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Given that feedback is increasingly digital and multimodal, there is a pressing need to prepare L2 writing teachers to give multimodal feedback. Yet the notion of multimodal feedback appears underrepresented in extant research on teacher feedback literacy and it is often equated as multimedia feedback. To make feedback relevant to multiplicity in feedback‐giving modes and technologies, as well as diversity in student backgrounds and composing practices, this paper proposes the construct of multimodal feedback literacy as an important part of teacher feedback literacy. Grounded in social semiotic of multimodality, this paper elucidates the notions of feedback design, feedback affordance, feedback orchestration, and feedback ensemble as essential dimensions of multimodal feedback literacy. We argue that the development of multimodal feedback literacy entails competences in recognizing the affordances of multiple feedback‐giving modes, designing coherent feedback ensembles through orchestrating multiple feedback‐giving modes with apt intermodal relations, and managing feedback ensemble as motivated and accumulative. A framework for L2 writing teachers to develop multimodal feedback literacy in relation to a complex and recursive process of being, doing, and becoming is also developed. Implications and challenges are then discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancement of technology, Multimedia Social Networks (MSN) have become one of the most promising platforms for managing and sharing multimedia content. The user outsources sensitive content to the Multimedia Social Networks Service Provider (MSNSP). The MSNSP accumulates data in the network, and the user can process and share content like files, audios, and videos with other users through MSN such as YouTube, Vimeo, Flicker, Google Video, Cloud Drive, and so on. Despite receiving wide attention, two main drawbacks regarding MSN platforms are user privacy and data security. Ciphertext-policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) is an appealing cryptographic primitive that plays the principal role for fine-grained access control on encrypted content, thus resolving security and privacy issues smoothly. Recently, there has been a trend to design ABE schemes incorporating a variety of additional properties. In this paper, we have assimilated revocability and key-homomorphic property in ciphertext-policy attribute-based key encapsulation mechanism (CP-ABKEM). Our designs are the first to achieve these additional two properties concurrently in an attribute-based setting. We have provided two instantiations of key-homomorphic revocableCP-ABKEM - one is selective secure against chosen-plaintext attack (CPA) in the standard model under the hardness of the q-decisional bilinear Diffie-Hellman exponent (q-DBDHE) problem, while the other achieves selective CPA security in the random oracle model under the hardness of the n-multilinear decisional Diffie-Hellman (n-MDDH) problem. Furthermore, our first scheme performs better than existing similar schemes in terms of communication overhead and master secret key size. As an advanced version of CP-ABKEM, our proposal is significant and may be utilized for various privacy-preserving protocols. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proliferation of new services, either interpersonal or machine-oriented, has generated new demands concerning the flexibility and efficiency of transmission. The ubiquity of multimedia communication in the current internet is seamlessly and successfully supported by the WebRTC concept. This paper reports on the study of the usage of a solution employing a proxy transmission unit for air-to-ground delivery of video streaming multiplexed with sensor data in the UAV-IoT system when using the WebRTC protocol stack. The comparative experiments were carried out for two cases employing the 802.11ac network with WebRTC: the first scenario (S1) without an external transceiver and the second scenario (S2) with an external transceiver working as a proxy of the ground receiver. The presented results compare the transmission conditions without (scenario S1) and with (scenario S2) the external transceiver in terms of the RSSI, the available data rate, and total throughput of transmission of multimedia data (video stream from the UAV camera and bursty data coming from employed sensors. The usefulness of the external transceiver used in a wide range of transmission conditions is clearly proven. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of Internet of Things (IoT) services, technologies that leverage multimedia computer communication for information sharing in embedded systems have become a research focus. To address the challenges of low spectral efficiency and poor network flexibility in multimedia computer communications, this paper proposes a resource allocation scheme based on parallel Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The scheme optimizes the base station beamforming vector and the Reconfigurable Intelligent Surface (RIS) phase shifts to maximize the secure transmission rate for cellular users (CUs), while ensuring normal and secure communication for device-to-device (D2D) users. First, to mitigate interference caused by D2D users reusing CU spectrum resources, the RIS phase shifts and beamforming vectors are optimized to suppress interference and enhance system secrecy rates. Second, to maximize the CU secrecy rate, the paper proposes a parallel CNN-based resource allocation model that considers base station transmission power, RIS reflection coefficients, and D2D communication rate constraints, incorporating multi-scale residual modules in the convolutional layers of the model. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed CNN-based resource allocation scheme significantly improves the secrecy rate of embedded system communications, ensuring secure multimedia computing, and outperforms traditional methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The creation of wireless multimedia networks imposed wireless devices that can retrieve multimedia material such as video and audio streams, still photos, and scalar sensor data from the environment is made possible by the availability of low-cost devices. This approach considers the issues of routing packets across a multi-hop network consisting of several traffic sources and links when ensuring bounded delay. The exits of an obstacle create several geographic routing issues, for example, congestion and delay. This article, chaotic ant colony algorithm (CACA) to control congestion and enhance opportunistic routing (CAOR) in multimedia network, is proposed to solve these issues. This mechanism uses the CACA algorithm to detect the obstacle and transmit the data packets on the obstacle edges optimal nodes. Moreover, an opportunistic routing (OR) selects the best forwarder by the forward aware factor (FAF) from the forwarder list (FL). The FAF measures node energy, node received signal strength indication (RSSI), available bandwidth (AB), and packet transmission rate for choosing the best forwarder. Experimental outcomes demonstrate that established delay, energy utilization, and throughput performances are greater than the conventional mechanism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of internet proliferation, safeguarding digital media copyright and integrity, especially for images, is imperative. Digital watermarking stands out as a pivotal solution for image security. With the advent of deep learning, watermarking has seen significant advancements. Our review focuses on the innovative deep watermarking approaches that employ neural networks to identify robust embedding spaces, resilient to various attacks. These methods, characterized by a streamlined encoder-decoder architecture, have shown enhanced performance through the incorporation of novel training modules. This article offers an in-depth analysis of deep watermarking’s core technologies, current status, and prospective trajectories, evaluating recent scholarly contributions across diverse frameworks. It concludes with an overview of the technical hurdles and prospects, providing essential insights for ongoing and future research endeavors in digital image watermarking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary In the present‐day scenario, multimedia technology serves as a vital medium for communication, facilitating the exchange of information among individuals across various sectors such as education, mass media, banking, and healthcare. In our proposal for a centralized