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Copyright of Historia 396 is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Instituto de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective/Context: Atacama was a peripheral region of the Spanish Empire, but the independence of Bolivia gave it a certain centrality in 1825 since it forced the activation of a port and an altitude route through the only territory with sovereign access to the sea. We study this process through the agrarian reconfiguration of the oases in Atacama, with special attention to interactions between central and local authorities, private agents, and indigenous populations regarding the expansion of forage cultivation. Originality: We seek to broaden the understanding of processes that, although dialoguing with a broader framework related to the configuration of transoceanic and interregional trade in the context of the nascent Republic, had specific repercussions in local spaces through the dissemination of new actors, scarcely studied by anthropology and regional history. Methodology: We analyze primary and secondary sources, to examine this process through the articulation of discourses, expectations, reactions, and conflicts between different agents involved. Conclusions: The transformations produced during this period are basic to the understanding of future reconversion processes of the territory's agricultural-mining landscapes. A characteristic feature of the Bolivian republican plan was the agricultural intensification of the desert through the dissemination of animals and alfalfa seeds in oases and other spaces adjacent to roads. Decades later, after the War of the Pacific, the Atacama Desert would be appropriated by Chile and the subsequent mining cycles would occur on previously reconverted agricultural landscapes, with an indigenous population especially qualified in cattle herding, knowledge of animal trails, and forage supply to the regional mining market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studia Histórica: Historia Moderna is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Investigaciones Historicas is the property of Universidad de Valladolid, Facultad de Filosofia y Letras and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tiempos Modernos is the property of Tiempos Modernos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article aims to contribute to the growing literature on the treatment of venereal disease in the British Empire. In 1926 the British Social Hygiene Council reported for the Cypriot government on the prevalence of venereal diseases and many of its recommendations were adopted since Cyprus, the report claimed, had a significant problem with venereal diseases. The report discussed the prevalence of venereal diseases and did not explore the origins of the problem. This article has two aims. The first is to trace the origins of the perceived prevalence of venereal diseases in the 1920 s to the wartime formation of the Cypriot Mule Corps, and the wartime actions to resolve venereal diseases amongst muleteers. This action solved the problem from a military perspective, but spread the problem throughout the island, hence the prevalence underscored in the report. The second aim is to compare how the second campaign, in the aftermath of the recommendations of the British Social Hygiene Council, differed to the first and how effective these measures were. The article argues that the two approaches were very different, yet both were grounded in a social conservatism, especially the wartime campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Antropologia is the property of Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Historia 396 is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Valparaiso, Instituto de Historia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article discusses how communities from the Chilean cordillera negotiate their presence and reproduction with the Chilean State. We analyze people and animals' mobility through a multisite ethnography, which took place between 2021 and 2022. In this context, communities seem independent while facing the weak and inconstant State presence. However, processes of change concerning extractive economies, decreasing State aid, and consequences of climate change complicate the practices once thought to be autonomous in the mountain range. The State appears to favor certain degrees of independence through arrhythmic governance. Such an arrangement allows a fluctuating and unstable relationship that, despite the grip of the State, translates into emergent forms of autonomy that nonetheless end up being a specific type of precarization. In this sense, mountain communities maintain, complicate and, on occasion, deepen the relations of dependence towards a State that they either ignore or elude. Finally, the intertwined movements of neoliberalization, environmental stressors and precarious State governance are elements that deepen the production of an arrhythmic State movement; which also redistributes agency among actors on the terrain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cypriot muleteers served in the British army in the Macedonian front during the First World War. Both Cypriot men and island mules were used in the war. Mules were used in the war due to their carrying ability under harsh geographical conditions. The British government utilized the existing economic problems in Cyprus to attract Cypriot support. For some Cypriots joining the war serving in the army was the only way to provide for the livelihood of their family. In fact, Turkish Cypriots participated in the Great War against the Ottoman Empire. Furthermore, there were differences in terms of religious creed between Greek Cypriots and the British: the Greek Cypriots were Orthodox while the British people were Protestant. Hence, both Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots had some troubles about joining the Great War. Despite these differences, Greek and Turkish Cypriots set aside their national and religious feelings and were united in the same army to serve Great Britain. Another important aspect of the Cypriot Mule Corps lies in the fact that the Turkish Cypriots joined the British army not only against their former Sultan but also against their compatriots who migrated to Anatolia and were subsequently recruited to the Ottoman army. Overall, this article aims to illustrate this complex situation of the Cypriot Mule Corps from the standpoint of Cypriots and to show that people can ignore their national and religious identities when they have to. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores how mules were procured in Cyprus for the Salonica campaign and how they were treated by Cypriot muleteers in the British army in Macedonia. Cyprus provides an ideal case since over 6,000 mules were recruited for the Salonica campaign, presenting a sizeable sample for analysis of recruitment strategies and practices. Equally, since over 12,000 Cypriot muleteers served in the British army in Salonica and later in Istanbul during and after the Great War (from July 1916 to April 1920), the focus on the treatment of mules by Cypriot muleteers offers a significant sample. This article contributes to the growing historiography on the role of equines and their treatment and condition in the Great War. It argues that Cypriot mules were procured in significant numbers and became important to British supply and logistics in Salonica. Cypriot muleteers treated their mules relatively well, and therefore mules in Salonica, although overworked, were generally in reasonable condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hasta el fin del Antiguo Régimen, las actividades económicas a las que estuvo dedicada la población campesina en Europa fueron muy variadas. Entre ellas el comercio ocupó un lugar destacado, con frecuencia asociado al transporte. Para avanzar en el conocimiento de este fenómeno, el autor se centra en este artículo en el análisis de una comarca de montaña del reino de Castilla, la Tierra de Yanguas, donde, entre los siglos, XIV y XVIII, una parte importante de su población estuvo dedicada al transporte con acémilas y al comercio. Demuestra que en esta comarca de carácter netamente rural, que en la actualidad se encuentra prácticamente despoblada, residieron dinámicos mercaderes, que llegaron a exportar grandes cantidades de lana a Francia. Y también pone de manifeisto que junto a éstos proliferaron los arrieros que compatibilizaban el transporte y el comercio, y desarrollaron si actividad por toda la geografía peninsular.

