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The present study was performed to document the different ethnomedicinal plants used by Gond and Madia Gond tribes in the Gadchiroli District of Maharashtra (India). After screening, a total of 120 persons belonging to Gond and Madia tribes were interviewed for the use of medicinal plants. As a result of this interaction, a total of 79 medicinal plants were identified to which they claimed to use for the treatment of 34 ailments. These plants belonged to 30 families and 57 genera of the angiosperms. The ethno botanical indices such as the informant consensus factor (ICF), relative frequency of citation (RFC) were also evaluated. The most important plant family was Fabaceae (10.1%) followed by Mimosaceae (7.6%), Moraceae (7.6%), Caesalpiniaceae (6.3%) and Rubiaceae (6.3%). Some of the dominant genera reported were Ficus (5 species), Acacia (3 species), Terminalia (3 species), and Albizia (2 species). Some of the important ailments claimed to be treated were dermal disorders, blood-related diseases, diabetes, edema and fever. During this study ICF values for different ailments ranged from 0.0 to 0.84, swelling aliments had the highest ICF i.e. 0.84 with 27 reports and five plant species used. The highest RFC value (0.45) was found for Acacia catechu (Family: Mimosaceae) and the lowest RFC value (0.09) was found for Emblica officinalis, (Family: Euphorbiaceae).

Bioactive material species of Ca and its stability has been concerned in the present work. The ternary species of the combined ligands hydrophobic amino acids (L-proline and L-valine) coordinated with metal ion (M: Ca2+) along with the 1, 2-propanediol (PG) and aqua composites (0.0 ∼ 60.0% v/v) at 303.0 K have been focussed in this presentation. The relative ratios of M, L, and X (M: L: X = 1.0:2.5:2.5, 1.0:2.5:5.0, 1.0:5.0:2.5) in alkaline madia were maintained in the titrimetric trials. From MINIQUAD75, distribution diagrams and other correlations results best fit ternary species for Ca2+ are MLX, MLXH22+, MLX2H2+. The role of dielectric constant of solvent (1/D) and few concentration depended terms had shown to affect significantly on ternary stability constant.

Madia sativa, commonly called “melosa” or “madi”, belongs to the Asteraceae family, and is native to America, with a wide range of distribution stretching to both North America and South America. In Argentina, it is present in the Patagonian regions, but it grows also in further eight provinces. It can grow in dry, degraded and eroded soils as a pioneer species. Medicinal properties, as a purgative, are attributed to the herbaceous part of the plant, whereas the nutritional and energizing properties, to the seeds. It is an annual species that can grow from 30 cm to 2 m in height. It is recognized by its pubescence, aroma and stickiness.

تعددت برامج إعداد المعلمين في البحرين منذ بدايه افتتاحها في أواخر الاربيعينيات من القرن الحالي .وکان ضمن هذه البرامج التأهيلية برنامج التأهيل التربوي في أثناء الخدمه التي قام بتنفيذه المرکز التربوي للتأهيل والتدريب موبايل المنحى التکاملي متعدد الوسائط. وتتناول الدراسه الحاليه المنحى التکاملي متعدد الوسائطفي برامج إعداد المعلمين .وتهدف أساسا الي تحليل وتقويم جوانب متعدده من هذا المنحي کما تم تطبيقه في برنامج التأهيل التربوي في أثناء الخدمه بالبحرين بين 1973 .1982

La legge 07 agosto 2015 n. 124 concernente «Deleghe al Governo in materia di riorganizzazione delle amministrazioni pubbliche» ha rappresentato, per il Governo, una tappa importante di un ampio percorso di riforma. Il provvedimento contiene 14 deleghe legislative attinenti ambiti diversi: pubblico impiego, riorganizzazione dell'amministrazione statale centrale e periferica, digitalizzazione della PA, semplificazione del procedimenti amministrativi, razionalizzazione e controllo delle società partecipate, anticorruzione e trasparenza. Tale portata innovativa, medio tempore, è stata notevolmente attenuata dalla sentenza n. 251 del 25.11.2016 della Corte Costituzionale, che ha dichiarato incostituzionali diversi punti della legge delega, i quali prevedevano, per l'approvazione di quattro decreti attuativi, una semplice acquisizione del Parere della Conferenza Stato-Regioni e non una vera e propria intesa. A seguito della sentenza della Corte Costituzionale, il Governo la lasciato scadere i termini della delega per l'approvazione dei decreti di riforma della Dirigenza pubblica e dei servizi pubblici locali ed è stata acquisita invece l'intesa della Conferenza unificata Stato-Regioni e i pareri delle competenti Commissioni parlamentari per due decreti correttivi in materia di licenziamento disciplinare (D. Lgs. n. 116/2016) e società a partecipazione pubblica (D. Lgs. n. 175/2016). Resta intatta l'importanza della legge in materia di procedimento amministrativo, sia per le deleghe ivi contenute, che per le modifiche di immediata applicazione che essa opera direttamente alla legge n. 241/1990. Se tale Legge ha rispettato o meno le attese di riforma della pubblica amministrazione non è materia del presente studio. Ci si soffermerà, invece, dopo una breve trattazione storica della legge sul procedimento amministrativo, sull'analisi dell'impatto della nuova disciplina, alla luce dei decreti approvati e della normativa di immediata applicazione.