system to store patient data, we aim to enhance healthcare services by enabling doctors to access the medical history of every patient seamlessly. To ensure hassle‐free services, we have devised a for authenticated key sharing protocol leveraging cryptographic hash functions for the Internet of Things healthcare system. A key advantage of our approach is that patients need not undergo medical tests repeatedly, unless it is deemed necessary due to diagnostic requirements. We have provided informal proof of the protocol's ability to safeguard against security threats. Furthermore, we have conducted simulations using the Scyther simulation tool to verify the strength of our protocol, affirming its safety and effectiveness. Our performance analysis section demonstrates significantly improved complexities compared to existing protocols, further emphasizing the reliability and efficiency of our proposed solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 5G communication network is a promising technology that offers user-centric connectivity to customers, enabling quick, high-capacity, and latency-free access to many applications. Software Defined Networking Controller (SDNC) is an emerging technology that is used for increasing the security and maintaining the dynamic nature of mobile devices in latency and energy-assured 5G wireless communication. Different SDN topology open flow controllers are used in the literature for increasing the throughput and security of the network but they possess some drawbacks such as frequent location update (LU) overhead, high latency, and high energy consumption. This paper proposes a hexagonal software defined network (H-SDN) controller to overcome these challenges. The proposed H-SDN topology is used to preserve Intermediate Message Layer (IML) location during multimedia data transmission. A Core Switch (CS) updates an IML's location within clusters of cells, as long as it remains within the cluster. However, in the proposed method, there will be a location update on the server if the IML departs the cluster. Experiment results show that the proposed method can increase security, which in turn increases throughput, while reduces the location update costs, energy consumption, and transmission latency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With evolving multimedia communication, traditional translation studies focusing on fidelity are being transformed by the need for multimodal and intersemiotic approaches. Extending this discussion to translator training, this study argues for the necessity of teaching adaptation skills in the training of future translators in line with the needs of the multimedia age. By viewing translation as a process of re-creation, the study stresses the often-overlooked creative potential of translation. At this point, the inclusion of adaptations in translator training offers the opportunity to experience the inherent creative potential of translation and emphasizes the intersemiotic dimension. The paper first offers a theoretical justification for this approach, then discusses methods of implementation as well as potential benefits. Integrating adaptation into translator training can be approached theoretically, analytically, and practically. It offers advantages such as broadening the scope of translation beyond language, bridging the gap between training and market needs, and enhancing interdisciplinary knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fourth industrial revolution and the rise of collaborative robots (cobots) in industrial assembly lines are changing the traditional role of human operators in assembly tasks from following a sequence of operations to working together with a cobot and being able to intervene at different stages of the assembly process. Hence, it is important to focus on cognitive flexibility training, instead of on procedural skill training. The current research examined the effect of performing several task segments simultaneously on cognitive flexibility training in an assembly task. We used a novel 3D simulation system to train participants in three between-participants groups. The three groups together – One Segment, Two Segments, and Nine Segments – comprised 29 participants. Following training, participants were required to assemble the model including having to switch between different sequences. The results demonstrate that the Nine Segments group required significantly longer training time compared to the One Segment group. For the Two Segments group, the switching time was shorter and the mean number of errors after switching was higher compared to the other groups. To conclude, only performing the task in two segments simultaneously improved both the cognitive flexibility and the subjective feeling of competence regarding participants' cognitive flexibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Scams are indeed malicious attempts to influence people and can take many forms, including online scams. With the increasing availability of technology, scammers have more tools at their disposal to create convincing and sophisticated communications that appear to come from legitimate sources, such as emails, text messages or social media posts. These scams can be designed to trick individuals into clicking on malicious links, downloading malware or ransomware or providing sensitive information such as login information, financial information or personal details. Scammers often use social engineering techniques to persuade their targets to take specific actions, such as creating a sense of urgency, offering a reward or prize or posing as a trusted authority. These tactics can be highly effective, particularly if the target is unaware of the warning signs of a scam or is unfamiliar with how to protect themselves from online fraud. This paper aims to explore the extent and nature of this problem and evokes the concern that the general public is vulnerable and susceptible to scams if they are not resilient and aware. This paper also explores why victims fall for online scams and uncovers preventive measures to enable a direction in tacitly strategizing ways to create more impactful and effective awareness campaigns. Design/methodology/approach: This study explores these aspects through a holistic qualitative approach. Using in-depth interview techniques with six victims, six non-victims, four law enforcement officers, four scammers and seven stakeholders from various agencies such as banks, telecommunication agencies and the Malaysian Communications and Multimedia Commission involved in combating the issue of scams. Findings: The findings generally revealed that participants who were victims of scams felt Malaysians were susceptible to scams, easily fooled and had a nonchalant attitude. Most participants also highlighted that public safety is important for ensuring a high quality of life for citizens that should work closely between the government and non-government agencies, including effective law enforcement and crime prevention strategies. Originality/value: The uniqueness of this study is the feedback from scammers themselves and their input towards authority and victims. Overall, the respondents provide their views drawing strength from the ever-changing technological background as well as the susceptibility of security features and vulnerability of human engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an in-depth exploration of semantic communications, focusing on its integral role in wireless networks. We dissect its foundational architecture and the key elements that enable seamless AI integration. Our research categorizes semantic communications into various multimedia and task types, evaluating their applicability in both single and multitasking environments. We also investigate resource allocation and goal-oriented strategies, supported by empirical case studies. The paper concludes by spotlighting emerging trends, including AI, IoT, and 5G beyond. It identifies pressing challenges such as standardization, security, and efficiency. Our work provides a holistic understanding of contemporary semantic communications paradigms.

