aos 30 kg, foi realizado um ensaio de desempenho, utilizando-se 40 fêmeas suínas, mestiças de alto potencial genético, com peso vivo inicial de 15,00 ± 0,52kg, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, constituído de cinco tratamentos (0,45; 0,52; 0,59; 0,66; 0,73% de isoleucina digestível), quatro repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. Foram determinadas características de desempenho e, ao final do experimento, um animal de cada unidade experimental foi abatido, para a determinação da composição de carcaça e peso de órgãos. Níveis de 0,45 a 0,73% de isoleucina digestível não influenciaram as características de carcaça e peso de órgãos dos animais. Houve efeito quadrático (P

The aim of this study was to evaluate different dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) on the blood biochemical parameters, nitrogen balances and crude metabolizable energy of swine in the initial phase. Sixteen barrows were used, averaging 27.95 kg of initial weight, allotted individually in metabolic cages in a randomized blocks design with four treatments (DEB of 160, 208, 257 and 305 mEq/kg) and 4 replicates. The blood biochemical parameters analyzed were chloride, potassium, sodium and urea in blood. Urine pH was also evaluated, and the parameters evaluated in nitrogen (N) balance were N intake, fecal N, N excreted in urine, absorbed N, N retention, retained N/absorbed N and total excretion of N. The gross energy digestibility and metabolizibility coefficients were determined, and the respectives values of digestible and metabolizable energy. The values of urinary pH increased (P < 0.01) linearly with increasing levels of DEB, ranging from 6.90 to 8.03. The results for chloride, potassium and nitrogen balances of variables and gross energy were similar (P > 0.05) between the evaluated DEB. A linear increase (P < 0.01) was also observed for sodium concentrations in blood serum due to the increase of DEB, with values of 2.91, 3.03, 3.27 and 3.18 g/l, respectively for the different treatments. Urea levels in blood serum increased linearly (P < 0.01), with values of 26.21, 28.64, 34.32 and 32.89 mg/dl. It was concluded that increasing the dietary electrolyte balance, from 160 to 305 mEq/kg resulted in higher concentrations of urea and sodium in blood serum, and higher pH values in the urine of swine in the initial phase.Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar diferentes balanços eletrolíticos das dietas (BED) sobre os parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos, balanços de nitrogênio e a metabolizabilidade da energia bruta, de suínos na fase inicial. Foram utilizados 16 suínos, machos castrados, com peso inicial de 27,95 kg, distribuídos individualmente em gaiolas metabólicas, em um delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com quatro tratamentos (BED de 160, 208, 257 e 305 mEq/kg) e quatro repetições. Os parâmetros bioquímicos sanguíneos avaliados foram cloretos, potássio, sódio e uréia no soro. O pH da urina também foi avaliado, e as variáveis utilizadas no balanço de nitrogênio (N) foram o N ingerido, N excretado nas fezes, N excretado na urina, N absorvido, N retido, N retido/N absorvido e excreção total de N. Foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta e seus respectivos valores de energia digestível e metabolizável. Os valores de pH urinário aumentaram (P < 0,01) linearmente em função dos níveis crescentes do BED, variando de 6,90 a 8,03. Os resultados obtidos para cloretos, potássio e as variáveis dos balanços de nitrogênio e da energia bruta foram semelhantes (P > 0,05) entre os BED avaliados. Houve aumento linear (P < 0,01) na concentração de sódio no soro sanguíneo em função do aumento do BED, com valores de 2,91; 3,03; 3,27 e 3,18 g/l, respectivamente para os diferentes tratamentos. Os níveis de uréia no soro sanguíneo aumentaram linearmente (P < 0,01), apresentando valores de 26,21; 28,64; 34,32 e 32,89 mg/dl. Concluiu-se que o aumento do balanço eletrolítico da dieta, de 160 a 305 mEq/kg, proporcionou maiores concentrações de uréia e sódio do soro sanguíneo, e maiores valores de pH na urina de suínos na fase inicial.

The milking is a fundamental step for getting quality milk products, and factors related to the hygiene of the animal teats and of the milking equipment can take to contamination of the milk, raising this product’s bacterian count. Experiments were carried to evaluate the efficiency of the predipping on teats bacterian contamination reduction and on bacterian count of milk from cows that have been submitted to different conditions of preparation for the milking, and the susceptibility to antimicrobials profile of milk bacteria. On the experiment that tested the efficiency of the predipping there was significant difference as to the number of teats with Staphylococcus sp and also positive Gram bacilli between treatments with no sanitation or with water sanitation and predipping. As to the milk bacterian count of the mammary quarters, there was significant difference between the treatments without sanitation and pre-dipping. As to the bacterian susceptibility to antimicrobials, it showed resistance to five, from the eight that were tested, in at least one sample, being them: amoxilicin+clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, gentamicin, G penicillin and vancomycin. The results allowed to conclude that: the predipping represents and important tool to reduce contamination on teats, as well as on milk; the presence of coagulase-negative Staphylococcus sp resistant to certain antimicrobials, like vancomycin, wasn’t expected, being a relevant observation from the milk quality point of view.A ordenha constitui-se em etapa fundamental para a obtenção de produtos lácteos com qualidade, sendo que, fatores relacionados à higiene dos tetos dos animais e dos equipamentos de ordenha podem levar à contaminação do leite elevando as contagens bacterianas deste produto. Tendo como objetivos avaliar a eficiência do pré-dipping na redução da contaminação bacteriana da pele dos tetos e do leite de vacas submetidas a diferentes condições de preparo para a ordenha e o perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de bactérias presentes no leite, foram realizados experimentos em um rebanho leiteiro. Ao testar a eficiência do pré-dipping, observou-se diferença significativa no número de tetos com Staphylococcus sp e bacilos Gram positivos entre os tratamentos sem higienização ou higienização com água e pré-dipping. Quanto à contagem bacteriana do leite, houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos sem higienização e pré-dipping. Quanto à suscetibilidade bacteriana a antimicrobianos, de oito testados, observou-se resistência a cinco, em pelo menos uma amostra, são eles: amoxicilina+ácido clavulânico, enrofloxacina, gentamicina, penicilina G e vancomicina. Os resultados permitiram concluir que: o pré-dipping representa importante ferramenta para reduzir a contaminação da pele dos tetos das vacas leiteiras, bem como do leite. A presença de Staphylococcus sp coagulase negativo resistente a certos antimicrobianos como a vancomicina não era esperada, sendo uma observação relevante do ponto de vista da qualidade do leite.

