54 results on '"Mabunda N"'
Search Results
2. Performance of a True Point-of-Care Assay for HIV-1/2 Viral Load Measurement at Antenatal and Postpartum Services
- Author
-
Meggi, B., Bollinger, T., Zitha, A., Mudenyanga, C., Vubil, A., Mutsaka, D., Nhachigule, C., Mabunda, N., Loquiha, O., Kroidl, A., and Jani, I.V.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Road Infrastructure as a Driving Force towards Socio-economic Development in the South African Rural Areas.
- Author
-
Mabunda, N.
- Abstract
Assuring accessibility throughout the country requires good road infrastructure. Like in many other African nations, including South Africa, a sizable portion of the population lives in rural areas where, as of yet, no downstream development has cascaded to them. This paper explores how road infrastructure can transform the socio-economic development of rural areas. Most entrepreneurs in rural areas struggle to grow as they have challenges connecting themselves to the market due to poor road infrastructure. The South African rural areas such as Greater Giyani in Mopani District desire to be easily connected to economic activities. Most of them uses buses and minibuses such as taxi as a mode of transport, however, accessibility during the rainy season is a problem. To achieve the objective, a large literature was considered for review in order to come up with a conclusion and recommendation. It is observed that road infrastructure plays an important role in rural socio-economic development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
4. The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance
- Author
-
Tegally, H, San, JE, Cotten, M, Moir, M, Tegomoh, B, Mboowa, G, Martin, DP, Baxter, C, Lambisia, AW, Diallo, A, Amoako, DG, Diagne, MM, Sisay, A, Zekri, A-RN, Gueye, AS, Sangare, AK, Ouedraogo, A-S, Sow, A, Musa, AO, Sesay, AK, Abias, AG, Elzagheid, A, Lagare, A, Kemi, A-S, Abar, AE, Johnson, AA, Fowotade, A, Oluwapelumi, AO, Amuri, AA, Juru, A, Kandeil, A, Mostafa, A, Rebai, A, Sayed, A, Kazeem, A, Balde, A, Christoffels, A, Trotter, AJ, Campbell, A, Keita, AK, Kone, A, Bouzid, A, Souissi, A, Agweyu, A, Naguib, A, Gutierrez, A, Nkeshimana, A, Page, AJ, Yadouleton, A, Vinze, A, Happi, AN, Chouikha, A, Iranzadeh, A, Maharaj, A, Batchi-Bouyou, AL, Ismail, A, Sylverken, AA, Goba, A, Femi, A, Sijuwola, AE, Marycelin, B, Salako, BL, Oderinde, BS, Bolajoko, B, Diarra, B, Herring, BL, Tsofa, B, Lekana-Douki, B, Mvula, B, Njanpop-Lafourcade, B-M, Marondera, BT, Khaireh, BA, Kouriba, B, Adu, B, Pool, B, McInnis, B, Brook, C, Williamson, C, Nduwimana, C, Anscombe, C, Pratt, CB, Scheepers, C, Akoua-Koffi, CG, Agoti, CN, Mapanguy, CM, Loucoubar, C, Onwuamah, CK, Ihekweazu, C, Malaka, CN, Peyrefitte, C, Grace, C, Omoruyi, CE, Rafai, CD, Morang'a, CM, Erameh, C, Lule, DB, Bridges, DJ, Mukadi-Bamuleka, D, Park, D, Rasmussen, DA, Baker, D, Nokes, DJ, Ssemwanga, D, Tshiabuila, D, Amuzu, DSY, Goedhals, D, Grant, DS, Omuoyo, DO, Maruapula, D, Wanjohi, DW, Foster-Nyarko, E, Lusamaki, EK, Simulundu, E, Ong'era, EM, Ngabana, EN, Abworo, EO, Otieno, E, Shumba, E, Barasa, E, Ahmed, EB, Ahmed, EA, Lokilo, E, Mukantwari, E, Philomena, E, Belarbi, E, Simon-Loriere, E, Anoh, EA, Manuel, E, Leendertz, F, Taweh, FM, Wasfi, F, Abdelmoula, F, Takawira, FT, Derrar, F, Ajogbasile, F, Treurnicht, F, Onikepe, F, Ntoumi, F, Muyembe, FM, Ragomzingba, FEZ, Dratibi, FA, Iyanu, F-A, Mbunsu, GK, Thilliez, G, Kay, GL, Akpede, GO, van Zyl, GU, Awandare, GA, Kpeli, GS, Schubert, G, Maphalala, GP, Ranaivoson, HC, Omunakwe, HE, Onywera, H, Abe, H, Karray, H, Nansumba, H, Triki, H, Kadjo, HAA, Elgahzaly, H, Gumbo, H, Mathieu, H, Kavunga-Membo, H, Smeti, I, Olawoye, IB, Adetifa, IMO, Odia, I, Ben Boubaker, IB, Mohammad, IA, Ssewanyana, I, Wurie, I, Konstantinus, IS, Halatoko, JWA, Ayei, J, Sonoo, J, Makangara, J-CC, Tamfum, J-JM, Heraud, J-M, Shaffer, JG, Giandhari, J, Musyoki, J, Nkurunziza, J, Uwanibe, JN, Bhiman, JN, Yasuda, J, Morais, J, Kiconco, J, Sandi, JD, Huddleston, J, Odoom, JK, Morobe, JM, Gyapong, JO, Kayiwa, JT, Okolie, JC, Xavier, JS, Gyamfi, J, Wamala, JF, Bonney, JHK, Nyandwi, J, Everatt, J, Nakaseegu, J, Ngoi, JM, Namulondo, J, Oguzie, JU, Andeko, JC, Lutwama, JJ, Mogga, JJH, O'Grady, J, Siddle, KJ, Victoir, K, Adeyemi, KT, Tumedi, KA, Carvalho, KS, Mohammed, KS, Dellagi, K, Musonda, KG, Duedu, KO, Fki-Berrajah, L, Singh, L, Kepler, LM, Biscornet, L, Martins, LDO, Chabuka, L, Olubayo, L, Ojok, LD, Deng, LL, Ochola-Oyier, L, Tyers, L, Mine, M, Ramuth, M, Mastouri, M, ElHefnawi, M, Mbanne, M, Matsheka, M, Kebabonye, M, Diop, M, Momoh, M, Lima Mendonca, MDL, Venter, M, Paye, MF, Faye, M, Nyaga, MM, Mareka, M, Damaris, M-M, Mburu, MW, Mpina, MG, Owusu, M, Wiley, MR, Tatfeng, MY, Ayekaba, MO, Abouelhoda, M, Beloufa, MA, Seadawy, MG, Khalifa, MK, Matobo, MM, Kane, M, Salou, M, Mbulawa, MB, Mwenda, M, Allam, M, Phan, MVT, Abid, N, Rujeni, N, Abuzaid, N, Ismael, N, Elguindy, N, Top, NM, Dia, N, Mabunda, N, Hsiao, N-Y, Silochi, NB, Francisco, NM, Saasa, N, Bbosa, N, Murunga, N, Gumede, N, Wolter, N, Sitharam, N, Ndodo, N, Ajayi, NA, Tordo, N, Mbhele, N, Razanajatovo, NH, Iguosadolo, N, Mba, N, Kingsley, OC, Sylvanus, O, Femi, O, Adewumi, OM, Testimony, O, Ogunsanya, OA, Fakayode, O, Ogah, OE, Oludayo, O-E, Faye, O, Smith-Lawrence, P, Ondoa, P, Combe, P, Nabisubi, P, Semanda, P, Oluniyi, PE, Arnaldo, P, Quashie, PK, Okokhere, PO, Bejon, P, Dussart, P, Bester, PA, Mbala, PK, Kaleebu, P, Abechi, P, El-Shesheny, R, Joseph, R, Aziz, RK, Essomba, RG, Ayivor-Djanie, R, Njouom, R, Phillips, RO, Gorman, R, Kingsley, RA, Neto Rodrigues, RMDESA, Audu, RA, Carr, RAA, Gargouri, S, Masmoudi, S, Bootsma, S, Sankhe, S, Mohamed, SI, Femi, S, Mhalla, S, Hosch, S, Kassim, SK, Metha, S, Trabelsi, S, Agwa, SH, Mwangi, SW, Doumbia, S, Makiala-Mandanda, S, Aryeetey, S, Ahmed, SS, Ahmed, SM, Elhamoumi, S, Moyo, S, Lutucuta, S, Gaseitsiwe, S, Jalloh, S, Andriamandimby, SF, Oguntope, S, Grayo, S, Lekana-Douki, S, Prosolek, S, Ouangraoua, S, van Wyk, S, Schaffner, SF, Kanyerezi, S, Ahuka-Mundeke, S, Rudder, S, Pillay, S, Nabadda, S, Behillil, S, Budiaki, SL, van der Werf, S, Mashe, T, Mohale, T, Le-Viet, T, Velavan, TP, Schindler, T, Maponga, TG, Bedford, T, Anyaneji, UJ, Chinedu, U, Ramphal, U, George, UE, Enouf, V, Nene, V, Gorova, V, Roshdy, WH, Karim, WA, Ampofo, WK, Preiser, W, Choga, WT, Ahmed, YA, Ramphal, Y, Bediako, Y, Naidoo, Y, Butera, Y, de Laurent, ZR, Ouma, AEO, von Gottberg, A, Githinji, G, Moeti, M, Tomori, O, Sabeti, PC, Sall, AA, Oyola, SO, Tebeje, YK, Tessema, SK, de Oliveira, T, Happi, C, Lessells, R, Nkengasong, J, Wilkinson, E, Tegally, H, San, JE, Cotten, M, Moir, M, Tegomoh, B, Mboowa, G, Martin, DP, Baxter, C, Lambisia, AW, Diallo, A, Amoako, DG, Diagne, MM, Sisay, A, Zekri, A-RN, Gueye, AS, Sangare, AK, Ouedraogo, A-S, Sow, A, Musa, AO, Sesay, AK, Abias, AG, Elzagheid, A, Lagare, A, Kemi, A-S, Abar, AE, Johnson, AA, Fowotade, A, Oluwapelumi, AO, Amuri, AA, Juru, A, Kandeil, A, Mostafa, A, Rebai, A, Sayed, A, Kazeem, A, Balde, A, Christoffels, A, Trotter, AJ, Campbell, A, Keita, AK, Kone, A, Bouzid, A, Souissi, A, Agweyu, A, Naguib, A, Gutierrez, A, Nkeshimana, A, Page, AJ, Yadouleton, A, Vinze, A, Happi, AN, Chouikha, A, Iranzadeh, A, Maharaj, A, Batchi-Bouyou, AL, Ismail, A, Sylverken, AA, Goba, A, Femi, A, Sijuwola, AE, Marycelin, B, Salako, BL, Oderinde, BS, Bolajoko, B, Diarra, B, Herring, BL, Tsofa, B, Lekana-Douki, B, Mvula, B, Njanpop-Lafourcade, B-M, Marondera, BT, Khaireh, BA, Kouriba, B, Adu, B, Pool, B, McInnis, B, Brook, C, Williamson, C, Nduwimana, C, Anscombe, C, Pratt, CB, Scheepers, C, Akoua-Koffi, CG, Agoti, CN, Mapanguy, CM, Loucoubar, C, Onwuamah, CK, Ihekweazu, C, Malaka, CN, Peyrefitte, C, Grace, C, Omoruyi, CE, Rafai, CD, Morang'a, CM, Erameh, C, Lule, DB, Bridges, DJ, Mukadi-Bamuleka, D, Park, D, Rasmussen, DA, Baker, D, Nokes, DJ, Ssemwanga, D, Tshiabuila, D, Amuzu, DSY, Goedhals, D, Grant, DS, Omuoyo, DO, Maruapula, D, Wanjohi, DW, Foster-Nyarko, E, Lusamaki, EK, Simulundu, E, Ong'era, EM, Ngabana, EN, Abworo, EO, Otieno, E, Shumba, E, Barasa, E, Ahmed, EB, Ahmed, EA, Lokilo, E, Mukantwari, E, Philomena, E, Belarbi, E, Simon-Loriere, E, Anoh, EA, Manuel, E, Leendertz, F, Taweh, FM, Wasfi, F, Abdelmoula, F, Takawira, FT, Derrar, F, Ajogbasile, F, Treurnicht, F, Onikepe, F, Ntoumi, F, Muyembe, FM, Ragomzingba, FEZ, Dratibi, FA, Iyanu, F-A, Mbunsu, GK, Thilliez, G, Kay, GL, Akpede, GO, van Zyl, GU, Awandare, GA, Kpeli, GS, Schubert, G, Maphalala, GP, Ranaivoson, HC, Omunakwe, HE, Onywera, H, Abe, H, Karray, H, Nansumba, H, Triki, H, Kadjo, HAA, Elgahzaly, H, Gumbo, H, Mathieu, H, Kavunga-Membo, H, Smeti, I, Olawoye, IB, Adetifa, IMO, Odia, I, Ben Boubaker, IB, Mohammad, IA, Ssewanyana, I, Wurie, I, Konstantinus, IS, Halatoko, JWA, Ayei, J, Sonoo, J, Makangara, J-CC, Tamfum, J-JM, Heraud, J-M, Shaffer, JG, Giandhari, J, Musyoki, J, Nkurunziza, J, Uwanibe, JN, Bhiman, JN, Yasuda, J, Morais, J, Kiconco, J, Sandi, JD, Huddleston, J, Odoom, JK, Morobe, JM, Gyapong, JO, Kayiwa, JT, Okolie, JC, Xavier, JS, Gyamfi, J, Wamala, JF, Bonney, JHK, Nyandwi, J, Everatt, J, Nakaseegu, J, Ngoi, JM, Namulondo, J, Oguzie, JU, Andeko, JC, Lutwama, JJ, Mogga, JJH, O'Grady, J, Siddle, KJ, Victoir, K, Adeyemi, KT, Tumedi, KA, Carvalho, KS, Mohammed, KS, Dellagi, K, Musonda, KG, Duedu, KO, Fki-Berrajah, L, Singh, L, Kepler, LM, Biscornet, L, Martins, LDO, Chabuka, L, Olubayo, L, Ojok, LD, Deng, LL, Ochola-Oyier, L, Tyers, L, Mine, M, Ramuth, M, Mastouri, M, ElHefnawi, M, Mbanne, M, Matsheka, M, Kebabonye, M, Diop, M, Momoh, M, Lima Mendonca, MDL, Venter, M, Paye, MF, Faye, M, Nyaga, MM, Mareka, M, Damaris, M-M, Mburu, MW, Mpina, MG, Owusu, M, Wiley, MR, Tatfeng, MY, Ayekaba, MO, Abouelhoda, M, Beloufa, MA, Seadawy, MG, Khalifa, MK, Matobo, MM, Kane, M, Salou, M, Mbulawa, MB, Mwenda, M, Allam, M, Phan, MVT, Abid, N, Rujeni, N, Abuzaid, N, Ismael, N, Elguindy, N, Top, NM, Dia, N, Mabunda, N, Hsiao, N-Y, Silochi, NB, Francisco, NM, Saasa, N, Bbosa, N, Murunga, N, Gumede, N, Wolter, N, Sitharam, N, Ndodo, N, Ajayi, NA, Tordo, N, Mbhele, N, Razanajatovo, NH, Iguosadolo, N, Mba, N, Kingsley, OC, Sylvanus, O, Femi, O, Adewumi, OM, Testimony, O, Ogunsanya, OA, Fakayode, O, Ogah, OE, Oludayo, O-E, Faye, O, Smith-Lawrence, P, Ondoa, P, Combe, P, Nabisubi, P, Semanda, P, Oluniyi, PE, Arnaldo, P, Quashie, PK, Okokhere, PO, Bejon, P, Dussart, P, Bester, PA, Mbala, PK, Kaleebu, P, Abechi, P, El-Shesheny, R, Joseph, R, Aziz, RK, Essomba, RG, Ayivor-Djanie, R, Njouom, R, Phillips, RO, Gorman, R, Kingsley, RA, Neto Rodrigues, RMDESA, Audu, RA, Carr, RAA, Gargouri, S, Masmoudi, S, Bootsma, S, Sankhe, S, Mohamed, SI, Femi, S, Mhalla, S, Hosch, S, Kassim, SK, Metha, S, Trabelsi, S, Agwa, SH, Mwangi, SW, Doumbia, S, Makiala-Mandanda, S, Aryeetey, S, Ahmed, SS, Ahmed, SM, Elhamoumi, S, Moyo, S, Lutucuta, S, Gaseitsiwe, S, Jalloh, S, Andriamandimby, SF, Oguntope, S, Grayo, S, Lekana-Douki, S, Prosolek, S, Ouangraoua, S, van Wyk, S, Schaffner, SF, Kanyerezi, S, Ahuka-Mundeke, S, Rudder, S, Pillay, S, Nabadda, S, Behillil, S, Budiaki, SL, van der Werf, S, Mashe, T, Mohale, T, Le-Viet, T, Velavan, TP, Schindler, T, Maponga, TG, Bedford, T, Anyaneji, UJ, Chinedu, U, Ramphal, U, George, UE, Enouf, V, Nene, V, Gorova, V, Roshdy, WH, Karim, WA, Ampofo, WK, Preiser, W, Choga, WT, Ahmed, YA, Ramphal, Y, Bediako, Y, Naidoo, Y, Butera, Y, de Laurent, ZR, Ouma, AEO, von Gottberg, A, Githinji, G, Moeti, M, Tomori, O, Sabeti, PC, Sall, AA, Oyola, SO, Tebeje, YK, Tessema, SK, de Oliveira, T, Happi, C, Lessells, R, Nkengasong, J, and Wilkinson, E