Using multimedia elements to present poetry can help make it more accessible and understandable to a broader audience. In the context of China, where poetry is important in culture and art, interpreting the poems of Chinese poets in contemporary music can help popularize their work among young audiences. The study aimed to explore the possibilities of using various multimedia tools to promote poetry in online educational blogs and to study the effectiveness of various multimedia tools in attracting audience attention to poetry. The survey results reveal the popularity of contemporary songs in China among the youth, who draw inspiration from poetry. "Green Light" (绿光) received the highest percentage of votes, at 38%. This song centres on the theme of love and expresses the desire to be reunited with a loved one. "Raindrops on Banana Leaves" (雨打芭蕉) garnered 26% of the votes and conveys the beauty of nature after rain, emphasizing the appreciation of the world's beauty. "Nebula" (天空) was mentioned by 9% of the students, and this song includes lines from the poem "Love in the Sky" by Jiang Zhiqun. It explores themes of love and self-reflection, reflecting the desire to be with a loved one. "Crazy Heartbeats" (疯狂的心跳) received 18% of the votes, and the song uses phrases from the poem "Strong Feelings" by Junjian Lu. It portrays intense emotions, highlighting love and passion. "I Am by Your Side" (我在你左右), a song containing lines from the eponymous poem by Zhongsan Lu, was chosen by 9% of the students. It revolves around the theme of love and the longing to be with someone special. These findings illustrate how contemporary music in China often intertwines with classical poetry, bridging the gap between traditional literary heritage and modern forms of cultural self-expression. The results of the statistical analysis indicate a statistically significant difference between the control and experimental groups regarding the impact of multimedia technologies on learning outcomes.. The experiment has shown that these technologies contribute to better comprehension of the material and the attainment of higher scores compared to students who employed traditional teaching methods. Based on the study, conclusions can be drawn about the prospects of other processes related to this topic, namely the importance of using multimedia technologies to present poetry in online educational blogs, especially for interpreting poems by Chinese poets in modern Chinese music, such technologies will help to attract a wider audience and develop a person's creativity, linguistic culture, and sensual and aesthetic spheres. For further research, it will be essential to study the impact of multimedia technologies on the understanding and appreciation of Chinese poetry by students of different age groups and cultural backgrounds and to conduct a comparative analysis of various methods of interpreting Chinese poetry in multimedia format. The present findings can also be used to develop recommendations and practices for using multimedia technologies in education and cultural activities related to Chinese poetry and methods for applying multimedia technologies as the presentation of poetry in online blogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of network and multimedia technologies, the widespread use of images in social networks, military applications, and other fields has led to substantial demands for image encryption. To protect images from potential threats, most protocols perform multiple rounds of confusion and diffusion until a satisfactory security level is attained. However, this strategy is time-consuming and unable to meet the requirements for real-time video encryption. Consequently, many works realize video encryption by simplifying the encryption process, e.g. employing a single round of confusion and diffusion to encrypt each frame. To enhance security to the level of image encryption while ensuring real-time performance, this paper proposes a real-time video encryption protocol based on multi-round confusion-diffusion architecture. It splits the frame into subframes, uses a set of threads to concurrently perform confusion and diffusion. The statistical and security analyses demonstrate the proposed protocol exhibits exceptional statistical properties and is resistant to various attacks. The encryption speed evaluation shows that our method significantly enhances computational efficiency, achieving latency-free encryption of 5 1 2 × 5 1 2 24FPS videos using the Intel Xeon Gold 6226R@2.9 GHz CPU. Even with the execution of four rounds of confusion and six rounds of diffusion operations on each frame, the average encryption time remains below 30 ms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IP mobility support is based on terminal behavior, recognizing mobility and maintaining a continuous communication session. The existing mobile IP location registration sends a message to one or more routers during a handoff within a domain by using a multicast address to process messages continuously. This implementation requires persistent message processing among all routers to determine new multicast address assignments. To solve this problem, we propose a method that enables the mobile user to obtain a QoS guarantee when the mobile device moves to an overlapping area under the mobile IP. Therefore, dynamic mobility management includes location updates under the mobile IP, and transmission of packets from the expected access points. When a handoff occurs while the mobile device is connected, the mobile host dynamically adapts to the mobility characteristics of the mobile node and transmits missed packets. In addition, by first using a location router, handoff latency reduction and packet loss requirements between domains in the overlapping mobile network environment are resolved. Second, the proposed algorithm has low-control traffic in the mobile network, allowing quick handoffs. Although instantaneous throughput is reduced during handoffs, tunneling is reduced by 10-30%, even after a handoff, by retransmitting packets missed by the mobile host, while location-registration-update times are reduced by 20-80%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wireless Multimedia Sensor Network (WMSN) is a network of interconnected sensor nodes equipped with multimedia devices capable to retrieve multimedia as well as scalar sensor data in smart city scenarios. With the progress of smart city development, WMSNs are becoming points of interest. The existing research works on the security of WMSNs show some significant centralized solutions; they are prone to denial of service attacks, central failure, and privacy breaches. Also, these solution are having limitations because of their centralized nature.Therefore, the the proposed scheme adopted the concept of decentralization to achieve more effective and ubiquitous results. As per our best knowledge, we introduce the first decentralized privacy-preserving authentication framework for WMSNs to address the energy and storage challenges. We call our solution PRIvacy-preserving Blockchain-based Authentication for multimeDIa networks (PRIBADI). PRIBADI uses a blockchain framework for authenticated communication between sensor nodes and base stations (as a trusted authority) by using certification and access authentication schemes. We elect trustworthy cluster heads based on weight metrics and these cluster heads forward the information to the Trusted Authority (TA). Subsequently, TA forward large data to the cloud for storage, and the information relevant to certificates and hashes are recorded on the distributed blockchain. Moreover, TA revokes the certificates of malicious sensor nodes and eliminates them from the blockchain. We run a set of experiments on PRIBADI and compare the results with the state-of-the-art models. We use the evaluation criteria of detection accuracy, operation, and energy consumption. We find that PRIBADI is 31.7% better than the existing models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to adapt to the development of teaching informatization and meet the needs of students, teachers and parents, it is necessary to strengthen the active participation of students and integrate various curriculum resources, and improve teaching quality and the modes. Comprehensive multimedia software should be produced, including audiovisual and other sensory experiences. This is a concentrated expression of media diversity and networking, which not only breaks the traditional single-source education model, but also improves students' interest and enthusiasm for learning. As a new teaching tool, multimedia teaching uses the latest computer, multimedia and network technologies to make the presentation of teaching materials more dynamic. This is because it can break through the constraints of time and space and show a high degree of flexibility and interactivity. However, most multimedia teaching and learning in China are faced with problems such as poor interactivity, insufficient programming, product personalization, intellectual property rights and insufficient knowledge