This research study was conducted to evaluate, by means of microbiological analyses, the preservation of wet brewery waste stored under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, regarding the development of filamentous fungi, yeasts and lactic-acid bacteria. The following treatments were used: untreated brewery waste, pre-dried brewery waste silage, brewery waste silage with effluent drainage and BW silage without effluent drainage. Silos made of PVC and equipped with Bunsen valves to allow gases to escape were used. Dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), temperature (°C) and pH in the untreated BW, in the stored brewery waste and in the brewery waste silage upon silo opening, after 60 days of ensilage were analyzed. A completely randomized design was used. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared by the Tukey test at the 5% probability level. The preservation of brewery waste packaged under aerobic conditions was not appropriate due to the development of filamentous fungi and yeasts; however, storage under anaerobic conditions proved to be an effective conservation process.

The probiotic bacteria survival during the gastrointestinal transit is primordial, and implies in the ability of microorganisms to survive at the stomach acidity and bile, so they can exert their beneficial effects on the host. The aim of this study was to evaluate, “in vitro”, Lactobacillus strains originated from one year old children fecal material in the selection of probiotic microorganisms. Two commercial strains, L. casei (Lc 01TM) and L. acidophilus (La-05 TM) were used as controls. The first screening resulted in 75 colonies and they were isolated from six samples faeces. Isolates were Gram positive, mostly rod shaped (cocobacilli, long and thin rods) and rarely cocci. They were submitted to catalase test and evaluated for the presence of spores, resulting in 30 pre-selected strains. Among those strains, eight strains: L4, L5, L12, L19, L20, L22, L23, L24 were the most resistant to Oxgall (bile salts) concentration (0.3 w/v). These eight strains were also resistant to acid conditions (pH 3.0) and all strains were able to grow in the presence of 0.3 w/v of phenol. The results of treatments were compared to the Neuman Keuls Student test at 5% of probability, with regression analyses made at different times for tolerance to intestinal conditions. The results demonstrated that all these strains were able to survive under gastrointestinal stress condition, indicating potential use as probiotics. The high survival rate of probiotic strains, in conditions that simulate the gastrointestinal transit, is strain dependent and thus, a proper selection of strains in the development of dairy probiotic products is vital.