In this study, resinous exudate from Madia sativa was analyzed by GC-MS. The major bioactive compounds 13,14,15-trihydroxylabd-7-ene (14) and 3,14,15-trihydroxylabd-8-ene (15) were isolated and their structures were determined by NMR. The antifungal activity of the resinous exudate and the labdanes compounds was evaluated using the inhibitory effects on the mycelial growth of plant pathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi causing root rot of various crops. The evaluation of the resinous exudate showed no inhibition over 50% at 75 mg/L, while compound 15 had the stronger effect on the myceliar growth of P. cinnamomi, with a 94.6% inhibition at 175 mg/L. The same way, the mixture of both compounds in equal parts did not show a synergistic effect but showed similar percentages of mycelial growth inhibition from 25 mg/L with respect to the compounds separately.

Biologically active components in lipids (fatty acids, phospholipids, sterols and tocopherols) from three varieties of Madia sativa seeds introduced in Bulgaria (BGR 457 and BGR 458 with German origin, and BGR 459 with US origin) were investigated. Glyceride oil in the seeds was found to be 36.6, 34.2 and 35.4%, respectively. Total phospholipid content was 2.4, 1.7 and 2.6% and the main classes were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The amount of sterols in the oil was 0.3% for all samples and the major component was β-sitosterol, followed by campesterol and stigmasterol. Total tocopherols in the oils were 768, 795 and 856 mg kg−1, respectively and α-tocopherol predominated (more than 70.0%). Fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols and sterol esters was also established. Main fatty acids in triacylglycerols were linoleic (47.5–50.5%), oleic (30.2–32.4%) and palmitic acids (13.0–13.5%). The content of saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic) in sterol esters (40.1–50.9%) was significantly higher than in triacylglycerols (18.3–19.4%).

Glandular trichomes are conventionally viewed as a type of direct defense against herbivores that carry indirect costs associated with the exclusion of numerous predators. We tested the hypothesis that predators are ineffective on sticky plants using a predator that is adapted to sticky plants, the harpactorine assassin bug Pselliopus spinicollis Champion, and a common surrogate generalist predator in analogous studies, the coccinellid Hippodamia convergens Guerin. We tested their top–down effects on herbivores using sticky and non-sticky races of common madia plants (Asteraceae: Madia elegans) and their native herbivores, a noctuid moth (Noctuiidae: Heliothodes diminutiva Hodges) and an aphid (Aphididae: Uroleucon madia Swain). We report that both predators were effective at reducing herbivore abundances on sticky and non-sticky plants, with greater efficacy on sticky plants.

Avoidance and tolerance of herbivory are important components of plant interactions with herbivores. Their relationship to each other and to plant defense is important in understanding how plants maximize fitness in the face of herbivore pressure. Various tarweed species have populations comprised of both early-season and late-season flowering individuals. Late-season flowering individuals employ a recently described indirect defense against herbivores in which the accumulation of dead insects on their sticky surfaces attracts predatory insects that eat herbivores. In two tarweed species (Hemizonia congesta and Madia elegans), we observed that key herbivores rarely interact with early-season individuals in the field, and early-season individuals did not invest in dense glandular trichomes that cause indirect defense. We conducted field and greenhouse bud-removal experiments to assess tolerance of M elegans to herbivore damage. We found that late-season individuals were more tolerant of simulated herbivory than early-season individuals in both the field and the greenhouse. Late-season individuals that were forced into an earlier phenology with a 24-h light cue lost their tolerance to simulated herbivory. One possible mechanism linking phenological avoidance of herbivores with decreased tolerance is that early-season individuals invested less in below-ground biomass than late-season individuals, which may accumulate belowground resources for regrowth at the expense of early flowering.

Archaeobotanical data from Central Chile do not yet provide solid evidence to back a description of local plant domestication processes; nevertheless, domesticated plants where progressively incorporated and manipulated by local groups at least since 3500 BP in this region. Some were non local cultivated American species, as Zea mays L. (maize), and others probably developed locally, as Madia sativa Mol. (madi). This paper describes the data available for these plants during different prehispanic periods, based on macro and micro remains recovered from sediments and archaeological artefacts, and on stable isotopes information. We argue that, even if data are still scarce and fragmentary, cultivated plants were part of the ideational and cultural environment and actively participated in defining life styles and social identities. Plants played different roles for specific human groups inhabiting Central Chile during prehispanic times.

The maintenance of flower size variation within populations might be explained by conflicting selection pressures on floral traits that may involve biological agents, such as mutualists and antagonists, and allocation costs associated with floral display. The annual species Madia sativa (Asteraceae) exhibits ample variation in the number of ray florets in natural populations. This field study aimed at evaluating the costs and benefits associated with floral traits in M. sativa. In particular, we addressed two main questions: (1) Is the number of ray florets positively associated with pollinator visitation rate? (2) Is there a fitness cost of ray floret maintenance when pollinators are absent? We detected one benefit of conspicuous ray capitula: a strong preference by insect pollinators. We also confirmed the occurrence of costs: when pollinators were excluded conspicuous ray capitula had a reduced reproductive assurance via autogamous selfing, and there were trade-offs between the number of ray florets and seed mass and seed germination. Results suggest that the maintenance of within-population variation in the number of ray florets in M. sativa is explained, at least in part, by the balance between costs and benefits associated with this floral trait.