of software automation. Therefore, this paper designed the multimedia teaching system from the perspective of psychology through human-computer interaction, so as to improve the teaching quality and promote the diversified development of teaching. The results showed that the multimedia teaching improved by about 9% compared with the traditional model, and the students' learning effect also improved by about 11% compared with the traditional model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the advancements in multimedia communications, it has become apparent that there is a bad need to perform image communication with a confidence guarantee. We need to have a guarantee of image integrity at the receiver. Towards this objective, a proposed framework is presented in this paper. This framework comprises self-signature embedding in the transmitted images. The signatures are extracted from image blocks in the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) domain and embedded in other blocks in the same domain with a certain weight to avoid deteriorating the resulting image quality. A verification process is performed at the receiver to check whether the content has been modified or not. In addition, image watermarking is also used with DCT and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) algorithms for authentication or verification. Moreover, Double Random Phase Encoding (DRPE) algorithm is used to secure the content of transmitted images. Then, to get a higher level of security for transmitted images, a hybrid technique depending on DCT-based signature embedding and the DRPE algorithm is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to relieve the pressure of people's appeal for legal inquiry, the research and application of legal consultation database based on multimedia network is proposed. The legal consultation system designed in this essay, combined with the current situation of the legal industry, takes the Chinese question answering system as the prototype, combined with the open source data retrieval project Lucene.net, expands the data storage types. In this essay, the Chinese word segmentation system developed by Chinese Academy of Sciences is integrated into Lucene.Net platform to make up for its word segmentation deficiency. And the mutual information technology is used to make the legal related words with the same meaning be searched first. When extracting answers in Chinese question answering system, there are often "missing" and "wrong" answers. In this essay a method of sentence similarity calculation of questions and answers based on Latent Semantic analysis (LSA) is proposed, which uses spatial vector model as representation method and latent semantic analysis theory. A low-dimensional semantic space is constructed by using the dimension reduction method of singular value decomposition, and the sentence similarity between question and answer is computed on the semantic space. Experimental results show that most retrievals can be completed within 20 seconds, and the average unit retrieval time is kept at the millisecond level. Conclusion: This system has more accurate query accuracy and less running time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The communication services of multimedia, such as live online and short videos, gained significant attention and have been prominent in daily social interactions due to the fast development of 5G technology. However, the increase in multimedia communication requirements presents further difficulties for both the communication capacity of the wireless network and its processing capability. Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is considered an effective technology to overcome the mentioned challenges. The subject of long-term task allocation including resource coordination is the primary focus of this study, with a special emphasis on multimedia services that must be processed, uploaded, and shared in network. The optimization issue is formulated as a stochastic optimization issue to reduce the system's time-average energy consumption. An online energy-efficient task allocation and computing offloading method is proposed to determine task allocation, coordinate and optimize wireless, computing resource allocation, considering dynamic wireless state and service delay constraints. The proposed method is implemented in MATLAB and the efficacy of the MCO-VEA framework is estimated and performance metrics, such as minimum user rate, sum rate, energy, and spectral performance are analyzed. Then, the performance of MEC-MCO-VEA provides 22.35%, 25.84% and 36.58% higher throughput and 25.45%, 41.28%, and 28.56% higher energy efficiency compared to the existing models, such as an energy-effective multimedia task assignment with computing offloading for mobile edge computing (BA-LO-EE), energy efficiency using a communication deep neural network optimized with power allocation optimization (EE-CDNN-PAO), and energy efficiency using deep transfer deterministic policy gradient with deep deterministic policy gradient algorithm (DT-DPG-EE), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Security provisioning has become an important issue in wireless multimedia networks because of their crucial task of supporting several services. This paper presents Bayesian decision model based reliable route formation in internet of things (BDMI). The main objective of the BDMI approach is to distinguish unreliable sensor nodes and transmit the data efficiently. Active and passive attack recognition methods identify unreliable node sensor nodes. Remaining energy, node degree, and packet transmission rate parameters to observe their node possibilities for recognizing the passive unreliable nodes. In active recognition, the base station (BS) confirms every sensor node identity, remaining energy, supportive node rate, node location, and link efficiency parameters to detect active unreliable sensor nodes. The Bayesian decision model (BDM) efficiently isolates an unreliable sensor node in the multimedia network. Simulation outcomes illustrate that the BDMI approach can efficiently enhance unreliable node detection and minimize the packet loss ratio in the network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present time of increasing digital communication, the images are widely used over the multimedia networks for sharing of information. At the same time to ensure the security of images during transmission of data becomes a great challenge for cryptographers. In this paper, a new multi-phases image encryption algorithm based on the RSA cryptosystem and modified random matrix affine cipher (MRMAC) is proposed. The Chen's hyperchaotic system and Arnold cat map are used to create more distraction from the relationship between the original image and ciphered image. The Chen's hyperchaotic system is used for diffusion, whereas the Arnold cat map is used for increasing the confusion among pixels. In this proposed algorithm the image ciphering is carried out in different phases. Firstly the given image is encrypted using RSA algorithm with large primes. Secondly, in modified RMAC, random blocks of random entries using Chen's hyperchaotic system are generated and are diffused with image pixels using bitwise XOR operation. Also, we create confusion of pixels within these diffused blocks, and confusion of blocks as well using parameters of MRMAC. The randomness in the algorithm is improved using MRMAC is advantage against differential attacks. Further, the Arnold cat map is used to enhance the level of confusion. Since, it is tremendously difficult to factorize the product of large prime numbers, therefore, the security of data in RSA algorithm increases tremendously. For the proper decryption of ciphered images, one must have exact values of keys and their correct order. It is impossible to guess the decrypted image even with a very small change in a single key. The results obtained in statistical and security analysis shows that the proposed algorithm has a huge key space, extreme security and key sensitivity, which proves that scheme is efficient and highly secure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the impact of incorporating media literacy practices into language instruction. The study explores a practical pedagogical approach to increase language learners' awareness of media content and ability to recognise, resist, and respond to fake news and disinformation and guide them to become critical thinkers and effective communicators in a media-saturated world. The paper presents the integrated media literacy and language learning model as a