O uso de probiótico na alimentação animal tem sido indicado, por reduzir a mortalidade resultante da colonização intestinal por micro-organismos patógenos, melhorar o desempenho e as características de produção sem deixar resíduos na carne. O experimento teve como objetivo isolar, a partir de amostras de fezes de suínos na fase de aleitamento, cepas de lactobacilos visando sua identificação como probióticos. Foram isoladas 92 colônias, posteriormente submetidas à prova de catalase e 60 tiveram resultados negativos. Estas colônias negativas foram submetidas à coloração de Gram foi avaliada suamorfologia. Destas, 16 apresentaram formas de bacilos. Esses isolados foram comparados pela sua habilidade de resistência em pH 3,0, crescimento na presença de sais biliares, fenol, lisozima, e sua capacidade de hidrofobicidade e antagônica. Os isolados L03, L04, L08 e L15, identificados neste trabalho apresentam melhores características para uso como probiótico, em função de demonstrar melhor comportamento sobre as condições ácidas, crescendo na presença de sais biliares e fenol, apresentando alta percentagem de hidrofobicidade quanto à presença de Escherichia coli.The use of probiotic in animal nutrition has been identified as reducing mortality resulting from intestinal colonization by pathogenic micro-organisms, improving productive performance andcharacteristics, leaving no residue in meat. The experiment aimed to isolate lactobacilli from fecal samples of suckling swine, in order to be identified as probiotics. Ninety-two colonies were isolated; these pre-selected colonies were subjected to catalase analysis, for which 60 were negative. The 60 colonies were subjected to Gram-negative stain and evaluated for their morphology. Of these, 16 had forms of bacilli. These isolates were compared for their ability to resist pH 3.0, grow in the presence of bile salts, phenol, lysozyme, as well as their hydrophobicity and antagonistic abilities. Isolates L03, L04, L08 and L15 identified in this study showed better probiotic use, better performance under acidic conditions, growing inthe presence of bile salts and phenol, with high percentage of hydrophobicity and in the presence of inhibiting Escherichia coli.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de aditivos promotores de crescimento (prebiótico, probiótico e simbiótico) em substituição ao antibiótico sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça (cortes nobres, órgãos e gordura abdominal), em dietas para frangos de corte de um a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 384 pintos de um dia de idade alojados sobre cama reutilizada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo: PRO - suplementação com probiótico (2 kg t-1), ANT – suplementação com antibióticos(flavomicina 10% - 4 ppm e halquinol 60% - 15 ppm), PRE – suplementação com prebiótico (5 kg t-1), SIMB – suplementação com probiótico e prebiótico (2 e 5 kg t-1, respectivamente). O probiótico utilizado era composto por Lactobacillus acidophillus; Streptococcus faecium e Bifidobacterium bifidum e o prebiótico utilizado foi inulina (extrato de raiz de chicória). Na fase inicial, os frangos alimentados com dietas contendo probiótico e simbiótico tiveram maior ganho de peso e peso total aos 21 dias. A suplementação na raçãocom antibiótico proporcionou menor consumo de ração de um a 21 dias de idade. Os promotores de crescimento não apresentaram efeito sobre as variáveis de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres estudadas na fase de um a 42 dias de idade.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of growth promoter additives (prebiotic, probiotic and symbiotic) as an antibiotic replacement on the performance and carcass characteristics(prime cuts, organs and abdominal fat) in diets for broiler chickens 1 to 42 days old. A total of 384 birds were used, one-day-old, on a reused bed. A completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and six replications, namely: PRO - supplementation withprobiotic (2 kg t-1), ANT - supplementation with antibiotics (flavomycin 10% - 4 ppm and halquinol 60% - 15 ppm), PRE - supplementation with prebiotic (5 kg t-1), SIMB - supplementation with probiotic and prebiotic (2 and 5 kg t-1, respectively). The probiotic used consisted of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Streptococcus faecium and Bifidobacterium bifidum, and the prebiotic used consisted of inulin (chicory root extract). In the initial phase, the chickens fed diets containing probiotic and symbiotic had higher weight gain and total weight at 21 days. Supplementation with antibiotics in feed provided a lower feed intake at 1 to 21 days old. The growth promoters did not show an effect on the variables of performance, carcass yield and prime cuts studied in the phase from 1 to 42 days of age.

Neste Trabalho, objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação de dietas contendo probiótico e simbiótico sobre o desempenho de leitões dos 21 aos 49 dias, microbiota intestinal e peso dos órgãos. Foram utilizados 120 leitões mestiços desmamados aos 21 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento de blocos casualizados, com três tratamentos (antibiótico, probiótico e simbiótico) e cinco repetições, sendo a unidade experimental representada pela baia, onde foram alojados oito leitões. No período de 21 a 35 dias de idade, não se observou diferença (P>0,05) no desempenho. No período de 36 até os 49 dias, pode-se observar maior ganho diário de peso (P0,05) pelos tratamentos. O uso de probiótico e simbiótico nas rações foi efetivo para leitões dos 21 aos 35 dias de idade para as variáveis de desempenho e contagem de coliformes no íleo e cólon, e dos 36 aos 49 dias de idade o uso de antibiótico foi melhor em relação as variáveis de desempenho.The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing probiotic and simbiotic on the performance of piglets from 21 to 49 days, intestinal microorganisms and weight of organs. In this study there were used 120 crossbred piglets, weaned at 21 days of age, alloted in randomized blocks design, with three treatments (antibiotic, probiotic and simbiotic) and five replicates, being the experimental unit represented by the pen, where eight piglets were hosted. In the period from 21 to 35 days of age no difference was observed (P>0.05) for the performance results. In the period from 36 to 49 days could be observed a higher daily weight gain (P0.05) by the treatments. The use of probiotic and simbiotic in the diets was effective for piglets from 21 to 35 days of age for performance and coliform count in the ileum and large gut, and from 36 to 49 days of age the use of antibiotic in the diet was better for the performance parameters.

Conduziu-se este trabalho, com os objetivos de avaliar a composição química e os valores energéticos de diferentes silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) para suínos, e ajustar equações de predição para a energia digestível (ED) e metabolizável (EM) com base na composição química. Os tratamentos consistiram de oito diferentes silagens de grãos úmidos de milho, que substituíram em 30,0% a ração referência. Foram realizadas as análises de MS, PB, EE, FB, FDA, FDN, Ca e P das silagens em estudo. Na determinação dos valores energéticos, foram utilizados 36 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os valores de ED e EM das silagens de grão úmido de milho variaram de 3494 a 3701 kcal/kg MS e 3392 a 3613 kcal/kg MS, respectivamente. Não se obteve um bom ajustamento das equações para predizer os valores de ED e EM da SGUM, apresentando baixos coeficientes de determinação, sendo que o extrato etéreo apresentou uma correlação positiva e a fibra bruta uma correlação negativa para os valores energéticos estudados.The objectives of this study were to evaluate the chemical composition and energetic values of diferent high moisture corn grain silages (HMCGS) for swine, and to adjust prediction equations for digestible (DE) and metabolizable (ME) energy based on the chemical composition. The treatments consisted of eight diferent high moisture corn grain silages that substitued 30.0% of the basal diet. The analysis of DM, CP, EE, ADF, NDF, Ca and P were performed for the refered silages. To determine the energetic values 36 swines were used, alloted in a randomized blocks design with four replicates. The values of DE and ME of the HMCGS varied from 3494 to 3701 kcal/kg of DM and from 3392 to 3613 kcal/kg of DM, respectively. The equations adjusted to predict the DE and ME values of the HMCGS did not show a good adjustment, showing low determination coefficients, and the fat content showed a positive relation and the CF a negative one, for the energetic values studied.