Jens C. Clausen, David D. Keck, and William M. Hiesey's biosystematic research on continental tarweeds (Madiinae; Compositae) provided diverse examples of evolutionary change for Clausen's synthesis, Stages in the Evolution of Plant Species. Subsequent anatomical work by Sherwin Carlquist demonstrated that the tarweed lineage also includes a spectacular example of adaptive radiation, the Hawaiian silversword alliance. Molecular phylogenetic data and evidence from genetic and hybridization studies have allowed additional perspectives on Clausen et al.'s and Carlquist's hypotheses of tarweed–silversword evolution. In Californian Layia, Clausen et al.'s evidence for gradual allopatric diversification for the n = 7 taxa accords with patterns of molecular divergence and decay of interfertility across lineages inferred from a rate-constant rDNA tree. In contrast, recent evidence on patterns and timing of diversification in an n = 8 Layia clade indicates multiple examples of accelerated phenotypic evolu...

The polyploid Hawaiian silversword alliance (Asteraceae), a spectacular example of adaptive radiation in plants, was shown previously to have descended from North American tarweeds of the Madia/Raillardiopsis group, a primarily diploid assemblage. The origin of the polyploid condition in the silversword alliance was not resolved in earlier biosystematic, cytogenetic, and molecular studies, apart from the determination that polyploidy in modern species of Madia/Raillardiopsis arose independent of that of the Hawaiian group. We determined that two floral homeotic genes, ASAP3/TM6 and ASAP1, are found in duplicate copies within members of the Hawaiian silversword alliance and appear to have arisen as a result of interspecific hybridization between two North American tarweed species. Our molecular phylogenetic analyses of the ASAP3/TM6 loci suggest that the interspecific hybridization event in the ancestry of the Hawaiian silversword alliance involved members of lineages that include Raillardiopsis muirii (and perhaps Madia nutans) and Raillardiopsis scabrida. The ASAP1 analysis also indicates that the two species of Raillardiopsis are among the closest North American relatives of the Hawaiian silversword alliance. Previous biosystematic evidence demonstrates the potential for allopolyploid formation between members of the two North American tarweed lineages; a vigorous hybrid between R. muirii and R. scabrida has been produced that formed viable, mostly tetraporate (diploid) pollen, in keeping with observed meiotic failure. Various genetic consequences of allopolyploidy may help to explain the phenomenal evolutionary diversification of the silversword alliance.

Five tribal populations (Hindu Mahadeo Koli, Vatankar, Madia Gond, Halbi, Pardhan) from different regions of Maharasthra with t total of n - 534 male and female individuals were typed for four seru...

Teoretična izhodišča: Mladostniki, ki so podvrženi hitremu načinu življenja ter hitremu prehranjevanju, so hkrati žrtve sodobnega časa. Diplomsko delo obravnava odnos mladostnikov do hitre prehrane, vlogo družine, družbe in medijev pri izbiri hrane mladostnika. Predstavljena je zdrava prehrana, smernice zdravega prehranjevanja in preventivna vloga medicinske sestre ter njeno zdravstveno-vzgojno delo. Z raziskavo smo želeli ugotoviti, kakšen odnos imajo mladostniki do hitre hrane, in ali mladostniki vedo, kaj je zdravo prehranjevanje. Raziskovalna metodologija: Uporabljena je deskriptivna metoda dela. Kot raziskovalni instrument smo za zbiranje podatkov uporabili anketni vprašalnik. Anketo smo izvedli med polnoletnimi dijaki v enem izmed parkov v Mariboru. Dobljene podatke smo statistično obdelali s pomočjo računalniškega programa Microsoft Excel, ter rezultate ponazorili v obliki grafov. Rezultati: Ugotovili smo, da mladostniki zelo radi uživajo hitro prehrano kljub temu, da se zavedajo, da ni zdrava za njihov razvoj. Večinoma se ne držijo smernic zdravega prehranjevanja. Ugotovili smo tudi, da so medicinske sestre nosilke odgovornega dela. Z zdravstveno-vzgojnim delom širijo pojem zdrave prehrane in nevarnosti hitre, nezdrave hrane. Sklep: Mladostnike je potrebno o zdravi prehrani poučiti, potrebno jim je razložiti, kako hitra hrana vpliva na njihov razvoj in da hitra prehrana ni najboljša izbira za njih. Nezdrave prehranjevalne navade mladostnikov, zlasti neprimerna izbira živil in neredno prehranjevanje lahko povzročijo slabo počutje ter hkrati vplivajo na odpornost organizma. Vloga medicinske sestre je, da mladostnike in starše poučuje o zdravi prehrani in zdravem načinu življenja. Je samostojna na svojem področju ter mora imeti veliko strokovnega znanja in izkušenj. Theoretical starting points: Adolescents, that are subjected to rapid lifestyle and fast food, are also victims of modern time. Diploma thesis deals with the relationship of adolescents to the fast food, the role of the family, society and the media in adolescent food choice. A healthy nutrition , guidelines of healthy eating and preventive role of nurses and their health-care work are presented. With the research we wonted to find out, what kind of relationship have the adolescents to the fast food and if adolescents know, what is healthy eating. The methodology of the research: The descriptive method of work is used. As a research instrument we used guestionnaire for data collection. We performed the survey between adult students in one of the parks in Maribor. The obtained data were statistical processed through the computer program Microsoft Excel and the results were checked in the form of graphs. Results: We found out that the adolescents enjoy very much eating fast food, despite they are aware of the fact that fast food is not healthy for their development. We also found out that the nurses are the bearers of responsible work. With health-care work they spread the concept of the healthy eating and the risk of fast, unhealthy food. Conclusions: Adolescents are needed to be instructed about healthy food, to be interpreted how fast food affects their development and that the fast food is not the best choice for them. Unhealthy eating habits of adolescents, particularly inappropriate choice of food irregular eating can cause bad feelings and at the same time influence on the resistence of the organism. The role of nurse is to instruct adolescents and parents about healthy food and healthy lifestyle . The nurse is independent in her field and has a wealth of expertise and experience.