teaching framework that guides the designing and implementing effective teaching strategies for contextual learning of the real world. During the research, we discovered that media literacy and language learning synergy can help students engage with various media forms and develop strong communication skills. The study results show that the suggested approach creates an educational environment that encourages the application of concepts to address real-world issues by analysing information, comprehending new ideas, solving problems, and making decisions. Students show significant improvement in reading and interpreting specific texts, viewing media critically, understanding and examining sources of information, and communicating their opinions and ideas using various multimedia tools. The study concludes with practical recommendations for educators implementing media literacy instruction to enhance students' critical communication skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the field of digital forensics (DF) is growing, where digital evidence is increasingly recognized as a crucial part of many investigations. As a result, criminal justice systems rely on DF practitioners to conduct robust investigations of digital devices and their data, and interpret and present these results in a way that can be relied upon. Undertaking this task appropriately requires a practitioner to have a range of skills; however, focus is often placed on the need for and importance of technical competency. Technical skills are vital in this role, that cannot be in dispute; however, this work discusses the need for practitioners to also have an "investigative mindset." This article is categorized under:Digital and Multimedia Science > Cybercrime Investigation [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays medical field is rapidly progressing in multimedia communication which provides a way to enhance the quality of interaction between the doctor and patient, leads to advanced authorizations in curative process. Moreover, healthcare treatment methods and approaches in rapid growth may cause many storage and transmission issues among various medical practioners and patient. Thus transparency plays important role in order to improvise the patient’s information security. The medical data sharing and storage in Wireless sensor network- WSN based Internet of things- IoT application is crucial in healthcare, resulted in greater risks in case of patient’s privacy and security. Recently, blockchain approach in WSN progressive has gained attention to different organizations like healthcare, government sectors, finance and real estates. Thus blockchain in healthcare is consider in this study. Blockchain based multiparty authentication protocol is developed for secure data aggregation to IoT medical sensor data. Initially, lightweight data aggregation is performed, further blockchain model used to secure blocks formation through hash values by Merkle tree for secure the IoT medical sensor data in WSN. Further, the results of the proposed model is evaluated based on privacy and utility, authentication delay and attack possibility. The results obtained for privacy, utility are 0.25% at 90% training value for privacy, 0.89% at 90% training value for utility. The comparative results shows that the proposed model is effective against different existing works. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Live video streaming has become one of the main multimedia trends in networks in recent years. Providing Quality of Service (QoS) during live transmissions is challenging due to the stringent requirements for low latency and minimal interruptions. This scenario has led to a high dependence on cloud services, implying a widespread usage of Internet connections, which constrains contexts in which an Internet connection is not available. Thus, alternatives such as Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) emerge as potential communication techniques. These networks operate autonomously with mobile devices serving as nodes, without the need for coordinating centralized components. However, these characteristics lead to challenges to live video streaming, such as dynamic node topologies or periods of disconnection. Considering these constraints, this paper investigates the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based classification techniques to provide adaptive streaming in MANETs. For this, a software-driven architecture is proposed to route stream in offline MANETs, predicting the stability of individual links and compressing video frames accordingly. The proposal is implemented and assessed in a laboratory context, in which the model performance and QoS metrics are analyzed. As a result, the model is implemented in a decision forest algorithm, which provides 95.9% accuracy. Also, the obtained latency values become assumable for video streaming, manifesting a reliable response for routing and node movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of the research is the energy-efficient multimedia networks based on 5G wireless access technologies. The research is aimed at developing energy-efficient multimedia networks based on 5G wireless access technologies, considering the increasing importance of information and communication technologies (ICT) in modern society. With the proliferation of wireless access networks and the advancement of fifth-generation mobile networks (5G), there is a need to assess and reduce the environmental impact of ICT. The article specifically focuses on the challenges related to energy consumption and CO2 emissions in radio access networks, highlighting the responsibility to balance technological advancements with environmental concerns. The paper examines various components and technologies necessary for enhancing energy efficiency in multimedia networks. It discusses the concept of multimedia, including digital storage, data processing, and interactive elements. Statistical data is provided to underscore the significant energy consumption and carbon footprint of the ICT industry, with an emphasis on radio access networks. Heterogeneous networks, non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) technologies, and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technologies are identified as key components for achieving energy efficiency. The importance of reducing the distance between transmitters and receivers in heterogeneous networks is emphasized, as well as the use of energy-saving strategies such as putting small base stations into sleep mode during low network loads. Special attention is given to the role of green data centers in reducing CO2 emissions and optimizing the use of green energy in high-performance networks. Proposed methods include leveraging renewable energy sources, improving hardware energy efficiency, and implementing energy-efficient routing. The findings offer valuable insights for the development and implementation of energy-efficient multimedia networks, particularly in the context of 5G networks. The interdisciplinary approach advocated in the conclusion emphasizes the collective efforts needed to address environmental challenges in the field of information and communication technologies. The combination of these technologies ensures efficient resource utilization and reduced environmental impact compared to similar known approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the design problems of secure information networks. The process of introducing new information technologies into all spheres of social life is unthinkable without solving the issues of information security, which is structured in completely different but interconnected aspects. Modern progress in the field of global networks and multimedia tools has led to the development of numerous methods designed to ensure the safe transmission of information through telecommunications channels and their use for undeclared purposes, methods of synthesis of various information objects and the development of their new mathematical models. The mathematical apparatus used in the field of information security has so far remained rather limited. Until now, there is no single mathematical approach to the analysis and processing of data about information objects, information transmission networks and their design methods. Due to the lack of a single mathematical apparatus, until now there were no methods for conducting an a priori analysis of the properties of these objects, comparing different technologies of the functioning of communication systems, which in general deprived the possibility of a