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a composição química e energética de seis diferentes farinhas de carne e ossos, bem como desenvolver equações de predição da energia digestível e metabolizável, com base na composição química dos alimentos. Foramutilizados 28 suínos, mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 25,90 ± 1,95 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram deuma ração-referência e seis diferentes farinhas de carne e ossos, que substituíram em 20% a ração-referência. Os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável variaram de 1.717 a 2.908 kcal kg-1 e de 1.519 a 2.608 kcal kg-1, respectivamente. As equações de predição da energia digestível e metabolizável que apresentaram maiores R2 para a farinha de carne e ossos foram: ED = 1.196,11 + 44,18 PB – 121,55 P e EM = 2.103,35 + 22,56 PB – 164,02 P.The objective of this study was to determine the chemical and energetic composition of six different meat and bone meals, and todevelop prediction equations of digestible and metabolizable energy based on the chemical composition of the feeds. In order to determine the digestible and metabolizable energy values, 28 crossbreed swine were used – castrated males, averaging 25.90 ± 1.95 kg initialweight, allotted in a randomized block design with seven treatments, four replicates and one animal per experimental unit. The treatments consisted of a basal diet and six meat and bone meals, which replaced by 20% the basal diet. The digestible and metabolizable energyvalues varied from 1717 to 2908 kcal kg-1 and from 1519 to 2608 kcal kg-1, respectively. The prediction equation of digestible and metabolizable energy that presented the highest R2 for meat and bone meal were: DE = 1196.11 + 44.18 CP – 121.55 P and ME = 2103.35 +22.56 CP – 164.02 P.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a contagem microbiana de fungos, bactérias lácticas e aeróbios mesófilos de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) com adição de inoculantes, e determinou-se os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável do milho e das SGUM para suínos. As SGUM utilizadas continham 0, 5 e 10 g de inoculante t-1 (Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, enzimas). Na determinação da contagem microbiana das SGUM, foram utilizados meios específicos, e avaliadas no dia da ensilagem, 50 e 100 dias. Na determinação dos valores energéticosforam utilizados 20 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram das SGUM e do milho grão, que substituíram em 20% a raçãoreferência.O tratamento com 5 g de inoculante t-1 proporcionou maior contagem microbiana nos períodos. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) entre os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta, e os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável, do milho e das SGUM, variaram de 4094 a 4271 kcal kg-1; e 3826 a 3987 kcal kg-1, respectivamente. A adição de 5 g de inoculante t-1 proporcionou melhor perfil microbiológico durante o armazenamento, sem influenciar os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta.This study evaluated the counts of funghi, lactic bacteria and mesophilic aerobium microorganisms in high-moisture corngrain silage (HMCGS) with added inoculants, and determined the digestible and metabolizable energy values of corn and the HMCGS for swine. The HMCGS contained 0, 5 and 10 g of inoculant t-1 (Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, enzymes). In order to determine the microbial counts of HMCGS, specific methods were used and evaluated on theday of ensilage, at 50 and 100 days. The energy values was determine using 20 swines, alloted in a randomized block design with four replications. The treatments consisted of the HMCGS and corn grain, which substituted 20% of the reference ration. The treatment with 5 g of inoculant t-1 showed the highest microbial counts in all periods. There was no difference (p > 0.05) between the digestibility and metabolization coefficients of gross energy. The digestible andmetabolization energy values of corn grain and HMCGS variated between 4094 to 4271 kcal kg-1, and 3826 to 3987 kcal kg-1, respectively. The use of 5 g inoculant t-1 provided the best microbial profile during the storage period of HMCGS. However, it didn’t influence the digestibility and metabolization coefficients of gross energy.