Two vigorous transoceanic, bigeneric hybrids, Dubautia laevigata (n = 14) X Raillardiopsis muirii (n = 8) and [Dubautia knudsenii X laxa] (n = 14) X Madia bolanderi (n = 6), and one vigorous transoceanic trigeneric hybrid, Dubautia scabra (n = 14) X [M. bolanderi X R. muirii], between mainland tarweeds and Hawaiian silversword allies were artificially produced and subjected to cytogenetic analysis. In addition to univalents, - 46-80% of the microsporocytes scored from these hybrids exhibited from one to four bivalents. However, some of the bivalents scored in the second bigeneric hybrid represented infragenomic association of Dubautia chromosomes. Stainable pollen of these hybrids ranged from 4.4 to 49%, mostly comprising large, tetracolporate, apparently diploid grains. The functionality of such grains was demonstrated in the primary hybrid M. bolanderi X R. muirii that was used to produce the trigeneric hybrid, and suggests the possible mode of origin of the Hawaiian genome via allopolyploidy. Illustrations of parents and Fls indicate that the hybrids produced in this study generally exhibit intermediate character states. However, the phenotypes of the "ray" flowers in hybrids between discoid and radiate species were noticeably unpredictable; in one case intermediacy appeared to be expressed largely in quantitative terms, while in two others intermediacy appeared to be expressed largely in qualitative terms.

Plant-provided foods for predatory arthropods such as extrafloral nectar and protein bodies provide indirect plant defence by attracting natural enemies of herbivores, enhancing top-down control. Recently, ecologists have also recognised the importance of carrion as a food source for predators. Sticky plants are widespread and often entrap and kill small insects, which we hypothesised would increase predator densities and potentially affect indirect defence. We manipulated the abundance of this entrapped insect carrion on tarweed (Asteraceae: Madia elegans) plants under natural field conditions, and found that carrion augmentation increased the abundance of a suite of predators, decreased herbivory and increased plant fitness. We suggest that entrapped insect carrion may function broadly as a plant-provided food for predators on sticky plants.

Equipe : DYSCOL, Pôle : RG; In this study, oil bodies (OBs) from Gevuina avellana (OBs-G) and Madia sativa (OBs-M) were isolated and characterized. Microscopic inspection revealed that the monolayer on OB-G was thinner compared to that on OB-M. Cytometric profiles regarding size, complexity, and staining for the two OB sources were similar. Fatty acid to protein mass ratio in both OBs was near 29, indicating high lipid enrichment. OBs-G and OBs-M showed a strong electrostatic repulsion over wide ranges of pH (5.5-9.5) and NaCl concentration (0-150 mM). Proteins displaying highly conserved sequences (steroleosins and aquaporins) in the plant kingdom were identified. The presence of oleosins was immunologically revealed using antibodies raised against Arabidopsis thaliana oleosins. OBs-G and OBs-M exhibited no significant cytotoxicity against the cells. This is the first report about the isolation and characterization of OBs-G and OBs-M, and this knowledge could be used for novel applications of these raw materials.

Floral trait expression in wild populations varies in relation to environmental gradients. Variation can be observed among and within plant populations. We investigated the changes in floral phenotype within populations and the probability of plant pollinator visits in relation to small-scale variation in soil moisture and plant cover in a semiarid ecosystem. We measured the variability of floral phenotypes of three wild populations of Madia chilensis along a gradient constituted by three topographic positions (south-facing slope, north-facing slope, and ravine). Changes in soil moisture, plant density, leaf water content, and internode elongation were measured for one population over two study years. Pollinator visit probabilities were also estimated. Floral phenotypes were strongly segregated among topographic positions but less segregated among populations. Plants with the lowest water contents and the smallest or least-conspicuous flower heads grew in the drier north-facing slope, while plants with th...

OBJECTIVE To reveal the influence of harvest season and tree age on the content of taxol and 10-DAB III, and provide the basis for the harvest time of Taxus madia. METHOD Branches and leaves of the labeled 25 three-year-old plants and 25 five-year-old plants were collected every two months from March 26,2009 to January 26, 2010. Taxol and 10-DAB III content of different age and growth season of Taxus in branches were determined by HPLC. RESULT Taxol and 10-DAB III content were significantly different in different harvesting age. The content of five-year-old plants was significantly higher than that of three-year-old plants. Taxol and 10-DAB III contents were significantly different in different harvesting season, and the highest content of taxol and 10-DAB III was 0.56, 0.32 mg x g(-1), respectively, in May. CONCLUSION The May is the suitable harvest season for T. madia, but the suitable harvest age need further study which according to the main active component and biomass accumulation.