- Abstract
Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and illuminate the distinct dispersal dynamics of variants of concern-particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron-on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve while the continent faces many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century.
- Published
- 2022
5. Genetic Diversity and Transmitted Drug Resistance of HIV-1 Subtypes in Blood Donors Candidates in Northern Mozambique
- Author
-
Mabunda N, Ismael N, Vubil A, Couto-Fern, Morgado Mg, ez Jc, Ramalho D, and Jani Vi
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Genetic diversity ,Immunology ,virus diseases ,Dermatology ,Drug resistance ,Biology ,Resistance mutation ,medicine.disease ,Omics ,Virology ,Reverse transcriptase ,Subtyping ,03 medical and health sciences ,030104 developmental biology ,Infectious Diseases ,Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) ,medicine ,Genotyping - Abstract
In order to evaluate the genetic diversity of HIV-1 subtypes and transmitted drug resistance (TDR) mutations in northern Mozambique, we analyzed 120 plasma specimens obtained from drug naive blood donors candidates, who tested positive during routine HIV screening in three blood banks in that region. The genotyping for HIV-1 resistance was performed using Trugene Genotyping SystemTM. HIV-1 genetic subtypes were defined based on entire PR and partial RT gene regions, using REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool version 3.0 algorithm and confirmed by phylogenetic inference, using NJ algorithm. The majority of genotyped samples were classified as HIV-1 subtype C (80.0%), followed by subtype A1 (10.5%), subtype D (3.2%) and subtype G (2.1%). The inter-subtype recombinant forms (A1/C, A1/D and C/D) were identified in four participants (4.2%). TDR mutations associated with nucleoside and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (K219E, G190A, K101E and K103N) were observed in five (5.3%) subjects. Although a large proportion of HIV-1 subtype C was observed, non-C and recombinant forms together correspond to 20% in this study, which is different from what was described in central and southern regions, where subtype C was almost 100%. However, the profile mutations from this study correlate with the ARVs used both for first line schemes and PMTCT in Mozambique. This data reinforces the necessity of continuous surveillance of HIV-1 diversity, TDR and routes of spread, through inner cities of Mozambique to understand better the dynamics of the HIV-1 epidemic and support national public health policies in the country.
- Published
- 2016
6. Embedded Data Acquisition Systems for tracking energy consumption from renewable sources
- Author
-
Mabunda, N., primary and Joseph, Meera K., additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Statistical analysis of operating times of high voltage SF6 circuit breakers
- Author
-
Mabunda, N, primary, Bokoro, P, additional, and Nicolae, D, additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. The use of embedded DAS for electronic signal measurements
- Author
-
Mabunda, N., primary and Joseph, Meera K., additional
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. CLOUD FOR MONITORING AND LOGGING SOLAR ENERGY AND BATTERY USAGE.
- Author
-
Mabunda, N. E. and Joseph, M. K.
- Abstract
Data Acquisition Systems (DAS) can be used to gather changing energy parameters derived from various energy sources. This paper discusses how Arduino based data acquisition systems (DAS) can be used to gather solar energy samples and battery level information for remote monitoring and storage in the cloud. Arduino code was developed on Arduino IDE. An open source third party application was used to capture the Arduino serial transmitted values onto a Dropbox folder where it can be shared via Internet. Arduino hardware is connected to the four small 5 V, 1 W solar panels that are loaded with properly calculated resistors and a designed battery level sensor circuit. Solar energy values and battery usage pattern values were successfully stored into Dropbox for monitoring via cloud. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
10. Evaluation of a High-Throughput Diagnostic System for Detection of HIV-1 in Dried Blood Spot Samples from Infants in Mozambique
- Author
-
Jani, I. V., primary, Sabatier, J., additional, Vubil, A., additional, Subbarao, S., additional, Bila, D., additional, de Sousa, A., additional, Mabunda, N., additional, Garcia, A., additional, Skaggs, B., additional, Ellenberger, D., additional, and Ramos, A., additional
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The Genomic Impact of European Colonization of the Americas
- Author
-
Alessandro Raveane, Shahlo Turdikulova, Donata Luiselli, Pongsakorn Wangkumhang, Marta E. Alarcón-Riquelme, Francesco Montinaro, Guido Alberto Gnecchi-Ruscone, Damir Marjanović, Mait Metspalu, Sarabjit S. Mastana, Oleg Balanovsky, Alessandro Achilli, Antonio Torroni, Lejla Kovacevic, L. A. Atramentova, Anna Olivieri, Maria Fernanda Lima-Costa, Linda Ongaro, Cristian Capelli, Toomas Kivisild, Bernardo L. Horta, Nédio Mabunda, Marilia O. Scliar, Roy J. King, Etienne Patin, Kristiina Tambets, Garrett Hellenthal, Mauricio Lima Barreto, Celia A. May, Miguel Gonzalez-Santos, Andreja Leskovac, Andrés Moreno-Estrada, Eduardo Tarazona-Santos, Alexandre C. Pereira, Rodrigo Flores, Anastasia Kouvatsi, Luca Pagani, Stefania Sarno, Elena Balanovska, Ornella Semino, Davide Marnetto, Ongaro L., Scliar M.O., Flores R., Raveane A., Marnetto D., Sarno S., Gnecchi-Ruscone G.A., Alarcon-Riquelme M.E., Patin E., Wangkumhang P., Hellenthal G., Gonzalez-Santos M., King R.J., Kouvatsi A., Balanovsky O., Balanovska E., Atramentova L., Turdikulova S., Mastana S., Marjanovic D., Mulahasanovic L., Leskovac A., Lima-Costa M.F., Pereira A.C., Barreto M.L., Horta B.L., Mabunda N., May C.A., Moreno-Estrada A., Achilli A., Olivieri A., Semino O., Tambets K., Kivisild T., Luiselli D., Torroni A., Capelli C., Tarazona-Santos E., Metspalu M., Pagani L., Montinaro F., Institute of Genomics [Tartu, Estonia], University of Tartu, Universidade de São Paulo = University of São Paulo (USP), Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'Lazzaro Spallanzani' = Department of Biology and Biotechnology [Univ di Pavia] (DBB UNIPV), Università degli Studi di Pavia = University of Pavia (UNIPV), Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Centre for Genomics and Oncological Reearch (GENYO), Génétique Evolutive Humaine - Human Evolutionary Genetics, Institut Pasteur [Paris] (IP)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University College of London [London] (UCL), University of Oxford, Stanford University School of Medicine [CA, USA], Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences [Moscow] (RAS), V.N. Karazin Kharkiv National University (KhNU), Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry [Tashkent, Uzbekistan], Academy of Sciences of Republic of Uzbekistan, Loughborough University, International Burch University [Sarajevo], University of Belgrade [Belgrade], Fundação Oswaldo Cruz / Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Réseau International des Instituts Pasteur (RIIP), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Universidade Federal de Pelotas = Federal University of Pelotas (UFPel), Instituto Nacional de Saude [Maputo, Mozambique] (INS), University of Leicester, National Laboratory of Genomics for Biodiversity (LANGEBIO), Centro de Investigacion y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional (CINVESTAV), Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie 'L. Spallanzani', Catholic University of Leuven - Katholieke Universiteit Leuven (KU Leuven), University of Bologna/Università di Bologna, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais [Belo Horizonte] (UFMG), University of São Paulo (USP), Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie ‘Lazzaro Spallanzani’, University of Pavia, University of Pavia, BIGEA, Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Alma Mater Studiorum – University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy, Institut Pasteur [Paris]-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Oxford [Oxford], Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), and University of Bologna
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,admixture history of the America ,Human genetic variation ,Colonialism ,Atlantic Slave Trade ,Gene flow ,0302 clinical medicine ,Colonization ,European colonization ,African Continental Ancestry Group ,0303 health sciences ,Genome ,Middle East ,Geography ,Caribbean Region ,Genetic structure ,Ethnology ,General Agricultural and Biological Sciences ,Atlantic slave trade ,Human ,MESH: Caribbean Region ,Gene Flow ,American Native Continental Ancestry Group ,Demographic history ,European Continental Ancestry Group ,Black People ,Biology ,General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology ,White People ,03 medical and health sciences ,sex-biased admixture ,Humans ,admixture history of the Americas ,MESH: Gene Flow ,MESH: Genome, Human ,American Indian or Alaska Native ,030304 developmental biology ,MESH: Central America ,MESH: Humans ,[SDV.GEN.GPO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Populations and Evolution [q-bio.PE] ,Central America ,North America ,South America ,Genome, Human ,MESH: South America ,MESH: North America ,030104 developmental biology ,[SDV.GEN.GH]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Genetics/Human genetics ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery - Abstract
The complexity of the admixture dynamics that shaped American populations is unveiled by Ongaro et al., where genetic data for more than 12,000 individuals from the continents are investigated. This study evaluates the dramatic impact of events after the colonial era, revealing a spatial and temporal heterogeneity and mirroring historical records. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd The human genetic diversity of the Americas has been affected by several events of gene flow that have continued since the colonial era and the Atlantic slave trade. Moreover, multiple waves of migration followed by local admixture occurred in the last two centuries, the impact of which has been largely unexplored. Here, we compiled a genome-wide dataset of ∼12,000 individuals from twelve American countries and ∼6,000 individuals from worldwide populations and applied haplotype-based methods to investigate how historical movements from outside the New World affected (1) the genetic structure, (2) the admixture profile, (3) the demographic history, and (4) sex-biased gene-flow dynamics of the Americas. We revealed a high degree of complexity underlying the genetic contribution of European and African populations in North and South America, from both geographic and temporal perspectives, identifying previously unreported sources related to Italy, the Middle East, and to specific regions of Africa. © 2019 Elsevier Ltd Preprint version of the article: "The genomic impact of European colonization of the Americas", posted June 28, 2019 on bioRxiv. Article is now published in Current Biology doi: [dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2019.09.076]. Published version on this repository: [http://vinar.vin.bg.ac.rs/handle/123456789/8654].