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de dietas com diferentes promotores de crescimento sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 576 pintos da linhagem Cobb 500, machos, alojados em cama reutilizada, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquemafatorial 2 x 3 (forma física da ração x diferentes promotores de crescimento), totalizando 6 tratamentos, com 6 repetições e 16 aves por unidade experimental. As características de desempenho avaliadas foram ganho de peso, peso final, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, mortalidade e o índice de eficiência produtiva. Avaliou-se também o rendimento de carcaça, bem como rendimento em cortes, coração, fígado e gordura abdominal. Os resultados obtidos demonstram não haver efeito dos tratamentos estudados sobre as características de desempenho e rendimento de carcaça.This study evaluated the supplementation effect of diets with different growth promoters on the performance and carcass yield in broilers from 1 to 42 days of age. Five hundred seventy six broilers of the Coob 500 lineage were used, all males, lodged in reused litter, allocated according to a completely randomized design in a 2 x 3 factorial scheme (physical forms of the ration x growth promoters), totalizing 6 treatments, 6 repetitions per treatment and 16 broilers per experimental unit. The performance parameters evaluated were weight gain, final weight, feed consumption, feed conversion, mortality and index productive efficiency. The carcass yield was also evaluated, as the cuts yield and percentage of abdominal fat at 42 days. The results demonstrated no effect of thetreatments studied on the performance characteristics and carcass yield.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar as digestibilidades ileal aparente e verdadeira de cinco diferentes farinhas de vísceras. Foram utilizados 10 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, com peso inicial de 34,11 ± 3,88 kg, previamente submetidos à cirurgia para implantação de cânula "T" simples. Os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos, quatro repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. Ao final das duas primeiras repetições, os mesmos animais foram redistribuídos e utilizados novamente nas repetições subseqüentes. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta isenta de proteína à base de açúcar, amido, óleo e casca de arroz, tendo como única fonte protéica uma das cinco farinhas de vísceras. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente da lisina, treonina e metionina das diferentes farinhas de vísceras apresentaram variação de 63,40 a 74,01; 63,17 a 79,13 e 72,60 a 81,11%, respectivamente, e os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeiros apresentaram variação de 64,38 a 74,88; 64,31 a 80,60 e 73,07 a 81,64%, respectivamente.The experiment was carried out with the objective of determining the apparent and true ileal digestibilities of amino acids from five different poultry by-product. Ten crossbreed swines, castrated males, averaging 31.11 ± 3.88 kg were used in the experiment. The animals were previously submitted to the surgery for simple T canula implantation and, then, allotted to a randomized block design with five treatments, four replicates and one animal per experimental unit. At the end of the first and second replicates, these animals were allotted again to the treatments and used in the third and fourth replicates. The treatments consisted of a free protein diet based on sugar, starch, vegetable oil and rice peel and one of the five poultry by-product as protein source in the diet. The coefficients of apparent ileal digestibility of lysine, threonine and methionine of different poultry by-product ranged from 63.40 to 74.01, 63.17 to 79.13 and 72.60 to 81.11%, respectively, and the coefficients of true ileal digestibility, from 64.38 to 74.88, 64.31 to 80.60 and 73.07 to 81.64%, respectively.

O experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de determinar a digestibilidade ileal aparente e verdadeira dos aminoácidos de seis diferentes farinhas de carne e ossos. Foram utilizados 12 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 52,5 ± 5,1 kg. Os animais foram previamente submetidos à cirurgia para implantação de cânula "T" simples no íleo terminal, e, após 20 dias de recuperação, foram distribuídos em um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos, quatro repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. Ao término das duas primeiras repetições, os tratamentos foram redistribuídos para evitar que o mesmo animal recebesse a mesma dieta em duas repetições consecutivas. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta isenta de proteína à base de açúcar, amido, óleo e casca de arroz, tendo como única fonte protéica as farinhas de carne e ossos. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparente da lisina, treonina e metionina, das diferentes farinhas de carne e ossos variaram de 54,87 a 74,80; 62,62 a 81,19 e 72,35 a 85,46%, respectivamente, e a variação entre os coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal verdadeira foram de 57,00 a 76,08; 66,26 a 83,07 e 73,76 a 86,39%, respectivamente, para a lisina, treonina e metionina. As farinhas de carne e ossos apresentaram grande variação, em função das diferentes amostras, quanto aos coeficientes de digestibilidade ileal aparentes e verdadeiros dos aminoácidos.The experiment was carried out to determine the apparent and true ileal digestibility of amino acids from six different meat and bone meals. Twelvecrossbred swines, castrated males, averaging 52.5 ± 5.1 kg initial weight, were used. The animals were previously submitted to the simple T canula surgery implantation at the terminal ileum and, after twenty days of recovery period, they were allotted to a randomized blocks design, with six treatments, four replicates and one animal per experimental unit. At the end of the first two replicates, the treatments were assigned again to avoid that the same animal received the same diet in two serial replicates. The treatments consisted in a free protein diet based on sugar, starch, vegetable oil and rice peel, with the meat and bone meal as the only protein source. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients of lysine, threonine and methionine, of the different meat and bone meals, ranged from 54.87 to 74.80; 62.62 to 81.19 and 72.35 to 85.46%, respectively, and the variation among the true ileal digestibility coefficients were from 57.00 to 76.08, 66.26 to 83.07, and 73.76 to 86.39%, respectively, for lysine, threonine and methionine. The meat and bone meals showed a great variation in function of the different batches, concerning the apparent and true coefficients of amino acid ileal digestibility.