Madia sativa, a “tarweed” long used in the past for its oily seeds by the natives of both Pacific North America and southern South America where it still grows wild, has potential as a future oil crop.

Chloroplast DNA restriction-site comparisons were made among 24 species of the Hawaiian silversword alliance (Argyroxiphium, Dubautia, and Wilkesia) and 7 species of North American perennial tarweeds in Adenothamnus, Madia, Raillardella, and Raillardiopsis (Asteraceae-Madiinae). These data and results from intergeneric hybridization indicated surprisingly close genetic affinity of the monophyletic Hawaiian group to two diploid species of montane perennial herbs in California, Madia bolanderi and Raillardiopsis muirii. Of 117 restriction-site mutations shared among a subset of two or more accessions, more than one-fifth (25 mutations) separated the silversword alliance, M. bolanderi, and Raillardiopsis from Adenothamnus and Raillardella. An additional 10 mutations distinguished the silversword alliance, M. bolanderi, and R. muirii from Adenothamnus, Raillardella, and Raillardiopsis scabrida. Phylogenetic analyses of these data and production of vigorous hybrids of the combinations Dubautia laevigata x R. muirii and (Dubautia knudsenii x Dubautia laxa) x M. bolanderi reinforce and refine Carlquist's hypothesis [Carlquist, S. (1959) Aliso 4, 171-236] that the Hawaiian silversword alliance arose from American tarweeds. Ultimate origin of silversword alliance chloroplast DNA from within the Californian-endemic paraphyletic genus Raillardiopsis was supported with high bootstrap confidence. Geologic considerations and the distribution of sporophytic self-incompatibility among these species demonstrate that the tarweed ancestor of the silverswords overcame (i) a dispersal barrier of at least 3900 km of open ocean and (ii) the breeding barrier of self-incompatibility.

The strawberry genus, Fragaria, is a polyploid series composed of nine diploids, three tetraploids, one pentaploid, one hexaploid, and four octoploids (Hancock and Luby, 1993). The primary species of international commerce is the octoploid F. ×ananassa Duch. (2x = 8n = 56), a hybrid of F. chiloensis L. and F. virginiana Duch. Native populations of F. chiloensis are found on the beaches and mountains of central and southern Chile, Hawaii, and in a narrow band along the coast of western North America from the middle of California to the Aleutian Islands. Wild F. virginiana is native to the woodlands and meadows of much of the United States and Canada. The evolutionary origin of the octoploid strawberry species is clouded. Cytogenetic data indicate that they are complex hybrids with the genomic constitution AAA’A’BBB’B’ (Bringhurst, 1990). The A genome donor has been identified as F. vesca L., but the other genomic contributors remain obscure. Although F. chiloensis and F. virginiana are restricted to the western hemisphere, the octoploids probably originated in the eastern hemisphere, as F. vesca is the only other species found in the United States and Canada. The point of origin is unclear, but the range of F. chiloensis extends north and west along the Aleutian Islands, almost to the Kuril Islands, where the only Asian octoploid, F. iturupensis Staudt, is found (Staudt, 1973). This suggests that the original octoploid arose in East Asia and then spread across the Bering Strait to North America. The ancestral octoploid species must have differentiated into F. chiloensis and F. virginiana as they moved south and developed differential adaptations to coastal and mountain habitats (Luby et al., 1992). In fact, the two species are completely interfertile and no significant differences between them have been identified in chloroplast DNA (Harrison et al., 1997a). Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA data suggest that they have remained relatively isolated, but the interspecific fertility and proximity of these groups have allowed for occasional introgression (Harrison et al., 1997b). The origin of Chilean and Hawaiian F. chiloensis is just as obscure, but presumably they were introduced from North America via bird migrations. Interestingly, the single Chilean species F. chiloensis has evolved multiple ecotypes that fill the habitats of both North American species, F. chiloensis and F. virginiana. At high elevations in Chile, plants occur that have the glaucous, thin leaves characteristic of F. virginiana ssp. glauca (Wats.) Staudt in the Rocky Mountains. On the beach in Chile, forms of F. chiloensis ssp. chiloensis f. patagonica Staudt can be found that resemble both the glossy, thick-leaved F. chiloensis ssp. pacifica Staudt found in the coastal fog belt of California and the more delicate F. chiloensis ssp. lucida (E. Vilm.) found on the coast of the Pacific Northwest (Cameron et al., 1991; Darrow, 1966; Lavin, 1997). DOMESTICATION OF THE CHILEAN STRAWBERRY utilized well over 1000 years ago by the indigenous Mapuches between the rivers Biobio and Tolten in south-central Chile, and by the more northern Picunches tribe between the rivers Itata and Biobio. The Picunches had contact with the northern-agrarian Inca invaders and were probably the first to transport elite plants from the wild to their home gardens. The Mapuches were primarily hunters and gatherers, but learned about agriculture from the Picunches (Aldunate, 1989). The Picunches grew mainly corn (Zea mays L.), quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. and P. lunatus L.), squashes (Cucurbita maxima Duchesne ex Lam.), oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina), pepper (Capsicum annuum L.), madi [Madia chilensis (Nutt.) Reiche], and mango (Mangifera indica L.) (Montaldo, 1988). Strawberry fruits were used by the native Chileans fresh, dried, as a fermented juice or as medicinal infusions against indigestion, diarrhea, and bleeding (De Moesbach, 1992). The Mapuches made many other kinds of fermented juices, but their favorite was the one from the “llahuen” or “lahuene” (small, red-fruited wild strawberry) that was called “lahuene mushca” (Labarca, 1994). Most evidence indicates that the primary domesticants were the larger, white-fruited forms, called “kellen” or “quellghen” by the Mapuches. Albino-fruited types are rare in nature, but have been found at three southern locations. When subjected to a multivariate analysis, these forms were more closely associated with the cultivated white types than with the native wild red ones (de Pozo et al., unpublished; Lavin, 1997).