- Published
- 2019
12. HIV-1 pretreatment and acquired antiretroviral drug resistance before tenofovir/ /lamivudine /dolutegravir (TLD) roll-out in Mozambique.
- Author
-
Ismael N, Gemusse H, Mahumane I, Laurindo O, Magul C, Baxter C, Wilkinson E, Hofstra LM, Wagar N, Bila D, Mabunda N, da Silva J, Oliveira T, Raizes E, Preiser W, Manuel P, Ramos A, and Vúbil A
- Subjects
- Humans, Mozambique epidemiology, Male, Female, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Piperazines therapeutic use, Adolescent, Viral Load drug effects, Genotype, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections virology, Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, HIV-1 drug effects, HIV-1 genetics, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Pyridones therapeutic use, Lamivudine therapeutic use, Tenofovir therapeutic use, Heterocyclic Compounds, 3-Ring therapeutic use, Oxazines therapeutic use
- Abstract
Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that HIV treatment scale-up is accompanied by a robust assessment of drug resistance emergence and transmission. The WHO HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) monitoring and surveillance strategy includes HIVDR testing in adults both initiating and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Due to limited information about HIVDR in Mozambique, we conducted two nationally representative surveys of adults initiating and receiving first-line ART regimes to better inform the HIV program., Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study between March 2017 and December 2019. Adults (older than 15 years) living with HIV (PLHIV) initiating ART or receiving first-line ART for between 9-15 months at 25 health facilities across all eleven provinces in Mozambique were included. Genotypic HIVDR was assessed on dried blood spots (DBS) when viral loads were ≥ 1000 copies/ml. Genotypic resistance for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs) was determined using the Stanford HIV database algorithm 9.5 and calibrated population resistance tool 8.1., Results: Of 828 participants -enrolled, viral load (VL) testing was performed on 408 initiators and 409 ART experienced. Unsuppressed VL was found in 68.1% 419 initiators and 18.8% (77/409) of the ART experienced. Of the 278 initiators and 70 ART experienced who underwent sequencing, 51.7% (144/278) and 75.7% (53/70) were sequenced successfully. Among the new initiators, pretreatment drug resistance (PDR) for NNRTI and PI was found in 16.0% (23/144) and 1.4% (2/144) of the participants, respectively. Acquired drug resistance (ADR) was found in 56.5% (30/53) of the ART-experienced participants of whom 24.5% (13/53) were resistant to both NRTI and NNRTI., Conclusion: High rates of PDR and ADR for NNRTI and ADR for NRTI were observed in our study. These findings support the replacement of NNRTIs with dolutegravir (DTG) but high levels of NRTI resistance in highly treatment-experienced individuals still require attention when transitioning to new regimens. Moreover, the study underlines the need for routine VL testing and HIVDR surveillance to improve treatment management strategies., (© 2024. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Performance of two plasma separation devices for HIV-1 viral load measurement in primary healthcare settings.
- Author
-
Vubil A, Zicai AF, Sitoe N, Nhachigule C, da Costa P, Magul C, Meggi B, Viegas S, Mabunda N, and Jani I
- Subjects
- Humans, Viral Load, Plasma, Primary Health Care, Specimen Handling, HIV-1, HIV Infections
- Abstract
Importance: Burnett and HemaSpot are two novel technologies that allow whole blood collection and plasma separation and stabilization at room temperature without the need of additional equipment. Hence, these devices are potential alternatives to fresh plasma as a suitable specimen for viral load scale-up to monitor antiretroviral therapy in resource-limited settings., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Hepatitis B Virus Genotype E/A Recombinants from Blood Donors in Beira, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Tyler B, Meeds HL, Odegard EA, Ismael N, Vubil A, Zicai AF, Mabunda N, and Blackard JT
- Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we present 5 full-length HBV recombinant genomes from blood donors in Beira, Mozambique. The genomes are recombinants between genotypes E and A and are distantly related to one another, based on their genetic distances., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Genomic epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2 during the first four waves in Mozambique.
- Author
-
Ismael N, van Wyk S, Tegally H, Giandhari J, San JE, Moir M, Pillay S, Utpatel C, Singh L, Naidoo Y, Ramphal U, Mabunda N, Abílio N, Arnaldo P, Xavier J, Amoako DG, Everatt J, Ramphal Y, Maharaj A, de Araujo L, Anyaneji UJ, Tshiabuila D, Viegas S, Lessells R, Engelbrecht S, Gudo E, Jani I, Niemann S, Wilkinson E, and de Oliveira T
- Abstract
Mozambique reported the first case of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in March 2020 and it has since spread to all provinces in the country. To investigate the introductions and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Mozambique, 1 142 whole genome sequences sampled within Mozambique were phylogenetically analyzed against a globally representative set, reflecting the first 25 months of the epidemic. The epidemic in the country was marked by four waves of infection, the first associated with B.1 ancestral lineages, while the Beta, Delta, and Omicron Variants of Concern (VOCs) were responsible for most infections and deaths during the second, third, and fourth waves. Large-scale viral exchanges occurred during the latter three waves and were largely attributed to southern African origins. Not only did the country remain vulnerable to the introductions of new variants but these variants continued to evolve within the borders of the country. Due to the Mozambican health system already under constraint, and paucity of data in Mozambique, there is a need to continue to strengthen and support genomic surveillance in the country as VOCs and Variants of interests (VOIs) are often reported from the southern African region., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Ismael et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Hepatitis B virus genotypes and drug resistance mutations circulating in blood donors in Beira, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Mathew A, Ismael N, Meeds H, Vubil A, Zicai AF, Mabunda N, and Blackard JT
- Subjects
- Humans, Hepatitis B virus genetics, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens genetics, DNA, Viral genetics, Blood Donors, Mozambique epidemiology, Mutation, Genotype, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis B, Chronic drug therapy, Hepatitis B, Chronic epidemiology
- Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects nearly 300 million people and is the leading cause of hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma worldwide. Despite the high burden of HBV in sub-Saharan Africa, countries such as Mozambique have limited data available on circulating HBV genotypes and the presence of drug resistance mutations. Blood donors from Beira, Mozambique were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV DNA at the Instituto Nacional de Saúde in Maputo, Mozambique. Regardless of HBsAg status, donors with detectable HBV DNA were evaluated for HBV genotype. PCR was performed with primers amplifying a 2.1-2.2 kilobase fragment of the HBV genome. PCR products were submitted for next generation sequencing (NGS), and consensus sequences were evaluated for HBV genotype, recombination, and the presence or absence of drug resistance mutations. Of the 1281 blood donors tested, 74 had quantifiable HBV DNA. The polymerase gene could be amplified from 45 of 58 (77.6%) individuals with chronic HBV infection and 12 of 16 (75%) with occult HBV infection. Among these 57, 51 (89.5%) sequences belonged to HBV genotype A1, while 6 (10.5%) were HBV genotype E. All genotype E sequences were E/A recombinants, and clustered separately from other genotype E references. Genotype A samples had a median viral load of 637 IU/mL, while genotype E samples had a median viral load of 476,084 IU/mL. No drug resistance mutations were observed in the consensus sequences. The current study demonstrates the genotypic diversity of HBV in blood donors in Mozambique, but the absence of dominant (consensus) drug resistance mutations. Studies in other at-risk populations are essential for understanding the epidemiology, risk of liver disease, and likelihood of treatment resistance in resource-limited settings., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright: © 2023 Mathew et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Parametric optimization of the production of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) from South African corncobs via an empirical modelling approach.
- Author
-
Sadare OO, Mabunda N, Ikegwu UM, Keitemoge MK, Daramola MO, and Moothi K
- Subjects
- Zea mays, South Africa, Temperature, Cellulose chemistry, Nanoparticles chemistry
- Abstract
In this study, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) were obtained from South African corncobs using an acid hydrolysis process. The delignification of corncobs was carried out by using alkali and bleaching pretreatment. Furthermore, the Box-Behnken Design (BBD) was used as a design of experiment (DOE) for statistical experimentations that will result in logical data to develop a model that explains the effect of variables on the response (CNCs yield). The effects (main and interactive) of the treatment variables (time, temperature, and acid concentration) were investigated via the response methodology approach and the obtained model was used in optimizing the CNCs yield. Surface morphology, surface chemistry, and the crystallinity of the synthesized CNC were checked using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), a Fourier Transform Infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), and an X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, respectively. The SEM image of the raw corncobs revealed a smooth and compact surface morphology. Results also revealed that CNCs have higher crystallinity (79.11%) than South African waste corncobs (57.67%). An optimum yield of 80.53% CNCs was obtained at a temperature of 30.18 °C, 30.13 min reaction time, and 46 wt% sulfuric acid concentration. These optimized conditions have been validated to confirm the precision. Hence, the synthesized CNCs may be suitable as filler in membranes for different applications., (© 2022. The Author(s).)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus and immunity status among healthcare workers in Beira City, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Mabunda N, Vieira L, Chelene I, Maueia C, Zicai AF, Duajá A, Chale F, Chambal L, Vubil A, and Augusto O
- Subjects
- Antigens, Surface, Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA, Viral genetics, Health Personnel, Hepatitis B Antibodies, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens, Hepatitis B virus genetics, Humans, Mozambique epidemiology, Prevalence, Hepatitis B diagnosis, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis B prevention & control, Hepatitis B, Chronic epidemiology, Hepatitis B, Chronic prevention & control
- Abstract
Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can be prevented by vaccination. Exposure to blood or body fluids poses a high risk of transmission of HBV in health care workers (HCWs). This study aimed to determine the prevalence of markers of exposure, susceptibility, and protection to HBV infection in HCWs in Beira, Mozambique., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between June and August 2020 in Beira City, Mozambique, in HCWs based on self-administered questionnaires and blood samples. Plasma samples were tested for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies to HBV core antigen (anti-HBc), antibodies to HBsAg (anti-HBs) and HBV viral load (HBV DNA)., Results: Most of the 315 HCWs in the study were nurses (125; 39.7%). Of the HCWs, 5.1% (16; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.9 to 8.1%) were infected by HBV (HBsAg and/or HBV DNA positive). Occult HBV infection (OBI) (HBV DNA positive and HBsAg negative) was found in 0.3% (1; 95% CI: 0.0 to 1.8%) of participants; 27.9% (88; 95% CI: 23.1 to 33.2%) were susceptible (negative for all markers), 6.3% (20; 95% CI: 3.9 to 9.6) were immune due to natural infection (anti-HBs and anti-HBc positive only), while 60% (189; 95% CI: 54.4 to 65.5) were immune due to vaccination (anti-HBs positive only)., Conclusion: This study showed a high intermediate prevalence of chronic hepatitis B among healthcare workers in Beira City, Central Mozambique, and one-third of healthcare workers were susceptible to HBV infection. There is a need to implement a national hepatitis B screening and vaccination strategy among healthcare workers in Mozambique., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance.