reasonable choice of the technology of the functioning of the communication network or the method of its design. Therefore, it is extremely relevant to ensure the possibility of automated analysis of the state and functioning of protected communication networks, including the analysis of the functioning of the information system as a whole, taking into account the possibility of the emergence of both natural and artificial channels of information leakage and various types of influences, automatic processing of the results of such leakage and influences, choosing the way to restore the network after an attack, as well as to solve the issues of synthesis and design of protection systems of communication information networks with the involvement of modern mathematical apparatus is the creation of a unified mathematical approach to the problem of assessing the state of communication information networks, which would avoid their heterogeneous and poor formalizability by means of a computationally simple analysis of only a certain group of mathematical parameters describing the functioning of protected communication networks. This work is dedicated to solving this urgent problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aims to develop multimedia-based speaking teaching materials and test their effect on junior high school students' learning motivation. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach. The results of the research show that the use of multimedia-based speaking teaching materials is effective in increasing students' interest in active participation and learning motivation. Multimedia is considered to be able to make learning more interesting, interactive and fun compared to conventional learning. These findings emphasize the important role of teachers in utilizing multimedia technology to create effective learning and can motivate students in speaking skills. Support from the school and other stakeholders is also needed to facilitate teachers in developing and implementing multimedia-based speaking teaching materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimedia glosses have been examined extensively by researchers for over three decades to determine their possible effects in second language (L2) vocabulary acquisition. Many meta-analytic studies aimed to determine the extent to which glosses can impact L2 vocabulary learning and the moderators that can mediate the results of meta-analytic studies. This study integrated meta-analytic studies with document co-citation analysis (DCA) to elicit a fine-grained view of the thematic associations of relevant citing studies with the issue of glosses and L2 vocabulary learning. To address this issue, 18 target studies (N = 2991 participants) were selected as the study sample. Results revealed that glosses had an overall large effect size on L2 vocabulary acquisition (Hedge's g = 1.27); however, the effect size varied from small to large, depending on the level of proficiency of the learners. Concerning the tests type moderator, the effect size was large for recognition test but medium for vocabulary recall test. Results of the DCA (18 cited articles and 802 citing articles) identified 10 core papers, with highly significant co-citations, and 257 citing references, indicating the highly thematic relatedness of the target studies, and citing references to the issue under investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disinformation–false information intended to cause harm or for profit–is pervasive. While disinformation exists in several domains, one area with great potential for personal harm from disinformation is healthcare. The amount of disinformation about health issues on social media has grown dramatically over the past several years, particularly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The study described in this paper sought to determine the characteristics of multimedia social network posts that lead them to believe and potentially act on healthcare disinformation. The study was conducted in a neuroscience laboratory in early 2022. Twenty-six study participants each viewed a series of 20 either honest or dishonest social media posts, dealing with various aspects of healthcare. They were asked to determine if the posts were true or false and then to provide the reasoning behind their choices. Participant gaze was captured through eye tracking technology and investigated through "area of interest" analysis. This approach has the potential to discover the elements of disinformation that help convince the viewer a given post is true. Participants detected the true nature of the posts they were exposed to 69% of the time. Overall, the source of the post, whether its claims seemed reasonable, and the look and feel of the post were the most important reasons they cited for determining whether it was true or false. Based on the eye tracking data collected, the factors most associated with successfully detecting disinformation were the total number of fixations on key words and the total number of revisits to source information. The findings suggest the outlines of generalizations about why people believe online disinformation, suggesting a basis for the development of mid-range theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Public participation in precision medicine (PM) research is essential to achieving effective health care but has been impeded by a lack of awareness and basic knowledge. There is a critical need for educational materials that can clearly explain PM to foster involvement. This randomized controlled trial with a posttest-only control group design aims to assess the effects of educational messages delivered through animations relative to live-action videos and leaflets on intentions of involvement in PM research. Knowledge as the moderator and four mediators (engagement, vividness, trustworthiness, and cognitive value) of the intended effects were also evaluated. A total of 326 U.S. adults were sampled from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Among participants with less knowledge about PM, animations produced stronger information-seeking intentions and willingness to participate than leaflets. The effects of three message modalities were not significantly different among average and highly knowledgeable participants. Engagement and vividness mediated the effects of animations relative to two other message modalities. Trustworthiness and cognitive value mediated the effects of animations relative to live-action videos. Overall, animations can be an effective communication strategy to motivate involvement in PM but its effectiveness could decline as knowledge increases. The explanations and implications of the findings were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intelligent food packaging has labels that cover a vast amount of information, but some labels may pop up a lot of information after scanning, which can easily cause interface confusion, and there may be a lack of single display channels, resulting in long search times for consumers. The aim of intelligent food packaging design research based on visual communication and multimedia technologies is to explore and develop innovative methods to improve the attractiveness, functionality, and interaction with consumers of food packaging. These all can directly affect consumers' purchasing intentions. This article was based on visual communication and multimedia technology for intelligent food packaging design to enhance the attractiveness of intelligent food packaging to consumers, enrich multimedia display content, and ultimately promote product sales. Intelligent food packaging involves art, information technology, and other aspects. This article categorized the field of intelligent food packaging design, elaborated on the forms of expression used in food packaging from existing intelligent multimedia technology, and analyzed the role of visual communication design and multimedia technology elements in food packaging. This article used a quantitative scoring table to evaluate the appearance design, interactive experience, information communication, and consumer response to food packaging. In the quantitative scoring experimental analysis, consumers evaluated the appearance of intelligent food packaging by 0.15 more than traditional food packaging and 0.03 more than conventional intelligent packaging. Ultimately, intelligent food packaging design could provide consumers with a sense of experience and clearer information transmission effects. Compared with traditional food packaging, it could quickly catch up with the development of the