Plant tolerance is the ability to reduce the negative impact of herbivory on plant fitness. Numerous studies have shown that plant tolerance is affected by nutrient availability, but the effect of soil moisture has received less attention. We evaluated tolerance of apical damage (clipping that mimicked insect damage) under two watering regimes (control watering and drought) in the tarweed Madia sativa (Asteraceae). We recorded number of heads with seeds and total number of heads as traits related to fitness. Net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency, number of branches, shoot biomass, and the root:shoot biomass ratio were measured as traits potentially related to tolerance via compensatory responses to damage. In the drought treatment, damaged plants showed ≈43% reduction in reproductive fitness components in comparison with undamaged plants. In contrast, there was no significant difference in reproductive fitness between undamaged and damaged plants in the control watering treatment. Shoot biomass was not affected by apical damage. The number of branches increased after damage in both water treatments but this increase was limited by drought stress. Net photosynthetic rate increased in damaged plants only in the control watering treatment. Water use efficiency increased with drought stress and, in plants regularly watered, also increased after damage. Root:shoot ratio was higher in the low water treatment and damaged plants tended to reduce root:shoot ratio only in this water treatment. It is concluded that water availability limits tolerance to apical damage in M. sativa, and that putative compensatory mechanisms are differentially affected by water availability.

Plant traits may play multiple functional roles simultaneously. Leaf trichomes have been related to resistance against herbivores as well as to enhanced water economy in the plant. In a greenhouse study, we evaluated the interactive effect of damage (control vs. mechanical damage) and water availability (control vs. low watering) on the expression of glandular and non-glandular leaf trichomes in the annual Chilean tarweed Madia sativa (Asteraceae). We found that the overall trichome density increased both after damage and when plants were grown under water shortage. Interestingly, the type of trichome induced after damage varied with each water environment. While damage induced glandular trichomes only under control watering, non-glandular trichomes were induced by damage only under experimental drought. Results indicate that in M. sativa glandular trichomes are equally induced by drought or damage but there is no additive effect of these factors. In both cases glandular trichome density apparently reached a limit, which may be interpreted in terms of constraint or efficacy. On the other hand, the synergistic effect of damage and drought on non-glandular trichomes might suggest that, compared to glandular ones, these trichomes are less responsive to each stress factor separately. Thus, for plants to induce non-glandular trichomes they must be subjected to a degree of stress above a threshold that was not reached for each individual factor in our experimental setting. We did not detect a significant correlation between trichome types. Thus, the contrasting patterns observed likely reflect independent responses of trichomes to the evaluated factors.

Microbial transformation of 13R,14R,15-trihydroxylabd-7-ene (5) and 13R,14R,15-trihydroxylabd-8(17)-ene (6) by the fungus Debaryomyces hansenii gave 1 (13R,14R,15-trihydroxy-6-oxolabd-8-ene) and 3 (7alpha,13R,14R,15-tetrahydroxy-labd-8(17)-ene), respectively. While, microbial transformation of 5 by Aspergillus niger afforded 2 (3beta,13R,14R,15-tetrahydroxy-labd-7-ene), and 13R,14R,15-trihydroxylabd-8,17-ene (6) gave 3 and 4 (3R,14R,15-3-oxotetrahydroxy-labd-7-ene). The structures of the new compounds, 1 and 2, were assigned by 1D and 2D high-field NMR spectroscopic methods. Antimicrobial activity of these compounds were tested and their MIC were determined.

Uroleucon is one of very few aphid genera that have species indigenous to South America. A new species of aphid from Chile is described and illustrated, Uroleucon eumadiae sp. nov., living on the two South American species of the genus Madia (Asteraceae): M. sativa Mol. and M. chilensis (Nutt.) Reiche. Morphological characters are discussed and the characters by which this aphid species may be distinguished from related ones are given. The long, hairy last rostral segment of the new species suggests strongly a feeding adaptation, and parallels that of a North American Madia-feeding species in the same genus which is not, however, closely related. Uroleucon é um dos poucos gêneros de afídeos com espécies nativas da América do Sul. Neste trabalho, é descrita e ilustrada uma nova espécie do Chile, Uroleucon eumadiae sp. nov., coletada em duas espécies sul-americanas do gênero Madia (Asteraceae): M. sativa Mol. e M. chilensis (Nutt.) Reiche. São discutidos os caracteres morfológicos e aqueles utilizados para distinguir U. eumadiae de outras espécies relacionadas. O ultimo segmento rostral piloso desta espécie sugere uma adaptação alimentar, paralela a uma outra espécie que ocorre na América do Norte e que também se alimenta de plantas de do gênero Madia, mas que não é filogeneticamente próxima.