Objetivou-se avaliar dietas referências e inclusões de farelo de soja como ingrediente teste sobre o balanço metabólico de suínos. Foram utilizados 24 suínos mestiços, machos castrados, peso médio inicial de 29,01 ± 3,64kg, distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x2 + 2 (duas rações referência e dois níveis de substituição do alimento teste), mais dois tratamentos adicionais. A metodologia utilizada foi a coleta total de fezes, e a urina filtrada e coletada diariamente. Para avaliar o teor de nitrogênio da ureia plasmática, amostras de sangue foram obtidas mediante punção na veia jugular. Foram determinados os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta, os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável e o balanço de nitrogênio. As variações das médias dos coeficientes de digestibilidade da energia bruta estão associadas às diferenças na digestibilidade dos nutrientes que constituem a matéria orgânica. Os valores médios de energia digestível também foram significativos para os dois níveis de substituição. Em relação à eficiência de utilização de nitrogênio, melhor resultado foi obtido para a ração que continha o menor nível de proteína bruta, uma vez que houve interação significativa (P=0,01) entre os fatores estudados, sendo que a substituição de 15% do alimento teste apresentou o melhor resultado. Concluiu-se que os níveis de substituição do farelo de soja, nas rações referências, influenciaram os valores de energia digestível para suínos, e a ração teste, contendo um nível de proteína bruta próximo da recomendação, proporcionou otimização na eficiência de utilização do nitrogênio.The objective of this study was to evaluate the reference diets and inputs of soybean meal as test ingredient on the metabolic balance in swines. Twenty four crossbred barrows with initial weight of 29.01 ± 3.64kg were used, allotted in a randomized blocks design in a 2x2 + 2 factorial scheme (two reference rations and two levels of substitution for the test food), plus two extra treatments. The methodology used was the total collection of feces, and the urine was daily filtered and collected. Blood samples were obtained from puncture in the jugular vein to evaluate the levels of plasma urea nitrogen. The digestibility and metabolizability coefficients of gross energy were determined, as the digestible and metabolizable energy values and the nitrogen balance. Variations of DCGE mean are associated with differences in the digestibility of the nutrients that make up the organic matter. The average DE values were also significant for both levels of substitution. The best result for nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE) was obtained for the diet containing the lowest level of CP, since there was a significant interaction (P=0.01) among the factors evaluated, and the replacement with 15% of the test food had the best result. It was concluded that the substitution levels of soybean meal in references diets influenced the digestible energy for swines and test diet containing a crude protein level close to the recommendation provided an optimization in the efficiency of nitrogen utilization.

Com o objetivo de determinar a composição química e energética de quatro cultivares de milho para suínos e avaliar modelos matemáticos para predizer seus valores energéticos, foram utilizados 20 suínos, machos castrados, distribuídos em blocos ao acaso, constituídos por quatro tratamentos mais a ração referência e quatro repetições por tratamento. O milho grão, oriundo de diferentes cultivares substituiu em 30% a ração referência. Foi determinada a composição química das cultivares, e a matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA), hemicelulose (Hemi), cálcio (Ca) e fósforo (P) variaram de 86,29 a 89,04; 1,12 a 1,99; 8,13 a 8,38; 0,61 a 2,33; 12,39 a 16,70; 4,42 a 5,35; 7,04 a 11,51; 0,027 a 0,043 e 0,214 a 0,359%, respectivamente. Os valores de energia bruta (EB), energia digestível (ED) e energia metabolizável (EM) variaram de 3.829 a 4.016; 3.397 a 3.522 e 3.280 a 3.383kcal/kg, respectivamente, e os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta tiveram variação de 87,42 a 89,37 e 84,01 a 86,00 %, respectivamente.. Para se estimar os valores de ED foram utilizadas quatro equações de predição e nenhuma se ajustou. Para a EM, foram utilizadas nove equações, das quais a EM = 1,000ED - 0,68PB (R2=0,99) e a EM = 0,997ED - 0,68PB + 0,23EE (R2=0,99) se ajustaram, apresentando correlação de Spearman significativa.Aiming to determine the chemical composition and energetic values of four varieties of corn for pigs and evaluate mathematical models to predict its energetic values, twenty crossbred barrows were used, distributed in a randomized blocks design with four treatments plus the reference ration and four replicates per treatment. The corn cultivars replaced 30% of the reference ration. The chemical composition of the corn cultivars was determined. The dry matter (DM), mineral matter (MM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), hemicellulose (Hemi), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) ranged from 86.29 to 89.04; 1.12 to 1.99; 8.13 to 8.38, 0.61 to 2.33, 12.39 to 16.70; 4.42 to 5.35, 7.04 to 11.51; 0.027 to 0.043 and 0.214 to 0.359%, respectively. The values of gross energy (GE), digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) ranged from 3,829 to 4,016; 3,397 to 3,522 and 3,280 to 3,383kcal/kg, respectively, and the digestibility and metabolizability coefficients of gross energy ranged from 87.42 to 89.37 and 84.01 to 86.00%. The ME:DE ratio ranged between 0.96 and 0.97. Four predictive equations were used to estimate the values of DE and none of those was adjusted. Nine predictive equations such as used to determine ME, where ME = 1.000DE - 0.68CP (R2 = 0.99) and ME = 0.997DE - 0.68CP + 0.23EE (R2 = 0.99) tha had a good adjustment, presenting significant Spearman correlation.