- Author
-
Tegally H, San JE, Cotten M, Moir M, Tegomoh B, Mboowa G, Martin DP, Baxter C, Lambisia AW, Diallo A, Amoako DG, Diagne MM, Sisay A, Zekri AN, Gueye AS, Sangare AK, Ouedraogo AS, Sow A, Musa AO, Sesay AK, Abias AG, Elzagheid AI, Lagare A, Kemi AS, Abar AE, Johnson AA, Fowotade A, Oluwapelumi AO, Amuri AA, Juru A, Kandeil A, Mostafa A, Rebai A, Sayed A, Kazeem A, Balde A, Christoffels A, Trotter AJ, Campbell A, Keita AK, Kone A, Bouzid A, Souissi A, Agweyu A, Naguib A, Gutierrez AV, Nkeshimana A, Page AJ, Yadouleton A, Vinze A, Happi AN, Chouikha A, Iranzadeh A, Maharaj A, Batchi-Bouyou AL, Ismail A, Sylverken AA, Goba A, Femi A, Sijuwola AE, Marycelin B, Salako BL, Oderinde BS, Bolajoko B, Diarra B, Herring BL, Tsofa B, Lekana-Douki B, Mvula B, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Marondera BT, Khaireh BA, Kouriba B, Adu B, Pool B, McInnis B, Brook C, Williamson C, Nduwimana C, Anscombe C, Pratt CB, Scheepers C, Akoua-Koffi CG, Agoti CN, Mapanguy CM, Loucoubar C, Onwuamah CK, Ihekweazu C, Malaka CN, Peyrefitte C, Grace C, Omoruyi CE, Rafaï CD, Morang'a CM, Erameh C, Lule DB, Bridges DJ, Mukadi-Bamuleka D, Park D, Rasmussen DA, Baker D, Nokes DJ, Ssemwanga D, Tshiabuila D, Amuzu DSY, Goedhals D, Grant DS, Omuoyo DO, Maruapula D, Wanjohi DW, Foster-Nyarko E, Lusamaki EK, Simulundu E, Ong'era EM, Ngabana EN, Abworo EO, Otieno E, Shumba E, Barasa E, Ahmed EB, Ahmed EA, Lokilo E, Mukantwari E, Philomena E, Belarbi E, Simon-Loriere E, Anoh EA, Manuel E, Leendertz F, Taweh FM, Wasfi F, Abdelmoula F, Takawira FT, Derrar F, Ajogbasile FV, Treurnicht F, Onikepe F, Ntoumi F, Muyembe FM, Ragomzingba FEZ, Dratibi FA, Iyanu FA, Mbunsu GK, Thilliez G, Kay GL, Akpede GO, van Zyl GU, Awandare GA, Kpeli GS, Schubert G, Maphalala GP, Ranaivoson HC, Omunakwe HE, Onywera H, Abe H, Karray H, Nansumba H, Triki H, Kadjo HAA, Elgahzaly H, Gumbo H, Mathieu H, Kavunga-Membo H, Smeti I, Olawoye IB, Adetifa IMO, Odia I, Ben Boubaker IB, Muhammad IA, Ssewanyana I, Wurie I, Konstantinus IS, Halatoko JWA, Ayei J, Sonoo J, Makangara JC, Tamfum JM, Heraud JM, Shaffer JG, Giandhari J, Musyoki J, Nkurunziza J, Uwanibe JN, Bhiman JN, Yasuda J, Morais J, Kiconco J, Sandi JD, Huddleston J, Odoom JK, Morobe JM, Gyapong JO, Kayiwa JT, Okolie JC, Xavier JS, Gyamfi J, Wamala JF, Bonney JHK, Nyandwi J, Everatt J, Nakaseegu J, Ngoi JM, Namulondo J, Oguzie JU, Andeko JC, Lutwama JJ, Mogga JJH, O'Grady J, Siddle KJ, Victoir K, Adeyemi KT, Tumedi KA, Carvalho KS, Mohammed KS, Dellagi K, Musonda KG, Duedu KO, Fki-Berrajah L, Singh L, Kepler LM, Biscornet L, de Oliveira Martins L, Chabuka L, Olubayo L, Ojok LD, Deng LL, Ochola-Oyier LI, Tyers L, Mine M, Ramuth M, Mastouri M, ElHefnawi M, Mbanne M, Matsheka MI, Kebabonye M, Diop M, Momoh M, Lima Mendonça MDL, Venter M, Paye MF, Faye M, Nyaga MM, Mareka M, Damaris MM, Mburu MW, Mpina MG, Owusu M, Wiley MR, Tatfeng MY, Ayekaba MO, Abouelhoda M, Beloufa MA, Seadawy MG, Khalifa MK, Matobo MM, Kane M, Salou M, Mbulawa MB, Mwenda M, Allam M, Phan MVT, Abid N, Rujeni N, Abuzaid N, Ismael N, Elguindy N, Top NM, Dia N, Mabunda N, Hsiao NY, Silochi NB, Francisco NM, Saasa N, Bbosa N, Murunga N, Gumede N, Wolter N, Sitharam N, Ndodo N, Ajayi NA, Tordo N, Mbhele N, Razanajatovo NH, Iguosadolo N, Mba N, Kingsley OC, Sylvanus O, Femi O, Adewumi OM, Testimony O, Ogunsanya OA, Fakayode O, Ogah OE, Oludayo OE, Faye O, Smith-Lawrence P, Ondoa P, Combe P, Nabisubi P, Semanda P, Oluniyi PE, Arnaldo P, Quashie PK, Okokhere PO, Bejon P, Dussart P, Bester PA, Mbala PK, Kaleebu P, Abechi P, El-Shesheny R, Joseph R, Aziz RK, Essomba RG, Ayivor-Djanie R, Njouom R, Phillips RO, Gorman R, Kingsley RA, Neto Rodrigues RMDESA, Audu RA, Carr RAA, Gargouri S, Masmoudi S, Bootsma S, Sankhe S, Mohamed SI, Femi S, Mhalla S, Hosch S, Kassim SK, Metha S, Trabelsi S, Agwa SH, Mwangi SW, Doumbia S, Makiala-Mandanda S, Aryeetey S, Ahmed SS, Ahmed SM, Elhamoumi S, Moyo S, Lutucuta S, Gaseitsiwe S, Jalloh S, Andriamandimby SF, Oguntope S, Grayo S, Lekana-Douki S, Prosolek S, Ouangraoua S, van Wyk S, Schaffner SF, Kanyerezi S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Rudder S, Pillay S, Nabadda S, Behillil S, Budiaki SL, van der Werf S, Mashe T, Mohale T, Le-Viet T, Velavan TP, Schindler T, Maponga TG, Bedford T, Anyaneji UJ, Chinedu U, Ramphal U, George UE, Enouf V, Nene V, Gorova V, Roshdy WH, Karim WA, Ampofo WK, Preiser W, Choga WT, Ahmed YA, Ramphal Y, Bediako Y, Naidoo Y, Butera Y, de Laurent ZR, Ouma AEO, von Gottberg A, Githinji G, Moeti M, Tomori O, Sabeti PC, Sall AA, Oyola SO, Tebeje YK, Tessema SK, de Oliveira T, Happi C, Lessells R, Nkengasong J, and Wilkinson E
- Subjects
- Africa epidemiology, Genomics, Humans, COVID-19 epidemiology, COVID-19 virology, Epidemiological Monitoring, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2 genetics
- Abstract
Investment in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing in Africa over the past year has led to a major increase in the number of sequences that have been generated and used to track the pandemic on the continent, a number that now exceeds 100,000 genomes. Our results show an increase in the number of African countries that are able to sequence domestically and highlight that local sequencing enables faster turnaround times and more-regular routine surveillance. Despite limitations of low testing proportions, findings from this genomic surveillance study underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic and illuminate the distinct dispersal dynamics of variants of concern-particularly Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron-on the continent. Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve while the continent faces many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Prevalence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Antibodies in the Mozambican Population: A Cross-Sectional Serologic Study in 3 Cities, July-August 2020.
- Author
-
Arnaldo P, Mabunda N, Young PW, Tran T, Sitoe N, Chelene I, Nhanombe A, Ismael N, Júnior A, Cubula B, Inlamea OF, Gudo E, and Jani IV
- Subjects
- Antibodies, Viral, COVID-19 Testing, Cities, Cross-Sectional Studies, Humans, Immunoglobulin G, Immunoglobulin M, Mozambique epidemiology, Prevalence, Seroepidemiologic Studies, COVID-19 epidemiology, SARS-CoV-2
- Abstract
Background: The extent of population exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was uncertain in many African countries during the onset of the pandemic., Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study and randomly selected and surveyed general population and occupational groups from 6 July to 24 August 2020, in 3 cities in Mozambique. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies were measured using a point-of-care rapid test. The prevalence was weighted for population (by age, sex, and city) and adjusted for test sensitivity and specificity., Results: A total of 21 183 participants, including 11 143 from the general population and 10 040 from occupational groups, were included across all 3 cities. General population seropositivity (IgM or IgG) prevalence was 3.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.0%-6.6%) in Pemba, 2.1% (95% CI, 1.2%-3.3%) in Maputo City, and 0.9% (95% CI, .1%-1.9%) in Quelimane. The prevalence in occupational groups ranged from 2.8% (95% CI, 1.3%-5.2%) to 5.9% (95% CI, 4.3%-8.0%) in Pemba, 0.3% (95% CI, .0%-2.2%) to 4.0% (95% CI, 2.6%-5.7%) in Maputo City, and 0.0% (95% CI, .0%-.7%) to 6.6% (95% CI, 3.8%-10.5%) in Quelimane, and showed variations between the groups tested., Conclusions: In the first representative COVID-19 serosurveys in Mozambique, in mid-2020, weighted and assay-adjusted seroprevalence in 3 provincial capitals of anti-SARS-CoV-2 ranged from 0.9% to 3.0%, whereas adjusted prevalence in occupational groups ranged from 0.0% to 6.6% with variation between groups. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 was extensive during the first pandemic wave, and transmission may have been more intense among occupational groups. These data have been of utmost importance to inform public health intervention to control and respond to the pandemic in Mozambique., Competing Interests: Potential conflicts of interest. The authors: No reported conflicts of interest. All authors have submitted the ICMJE Form for Disclosure of Potential Conflicts of Interest., (Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of Infectious Diseases Society of America 2022.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Clinical Performance of Self-Collected Nasal Swabs and Antigen Rapid Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Detection in Resource-Poor Settings.
- Author
-
Sitoe N, Sambo J, Mabunda N, Nguenha N, Chilaúle J, Rafael J, Macicame A, Chelene I, Mudenyanga C, Sacks J, Viegas S, Loquiha O, and Jani I
- Abstract
Background: In resource-poor countries, antigen-based rapid tests (Ag-RDTs) performed at primary healthcare and community settings improved access to SARS-CoV-2 diagnostics. However, the technical skills and biosafety requirements inherent to nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal (OP) specimens limit the scale-up of SARS-CoV-2 testing. The collection of nasal-swabs is programmatically viable, but its performance has not been evaluated in resource-poor settings. Methods: We first evaluated the performance of SteriPack self-collected nasal swabs for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by real-time PCR in 1498 consecutively enrolled patients with suspected infection. Next, we evaluated the clinical performance of three nasal swab-based Ag-RDTs against real-time PCR on OP specimens. Results: The sensitivity of nasal swabs was 80.6% [95% CI: 75.3−85.2%] compared to OP specimens. There was a good correlation (r = 0.58; p < 0.0001) between Ct values of 213 positive cases obtained using nasal and OP swabs. Our findings show sensitivities of 79.7% [95% CI: 73.3−85.1%] for Panbio COVID-19 Ag-RDT, 59.6% [95% CI: 55.2−63.8%] for COVIOS Ag-RDT, and 78.0% [95% CI: 73.5−82.0%] for the LumiraDx SARS-CoV-2 Ag-RDT. Conclusions: In our setting, the COVIOS Ag-RDT did not meet WHO requirements. Nasal swab-based Ag-RDTs for SARS-CoV-2 detection constitute a viable and accurate diagnostic option in resource-poor settings.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Molecular Epidemiology and Trends in HIV-1 Transmitted Drug Resistance in Mozambique 1999-2018.
- Author
-
Ismael N, Wilkinson E, Mahumane I, Gemusse H, Giandhari J, Bauhofer A, Vubil A, Mambo P, Singh L, Mabunda N, Bila D, Engelbrecht S, Gudo E, Lessells R, and de Oliveira T
- Subjects
- Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, Humans, Molecular Epidemiology, Mozambique epidemiology, Mutation, Prevalence, Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors pharmacology, Anti-HIV Agents pharmacology, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Seropositivity, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) can become a public health concern, especially in low- and middle-income countries where genotypic testing for people initiating antiretroviral therapy (ART) is not available. For first-line regimens to remain effective, levels of transmitted drug resistance (TDR) need to be monitored over time. To determine the temporal trends of TDR in Mozambique, a search for studies in PubMed and sequences in GenBank was performed. Only studies covering the pol region that described HIVDR and genetic diversity from treatment naïve patients were included. A dataset from seven published studies and one novel unpublished study conducted between 1999 and 2018 were included. The Calibrated Population Resistance tool (CPR) and REGA HIV-1 Subtyping Tool version 3 for sequences pooled by sampling year were used to determine resistance mutations and subtypes, respectively. The prevalence of HIVDR amongst treatment-naïve individuals increased over time, reaching 14.4% in 2018. The increase was most prominent for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), reaching 12.7% in 2018. Subtype C was predominant in all regions, but a higher genetic variability (19% non-subtype C) was observed in the north region of Mozambique. These findings confirm a higher diversity of HIV in the north of the country and an increased prevalence of NNRTI resistance among treatment naïve individuals over time.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Stability of HIV-1 Nucleic Acids in cobas Plasma Separation Card for Viral Load Measurement.
- Author
-
Vubil A, Nhachigule C, Zicai AF, Meggi B, da Costa P, Mabunda N, Viegas S, Sitoe N, and Jani I
- Subjects
- Humans, RNA, Viral genetics, Viral Load methods, HIV Infections, HIV-1 genetics, Nucleic Acids
- Abstract
Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate the stability of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) RNA on cobas plasma separation card (PSC) specimens for viral load (VL) testing after being exposed to varied temperatures and storage times., Methods: For this purpose, venous PSC specimens were collected and stored at 25ºC to 42ºC for a period of up to 28 days. Plasma VL at baseline was used as reference, against which PSC VL was compared at different time points., Results: From the 30 patients included in the study, 600 PSC and 30 fresh plasma specimens were obtained. Plasma VL at baseline was fewer than 1,000 copies/mL in 16 patients, and 99.4% of PSCs from these patients yielded nonquantifiable VL at all temperature ranges and time points. During the study period, minor variation of VL was observed in PSCs obtained from 13 patients with plasma VL fewer than 1,000 copies/mL at baseline. For the patient with plasma VL at 1,000 copies/mL, the PSC VL varied from undetectable to 1,670 copies/mL., Conclusions: Our results show minor variation of VL in PSC specimens in the study conditions. HIV RNA is stable in PSCs exposed to high temperatures for up to 28 days., (© American Society for Clinical Pathology, 2022.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Nucleic acid testing identifies high prevalence of blood borne viruses among approved blood donors in Mozambique.