Madia sativa seeds were studied for their oil content and fatty acid composition. Oil content in wild seeds was 26% w/w. The samples analyzed showed comparable fatty acid composition, with palmitic (12.9–14.0), stearic (3.8–3.9), oleic (7.9-10.2) and linoleic acid (71.4–72.4) as the major acids. The mean molecular weight of the oil ranges from 876.1 to 894.6 with saponification values of 190–194 mg and unsaturation values of 126–131. The seed meal showed a high crude protein content (28–31%). The oil composition of Madia sativa and its adaptability to poor soils, suggest considerable potential as a future oil crop.

The resinous material accumulated on aerial parts of Madia species is shown to consist mainly of diterpenes, containing a series of flavonoid aglycones. A6- and/or 8-O-substitution is characteristic for many of these flavonoids. Three known rare diterpenes were found and the structure elucidation of a diterpene with a new carbon skeleton, named madiaol, is reported.

The paper succinctly describes the marriage system of Madia Gond Tribe in Gadchiroli District of Bhamragad in Vidarbha region of Maharashtra. The survey of 500 families has been carried out and it was found that the status of families was 80% married, 9% unmarried , 2% separated, 4.6% divorced, 3% widow and 1.4% remarriage. The 8% women have premarital sex and choose husband of own choice. The Vidarbha region of Maharashtra state in India consists of 12 districts having a large proportion of tribal population in Gadchiroli 38.75 %, Chandrapur 19.70 % and Yeotmal 21.47 as compared to other districts. Bhamragad is a town, taluka and a district sub-division in Gadchiroli district where the Madia Gond Adivasis live, in the heart of the naxalite-affected region in Maharashtra. It was observed that there is normal marriage system as per custom. Marriage System of Madia Gond Tribe in Bhamragad Maharashtra, India : A Sociological Study

Several combinations of flavones, flavonols, flavanones, and dihydroflavonols have been identified from five species of Calycadenia and one species each of Madia and Lagophylla . In many instances the flavones and flavonols carry extra hydroxylation at positions-6 and/or -8 and are further characterized by moderately high levels of O -methylation. These observations are consistent with earlier findings for other members of the Madiinae (Asteraceae: Heliantheae). All compounds identified are known natural products, although a few are new in the subtribe differing from compounds described earlier by virtue of one or two additional methyl ether groups.

The following new potential oilseed crops for industrial uses have been considered for agronomic traits and seed oil composition during a 3 year trial in Central Italy: Calendula officinalis (calendic acid); Camelina sativa and Lepidium sativum (linolenic acid); Coriandrum sativum (petroselinic acid); Euphorbia lagascae and Vernonia galamensis (epoxy fatty acids); Madia sativa (linoleic acid); Lesquerella fendleri (hydroxy fatty acids). Agronomic characteristics were examined in replicated field trials and phenological and morphological assessments were made. Seed oil content was determined by the Soxhlet method. Fatty acids were determined by gas liquid chromatography after transesterification to the methyl esters. A range of variation within most species was established for genetic differences in such traits as date of flowering, plant height, seed yield and oil percentage. Mean oil content in Camelina sativa, Lepidium sativum, Madia sativa and Coriandrum sativum was also influenced by the climatic conditions occurring in the different years, decreasing in the driest seasons. Some species (Coriandrum sativum, Madia sativa, Vernonia galamensis, Euphorbia lagascae and Lesquerella fendleri) produced high levels (more than 50%) of a single fatty acid in their seeds. This finding is favourable for industrial uses by minimising dowstream processing costs. On the other hand, other species (Lepidium sativum, Camelina sativa, Calendula officinalis) contained a mixture of fatty acids in their seeds. Some of these species showed good agronomic traits, including tolerance to drought and to high temperature, making them potentially suitable for cultivation in the Mediterranean area. For most of them, further breeding work should be directed towards increasing seed oil content and eliminating certain wild characteristics such as fruit dehiscence.