O uso de probiótico na alimentação animal tem sido indicado, por reduzir a mortalidade resultante da colonização intestinal por micro-organismos patógenos, melhorar o desempenho e as características de produção sem deixar resíduos na carne. O experimento teve como objetivo isolar, a partir de amostras de fezes de suínos na fase de aleitamento, cepas de lactobacilos visando sua identificação como probióticos. Foram isoladas 92 colônias, posteriormente submetidas à prova de catalase e 60 tiveram resultados negativos. Estas colônias negativas foram submetidas à coloração de Gram foi avaliada sua morfologia. Destas, 16 apresentaram formas de bacilos. Esses isolados foram comparados pela sua habilidade de resistência em pH 3,0, crescimento na presença de sais biliares, fenol, lisozima, e sua capacidade de hidrofobicidade e antagônica. Os isolados L03, L04, L08 e L15, identificados neste trabalho apresentam melhores características para uso como probiótico, em função de demonstrar melhor comportamento sobre as condições ácidas, crescendo na presença de sais biliares e fenol, apresentando alta percentagem de hidrofobicidade quanto à presença de Escherichia coli.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de aditivos promotores de crescimento (prebiótico, probiótico e simbiótico) em substituição ao antibiótico sobre o desempenho e características de carcaça (cortes nobres, órgãos e gordura abdominal), em dietas para frangos de corte de um a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 384 pintos de um dia de idade alojados sobre cama reutilizada. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições, sendo: PRO - suplementação com probiótico (2 kg t-1), ANT – suplementação com antibióticos (flavomicina 10% - 4 ppm e halquinol 60% - 15 ppm), PRE – suplementação com prebiótico (5 kg t-1), SIMB – suplementação com probiótico e prebiótico (2 e 5 kg t-1, respectivamente). O probiótico utilizado era composto por Lactobacillus acidophillus; Streptococcus faecium e Bifidobacterium bifidum e o prebiótico utilizado foi inulina (extrato de raiz de chicória). Na fase inicial, os frangos alimentados com dietas contendo probiótico e simbiótico tiveram maior ganho de peso e peso total aos 21 dias. A suplementação na ração com antibiótico proporcionou menor consumo de ração de um a 21 dias de idade. Os promotores de crescimento não apresentaram efeito sobre as variáveis de desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes nobres estudadas na fase de um a 42 dias de idade.

The aim of the present was determinate the values of apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected by nitrogen retention (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME) and TME corrected by the nitrogen retention (TMEn), its metabolizability coefficients, moreover, adjust prediction equations from experimental results and chemical composition of eight different corn cultivar originating from Copagril experimental station. The total excreta collecting method was used to determinate the energy values, where 160 broiler chicken Cobb, aging 21 days, were shared in a completely randomized blocks design. The experiment lasted 10 days, five of them for adaptation and the other ones for total excrements collecting. The energy values of the foods and excretas were determined using the calorimetric method. Significative differences were not observered (P>0,05) for metabolizability coefficients of corn samples. The AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn values varied of 3295 up to 3498 kcal/kg, 3227 up to 3416 kcal/kg, 3315 up to 3454 kcal/kg and 3235 up to 3424 kcal/kg, respectively. The prediction equations had not been adjusted adequately for energetic values, they demonstrated a low R2 value.O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn), energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) e EMV corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMVn), seus respectivos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade, bem como estabelecer equações de predição por meio dos resultados experimentais obtidos e de composição química para oito diferentes cultivares de milho provenientes da estação experimental da Copagril. Para a determinação dos valores de energia foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas, onde 160 pintos da linhagem Cobb com 21 dias de idade foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. O experimento teve duração de dez dias, sendo cinco dias de adaptação e cinco de coleta total de excretas. Para determinar os valores de energia realizaram-se análises de energia bruta (EB) dos alimentos e das excretas em bomba calorimétrica. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade das amostras de milho. Os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn variaram de 3.295 a 3.498 kcal/kg, 3.227 a 3.416 kcal/kg, 3.315 a 3.454 kcal/kg e 3.235 a 3.424 kcal/kg, respectivamente. As equações de predição não se ajustaram adequadamente aos valores energéticos, apresentando um baixo valor de R2.

This work aimed to evaluate the microbiological, sensory and centesimal characterization of four kinds of fishburgers elaborated with tilapia mechanically separated meat. The microbiological analyses showed that both raw material and fishburgers met the microbiological standards for products derived from fish and certified that the use of byproducts derived from fish processing is a form of aggregating value to a final product, with good acceptance by the consumer, assisting quality standards. It was not verified significant differences for the averages attributed for taste, aroma, softness, global appearance and purchase intention that ranged, respectively, from 7.14 to 7.44; 7.14 to 7.46; 7.30 to 7.42; 7.21 to 7.35; 3.86 to 3.98. All fish burgers were moderately and very accepted and did not have a preferred specific one. The results of purchase intention oscillated between “maybe would buy”/”wouldn’t buy” and “possibly would buy the product”. The physical-chemical analysis presented the following results: 15.50 to 16.14; 1.73 to 10.28 and 1.12 to 2.44 g/100 g for crude protein, ethereal extract and mineral matter, respectively. The unit cost ranged from R$ 0.36 to R$ 0.37 with yield of 12 units/kg, that denote the production viability.Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características microbiológicas, sensorial e centesimal de quatro tipos de fishburgers elaborados à base de carne de tilápia mecanicamente separada (CMS). As análises microbiológicas demonstraram que tanto a matéria-prima quanto os fishburgers atenderam aos padrões microbiológicos para derivados de pescado, constatando-se que a utilização de subprodutos de processamento do pescado é uma forma de agregar valor a um produto final, com boa aceitação pelo consumidor e atendendo aos padrões de qualidade. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as médias atribuídas aos parâmetros sabor, aroma, maciez, aparência global e intenção de compra, que oscilaram, respectivamente, entre 7,14 e 7,44; 7,14 e 7,46; 7,30 e 7,42; 7,21 e 7,35; 3,86 e 3,98. Todos os fishburgers estiveram entre moderadamente e muito aceitos, não havendo preferência por um específico. Os resultados referentes à intenção de compra variaram entre “talvez comprasse”/”não comprasse” e “possivelmente compraria o produto”. A análise físico-química indicou resultados de 15,50 a 16,14; 1,73 a 10,28 e 1,12 a 2,44 g/100 g para proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e matéria mineral, respectivamente. O custo unitário variou de R$0,36 a R$ 0,37, com rendimento de 12 unidades/kg, o que denota a viabilidade da produção.