- Author
-
Mabunda N, Augusto O, Zicai AF, Duajá A, Oficiano S, Ismael N, Vubil A, Mussá T, Moraes M, and Jani I
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA, Viral blood, Female, HIV Infections diagnosis, Hepatitis B diagnosis, Hepatitis C diagnosis, Humans, Male, Mozambique epidemiology, Prevalence, RNA, Viral blood, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Young Adult, Blood Donors, HIV Infections epidemiology, Hepatitis B epidemiology, Hepatitis C epidemiology
- Abstract
Background: Although blood transfusion is an intervention that saves lives, it poses significant risks to the blood receivers, including the transmission of bloodborne pathogens. We aimed at determining the prevalence of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), and Hepatitis C virus (HCV) in candidates approved for blood donation, and in samples considered to be negative in reference blood banks in Mozambique., Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed between November 2014 and October 2015 in Maputo and Beira cities. Demographic information was obtained from all consenting blood donors using a structured questionnaire. Plasma samples were screened for HIVAb/Ag combinations, HBsAg and Anti-HCV. Blood donors considered to be negative by serological testing were re-tested in pools of six plasma samples using nucleic acid testing (NAT)., Results: Most blood donors were male 2,320 (83.4%) with an age range of 18 to 34 years. The overall seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and HCV infections among blood donors approved for donation was 4.6% (127; 95% CI 3.8-5.4), 4.5% (124; 95% CI 3.7-5.3) and 0.4% (11; 95% CI 0.2-0.7), respectively. The overall frequency by NAT of HIV RNA, HBV DNA, and HCV RNA in serologically negative blood donor samples was 2.6 per 1000 blood donors (7; 95% CI 1.1-5.4); 12.5 per 1000 blood donors (33; 95% CI 8.6-17.5) and 2.6 per 1000 blood donors (6; 95% CI 1.0-5.7), respectively., Conclusion: Our results show high seroprevalence of HIV and HBV infections in blood donors approved for donation, and high frequency of molecular biomarkers of HIV, HBV, and HCV in blood considered to be safe. These results suggest the need for a new blood screening policy in Mozambique, including the use of NAT to detect infectious blood donations during the immunologically negative window., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Continental-scale genomic analysis suggests shared post-admixture adaptation in the Americas.
- Author
-
Ongaro L, Mondal M, Flores R, Marnetto D, Molinaro L, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Moreno-Estrada A, Mabunda N, Ventura M, Tambets K, Hellenthal G, Capelli C, Kivisild T, Metspalu M, Pagani L, and Montinaro F
- Subjects
- Americas, Computer Simulation, Humans, Models, Genetic, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Genetics, Population, Genome, Human, Genomics methods, Racial Groups genetics, Selection, Genetic
- Abstract
American populations are one of the most interesting examples of recently admixed groups, where ancestral components from three major continental human groups (Africans, Eurasians and Native Americans) have admixed within the last 15 generations. Recently, several genetic surveys focusing on thousands of individuals shed light on the geography, chronology and relevance of these events. However, even though gene flow could drive adaptive evolution, it is unclear whether and how natural selection acted on the resulting genetic variation in the Americas. In this study, we analysed the patterns of local ancestry of genomic fragments in genome-wide data for ~ 6000 admixed individuals from 10 American countries. In doing so, we identified regions characterized by a divergent ancestry profile (DAP), in which a significant over or under ancestral representation is evident. Our results highlighted a series of genomic regions with DAPs associated with immune system response and relevant medical traits, with the longest DAP region encompassing the human leukocyte antigen locus. Furthermore, we found that DAP regions are enriched in genes linked to cancer-related traits and autoimmune diseases. Then, analysing the biological impact of these regions, we showed that natural selection could have acted preferentially towards variants located in coding and non-coding transcripts and characterized by a high deleteriousness score. Taken together, our analyses suggest that shared patterns of post admixture adaptation occurred at a continental scale in the Americas, affecting more often functional and impactful genomic variants., (© The Author(s) 2021. Published by Oxford University Press.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. A year of genomic surveillance reveals how the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic unfolded in Africa.
- Author
-
Wilkinson E, Giovanetti M, Tegally H, San JE, Lessells R, Cuadros D, Martin DP, Rasmussen DA, Zekri AN, Sangare AK, Ouedraogo AS, Sesay AK, Priscilla A, Kemi AS, Olubusuyi AM, Oluwapelumi AOO, Hammami A, Amuri AA, Sayed A, Ouma AEO, Elargoubi A, Ajayi NA, Victoria AF, Kazeem A, George A, Trotter AJ, Yahaya AA, Keita AK, Diallo A, Kone A, Souissi A, Chtourou A, Gutierrez AV, Page AJ, Vinze A, Iranzadeh A, Lambisia A, Ismail A, Rosemary A, Sylverken A, Femi A, Ibrahimi A, Marycelin B, Oderinde BS, Bolajoko B, Dhaala B, Herring BL, Njanpop-Lafourcade BM, Kleinhans B, McInnis B, Tegomoh B, Brook C, Pratt CB, Scheepers C, Akoua-Koffi CG, Agoti CN, Peyrefitte C, Daubenberger C, Morang'a CM, Nokes DJ, Amoako DG, Bugembe DL, Park D, Baker D, Doolabh D, Ssemwanga D, Tshiabuila D, Bassirou D, Amuzu DSY, Goedhals D, Omuoyo DO, Maruapula D, Foster-Nyarko E, Lusamaki EK, Simulundu E, Ong'era EM, Ngabana EN, Shumba E, El Fahime E, Lokilo E, Mukantwari E, Philomena E, Belarbi E, Simon-Loriere E, Anoh EA, Leendertz F, Ajili F, Enoch FO, Wasfi F, Abdelmoula F, Mosha FS, Takawira FT, Derrar F, Bouzid F, Onikepe F, Adeola F, Muyembe FM, Tanser F, Dratibi FA, Mbunsu GK, Thilliez G, Kay GL, Githinji G, van Zyl G, Awandare GA, Schubert G, Maphalala GP, Ranaivoson HC, Lemriss H, Anise H, Abe H, Karray HH, Nansumba H, Elgahzaly HA, Gumbo H, Smeti I, Ayed IB, Odia I, Ben Boubaker IB, Gaaloul I, Gazy I, Mudau I, Ssewanyana I, Konstantinus I, Lekana-Douk JB, Makangara JC, Tamfum JM, Heraud JM, Shaffer JG, Giandhari J, Li J, Yasuda J, Mends JQ, Kiconco J, Morobe JM, Gyapong JO, Okolie JC, Kayiwa JT, Edwards JA, Gyamfi J, Farah J, Nakaseegu J, Ngoi JM, Namulondo J, Andeko JC, Lutwama JJ, O'Grady J, Siddle K, Adeyemi KT, Tumedi KA, Said KM, Hae-Young K, Duedu KO, Belyamani L, Fki-Berrajah L, Singh L, Martins LO, Tyers L, Ramuth M, Mastouri M, Aouni M, El Hefnawi M, Matsheka MI, Kebabonye M, Diop M, Turki M, Paye M, Nyaga MM, Mareka M, Damaris MM, Mburu MW, Mpina M, Nwando M, Owusu M, Wiley MR, Youtchou MT, Ayekaba MO, Abouelhoda M, Seadawy MG, Khalifa MK, Sekhele M, Ouadghiri M, Diagne MM, Mwenda M, Allam M, Phan MVT, Abid N, Touil N, Rujeni N, Kharrat N, Ismael N, Dia N, Mabunda N, Hsiao NY, Silochi NB, Nsenga N, Gumede N, Mulder N, Ndodo N, Razanajatovo NH, Iguosadolo N, Judith O, Kingsley OC, Sylvanus O, Peter O, Femi O, Idowu O, Testimony O, Chukwuma OE, Ogah OE, Onwuamah CK, Cyril O, Faye O, Tomori O, Ondoa P, Combe P, Semanda P, Oluniyi PE, Arnaldo P, Quashie PK, Dussart P, Bester PA, Mbala PK, Ayivor-Djanie R, Njouom R, Phillips RO, Gorman R, Kingsley RA, Carr RAA, El Kabbaj S, Gargouri S, Masmoudi S, Sankhe S, Lawal SB, Kassim S, Trabelsi S, Metha S, Kammoun S, Lemriss S, Agwa SHA, Calvignac-Spencer S, Schaffner SF, Doumbia S, Mandanda SM, Aryeetey S, Ahmed SS, Elhamoumi S, Andriamandimby S, Tope S, Lekana-Douki S, Prosolek S, Ouangraoua S, Mundeke SA, Rudder S, Panji S, Pillay S, Engelbrecht S, Nabadda S, Behillil S, Budiaki SL, van der Werf S, Mashe T, Aanniz T, Mohale T, Le-Viet T, Schindler T, Anyaneji UJ, Chinedu U, Ramphal U, Jessica U, George U, Fonseca V, Enouf V, Gorova V, Roshdy WH, Ampofo WK, Preiser W, Choga WT, Bediako Y, Naidoo Y, Butera Y, de Laurent ZR, Sall AA, Rebai A, von Gottberg A, Kouriba B, Williamson C, Bridges DJ, Chikwe I, Bhiman JN, Mine M, Cotten M, Moyo S, Gaseitsiwe S, Saasa N, Sabeti PC, Kaleebu P, Tebeje YK, Tessema SK, Happi C, Nkengasong J, and de Oliveira T
- Subjects
- Africa epidemiology, COVID-19 transmission, COVID-19 virology, Genetic Variation, Humans, SARS-CoV-2 isolation & purification, COVID-19 epidemiology, Epidemiological Monitoring, Genomics, Pandemics, SARS-CoV-2 genetics
- Abstract
The progression of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in Africa has so far been heterogeneous, and the full impact is not yet well understood. In this study, we describe the genomic epidemiology using a dataset of 8746 genomes from 33 African countries and two overseas territories. We show that the epidemics in most countries were initiated by importations predominantly from Europe, which diminished after the early introduction of international travel restrictions. As the pandemic progressed, ongoing transmission in many countries and increasing mobility led to the emergence and spread within the continent of many variants of concern and interest, such as B.1.351, B.1.525, A.23.1, and C.1.1. Although distorted by low sampling numbers and blind spots, the findings highlight that Africa must not be left behind in the global pandemic response, otherwise it could become a source for new variants.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Evaluating the Impact of Sex-Biased Genetic Admixture in the Americas through the Analysis of Haplotype Data.
- Author
-
Ongaro L, Molinaro L, Flores R, Marnetto D, Capodiferro MR, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Moreno-Estrada A, Mabunda N, Ventura M, Tambets K, Achilli A, Capelli C, Metspalu M, Pagani L, and Montinaro F
- Subjects
- Black or African American genetics, Americas, Chromosomes, Human, X genetics, Female, Genotype, Humans, Male, Maternal Inheritance genetics, Paternal Inheritance genetics, White People genetics, Genetics, Population, Haplotypes genetics, Human Migration
- Abstract
A general imbalance in the proportion of disembarked males and females in the Americas has been documented during the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade and the Colonial Era and, although less prominent, more recently. This imbalance may have left a signature on the genomes of modern-day populations characterised by high levels of admixture. The analysis of the uniparental systems and the evaluation of continental proportion ratio of autosomal and X chromosomes revealed a general sex imbalance towards males for European and females for African and Indigenous American ancestries. However, the consistency and degree of this imbalance are variable, suggesting that other factors, such as cultural and social practices, may have played a role in shaping it. Moreover, very few investigations have evaluated the sex imbalance using haplotype data, containing more critical information than genotypes. Here, we analysed genome-wide data for more than 5000 admixed American individuals to assess the presence, direction and magnitude of sex-biased admixture in the Americas. For this purpose, we applied two haplotype-based approaches, ELAI and NNLS, and we compared them with a genotype-based method, ADMIXTURE. In doing so, besides a general agreement between methods, we unravelled that the post-colonial admixture dynamics show higher complexity than previously described.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Putative pathogen-selected polymorphisms in the PKLR gene are associated with mycobacterial susceptibility in Brazilian and African populations.
- Author
-
Bezerra OCL, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Mabunda N, Salomé G, de Sousa A, Kehdy FSG, Sales-Marques C, Manta FSN, Andrade RM, Ferreira LP, Leal-Calvo T, Cardoso CC, Nunes K, Gouveia MH, Mbulaiteve SM, Yeboah ED, Hsing A, Latini ACP, Leturiondo AL, Rodrigues FDC, Noronha AB, Ferreira CO, Talhari C, Rêgo JL, Castellucci LCC, Tarazona-Santos E, Carvalho EF, Meyer D, Pinheiro RO, Jani IV, Pacheco AG, and Moraes MO
- Subjects
- Adult, Brazil, Case-Control Studies, Female, Gene Frequency, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Haplotypes, Humans, Linkage Disequilibrium, Logistic Models, Male, Middle Aged, Mozambique, Pyruvate Kinase deficiency, Young Adult, Malaria genetics, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Pyruvate Kinase genetics
- Abstract
Pyruvate kinase (PK), encoded by the PKLR gene, is a key player in glycolysis controlling the integrity of erythrocytes. Due to Plasmodium selection, mutations for PK deficiency, which leads to hemolytic anemia, are associated with resistance to malaria in sub-Saharan Africa and with susceptibility to intracellular pathogens in experimental models. In this case-control study, we enrolled 4,555 individuals and investigated whether PKLR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) putatively selected for malaria resistance are associated with susceptibility to leprosy across Brazil (Manaus-North; Salvador-Northeast; Rondonópolis-Midwest and Rio de Janeiro-Southeast) and with tuberculosis in Mozambique. Haplotype T/G/G (rs1052176/rs4971072/rs11264359) was associated with leprosy susceptibility in Rio de Janeiro (OR = 2.46, p = 0.00001) and Salvador (OR = 1.57, p = 0.04), and with tuberculosis in Mozambique (OR = 1.52, p = 0.07). This haplotype downregulates PKLR expression in nerve and skin, accordingly to GTEx, and might subtly modulate ferritin and haptoglobin levels in serum. Furthermore, we observed genetic signatures of positive selection in the HCN3 gene (xpEHH>2 -recent selection) in Europe but not in Africa, involving 6 SNPs which are PKLR/HCN3 eQTLs. However, this evidence was not corroborated by the other tests (FST, Tajima's D and iHS). Altogether, we provide evidence that a common PKLR locus in Africans contribute to mycobacterial susceptibility in African descent populations and also highlight, for first, PKLR as a susceptibility gene for leprosy and TB., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. Author Edward D. Yeboah was unavailable to confirm their authorship contributions. On their behalf, the corresponding author has reported their contributions to the best of their knowledge.