New combinations and new genera for species in Hemizonia DC., Madia Molina, and Raillardiopsis Rydberg allow for a revised, practical taxonomy of Madiinae that better reflects phylogenetic relationships. Reinstatement of Anisocarpus Nuttall, Centromadia Greene, Deinandra Greene, and Hemizonella A. Gray, abandonment of Raillardiopsis Rydberg, and recognition of four new genera (Carlquistia, Harmonia, Jensia, Kyhosia) for tarweed lineages without available generic names result from changes in circumscription based on monophyletic groups. Results of phylogenetic, biosystematic, and cytogenetic studies in Madiinae (Kyhos et al., 1990; Baldwin et al., 1991; Baldwin, 1992, 1993, 1996, unpublished; Carr et al., 1996) indicate that Hemizonia DC. sensu Keck (1959), Madia Molina sensu Keck (1959), and Raillardiopsis Rydberg are not monophyletic. Hemizonia sensu Keck (1959) comprises a minimum of three monophyletic groups that correspond to section Centromadia (Greene) D. D. Keck, section Hemizonia, and section Madiomeris Nuttall sensu Tanowitz (1982) plus the informal "Fruticosae" or "Zonamra" (cf. Clausen, 1951; Keck, 1959). Madia sensu Keck (1959), Raillardiopsis, and the monophyletic Hawaiian silversword alliance (Argyroxiphium DC., Dubautia Gaudichaud-Beauprd, Wilkesia A. Gray; see Carr, 1985) constitute a clade lacking a formal name (the "Madia" lineage in Baldwin, 1996) that is extremely heterogeneous and difficult to diagnose morphologically. The Hawaiian group comprises trees, shrubs, subshrubs, large rosette plants, mat plants, cushion plants, and vines that are strikingly divergent in morphological and ecological characteristics from the primarily Californian herbs in Madia sensu Keck (1959) and Raillardiopsis (see Carr, 1985; Baldwin & Robichaux, 1995; Baldwin, 1997). In addition to the distinctive Hawaiian lineage, a minimum of seven monophyletic groups can be reliably diagnosed from morphological and molecular data within the clade comprising Madia sensu Keck (1959), Raillardiopsis, and the silversword alliance. Recognition at the generic level of each of the three lineages in Hemizonia sensu Keck (1959) and each of the seven lineages in the paraphyletic group comprising Madia sensu Keck (1959) plus Raillardiopsis in the traditional (only) sense results in a practical taxonomy that conforms to the criterion of monophyly (= holophyly) of taxa. The revision of Madia sensu Keck (1959) plus Raillardiopsis (hereafter, MADRAIL) also allows for continued generic distinction of the unusual Hawaiian species in the silversword alliance without maintaining non-monophyletic California tarweed genera. I realize that additional nomenclatural changes in the silversword alliance are necessary to achieve a taxonomy of the Hawaiian species that includes only monophyletic genera. The new combinations herein focus only on genera relevant to treatments in preparation for the Flora of North America North of Mexico.

The aerial parts of Madia sativa afforded, in addition to known compounds, two labdane derivatives whose structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. The absolute configuration was determined by chemical transformations. From the roots a new tremetone derivative was isolated. The constituents indicated close relationships of Madia to Hemizonia .

Roots, leaf petioles, shoot tips and immature fruits of female date palm formed the source material for in vitro cultures. Isolated embryos excised from mature seeds were also cultured. Of all the tissues, some of the leaf petioles and fruit mesocarp gave rise to calluses in the media of Staritsky (1970) and Eeuwens (1976). Isolated embryos germinated to produce seedlings in MS (Murashige & Skoog, 1962) medium. Calluses were established from seedling sections but the growth conditions propitious for explants of seedlings were not suitable for female date palm tissues. The main problem in establishing long term tissue cultures has been the browning of the tissues and media. This problem was, at least partially, overcome by adding activated charcoal to the liquid media and cysteine to the solid madia. So far, shoot regeneration in the calluses could not be induced.

The purpose of this study was to learn how ozone might affect the growth and reproduction of understorey species of the aspen community, and thereby influence its stability and composition. Plants of 14 species belonging to the aspen community were grown in greenhouse chambers and fumigated with ozone for 3 hours each day, 5 day per week, throughout their growing-seasons. The plants were exposed to 30 pphm (parts of ozone per hundred million parts of air), 15 pphm, ambient air reaching 5–7 pphm during about 2 hours each day, and filtered air.Exposure to ambient air did not appear to cause a significant reduction of total plant-weight in any of the species investigated, while plant-weight of Achillea millefolium and Isatis tinctoria grown under such conditions was significantly greater than that of control plants grown in filtered air. At 15 pphm, growth of Isatis tinctoria, Madia glomerata, and Viola italica, was significantly reduced; on the other hand, growth of Ligusticum porteri and Polygonum aviculare was increased. At 30 pphm, growth was substantially suppressed in all plants except Chenopodium album and Phacelia heterophylla.

The genus Camissonia Link, currently considered to contain 61 species (Raven, 1969), has only one species in western and southern South America, all the others being found in North America, mostly in the western United States and adjacent Mexico. Camissonia is thus one of a large number of amphitropical species and genera of plants having temperate distributions in the Americas and it belongs to the group of some 95 such "temperate disjuncts" that are principally western North American in the Northern Hemisphere (Raven, 1963). The interpretation of such distribution patterns can be greatly facilitated by applying the techniques of modern taxonomy to the plant groups involved. Amongst these techniques, cytogenetics and the related approaches of biosystematics are particularly appropriate when considering closely related species and their constituent populations. There is a growing body of such biosystematic information on American amphitropical temperate disjuncts in such genera as Clarkia (Raven and Lewis, 1959), Gilia (Grant, 1954, 1965), Phacelia (Heckard, 1963), Agoseris (Chambers, 1963), Blennosperma (Ornduff, 1963), Lasthenia (Ornduff, 1963, 1966), Madia (Clausen, 1951), and Microseris (Chambers, 1963), and some data are now available for Camissonia. The purpose of this paper is to present information on the variation and distribution of the South American Camissonia dentata (Cav.) Reiche and on its affinities with its North American relative C. strigulosa (Fisch. & Mey.) Raven.