modern food industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the growing importance of the QoE (Quality of Experience) metric as a fundamental criterion in the optimization of heterogeneous multimedia networks. We explore the benefits of using QoE, such as improving user experience, efficient resource management, and adaptation to network conditions. However, this paradigm presents technical challenges, including accurately measuring QoE and managing the complexity of heterogeneous networks. To address these challenges, we highlight promising research prospects, such as the development of advanced algorithms, real-time measurement of QoE, and the integration of machine learning. Ultimately, the use of QoE in the optimization of heterogeneous multimedia networks contributes to a substantial improvement in the quality of multimedia services offered to end users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multimedia data mining plays a crucial role in various fields, such as image and video analysis, natural language processing, and recommendation systems. Multimedia data refers to any form of data that involves multiple modes of communication, such as text, images, audio, and video. To effectively mine valuable insights from multimedia data, a new framework is proposed in this paper that employs a transformer-based intelligent deep neural network (DNN) model architecture. The framework includes an extensive data preprocessing step that involves obtaining multimedia data from internet searches and removing duplicates to ensure that each image is unique. The proposed transformer-based intelligent DNN model architecture processes the multimedia data in a hierarchical manner and utilizes shifted windows to achieve high accuracy in image classification task. The exploited dataset details are provided in the experimental evaluation section. Experimental results show that the proposed framework outperforms existing multimedia data mining methods in terms of accuracy and efficiency. This framework provides valuable insights that can be used in various applications, including content-based image retrieval, sentiment analysis, and automated captioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Audio inpainting plays an important role in addressing incomplete, damaged, or missing audio signals, contributing to improved quality of service and overall user experience in multimedia communications over the Internet and mobile networks. This paper presents an innovative solution for speech inpainting using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks, i.e., a restoring task where the missing parts of speech signals are recovered from the previous information in the time domain. The lost or corrupted speech signals are also referred to as gaps. We regard the speech inpainting task as a time-series prediction problem in this research work. To address this problem, we designed multi-layer LSTM networks and trained them on different speech datasets. Our study aims to investigate the inpainting performance of the proposed models on different datasets and with varying LSTM layers and explore the effect of multi-layer LSTM networks on the prediction of speech samples in terms of perceived audio quality. The inpainted speech quality is evaluated through the Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and a frequency analysis of the spectrogram. Our proposed multi-layer LSTM models are able to restore up to 1 s of gaps with high perceptual audio quality using the features captured from the time domain only. Specifically, for gap lengths under 500 ms, the MOS can reach up to 3~4, and for gap lengths ranging between 500 ms and 1 s, the MOS can reach up to 2~3. In the time domain, the proposed models can proficiently restore the envelope and trend of lost speech signals. In the frequency domain, the proposed models can restore spectrogram blocks with higher similarity to the original signals at frequencies less than 2.0 kHz and comparatively lower similarity at frequencies in the range of 2.0 kHz~8.0 kHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid replacement of PSTN with VOIP networks indicates the definitive phase-out of the PBX/PABX with smartphone-based VOIP technology that uses WLAN connectivity for local communication; however, security remains a key issue, regardless of the communication coverage area. Session initiation protocol (SIP) is one of the most widely adopted VOIP connection establishment protocols but requires added security. On the Internet, different security protocols, such as HTTPS (SSL/TLS), IPSec, and S/MIME, are used to protect SIP communication. These protocols require sophisticated infrastructure and some pose a significant overhead that may deteriorate SIP performance. In this article, we propose the following: i) avoid using Internet bandwidth and complex Internet protocols for local communication within an organization, but harness WLAN connectivity, ii) use multi-threaded or multicore computer systems to handle concurrent calls instead of installing hardware-based SIP servers, and iii) run each thread in a separate core. Cryptography is a key tool for securely transmitting confidential data for long- and short-range communication, and the Diffie-Hellman (DH) protocol has consistently been a popular choice for secret key exchanges. Primarily, used for symmetric key sharing, it has been proven effective in generating public/private key pairs, sharing public keys securely over public channels, and subsequently deriving shared secret keys from private/public keys. This key exchange scheme was proposed to safeguard VOIP communication within WLANs, which rely on the SIP for messaging and multimedia communication. For ensuring an efficient implementation of SIP, the system was rigorously analyzed using the M/M/1 and M/M/c queuing models. We analyze the behavior of SIP servers with queuing models with and without end-to-end security and increase users' trust in SIP security by providing a transparent sense of end-to-end security as they create and manage their private and public keys instead of relying on the underlying SIP technology. This research implements instant messaging, voice conversation, and secret key generation over DH while implementing and observing the role of multi-threading in multiqueue systems that serve incoming calls. By increasing the number of threads from one to two, the SIP response time improved from 20.23809 to 0.08070 min at an arrival rate of 4250 calls/day and a service rate of three calls/min. Similarly, by adding one to seven threads, the queue length was reduced by four calls/min. Implementing secure media streaming and reliable AES-based signaling for session confidentiality and integrity introduces a minor 8-ms tradeoff in SIP service performance. However, the advantages of implementing added security outweigh this limitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information security is very important in the era of rapid development of science and technology. People often use multimedia to communicate in their daily life. Image plays an important role in multimedia communication, so it is urgent to protect image information. In order to improve the security of images in transmission, an image encryption algorithm using multi-base diffusion and a new four-dimensional chaotic system is designed in this paper. The algorithm decomposes each pixel value into multi-based. After decomposition, the coefficient matrix and base matrix are scrambled by FYTS using the sequence generated by the new four-dimensional chaotic system, and finally recombined to perform pixel-level and bit-level scrambling respectively. After simulation with MATLAB, it is obvious that the final encrypted image does not have the contour of the original image, which meets the requirements of encryption. Through histogram, entropy analysis, anti-differential attack analysis and other experimental results, it is proved that the proposed algorithm has high security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the age of multimedia networks and advanced educational tools, there is a growing need for innovative and effective educational systems. To engage students more effectively and enhance learning results, traditional physical education programs have seen a need for modernization. This paper investigates the creation of a cutting-edge video resource platform for physical education to address these issues, revolutionizing the educational process by utilizing micro-videos and multimedia technology. To build the foundation of our platform, we make use of multimedia networks and various