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Performance of a True Point-of-Care Assay for HIV-1/2 Viral Load Measurement at Antenatal and Postpartum Services.
- Author
-
Meggi B, Bollinger T, Zitha A, Mudenyanga C, Vubil A, Mutsaka D, Nhachigule C, Mabunda N, Loquiha O, Kroidl A, and Jani IV
- Subjects
- Adult, Anti-Retroviral Agents therapeutic use, Chicago, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, HIV-1, Humans, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical, Linear Models, Middle Aged, Mozambique, Pregnancy, Primary Health Care, Regression Analysis, Sensitivity and Specificity, Serologic Tests, Specimen Handling, HIV Infections diagnosis, Point-of-Care Testing, Postpartum Period, Prenatal Care, Viral Load methods
- Abstract
Background: Timely viral load (VL) results during pregnancy and the postpartum period are crucial for HIV disease management and for preventing mother-to-child transmission. Point-of-care (POC) VL testing could reduce turnaround times and streamline patient management. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of the novel m-PIMA HIV-1/2 VL assay (Abbott, Chicago, IL) in Mozambique., Setting: The study was conducted in prenatal and postpartum consultation rooms in 2 primary health care clinics. Sample collection and testing on m-PIMA were performed by trained nurses., Methods: HIV-infected pregnant and postpartum women on antiretroviral treatment (ART) or ART naive were tested using both on-site m-PIMA POC and referral laboratory-based real-time VL assays. Linear regression analysis and Bland-Altman plots were used to calculate the agreement between both., Findings: Correlation between venous blood plasma POC and plasma laboratory-based VL was strong (r2 = 0.850, P < 0.01), with good agreement between the methods [overall bias 0.202 log copies/mL (95% CI: 0.366 to 0.772 log copies/mL)]. Using the threshold of 1000 copies/mL, which is used to determine ART failure, the sensitivity and specificity of the POC VL assay were 95.0% (95% CI: 91.6% to 97.3%) and 96.5% (95% CI: 94.2% to 98.0%), respectively. The correlation coefficient between the venous and capillary sample types was 0.983 (r2 = 0.966)., Conclusions: On-site, nurse-performed POC VL testing is feasible and accurate in resource-limited primary health care settings. The operational challenge of plasma separation within clinics for POC testing was successfully overcome using minicentrifuges. The use of capillary blood could simplify the execution of the assay in a clinical environment., Competing Interests: The authors have no conflicts of interest to disclose., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Inpatient Point-of-Care HIV Early Infant Diagnosis in Mozambique to Improve Case Identification and Linkage to Antiretroviral Therapy.
- Author
-
Matsinhe M, Bollinger T, Lee N, Loquiha O, Meggi B, Mabunda N, Mudenyanga C, Mutsaka D, Florêncio M, Mucaringua A, Macassa E, Seni A, Jani I, and Buck WC
- Subjects
- Child, Female, Humans, Infant, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical prevention & control, Mozambique, Point-of-Care Systems, Retrospective Studies, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV Infections drug therapy, Inpatients
- Abstract
Introduction: Novel approaches to case identification and linkage to antiretroviral therapy (ART) are needed to close gaps in early infant diagnosis (EID) of HIV. Point-of-care (POC) EID is a recent innovation that eliminates the long turnaround times of conventional EID that limit patient management in the inpatient setting. The initial deployment of POC EID in Mozambique focused primarily on outpatient clinics; however, 2 high-volume tier-4 pediatric referral hospitals were also included., Methods: To assess the impact of inpatient POC EID, a retrospective review of testing and care data from Hospital Central de Beira (HCB) and Hospital Central de Maputo (HCM) was performed for the period September 2017 to July 2018, with comparison to the 8-month pre-POC period when dried blood spots were used for conventional EID., Results: Monthly testing volume increased from 8.5 tests pre-POC to 17.6 tests with POC ( P <.001). Among 511 children with POC testing, the median age was 5 months, there was ongoing breastfeeding in 326 (63.8%), and 136 (26.6%) of mothers and 146 (28.6%) of infants had not received ART or antiretroviral prophylaxis, respectively. POC tests were positive in 152 (29.7%) infants, and 52 (37.5%) had a previous negative DNA polymerase chain reaction through the conventional outpatient EID program. Linkage to ART for infants with HIV-positive tests improved 64% during the POC period ( P =.002). Inpatient mortality for infected infants during the POC period was 28.2%. Excluding these deaths, 61.2% of eligible infants initiated ART as inpatients, but only 29.8% of those discharged without ART were confirmed to have initiated as outpatients., Conclusions: Inpatient wards are a high-yield site for EID and ART initiation that have historically been overlooked in programming for prevention of mother-to-child transmission. POC platforms represent a transformative opportunity to increase inpatient testing, make definitive diagnoses, and improve timely linkage to ART. Scale-up plans should prioritize pediatric wards., (© Matsinhe et al.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Molecular and serological characterization of occult hepatitis B among blood donors in Maputo, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Mabunda N, Zicai AF, Ismael N, Vubil A, Mello F, Blackard JT, Lago B, Duarte V, Moraes M, Lewis L, and Jani I
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA, Viral, Female, Humans, Male, Mozambique, Phylogeny, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Blood Donors, Hepatitis B diagnosis, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens blood, Hepatitis B virus genetics, Hepatitis B virus isolation & purification, Nucleic Acid Amplification Techniques methods
- Abstract
Background: Occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) - characterized by the absence of detectable HBsAg in the presence of HBV DNA - represents a potential threat for blood safety., Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the serological and molecular characterization of occult HBV infection (OBI) among blood donors in Mozambique., Methods: 1,502 blood donors were tested for HBsAg. All HBsAg-negative individuals were tested for HBV DNA. Antibodies against HBV core, surface and HBe antigen (anti-HBc, anti-HBs, HBeAg) were measured in HBV DNA positive individuals., Findings: 1435 serum samples were HBsAg negative and 16 positive for HBV DNA, 14 confirmed to have OBI, corresponding to a frequency of 0.98%. Of the 14 OBI infections identified, 13/14 (92.8%) were positive for anti-HBc, 4/14 (28.5%) for anti-HBs, and no samples were reactive for HBeAg. Of the 14 OBI cases, nine samples (64.2%) were sequenced for the S/P region. Eight samples (88.9%) belonged to genotype A1 and one (11.1%) to genotype E. One escape mutation (T123A) associated with OBI and various amino acid substitutions for genotype A1 and E were observed., Main Conclusions: Our results show the importance of using nucleic acid amplification test to detect occult hepatitis B infection in blood donors in Mozambique.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Mosquito identification and haemosporidian parasites detection in the enclosure of the African penguins ( Spheniscus demersus ) at the SANBI zoological garden.
- Author
-
Taioe MO, Mnisi MC, Chaisi M, Mwale M, Mabunda N, Phetla V, and Thekisoe OMM
- Abstract
The National Zoological Gardens (NZG) is a facility of the South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI) and the largest zoo in southern Africa. Among the 9000 captive animals kept by the NZG, is the endangered African penguin ( Spheniscus demersus ). There have been several post-mortem reports on deaths of penguins in the NZG due to haemosporidian infections, however, the haemosporidian lineages involved and possible insect vector are unknown. Haemosporidians are apicomplexan parasites that infect vertebrates through blood-sucking dipteran insects. Therefore, the current study aimed to identify mosquitoes that are potential vectors found within the African penguin enclosure as well as to detect the haemosporidian parasites from these insects using nested-PCR and real-time PCR (qPCR) analyses. Mosquito samples were collected using an overnight UV-light trap setup for 3 months. From the 65 pooled samples representing 325 mosquitoes, morphological and molecular analysis showed that Culex pipiens (52.31%) was the dominant species followed by Cx. t heileri (30.77%) and Cx. quinquefasciatus (16.92%). Nested-PCR detected parasite DNA of Leucocytozoon sp. and Plasmodium sp. The Cx. pipiens had the highest minimum infection rate (MIR) of 5.88% by nested-PCR and 9.41% by qPCR whilst Cx. quinquefasciatus had MIR of 3.64% in both assays and no haemosporidian parasites were detected from Cx. t heileri. One Cx. pipiens sample had a co-infection of both Plasmodium sp. and Leucocytozoon sp. detected by nested-PCR. These findings suggest that effective control measures for blood-sucking dipteran insects is required at the NZG and more studies should be conducted to determine the actual prevalence of these haemosporidian parasites among other bird species within NZG., Competing Interests: All authors contributed in the draft of this manuscript and declare no conflict of interest., (© 2020 The Authors.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Accurate HIV viral load measurement in primary health care settings using the cobas® plasma separation card.
- Author
-
Vubil A, Zicai AF, Sitoe N, Nhachigule C, Meggi B, Loquiha O, Viegas S, Mabunda N, Scott L, and Jani I
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Blood Specimen Collection methods, HIV-1 physiology, Primary Health Care, Viral Load methods
- Abstract
Introduction: Plasma is considered the gold standard for HIV viral load (VL) testing, however its use is challenging due to the need for phlebotomy and centrifugation services, as well as cold chain for transporting to laboratories for testing. The use of Dried Blood Spot (DBS) specimen has allowed a rapid expansion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) monitoring in remote areas in many African countries, however, the VL in DBS may overestimate the copies of viral RNA result at the clinically relevant range of 1000 copies/ml, due to proviral DNA and intracellular RNA. The characteristics of the cobas® Plasma Separation Card (PSC) specimen are similar to fresh plasma (gold standard), so a better performance of HIV VL is expetected in PSC specimen and can be an alternative to DBS. This study aims to evaluate the performance of cobas® PSC for VL testing at primary health care facilities in Mozambique., Methodology: HIV-1 infected adults on ART were enrolled consecutively in two health facilities in Mozambique, between August 2018 and October 2018. Capillary and venous cobas® PSC, DBS and fresh plasma specimens were collected from each patient. All specimens were tested for VL using CAP/CTM v2.0. Sensitivity and specificity of viral load using DBS, capillary and venous PSC specimens were estimated. Viral load obtained in fresh plasma specimen was used as reference and a threshold of 1000 copies/ml was considered for the analyses., Results: From the total 613 patients included for the study, 2444 specimens including DBS (613), plasma (613), venous cobas® PSC (609) and capillary cobas® PSC (609) were collected and 2407 results were obtained. Sensitivity and specificity of the VL using venous cobas®PSC specimen at 1000 copies/ml threshold were 99.8% and 98.1% respectively, whereas for capillary cobas® PSC sensitivity was 99.6% and specificity was 97.2%. For DBS VL, sensitivity was 96.9% and specificity was 81.8%. Misclassification rate was more prominent in DBS specimens (5.9%), but lower in venous and capillary cobas®PSC with a rate of 0.3% and 0.7% respectively., Conclusion: The cobas® PSC specimen has improved performance over DBS for more accurate VL testing aligned with plasma testing. The use of this specimen type can increase the rates of reliable VL results and this will improve the quality of VL monitoring of HIV-positive patients in low-income settings., Competing Interests: All authors declare no conflicts of interest.
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Viral load assay performs comparably to early infant diagnosis assay to diagnose infants with HIV in Mozambique: a prospective observational study.
- Author
-
Vubil A, Nhachigule C, Loquiha O, Meggi B, Mabunda N, Bollinger T, Sacks JA, Jani I, and Vojnov L
- Subjects
- Child, Preschool, Female, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 genetics, HIV-1 isolation & purification, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Newborn, Diseases virology, Male, Mozambique, Prospective Studies, Sensitivity and Specificity, Viremia diagnosis, Viremia virology, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV-1 physiology, Infant, Newborn, Diseases diagnosis, Viral Load methods
- Abstract
Introduction: Viral load testing is essential to manage HIV disease, especially in infants and children. Early infant diagnosis is performed using nucleic-acid testing in children under 18 months. Resource-limited health systems face severe challenges to scale-up both viral load and early infant diagnosis to unprecedented levels. Streamlining laboratory systems would be beneficial to improve access to quality testing and to increase efficiency of antiretroviral treatment programmes. We evaluated the performance of viral load testing to serve as an early infant diagnosis assay in children younger than 18 months., Methods: This study was an observational, prospective study, including children between one and 18 months of age who were born to HIV-positive mothers in 134 health facilities in Maputo City and Maputo Province, Mozambique. Dried blood spot specimens from heel or toe pricks were collected between January and April 2018, processed using SPEX buffer for both assays, and tested for routine EID and VL testing using the Roche CAP/CTM HIV-1 Qualitative v2 and Roche CAP/CTM HIV-1 Quantitative v2 assays respectively. The sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values were estimated using the EID results as the reference standard., Results: A total of 1021 infants were included in the study, of which 47% were female. Over 95% of mothers and children were on antiretroviral treatment or received antiretroviral prophylaxis respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of using the viral load assay to detect infection were 100% (95% CI: 96.2 to 100%) and 99.9% (95% CI: 99.4 to 100%). The positive and negative predictive values were 99.0% (95% CI: 94.3 to 100%) and 100% (95% CI: 99.6 to 100%). The McNemar's test was 1.000 and Cohen's kappa was 0.994., Conclusions: The comparable performance suggests that viral load assays can be used as an infant diagnostic assay. Infants with either low levels of viraemia or high cycle threshold values should be repeat tested to ensure the result is truly positive prior to treatment initiation, regardless of assay used. Viral load assays could replace traditional early infant diagnosis testing, substantially streamlining molecular laboratory services for children and lowering costs, with the additional advantage of providing baseline viral load results for antiretroviral treatment management., (© 2020 The Authors. Journal of the International AIDS Society published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the International AIDS Society.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. The Genomic Impact of European Colonization of the Americas.