O objetivo do trabalho foi determinar a composição química e energética de seis diferentes farinhas de carne e ossos, bem como desenvolver equações de predição da energia digestível e metabolizável, com base na composição química dos alimentos. Foram utilizados 28 suínos, mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 25,90 ± 1,95 kg, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com sete tratamentos, quatro repetições e um animal por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração-referência e seis diferentes farinhas de carne e ossos, que substituíram em 20% a ração-referência. Os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável variaram de 1.717 a 2.908 kcal kg-1 e de 1.519 a 2.608 kcal kg-1, respectivamente. As equações de predição da energia digestível e metabolizável que apresentaram maiores R2 para a farinha de carne e ossos foram: ED = 1.196,11 + 44,18 PB – 121,55 P e EM = 2.103,35 + 22,56 PB – 164,02 P.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the apparent metabolizable energy (AME), AME corrected for nitrogen retention (AMEn), true metabolizable energy (TME) and TME corrected for nitrogen retention (TMEn), and respective metabolizability coefficient (AMC) of corn and high moisture corn grain silage (HMCGS) with 50 and 100 days of ensilage and different inoculant levels for poultry. For determination the values of energy, the total excreta collecting method was used, which 144 broiler chicken Ross 308, 21 days old, were distributed in a completely randomized design. Differences were not observed (P>0.05) for metabolizability coefficient. It was concluded that the values of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of corn were 3680, 3588, 3748 and 3735 kcal/kg respectively and the values of AME, AMEn, TME and TMEn of HMCGS ranged from 3477 to 3881, 3401 to 3769, 3573 to 3985 and 2374 to 2649 kcal/kg, respectively.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os valores de energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), EMA corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMAn), energia metabolizável verdadeira (EMV) e EMV corrigida pela retenção de nitrogênio (EMVn), bem como seus respectivos coeficientes de metabolizabilidade do milho e da silagem de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) em função de diferentes níveis de inoculante e com 50 e 100 dias de ensilagem. Para a determinação dos valores energéticos foi utilizado o método de coleta total de excretas, onde 144 pintos Ross 308, com 21 dias de idade foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. Não foram observadas diferenças (P>0,05) entre os coeficientes de metabolizabilidade. Os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn do milho foram 3680, 3588, 3748 e 3735 kcal/kg respectivamente e os valores de EMA, EMAn, EMV, EMVn para as SGUM variam de 3477 a 3881, 3401 a 3769, 3573 a 3985, e 2374 a 2649 kcal/kg respectivamente.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se a contagem microbiana de fungos, bactérias lácticas e aeróbios mesófilos de silagens de grãos úmidos de milho (SGUM) com adição de inoculantes, e determinou-se os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável do milho e das SGUM para suínos. As SGUM utilizadas continham 0, 5 e 10 g de inoculante t-1 (Lactobacillus plantarum, Enterococus faecium, Pediococcus acidilactici, enzimas). Na determinação da contagem microbiana das SGUM, foram utilizados meios específicos, e avaliadas no dia da ensilagem, 50 e 100 dias. Na determinação dos valores energéticos foram utilizados 20 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos constaram das SGUM e do milho grão, que substituíram em 20% a ração-referência. O tratamento com 5 g de inoculante t-1 proporcionou maior contagem microbiana nos períodos. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0,05) entre os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta, e os valores de energia digestível e metabolizável, do milho e das SGUM, variaram de 4094 a 4271 kcal kg-1; e 3826 a 3987 kcal kg-1, respectivamente. A adição de 5 g de inoculante t-1 proporcionou melhor perfil microbiológico durante o armazenamento, sem influenciar os coeficientes de digestibilidade e metabolizabilidade da energia bruta

Avaliou-se o efeito da suplementação de dietas com diferentes promotores de crescimento sobre o desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte de 1 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 576 pintos da linhagem Cobb 500, machos, alojados em cama reutilizada, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3 (forma física da ração x diferentes promotores de crescimento), totalizando 6 tratamentos, com 6 repetições e 16 aves por unidade experimental. As características de desempenho avaliadas foram ganho de peso, peso final, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, mortalidade e o índice de eficiência produtiva. Avaliou-se também o rendimento de carcaça, bem como rendimento em cortes, coração, fígado e gordura abdominal. Os resultados obtidos demonstram não haver efeito dos tratamentos estudados sobre as características de desempenho e rendimento de carcaça.