kinds of micro-videos. The platform combines the power of real-time conversation, animation, and video to create an immersive learning environment. In addition, we use data-driven adaptive teaching methodologies, which assess student performance and change educational material through individual growth. Our approach begins with collecting data and processing signals, with audio signals serving as the primary input for our watermarking method. To determine masking thresholds across important frequency bands, we compute power spectral density (PSD) using the Fast Fourier Transform. Using watermarking to integrate health data, these thresholds, both tonal and non-tonal, ensure imperceptibility and robustness. In turn, physical education is personalized using integrated data. Health information that has been extracted is carefully incorporated into the curriculum, enhancing it and assisting pupils with a range of medical issues. Our study results show that engagement and learning outcomes have significantly improved. For instance, we noticed a considerable improvement in student satisfaction levels, with an average rise of 25%, and an average increase in learning efficiency of 30% for students. These results highlight the potential of our proposed platform to revolutionize physical education. This work reflects a development in tailored and data-driven instructional approaches in addition to a step forward for contemporary physical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to reduce complexity when designing multi-media communication networks, researchers often consider spanning tree problems defined on edge-labeled graphs. The earliest setting addressed in the literature aims to minimize the number of different media types, i.e., distinct labels, used in the network. Despite being extensively addressed, such a setting completely ignores edge costs. This led to the definition of more realistic versions, where budgets for the total cost, or the number of distinct labels allowed, were introduced. In this paper, we introduce and prove the NP-hardness of the Budgeted Labeled Minimum Spanning Tree problem, consisting in minimizing the cost of a spanning tree while satisfying specified budget constraints for each label type. This problem combines the challenges of cost efficiency and label diversity within a fixed budgetary framework, providing a more realistic and practical approach to network design. We provide three distinct mathematical programming formulations of the problem and design a Lagrangian approach to derive tighter lower bounds for the optimal solution of the problem. The performances of the proposed methods are assessed by conducting a series of computational experiments on a variety of randomly generated instances, which showed how the complexity of the problem increases as the size of the network, as well as the number of labels, increase and the budget restrictions are tightened. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The process of learning astronomy should include such a component as the search for astronomical information, as well as provide conditions under which each student will be able to turn such information into his/her knowledge. That is why an important component of a modern lesson should be the students' purposeful mastery of the skills of working with information, its search and assessment in terms of compliance with the educational goal, etc. Currently, multimedia educational products, pre-prepared by the teacher with the help of a computer and information from the Internet, are an essential means for creating and satisfying students' interest in learning in general. An important condition for deepening the interest in learning, and therefore deeper assimilation of knowledge, is not the eyeing of interesting pictures (for example, multimedia presentations), but the individual work of the student to transform information while doing educational tasks. However, the essential thing, in this case, is that, on the one hand, the information arrays have huge volumes, and therefore certain experience is needed to search for specific information, and on the other hand, although they are concentrated in numerous repositories, access to them is often open. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to generate evidence-based guidelines for researchers regarding how to effectively disseminate mental health research via Twitter. Three hundred mental health research Tweets posted from September 2018 to September 2019 were sampled from two large Australian organizations. Twenty-seven predictor variables were coded for each Tweet across five thematic categories: messaging; research area; mental health area; external networks; and media features. Regression analyses were conducted to determine associations with engagement outcomes of Favourites, Retweets, and Comments. Less than half (n = 10) of predictor variables passed validity tests. Notably, conclusions could not reliably be drawn on whether a Tweet featured evidence-based information. Tweets were significantly more likely to be Retweeted if they contained a hyperlink or multimedia. Tweets were significantly more likely to receive comments if they focused on a specific population group. These associations remain significant when controlling for organization. These findings indicate that researchers may be able to maximize engagement on Twitter by highlighting the population groups that the research applies to and enriching Tweets with multimedia content. In addition, care should be taken to ensure users can infer which messages are evidence-based. Guidelines and an accompanying resource are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last years multimedia strategies have played a significant role in communicating environmental sustainability policies aimed at affecting changes on a local, regional, and global scale. This article would like to stress the use of animation as a successful multimedia communication tool for promoting responsible consumer choices and sustainable production methods. After a quick overview on the issue of sustainable consumption and production behaviors and the description of relevant examples of animated campaigns produced for supporting organizations, the article reports a didactic experience and describes animated artifacts designed by students to promote the Italian project SfruttaZero, that engages migrants and precarious farmers in the production of local products with the multiple aim to build a fair working environment and to foster a culture of sustainable consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rationale behind this research stems from practical implementations in real-world scenarios, recognizing the critical importance of efficient image compression in fields such as medical imaging, remote sensing, and multimedia communication. This study introduces a hybrid image compression technique that employs adaptive block size selection and a synergistic combination of the discrete cosine transform (DCT) and singular value decomposition (SVD) to enhance compression efficiency while maintaining picture quality. Motivated by the potential to achieve significant compression ratios imperceptible to human observers, the hybrid approach addresses the escalating need for real-time image processing. The study pushes the boundaries of image compression by developing an algorithm that effectively combines conventional approaches with the intricacies of modern images, aiming for high compression ratios, adaptive picture content, and real-time efficiency. This article presents a novel hybrid algorithm that dynamically combines the DCT, SVD, and adaptive block size selection to enhance compression performance while keeping image quality constant. The proposed technique exhibits noteworthy accomplishments, achieving compression ratios of up to 60% and a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) exceeding 35 dB. Comparative evaluations demonstrate the algorithm's superiority over existing approaches in terms of compression efficiency and quality measures. The adaptability of this hybrid approach makes significant contributions across various disciplines. In multimedia, it enhances data utilization while preserving image integrity; in medical imaging, it guarantees accurate diagnosis with compression-induced distortion (CID) below 1%; and in remote sensing, it efficiently manages large datasets, reducing expenses. The flexibility of this algorithm positions it as a valuable tool for future advancements in the rapidly evolving landscape of technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]