- Author
-
Ongaro L, Scliar MO, Flores R, Raveane A, Marnetto D, Sarno S, Gnecchi-Ruscone GA, Alarcón-Riquelme ME, Patin E, Wangkumhang P, Hellenthal G, Gonzalez-Santos M, King RJ, Kouvatsi A, Balanovsky O, Balanovska E, Atramentova L, Turdikulova S, Mastana S, Marjanovic D, Mulahasanovic L, Leskovac A, Lima-Costa MF, Pereira AC, Barreto ML, Horta BL, Mabunda N, May CA, Moreno-Estrada A, Achilli A, Olivieri A, Semino O, Tambets K, Kivisild T, Luiselli D, Torroni A, Capelli C, Tarazona-Santos E, Metspalu M, Pagani L, and Montinaro F
- Subjects
- Caribbean Region, Central America, Humans, North America, South America, American Indian or Alaska Native genetics, Black People genetics, Gene Flow, Genome, Human, White People genetics
- Abstract
The human genetic diversity of the Americas has been affected by several events of gene flow that have continued since the colonial era and the Atlantic slave trade. Moreover, multiple waves of migration followed by local admixture occurred in the last two centuries, the impact of which has been largely unexplored. Here, we compiled a genome-wide dataset of ∼12,000 individuals from twelve American countries and ∼6,000 individuals from worldwide populations and applied haplotype-based methods to investigate how historical movements from outside the New World affected (1) the genetic structure, (2) the admixture profile, (3) the demographic history, and (4) sex-biased gene-flow dynamics of the Americas. We revealed a high degree of complexity underlying the genetic contribution of European and African populations in North and South America, from both geographic and temporal perspectives, identifying previously unreported sources related to Italy, the Middle East, and to specific regions of Africa., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. External Quality Assessment Programme for Early Infant Diagnosis of HIV-1, Mozambique, 2011-2014.
- Author
-
Ismael N, Augusto O, Vubil A, Viegas SO, Miambo F, Chongo P, and Mabunda N
- Abstract
This study evaluated a National External Quality Scheme Program for early infant diagnosis of HIV. Fourteen laboratory technicians participated and nine testing panel cycles were sent between 2011 and 2014. The response rate was 100% for the first eight panels, and the number of technicians with a test score of 100% increased during the first three panels. Based on the evaluations of the technicians, the quality of testing for early infant diagnosis of HIV improved over time in the laboratories., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no financial or personal relationships which may have inappropriately influenced them in writing this article.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Effect of point-of-care early infant diagnosis on antiretroviral therapy initiation and retention of patients.
- Author
-
Jani IV, Meggi B, Loquiha O, Tobaiwa O, Mudenyanga C, Zitha A, Mutsaka D, Mabunda N, Vubil A, Bollinger T, Vojnov L, and Peter TF
- Subjects
- Early Diagnosis, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Mozambique, Prospective Studies, Anti-Retroviral Agents therapeutic use, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV Infections drug therapy, Medication Adherence statistics & numerical data, Point-of-Care Systems, Retention in Care statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Objective: We measured the effect of point-of-care (POC) early infant HIV testing on antiretroviral therapy initiation rates and retention in care among infants in Mozambique., Design: A cluster-randomized trial was conducted in 16 primary healthcare centres providing either on-site POC arm (n = 8) or referred laboratory [standard-of-care (SOC) arm; n = 8] infant HIV testing., Methods: The primary outcomes were the proportion of HIV-positive infants initiating antiretroviral therapy within 60 days of sample collection, and the proportion of HIV-positive infants who initiated antiretroviral therapy that were retained in care at 90 days of follow-up., Results: The proportion of HIV-positive infants initiating antiretroviral therapy within 60 days of sample collection was 89.7% (157 of 175) for the POC arm and 12.8% (13 of 102) for the SOC arm [relative risk (RR)(adj) 7.34; P < 0.001]. The proportion of HIV-positive infants who initiated antiretroviral therapy that were retained in care at 90 days of follow-up was 61.6% (101 of 164) for the POC arm and 42.9% (21 of 49) for the SOC arm [RR(adj) 1.40; P < 0.027]. The median time from sample collection to antiretroviral therapy initiation was less than 1 day (interquartile range: 0-1) for the POC arm and 127 days (44-154; P < 0.001) for the SOC arm., Conclusion: POC infant HIV testing enabled clinics to more rapidly diagnose and provide treatment to HIV-infected infants. This reduced opportunities for pretreatment loss to follow-up and enabled a larger proportion of infants to receive test results and initiate antiretroviral therapy. The benefits of faster HIV diagnosis and antiretroviral treatment may also improve early retention in care.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Performance of point-of-care birth HIV testing in primary health care clinics: An observational cohort study.
- Author
-
Meggi B, Vojnov L, Mabunda N, Vubil A, Zitha A, Tobaiwa O, Mudenyanga C, Mutsaka D, Bollinger T, Loquiha O, Peter TF, and Jani IV
- Subjects
- Cohort Studies, Early Diagnosis, Female, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Mozambique, Point-of-Care Testing, Practice Guidelines as Topic, Primary Health Care, Reagent Kits, Diagnostic, Sensitivity and Specificity, Time-to-Treatment, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV-1 genetics
- Abstract
Background: Failure to timely diagnose HIV in infants is a major barrier for scaling-up paediatric antiretroviral treatment (ART). WHO recommends birth testing for earlier diagnosis and to improve test coverage, but current diagnosis takes 2-3 weeks to complete, thereby limiting the ability of care givers to provide follow-on care, especially in low-resource settings. We evaluated the benefit of implementing rapid diagnosis of HIV at birth in primary health care maternity wards in Mozambique., Methods and Findings: Infants born to HIV-infected mothers delivering consecutively at eight primary health care clinics were tested within 24 hours of delivery using on-site POC (Alere q HIV1/2 Detect) and standard laboratory (Roche COBAS AmpliPrep/TaqMan HIV-1 qualitative assay v2.0) testing. Infants were also tested at 4-6 weeks of age with both assays. Of 2,350 HIV-exposed infants enrolled in this implementation research study, 33 tested HIV-positive at birth on both assays. Sensitivity and specificity of POC testing compared with laboratory testing at birth were 100% (95% CI 89·4-100·0) and 100% (95% CI 99·8-100·0), respectively. At 4-6 weeks of age, 61 infants were identified as HIV-positive; of these 29 (47·5%) had a positive test at birth. Testing at both birth and 4-6 weeks identified 71 HIV-positive infants compared with 61 infants by testing at 4-6 weeks alone, a 16% increase. Two infants tested positive at birth but tested HIV-negative during follow-up., Conclusions: Adding POC birth testing to the 4-6 week screen may increase access to HIV diagnosis and expedite ART initiation in primary health care settings within low resource settings. Guidance on appropriate confirmatory HIV testing algorithms for birth testing is needed., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. First report of occult hepatitis B infection among ART naïve HIV seropositive individuals in Maputo, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Carimo AA, Gudo ES, Maueia C, Mabunda N, Chambal L, Vubil A, Flora A, Antunes F, and Bhatt N
- Subjects
- Adult, Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA, Viral genetics, Female, Hepatitis B complications, Hepatitis B virus genetics, Hepatitis B virus isolation & purification, Humans, Male, Mozambique, Viral Load, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, HIV Infections complications, Hepatitis B diagnosis
- Abstract
Background: The prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in Mozambique is one of the highest in the world, though in spite of this the prevalence of occult hepatitis B infection (OBI) is unknown., Objectives: This study was conducted with the aim to investigate the prevalence of OBI and frequency of isolated hepatitis B core antibody (anti-HBc alone) among antiretroviral (ART) naïve HIV-positive patients in Mozambique., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in two health facilities within Maputo city. All ART-naive HIV seropositive patients attending outpatient clinics between June and October 2012 were consecutively enrolled. Blood samples were drawn from each participant and used for serological measurement of HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibodies against HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs) and antibodies against core antigen (anti-HBc) using ELISA. Quantification of HBV DNA was performed by real time PCR. A questionnaire was used to obtain demographics and clinical data., Results: Of the 518 ART-naive HIV-positive subjects enrolled in the study, 90.9% (471/518) were HBsAg negative. Among HBsAg negative, 45.2% (213/471) had isolated anti-HBc antibodies, and the frequency of OBI among patients with anti-HBc alone was 8.3% (17/206). OBI was not correlated either with CD4+ T cells count or transaminases levels. A total of 11.8% of patients with OBI presented elevated HBV DNA level. Frequency of individuals with APRI score > 2 and FIB-4 score > 3.25 was higher in patients with OBI as compared not exposed, immune and anti-HBc alone patients., Conclusion: Our data demonstrate for the first time that OBI is prevalent among HIV patients in Mozambique, and will be missed using the commonly available serological assays that measures HBsAg.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Correction: HBV infection in untreated HIV-infected adults in Maputo, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Chambal LM, Samo Gudo E, Carimo A, Corte Real R, Mabunda N, Maueia C, Vubil A, Zicai AF, Bhatt N, and Antunes F
- Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181836.].
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. HBV infection in untreated HIV-infected adults in Maputo, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Chambal LM, Gudo ES, Carimo A, Corte Real R, Mabunda N, Maueia C, Vubil A, Zicai AF, Bhatt N, and Antunes F
- Subjects
- Adult, CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes cytology, Cohort Studies, Cross-Sectional Studies, DNA, Viral blood, Disease Progression, Drug Resistance, Viral genetics, Female, Genetic Variation, Genotype, HIV Infections virology, Hepatitis B Surface Antigens blood, Hepatitis B virus genetics, Hepatitis B, Chronic virology, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mozambique, Mutation, Prevalence, Risk Factors, Social Class, Coinfection epidemiology, HIV Infections complications, Hepatitis B, Chronic complications
- Abstract
Background: HIV/ HBV coinfected patients are at high risk of developing chronic HBV infection, liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. In Mozambique, where HIV prevalence is one of the highest in the world, HIV-infected patients are scarcely characterized in terms of HBV coinfection and 3TC-resistance mutations profile., Methods: To characterize ART-naïve HIV-infected adults, with and without HBV coinfection, a cross-sectional study was conducted between May and November 2012 in two health centers from Maputo city, Mozambique. Subjects were consecutively enrolled in the study and, then, tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). Moreover, CD4+ T cells count, HBV DNA in plasma, HBV genotyping and 3TC-resistance mutations profile of HBV were assessed in HIV/HBV coinfected patients., Results: In total, 518 patients were enrolled in the study. The median age was 33 years old and 66.8% were women. The median CD4+ T cells count was 361 cells/mm3 and 47 (9.1%) were coinfected with HBV. Out of 46 coinfected patients, 24 (55.2%) had HBV DNA ≥ 20 - < 20 000 and 12 (26.1%) had HBV-DNA ≥20 000. APRI > 2.0 was reported in 4.3% of coinfected and 1.7% of monoinfected patients (p = 0.228), while FIB-4 > 3.25 was reported in 4.4% of coinfected and 1.3% of monoinfected patients (p = 0.112). Genotype A was the most frequent, identified in 25/27 (92.6%) patients, whereas genotype E was present in 2/27 (7.4%) patients. No patient had 3TC-resistance mutations., Conclusions: This study showed that HBV coinfection was prevalent among ART-naïve HIV-infected adults in Mozambique. Overall, these data highlight the importance of screening HBV coinfection as an integrated measure of HIV routine care to improve health conditions and treatment of HIV/HBV coinfected patients.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. A3 Genetic analysis and natural polymorphisms in HIV-1 gp41 isolates from Maputo, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Ismael N, Bila D, Mariani D, Vubil A, Mabunda N, Abreu C, Jani I, and Tanuri A
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Point-Of-Care p24 Infant Testing for HIV May Increase Patient Identification despite Low Sensitivity.
- Author
-
Meggi B, Bollinger T, Mabunda N, Vubil A, Tobaiwa O, Quevedo JI, Loquiha O, Vojnov L, Peter TF, and Jani IV
- Subjects
- Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Early Diagnosis, Female, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV Infections epidemiology, HIV Infections immunology, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Mozambique epidemiology, Reproducibility of Results, Sensitivity and Specificity, Standard of Care, Workflow, HIV Core Protein p24 immunology, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV-1 immunology, Point-of-Care Testing standards
- Abstract
The long delay in returning test results during early infant diagnosis of HIV (EID) often causes loss-to-follow-up prior to antiretroviral treatment (ART) initiation in resource-limited settings. A point-of-care (POC) test may help overcome these challenges. We evaluated the performance of the LYNX p24 Antigen POC test in Mozambique. 879 HIV-exposed infants under 18 months of age were enrolled consecutively at three primary healthcare clinics (PHC). Lancet heel-drawn blood was tested on-site by nurses using a prototype POC test for HIV Gag p24 antigen detection. Results of POC testing were compared to laboratory-based nucleic acid testing on dried blood spots. A comparison of the effect of sensitivity and timely test results return on successful diagnosis by POC and laboratory-based platforms was also calculated. The sensitivity and specificity of the LYNX p24 Ag test were 71.9%; (95% confidence interval [CI]: 58.5-83.0%) and 99.6% (95% CI: 98.9-99.9%), respectively. The predictive value of positive and negative tests were 93.2% (95% CI: 81.3-98.6%) and 97.9% (95% CI: 96.8-98.8%), respectively. Overall agreement was high (Cohen Kappa = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.71-0.89). Despite its lower sensitivity, the POC test had the potential to provide test results to up to 81% more patients compared to the laboratory-based test. This prototype POC p24 assay was feasible for use in PHCs but demonstrated low sensitivity for HIV detection. POC EID technologies that perform below standard recommendations may still be valuable diagnostic tools in settings with inefficient EID networks., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Quality assurance for point-of-care testing in Mozambique's National Health Service.