This article demonstrates that Catalepton 10, the famous parody of Catullus 4, has a pervasive sexual subtext. Quinctio the muleteer not only transforms into the politician Sabinus; he also undergoes a sexual transformation from an active lover of women to a passive lover of men. The poem's subtext employs equestrian sexual metaphors and also plays upon the erotic associations of muleteers, mules, and upstart/parvenu figures in Roman culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of English- and Spanish-language abstracts is presented for articles in this issue, including one on mule herders, one on Mexican political exile Martín Luis Guzmán, and one on the 1968 Olympic Games in Mexico City, Mexico.

Copyright of Historia Mexicana is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

No fighting took place on Cyprus during the First World War. However, the island acquired an important role both as a source of provisions and as a recuperation home for injured soldiers. Indeed, between 1914 and 1918 the small, poor and under-developed island of Cyprus became a major provider of grain, timber, tobacco and mules while military convalescent homes on Mount Troodos were built to accommodate thousands of injured Allied soldiers. Cyprus’s use for the war effort inevitably had a significant impact on the island’s economy and infrastructure. During the war years the island experienced a boost in its agricultural production and an influx of money while several technical services were established to facilitate transportation and communication. By examining such themes this paper sheds important light on a critical period of Cypriot history, though one that remains largely unexplored. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article discusses the commercial developments in the region of Tacna-Arica in the Viceroyalty of Peru during the period 1776-1794. The author comments on the influence of the Bourbon Reforms of Spain on the markets in the colonies at this time, particularly on the Peruvian economy. He describes the changes made to the transportation of goods as well as the impact this had on traders. Several charts are presented demonstrating the direct financial effects of these reforms on Peruvian commerce.

The article discusses the use of mules in coal mining in the U.S. prior to World War II. It describes what the author identifies as the typical environment for mine mules, including stabling mules in the mines, which the author states changed their eyesight in order to adapt to the small amount of light to which they were exposed. The author states that feed and straw were brought to the mules in coal cars, the mules were stabled behind steel doors to prevent rodents from infesting their food. The article describes the relationship between the mining mules, their drivers, and other mineworkers. The author also discusses how mules adapted following retirement from the mines and how the development of steam locomotive and electricity gradually replaced mules.

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of APUNTES - Journal of Cultural Heritage Studies is the property of Pontificia Universidad Javeriana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article discusses muleteers as economic agents in land transportation, especially across the Andes mountains, linking the Atlantic and Pacific trading markets in the Southern Cone of South America. It reports that more than 100,000 pack mule trips recorded in the Cargo y Data books of the Mendoza, Argentina customs office were examined to determine their origins and destinations, main routes, volume, and type of cargo transported. According to the article, the results of this examination show that muleteers played a highly active role in transportation, commerce, and the wine production industry and, thereby, that they promoted the emergence of a proto-bourgeoisie in the region.

In this paper I analyze the recollections of the former muleteers of Miravet (Catalonia, Spain) on what they marketed, how they marketed, to whom they marketed, and where and when they did so. The muleteers peddled their merchandise during roughly the first half of this century, a period in which Spain transformed from an agricultural society into an industrial one, and thus these recollections offer their perspective on this transformation. This perspective is brought out by a phenomenological focus on how these muleteers, by their practice of peddling, created and structured a spacetime consisting of dialectically related social relationships through which muleteers purchased and marketed their merchandise, and material characteristics of this merchandise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]