- Author
-
Chongo P, Sitoe N, Viegas S, Pinto I, Macave A, Sitoe F, Vubil A, Mabunda N, Meggi B, Gudo ES, and Jani IV
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. CD4(+)CD25(High) Treg cells in HIV/HTLV co-infected patients with neuropathy: high expression of Alpha4 integrin and lower expression of Foxp3 transcription factor.
- Author
-
Matavele Chissumba R, Silva-Barbosa SD, Augusto Â, Maueia C, Mabunda N, Gudo ES Jr, Bhatt N, Jani I, and Savino W
- Subjects
- Adult, CD4 Antigens metabolism, Coinfection virology, Demography, Female, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 immunology, HLA-DR Antigens immunology, HTLV-I Infections virology, Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 immunology, Humans, Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit metabolism, Lymphocyte Activation immunology, Lymphocyte Count, Male, Middle Aged, Nervous System Diseases pathology, Phenotype, Coinfection immunology, Forkhead Transcription Factors metabolism, HIV Infections immunology, HTLV-I Infections immunology, Integrin alpha4 metabolism, Nervous System Diseases immunology, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory immunology
- Abstract
Background: Regulatory CD4 T cells (Tregs) are critical in maintaining the homeostasis of the immune system. Quantitative or phenotypic alterations and functional impairment of Tregs have been associated with the development of pathologies including those of the central nervous system. Individuals with HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infection are more prone to develop neurological complications. The aim of this study was to characterize phenotypically Treg cells in HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infected Mozambican individuals presenting neurological symptoms., Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among HIV-infected individuals presentingneurological symptoms, with and without HTLV co-infection, and blood donors. Peripheral bloodmononuclear cells were stained with monoclonal antibodies conjugated with fluorochromes to quantifyTregs and activated T cells by four colors flow cytometry., Results: Higher Treg cell frequency (10.6%) was noted in HIV-1/HTLV-1 co-infected group with neurological symptoms when compared to HIV-1 mono-infected group with neurological symptoms (0.38%, p = 0.003) and control group (0.9%, p = 0.0105). An inverse correlation between Foxp3 and CD49d expression was observed in all study groups (rh = -0.71, p = 0.001). In addition, increased levels of Treg cells in co-infected patients were strongly associated with total activated CD4 T cells (rh = 0.8, p = 0.01)., Conclusion: Treg cells in co-infected patients present phenotypic alterations and might have dysfunction marked by low expression of Foxp3 and increased expression of molecules not frequently seen on Treg cells, such as CD49d. These alterations may be related to (1) changes in Treg cell trafficking and migration, possibly making those cells susceptible to HIV infection, and (2) inability to control the activation and proliferation of effector T lymphocytes.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Gene polymorphisms in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis from Mozambique.
- Author
-
Mabunda N, Alvarado-Arnez LE, Vubil A, Mariamo A, Pacheco AG, Jani IV, and Moraes MO
- Subjects
- Adult, Case-Control Studies, Female, Gene Frequency, Genetic Association Studies, Humans, Logistic Models, Male, Mozambique, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide genetics, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary genetics
- Abstract
Several host and environmental factors contribute to tuberculosis outcome, interestingly single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in candidate genes have been evaluated in populations with different ethnicities and TB infection. In the present study we focused on SNPs in cytokine and inflammatory mediator genes: tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -308G>A (rs1800629), interleukin-10 (IL10) -819C>T (rs1800871), interferon-gamma (IFNG) +874T>A (rs2430561), and leukotriene A4 hydrolase (LTA4H) rs1978331, rs17525495 and rs2660898 in a case-control study involving 102 pulmonary tuberculosis patients and 456 controls from Mozambique. LTA4H, IL10 and IFNG SNPs showed no associations with pulmonary tuberculosis. However, distribution of the TNF -308A allele, genotype and carrier frequencies showed a significant risk association with tuberculosis that was maintained after adjustment for non-genetic variables and Bonferroni correction (AA genotype, OR = 1.9, p Bonf < 0.001; A allele OR = 2.9, p Bonf = 0.005 and GA/AA carrier OR = 2.6, p Bonf = 0.035). Interestingly, this association has not been reported in a sub-Saharan African population before. Our results suggest a role of -308 TNF polymorphism and tuberculosis susceptibility.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. High rates of HIV seroconversion in pregnant women and low reported levels of HIV testing among male partners in Southern Mozambique: results from a mixed methods study.
- Author
-
De Schacht C, Hoffman HJ, Mabunda N, Lucas C, Alons CL, Madonela A, Vubil A, Ferreira OC Jr, Calú N, Santos IS, Jani IV, and Guay L
- Subjects
- Adult, Early Diagnosis, Female, Humans, Incidence, Interviews as Topic, Male, Mozambique epidemiology, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Sexual Partners, Young Adult, HIV Seropositivity diagnosis, HIV Seropositivity epidemiology
- Abstract
Introduction: Prevention of acute HIV infections in pregnancy is required to achieve elimination of pediatric HIV. Identification and support for HIV negative pregnant women and their partners, particularly serodiscordant couples, are critical. A mixed method study done in Southern Mozambique estimated HIV incidence during pregnancy, associated risk factors and factors influencing partner's HIV testing., Methods: Between April 2008 and November 2011, a prospective cohort of 1230 HIV negative pregnant women was followed during pregnancy. A structured questionnaire, HIV testing, and collection of dried blood spots were done at 2-3 scheduled visits. HIV incidence rates were calculated by repeat HIV testing and risk factors assessed by Poisson regression. A qualitative study including 37 individual interviews with men, women, and nurses and 11 focus group discussions (n = 94) with men, women and grandmothers explored motivators and barriers to uptake of male HIV testing., Results: HIV incidence rate was estimated at 4.28/100 women-years (95%CI: 2.33-7.16). Significant risk factors for HIV acquisition were early sexual debut (RR 3.79, 95%CI: 1.04-13.78, p = 0.04) and living in Maputo Province (RR 4.35, 95%CI: 0.97-19.45, p = 0.05). Nineteen percent of women reported that their partner had tested for HIV (93% knew the result with 8/213 indicating an HIV positive partner), 56% said their partner had not tested and 19% did not know their partner test status. Of the 14 seroconversions, only one reported being in a serodiscordant relationship. Fear of discrimination or stigma was reported as a key barrier to male HIV testing, while knowing the importance of getting tested and receiving care was the main motivator., Conclusions: HIV incidence during pregnancy is high in Southern Mozambique, but knowledge of partners' HIV status remains low. Knowledge of both partners' HIV status is critical for maximal effectiveness of prevention and treatment services to reach elimination of pediatric HIV/AIDS.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Accurate early infant HIV diagnosis in primary health clinics using a point-of-care nucleic acid test.
- Author
-
Jani IV, Meggi B, Mabunda N, Vubil A, Sitoe NE, Tobaiwa O, Quevedo JI, Lehe JD, Loquiha O, Vojnov L, and Peter TF
- Subjects
- Ambulatory Care Facilities, Cross-Sectional Studies, Double-Blind Method, Early Diagnosis, HIV Infections blood, HIV-1 genetics, Humans, Infant, Mozambique, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Prospective Studies, RNA, Viral chemistry, RNA, Viral genetics, Sensitivity and Specificity, HIV Infections diagnosis, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 isolation & purification
- Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the accuracy of a point-of-care (POC) nucleic acid-based test (NAT) for early infant HIV diagnosis (EID) in primary health clinics in Mozambique., Methods: POC and laboratory NAT EID tests were conducted on matched blood samples collected from 827 HIV-exposed infants younger than 18 months who were enrolled consecutively at 4 periurban primary health clinics and the central hospital in Maputo. Lancet heel draw blood collected by nurses was tested on site for HIV-1/-2 RNA on the Alere HIV NAT POC device and also used to create dried blood spots for later laboratory EID testing on the Roche Cobas Taqman/Ampliprep instrument. Results were used to determine the sensitivity, specificity, and agreement between the POC and laboratory NAT EID tests., Results: The sensitivity and specificity of POC NAT EID testing were 98·5% (95% confidence interval (CI): 91.7 to 99.9, n = 65) and 99·9% (95% CI: 99.3 to 100, n = 762), respectively, compared with laboratory EID tests. Overall agreement was high (Cohen kappa = 0·981; 95% CI: 0.96 to 1.00). Positive (98·5%; 95% CI: 96·3 to 100) and negative 99.9% (95% CI: 99.7 to 100) test agreement was also high., Conclusions: Primary health care nurses accurately performed POC NAT EID testing within primary health care clinics. On-site nucleic acid-based EID testing is technically feasible in clinic settings and could be used in efforts to improve access to pediatric HIV antiretroviral treatment.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Genetic analysis and natural polymorphisms in HIV-1 gp41 isolates from Maputo City, Mozambique.
- Author
-
Ismael N, Bila D, Mariani D, Vubil A, Mabunda N, Abreu C, Jani I, and Tanuri A
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Amino Acid Sequence, Anti-HIV Agents therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Cluster Analysis, Drug Resistance, Viral, Enfuvirtide, Female, Genotype, HIV Envelope Protein gp41 therapeutic use, HIV Infections drug therapy, HIV-1 isolation & purification, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Molecular Sequence Data, Mozambique, Mutation, Missense, Peptide Fragments therapeutic use, Phylogeny, RNA, Viral genetics, Sequence Alignment, Sequence Analysis, DNA, Treatment Failure, Young Adult, HIV Envelope Protein gp41 genetics, HIV Infections virology, HIV-1 classification, HIV-1 genetics, Polymorphism, Genetic
- Abstract
Enfuvirtide was the first fusion inhibitor approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2003 for HIV-1 infection in treatment-experienced patient. It is the first approved antiviral agent to attack the HIV life cycle in its early stages. For HIV fusion to occur, the HR1 and HR2 domains in the gp41 region need to interact. Enfuvirtide is a synthetic peptide that corresponds to 36 amino acids of the HR2, which competitively binds to HR1 inhibiting the interaction with the HR2 domain thus preventing fusogenic conformation and inhibiting viral entry into host cells. Resistance to enfuvirtide is conferred by mutations occurring in the HR1 region involving residues 36-45. Mozambique, a sub-Saharan country, with an HIV prevalence of 11.5%, provides first line and second line antiretroviral therapy (ART)-based treatment. In poor resource settings such as Mozambique the lack of adequate infrastructures, the high costs of viral load tests, and the availability of salvage treatment have hindered the intended objective of monitoring HIV treatment, suggesting an important concern regarding the development of drug resistance. The general aim of this study was to evaluate naturally occurring polymorphisms and resistance-associated mutations in the gp41 region of HIV-1 isolates from Mozambique. The study included 78 patients naive to ARV treatment and 28 patients failing first line regimen recruited from Centro de Saúde Alto-Maé situated in Maputo. The gp41 gene from 103 patients was sequenced and resistance-associated mutations for enfuvirtide were screened. Subtype analysis revealed that 96% of the sequences were classified as subtype C, 2% as subtype G, 1% as subtype A1, and the other 1% as a mosaic form composed of A1/C. No enfuvirtide resistance-associated mutations in HR1 of gp41 were detected. The major polymorphisms in the HR1 were N42S, L54M, A67T, and V72I. This study suggests that this new class of antiviral drug may be effective as a salvage therapy in patients failing first line regimens in Mozambique. However, further phenotypic studies are required to determine the clinical relevance of the polymorphisms detected in this study.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. High HIV incidence in the postpartum period sustains vertical transmission in settings with generalized epidemics: a cohort study in Southern Mozambique.
- Author
-
De Schacht C, Mabunda N, Ferreira OC, Ismael N, Calú N, Santos I, Hoffman HJ, Alons C, Guay L, and Jani IV
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Female, Humans, Incidence, Mozambique epidemiology, Postpartum Period, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Risk Factors, Young Adult, HIV Infections epidemiology, Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
Introduction: Acute infection with HIV in the postpartum period results in a high risk of vertical transmission through breastfeeding. A study was done to determine the HIV incidence rate and associated risk factors among postpartum women in Southern Mozambique, where HIV prevalence among pregnant women is 21%., Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted in six rural health facilities in Gaza and Maputo provinces from March 2008 to July 2011. A total of 1221 women who were HIV-negative on testing at delivery or within two months postpartum were recruited and followed until 18 months postpartum. HIV testing, collection of dried blood spot samples and administration of a structured questionnaire to women were performed every three months. Infant testing by DNA-PCR was done as soon as possible after identification of a new infection in women. HIV incidence was estimated, and potential risk factors at baseline were compared using Poisson regression., Results: Data from 957 women were analyzed with follow-up after the enrolment visit, with a median follow-up of 18.2 months. The HIV incidence in postpartum women is estimated at 3.20/100 women-years (95% CI: 2.30-4.46), with the highest rate among 18- to 19-year-olds (4.92 per 100 women-years; 95% CI: 2.65-9.15). Of the new infections, 14 (34%) were identified during the first six months postpartum, 11 (27%) between 6 and 12 months and 16 (39%) between 12 and 18 months postpartum. Risk factors for incident HIV infection include young age, low number of children, higher education level of the woman's partner and having had sex with someone other than one's partner. The vertical transmission was 21% (95% CI: 5-36) among newly infected women., Conclusions: Incidence of HIV is high among breastfeeding women in Southern Mozambique, contributing to increasing numbers of HIV-infected infants. Comprehensive primary prevention strategies targeting women of reproductive age, particularly pregnant and postpartum women and their partners, will be crucial for the elimination of paediatric AIDS in Africa.
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.